Unit 1 Back to school Grammar and usage 讲义-2022-2023学年高中英语牛津译林版（2020）必修第一册

Unit 1 Back to school 句子结构与句子成分分析 1、 句子成分 1. 定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 2. 具体分类： ⑴. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 练习：指出下列句子中的主语及它的性质： ①During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. ②often speak English in class. ③One-third of the students in this class are girls. ④To swim in the river is a great pleasure. ⑤Smoking does harm to the health. ⑥The rich should help the poor. ⑦When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 【答案】① country music （名词） ②We （代词） ③One-third （数词） ④To swim （不定式）⑤ Smoking （动名词） ⑥The rich （名词化的形容词） ⑦ When we are going to have an English test （主语从句） ⑵. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： A. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. B. 复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2） 由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. ⑶. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 练习：指出下列句子中的表语及它的性质： ①Our teacher of English is an American. ②Is it yours? ③The weather has turned cold. ④The speech is exciting. ⑤Three times seven is twenty one? ⑥His job is to teach English. ⑦His hobby is playing football. ⑧The machine must be out of order. ⑨Time is up. The class is over. ⑩The truth is that he has never been abroad. 【答案】① American （名词） ②yours （代词） ③cold. （形容词） ④exciting （分词） ⑤ twenty one exciting （数词） ⑥to teach English（不定式） ⑦ playing football（动名词） ⑧ out of order（介词短语） ⑨up/ over.（副词） ⑩ that he has never been abroad（表语从句） ⑷. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 练习：指出下列句子中的宾语及它的性质： ①They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday. ②The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. ③How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. ④They helped the old with their housework yesterday. ⑤He pretended not to se