牛津沪教版英语八年级上阅读选择专项讲义
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同学们，阅读理解能力的培养是中学英语学习的一项重要任务，也是中考的一项重要内容。中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断能力，要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确判断，我们今天就来学习如何归纳 文章的主旨大意。
最有效的办法是找出主题句。 （1）表述的意思比较概括，相对其它句子来看，这种概括性更为明显。 （2）句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。 （3）段落中其它的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想。 在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的情
1. 主题句在段首或篇首。 主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。 一般新闻报道、说明文, 议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。例如： A All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Someti :Zxxk.Com] 在这篇短文之后有一道考查主题的阅读理解题： 59. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage? A. Animals B. Plants C. Food Chains D. Living Things
第一句即是主题句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思，“地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其它的生物”。后面讲述了大量的事实，“大部分动物必须成群的生活，甚至一种植物也要和其它同类的植物靠在一起生长。有时一种生物杀死另一种生物，一种生物吃另一种生物，而另一种生物被吃”。在列举了大量的事实之后，作者指出：如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失，所有的食物都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开 根据主题句的意思，我们可以很容易判断：这篇短文最好的标题是Food Chains。
B A good memory is a great help in learning a language. Everybody learns his mother language when he is a small child. He hears the sounds, remembers them and then he learns to speak. Some children are living with their parents in foreign countries. They can learn two languages as easily as one because they hear, remember and speak two languages every day, In school it is not so easy to learn a foreign language because the pupils have so little time for it, and they are busy with |
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other subjects, too.
这段文章，很显然开头句就是主题句 A good memory is a great help in learning a language。
C Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting（叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.
很清楚，段首的句子 People are afraid for two reasons. 就是主题句
2 主题句在段末或篇末 用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结论。
例如下面一篇阅读材料的最后一段： If you buy some well-made clothes
解析：这段文章前面列举了两件事实：如果你买一些制作优良的衣服，你会省钱，因为这些衣服能穿得时间长一些。即使他们洗了很多次，仍然看起来很好。有时有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味着这些衣服做得更好。最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括：有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看，更合身。段末这个句子
3 无主题句 有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？ 其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。
Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey（蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside. Scientists could not control（控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years. Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting（叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person. Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.
59. The best title of the passage is ____________. A. How to make more honey B. Killer bees C. A foolish scientist D. How to feed killer bees
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这篇短文表面看起来没有主题句，那末怎样来确定它的中心意思呢？按照上面的说明，我们先找出每一段的大意：第一段讲的是“killer bees”的产生。第二段讲的是“killer bees” 的急剧增加。第三段讲的是人们害怕“killer bees”的原因。第四段讲的是“killer bees”已经杀死的人数和将来的状况。从这几段的大意可以看出这篇文章自始至终都是围绕“killer bees”这一中心展开的。换句话说，“killer bees”就是这篇文章的主题。 毫无疑问，答案应该是：B。
课堂练习（建议 10 分钟） A Many places in the world need more fresh (淡的) water. Every country is trying to find ways to turn salt water into fresh. Why aren't there many factories like the Symi factory? In some places, the sun is not hot enough, or it does not shine every day. In such places, other ways of heating(加热)sea water can be used. These ways cost more money, but they work faster than the sun. By boiling(煮沸) sea water with high heat, a lot of fresh water can be made quickly. But heating is not the only way to get fresh water from salt water. Other ways are tried. One way is freezing(冷冻). The fresh part of salt water freezes first. To get fresh water, the bits of ice are taken out. Which way is best? The one that gives the most water for the least money. It may be a different way for each place. Symi's way seems very good for small, hot places. It does not make very much water at a time. But the factory is easy to build and costs little. That is why people in many dry places talk- about Symi!
This passage is mainly about . A) hot places and dry places B)the ways of making fresh wafer from sea water C) how to make good use of the sun D)water-making factories in different countries
解析：本文论述了全世界淡水资源缺乏的问题，并介绍了两种重要的提取淡水的方法：蒸煮法和冷冻法。 从第一段我们就能抓住主题句 Every country is trying to find ways to turn salt water into fresh，然后后面分别讲述各种不同的制作方法，很显然是选择 B 答案
B Tom arrived at the bus station quite early for Paris bus. The bus for Paris would not leave until five to twelve. He saw a lot of people waiting in the station. Some were standing in line(排队), others were walking around. There was a group of schoolgirls. Their teacher was trying to keep them in line. Tom looked around but there was no place for him to sit. He walked into the station cafe(咖啡馆).He looked up at the clock there. It was only twenty, to twelve. He found a seat and sat down before a large mirror(镜子) on the wall. Just then, Mike, one of Tom's workmates came in and sat with Tom. "What time is your bus?" asked Mike. "There's plenty of time yet," answered Tom. "Well, I'll get you some more tea then," said Mike. They talked while drinking. Then Tom looked at the clock again. "Oh! It's going backward(倒行)!" he cried. "A few minutes ago it was twenty to twelve and now it's haft past eleven." "You're looking at the clock in the mirror." said Mike. Tom was so sad(难过). The next bus was not to leave for another hour. Since then Tom has never liked mirrors.
Which is the best title (题目)of the story? A. The mirror of the station B. A careless Tom C. Catching the Bus D. The clock in the mirror
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