内容正文:
Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage
[对应学生用书P96]
复习非谓语动词
观察下面的句子,说出黑体部分所作的句子成分。
1.Most colleges now offer firstyear students a course specially designed to help them succeed academically and personally.
2.The little boy stared at the strange man questioningly,not knowing whether to believe what he had said.
3.Failing to turn in your homework on time will directly affect your grade for a certain course.
[自我归纳]
句1是过去分词作定语;句2是现在分词作状语;句3是不定式作宾语。
[语法图解]
[语法突破]
一、非谓语动词的时态和语态
非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(动词ing形式和ed形式),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
非谓语动词的时态语态一览表
类别
时态
形式
语态形式
主动
被动
动词
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
—
完成式
to have done
to have been done
v.ing
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
过去分词
一般式
done
—
1.主、被动形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之间存在主谓、动宾关系。与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时,用主动形式; 与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时,用被动形式。
※I got a letter saying that I was admitted to a key university.
※The bridge to be built will be the longest one on this river.
2.时间先后关系
根据它与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系定时态:
(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生,用非谓语动词的一般式;
(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,用非谓语动词的完成式。
※Hearing the inspiring news,they all jumped with joy.
※I seem to have involved myself in something I don't understand.
二、非谓语动词作主语、表语
1.非谓语动词中能作主语的有动词ing形式和不定式。
(1)动词ing形式作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作,不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
※Listening to music is my sister's hobby.
※To do this is to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
(2)it作形式主语,代替真正作主语的动词不定式、从句或动词ing形式。常见句型有:It is/was no use/good+doing sth.;It is/was not any useful/good+doing sth.;It is/was of little use/good+doing sth.;It is/was useless doing sth.;It's a waste of time doing sth.等。
※It was no use pretending that I had not seen him,so I waved to him.
※It is no good trying that method,because it won't work.
※It is important for us to meet personally although we have been in touch in various ways.
2.非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词ing形式、动词ed形式和不定式。注意动词ing形式作表语意为“令人感到……的”,而过去分词作表语意为本身“感到……的”。
※The aim of the festival is to