内容正文:
Part Ⅲ 语法专题
——定语从句(1)关系代词
观察与发现
1.定语从句的功能及构成
[观察]
①He is a student. 他是一名学生。
②He is an energetic student. 他是一名精力充沛的学生。
③He is a student that likes helping others. 他是一名喜欢帮助别人的学生。
[发现]
一般情况下,我们常用形容词修饰或限定名词,如句②中的energetic,但是某个形容词(短语)的意思是固定或单一的,不能灵活组合表达较复杂的含义,因此为了表达的需要,人们创造了定语从句。它的基本构成:
先行词(名/代词)+引导词eq \b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(关系代词that/which/who/whom/whose/as,关系副词when/where/why))+从句
如句③关系代词that引导的定语从句修饰前面的先行词a student,同时代替先行词a student在后面的从句中作主语。
2.关系代词that, which, who, whom引导定语从句
[观察]
①The book (that/which) I bought yesterday has been finished.(作宾语)
我已经读完了昨天买的那本书。
②The student (that/whom) I met in the park yesterday was from the USA.(作宾语)
昨天我在公园里遇见的那个学生来自美国。
③The book that/which is worth $20 sells well.(作主语)
那本价格为20美元的书很畅销。
④The student that/who is singing is my deskmate.(作主语)
正在唱歌的学生是我的同桌。
[发现1]
that与which均可指代物,在后面的定语从句中作宾语如句①,或主语,如句③,且作宾语时关系代词可以省略。
[发现2]
that与who/whom均可指代人,在后面的定语从句中作宾语如句②,或主语如句④,且作宾语时that或whom可以省略(在美国口语中who也可代替whom作宾语)。
[顺口溜]
that用法真有趣,
两个地方它不去;
逗号后边它不去,
介词之后不考虑。
[高考例句]
①I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on...
我提到了一位有四个孩子的单亲家长,我谈到了这位父亲在指导一个孩子根本不参加的球队……
②They are required to process the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
它们(脂肪和盐)被要求用于加工我们所吃的食物,以便身体从伤痛中恢复过来,并满足其他几个身体机能。
提示:句②中recover from 从……中恢复
③We're looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.
我们正在研究通过控制速度来避免那种情况(超速和罚款)的系统的好处。
④The little problems (that/which) we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
伟大发明的灵感可能来自我们日常生活中遇到的小问题。
⑤One study showed that women who drank a lot of coffee...
一份研究表明,喝大量咖啡的女士……
⑥I'm a scientist who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
我是一个研究诸如大猩猩和猴子等动物的科学家。
⑦The teacher that/who/whom/省略 we greeted just now is popular with his students.
我们刚才打招呼的老师很受学生们的欢迎。
提示:句子中The teacher作先行词,在后面的从句中作greeted的宾语
3.关系代词whose引导定语从句
[观察]
①I don't want to pay for the book