语法专题之句子成分和句子结构 学案-2021-2022学年高一上学期英语牛津译林版（2020）必修第一册
专题一：句子成分和句子结构
英语中的句子是由词和短语组成的，这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用，叫做句子成分。英语的篇章是由句子构成的，不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构，这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。
一、句子成分：（sentence elements）
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分主要有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语、补足语、独立成分（感叹词、呼语和插入语）等。构成句子的主体部分是主语和谓语。表语、宾语和补足语是谓语的组成部分。其它成分如定语、同位语、状语等是句子的次要部分。
1. 主语（subject ___）
主语表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。常用的作主语的词类有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词性词组和从句。
Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。（名词）
We study many subjects at school. 在学校我们学习许多科目。（代词）
Two of us will attend the conference. 我们中有两个人要参加这次会议。（数词）
To go to bed early and to get up early is a good habit. 早睡早起是个好习惯。（不定式）
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（动名词）
The young should help the old. 年轻人应该帮助年老的人。（名词性词组）
What he said made us surprised. 他所说的话使我们感到惊奇。（从句）
2. 谓语（verb/predicate ）
谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。由动词或动词短语来充当。
We love our country. 我们热爱我们的国家。
She is taking good care of the baby. 她正在好好照看那个婴儿。
3. 宾语（object ）
宾语表示动作、行为的对象。有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。双宾语又分为直接宾语和间接宾语。凡是能作主语的词类都可以作宾语。
I like apples. 我喜欢苹果。（单宾语）
Please pass me the book. 请把那本书递给我。（双宾语）
We must keep our dormitories clean. 我们必须保持宿舍干净。（复合宾语）
He dreams a dream. 他做了个梦。（同源宾语）
4. 表语（predicative ）
表语与系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质特征。充作表语的可以是名词、介词短语、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、动名词、从句等。
Her father is a chemist. 她的父亲是为化学家。（名词）
The two states were at war then. 当时两个国家正在交战。（介词短语）
The theory proved right. 这一理论证明是正确的。（形容词）
My job is to teach. 我的工作是教学。（不定式）
My hobby is collecting stamps. 我的爱好是集邮。（动名词）
This is where I disagree. 这是我不同意的地方。（从句）
5. 定语（attributive/attribute ( )）
定语是用来修饰名词或代词。它常和名词构成名词短语。定语分前置定语和后置定语。可以作定语的词有形容词、代词、数词、名词、副词、介词短语、分词等。
1
前置定语
可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式等。
I have a black cat. 我有一只黑猫。（形容词）
Open your mouth and put out your tongue. 张开你的嘴，伸出舌头。（代词）
I have two daughters. 我有两位女儿。（数词）
I want to buy some coffee cups. 我想买些咖啡杯。（名词）
My teacher is in the reading room. 我的老师在阅览室。（动词-ing形式）
You should adapt to the changing situation. 你应该适应不断变化的形势。（动词-ing形式）
America is a developed country. 美国是发达国家。（动词-ed形式）
②后置定语
可以充当后置定语的有形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词-ing短语、动词-ed短语、从句等。
All people present at the party were his supporters. 参加聚会的人都是他的支持者。（形容词）
I have something important to tell you. 我有一些重要的事情要告诉你。（形容词）
The old man there is a professor from Beijing Normal University.
那边的那位老人是北京师范大学的教授。（副词）
The boy under the tree is my brother. 树下的那个男孩是我的弟弟。（介词短语）
I have a letter to type. 我有一封信要打。（不定式）
There is a man asking to see you. 有一个人要见你。（动词-ing短语）
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. （动词-ed短语）
被邀请参加宴会的人大多都是著名的科学家。
This is the pen (that I lost yesterday). 这是我昨天丢的那支钢笔。（从句）
6. 同位语（appositive）
对句子中某一成分作进一步解释说明，与前面名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常置于被说明的词之后。可以作同位语的有名词、代词、数词和从句等。
Beijing, the capital of China, is a beautiful city.
北京，中国的首都，是座美丽的城市。（名词作同位语）
They both come from France. 他们俩都来自法国。（代词作同位语）
Are you three ready to start out? 你们三个都准备好出发了吗？（数词作同位语）
The news that we won the game is true. 我们赢得比赛的消息是真的。（从句作同位语）
7. 状语（adverbial [ ]）
状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的一种成分。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。充当状语的有副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词和名词等。
To get a good view, he climbed to the top of the hill.
为了能看得清楚，他爬到了山顶上。（不定式作状语）
Arriving there, call me up. 到了以后，给我来个电话。（现在分词作状语）
Seen from the hill, the park looks beautiful.
从山上看，公园看起来是漂亮的。（过去分词作状语）
At the news, he stood there dumbfounded.
听到这个消息，他站在那儿目瞪口呆。（介词短语/副词/形容词作状语）
8. 补足语（complement < >）
补足语分为宾语补足语（object complement）和主语补足语（subject complement），是用来说明宾
1
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. Mr. Zhang, our headmaster, is a kind man.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. The girl in a yellow dress came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Our dream has come true.
15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.
16. How many people do you say died in the accident?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
二、判断下列句子分别属于简单句的哪种基本句型：
1. The rose smells sweet.
2. I will spend the summer vacation in the countryside.
3. He bought me a nice gift.
4. I could make him change his mind.
5. The boy jumped happily.
6.We love our great country.
7. Tom and Jim ran away.
8. There are seven days in a week.
三、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
4. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
5. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
6. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
7. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
8. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
1