Unit 6 The Admirable（知识清单）英语北师大版必修第二册
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Unit 6 The Admirable
词汇
一、阅读词汇：
1. mosquito n. 蚊子
2. chemical n./adj. 化学品；化学的
3. herb n. 药草，草本植物
4. recipe n. 处方；秘诀；食谱
5. literature n. 文献资料；著述；文学
6. staff n. 全体职员，员工
7. resource n. 物力；资源
8. wisdom n. 知识，学问；智慧
9. potential n./adj. 潜力，潜能；潜在的
10. recognition n. 承认，认可；表彰
11. integrate vi./vt. （使）结合，（使）融入
12. committee n. 委员会
13. malaria n. 疟疾
14. artemisinin n. 青蒿素
15. bar n. 铁栅；（门、窗等的）闩（behind bars 在狱中）
16. skin n. 皮肤
17. discrimination n. 歧视，区别对待
18. march n. 示威游行，抗议游行
19. novelist n. 小说家
20. journalist n. 记者，新闻工作者
21. pioneer n. 先驱，先锋，开拓者
22. biography n. 传记，传记文学
23. depression n. 抑郁，沮丧；经济萧条
24. disability n. 残疾，障碍
25. certificate n. 证书，证明
26. self-evident adj. 不证自明的，不言而喻的
27. ongoing adj. 持续进行的，不间断的
28. intense adj. 强烈的，剧烈的；紧张的
29. originally adv. 最初，原本
30. fame n. 名声，名望（be uninterested in fame）
二、写作词汇：
1. admirable adj. 令人钦佩的，值得赞赏的
2. admire vt. 钦佩，赞赏
3. remarkable adj. 卓越的，非凡的（make remarkable contributions to）
4. career n. 事业，职业生涯
5. cure n./vt. 治愈；疗法（find a cure for）
6. justice n. 公平，正义（fight for equal rights and justice）
7. generation n. 一代人，代
8. reform n./vt. 改革，改良（social reform）
9. mankind n. 人类
10. intelligent adj. 聪明的，有才智的
11. generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的
12. creatively adv. 创造性地
13. award vt./n. 授予，奖励；奖，奖品（be awarded a Nobel Prize）
14. honour n./vt. 荣誉；尊敬；使感到荣幸
15. gain vt./vi. 获得，赢得；受益（gain a deep knowledge）
16. establish vt. 建立，设立（establish a team）
17. effective adj. 有效的，起作用的
18. limited adj. 有限的（limited resources）
19. promising adj. 有希望的，有前途的
20. despite prep. 尽管，虽然（despite her age）
21. eventually adv. 最终，终于
22. advance n./vi. 进步，发展；前进
23. apart prep./adv. 除……之外（apart from）
24. drug n. 药，药物（life-saving drug）
25. female adj./n. 女性的；女性
26. stage n. 阶段；舞台
27. independence n. 独立，自主（gain independence）
28. independent adj. 独立的，自主的
29. peaceful adj. 和平的，非暴力的
30. protest n./vi. 抗议，反对（organise peaceful protest）
31. inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的
32. impressive adj. 令人印象深刻的
33. judge vt./vi. 判断，评价（be judged by）
34. respect vt./n. 尊敬，敬佩；尊重
35. further adj./adv. 更多的；进一步
36. regard vt. 把……看作（be regarded as）
37. passion n. 热情，激情（find passion for）
38. opportunity n. 机会，时机
39. organisation n. 组织，机构
40. strike vt./vi. 袭击；打击；罢工（struck / struck）
41. severe adj. 严重的，严峻的（severe injury）
42. movement n. 运动；移动；活动
43. engage vi./vt. 参与，从事（engage in）
44. energetic adj. 精力充沛的
45. attitude n. 态度，看法（positive attitude）
46. commitment n. 投入，奉献；承诺
47. summary n. 概要，摘要，总结
48. daring adj. 勇敢的，敢于冒险的
49. awareness n. 意识，认识（raise awareness of）
50. reputation n. 名声，声誉（gain a reputation for）
三、词汇变形：
1. admire（动词，钦佩，赞赏）→admirable（形容词，令人钦佩的）→admiration（名词，钦佩，赞赏）
2. effect（名词，效果，影响）→effective（形容词，有效的）→effectively（副词，有效地）
3. limit（动词/名词，限制，限定）→limited（形容词，有限的）→limitation（名词，局限）
4. wise（形容词，明智的）→wisdom（名词，智慧，学问）
5. establish（动词，建立，设立）→establishment（名词，建立；机构，企业）
6. recognise（动词，认出；认可）→recognition（名词，认可，承认；表彰）
7. promise（动词/名词，承诺；有指望）→promising（形容词，有前途的，有希望的）
8. eventual（形容词，最终的）→eventually（副词，最终，终于）
9. independent（形容词，独立的）→independence（名词，独立，自主）→independently（副词，独立地）
10. peace（名词，和平）→peaceful（形容词，和平的）→peacefully（副词，和平地）
11. inspire（动词，鼓舞，激励）→inspiring（形容词，鼓舞人心的）→inspired（形容词，受启发的）→inspiration（名词，灵感，鼓舞）
12. impress（动词，使印象深刻）→impressive（形容词，令人印象深刻的）→impression（名词，印象）
13. judge（动词，判断，评价）→judgement / judgment（名词，判断，评价）
14. respect（动词/名词，尊敬）→respectful（形容词，表示敬意的）→respectable（形容词，值得尊敬的）
15. aware（形容词，意识到的）→awareness（名词，意识，认识）
16. organise（动词，组织）→organisation（名词，组织，机构）→organised（形容词，有组织的）
17. severe（形容词，严重的）→severely（副词，严重地）
18. energy（名词，精力，能量）→energetic（形容词，精力充沛的）→energetically（副词，精力充沛地）
19. commit（动词，投入；承诺）→commitment（名词，投入，奉献；承诺）
20. passion（名词，热情，激情）→passionate（形容词，充满热情的）→passionately（副词，热烈地）
四、拓展词汇
1. 1. dedication n. 奉献，全身心投入
2. dedicate vt. 致力于，献身；dedicated adj. 专注的，有献身精神的
3. 2. perseverance n. 毅力，坚持不懈
4. persevere vi. 坚持，不屈不挠
5. 3. integrity n. 正直，诚实；完整
6. 4. humility n. 谦逊，谦卑
7. humble adj. 谦逊的；卑微的
8. 5. compassion n. 同情，怜悯
9. compassionate adj. 有同情心的
10. 6. resilience n. 韧性，复原力
11. resilient adj. 有韧性的，能快速恢复的
12. 7. legacy n. 遗产；留下的影响
13. 8. milestone n. 里程碑，重大事件
14. 9. breakthrough n. 突破，重大进展
15. break through 冲破，突破
16. 10. tribute n. 致敬，颂词；悼念
17. pay tribute to 向……致敬
18. 11. advocate vt./n. 提倡，主张；拥护者
19. advocacy n. 提倡，拥护
20. 12. philanthropy n. 慈善，慈善事业
21. philanthropist n. 慈善家
22. 13. humanitarian adj./n. 人道主义的；人道主义者
23. humanity n. 人类；人道，仁慈
24. 14. injustice n. 不公正，不义
25. justice n. 公平，正义（反义）
26. 15. segregation n. 隔离，（种族）隔离
27. racial segregation 种族隔离
28. 16. civil rights n. 公民权利
29. the civil rights movement 民权运动
30. 17. activist n. 活动人士，行动主义者
31. 18. laureate n. 获奖者
32. Nobel laureate 诺贝尔奖得主
33. 19. role model n. 榜样，楷模
34. role models 榜样（朝阳目标补充词组）
35. 20. inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事）
36. inspire vt. 鼓舞；inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的
五、熟词生义
1. 1. award：熟义=奖，奖品（名词）；生义=授予，奖励（动词，be awarded a Nobel Prize 被授予诺贝尔奖）
2. honour：熟义=荣誉，荣幸（名词）；生义=尊敬，敬佩；使感到荣幸（动词，be honoured to do）
3. gain：熟义=获得，赢得（动词）；生义=受益，得到好处（gain from）；增加（体重、体积，gain weight）
4. establish：熟义=建立，设立（公司、组织）；生义=确立，证实（establish the facts）；使立足（establish a reputation）
5. stage：熟义=舞台；生义=阶段，时期（at an early stage 在早期阶段）
6. advance：熟义=前进，推进（动词）；生义=进步，发展（名词，medical advances 医学进步）
7. potential：熟义=潜在的，可能的（形容词）；生义=潜力，潜能（名词，great potential 巨大潜力）
8. respect：熟义=尊敬，尊重（动词/名词）；生义=顾及（某人的意愿、权利、习俗）；方面，细节（in this respect 在这方面）
9. judge：熟义=法官，审判员，裁判（名词）；生义=判断，评价（动词，Never judge a person by his looks.）
10. figure：熟义=数字；身材；图形；生义=人物，人士（one of the most important figures of the 20th century）
11. skin：熟义=皮肤；生义=外皮，表层（the colour of their skin 肤色，种族话题常用）
12. bar：熟义=酒吧；条，块；生义=铁栅，闩（behind bars 身陷囹圄，在狱中）
13. march：熟义=行进，行军；生义=示威游行，抗议游行（organise a peaceful march）
14. strike：熟义=击打，敲；罢工；生义=（灾难、疾病）突然袭击（disaster struck Reeve）；使突然想到（It struck me that ...）
15. movement：熟义=移动，运动（物理）；生义=（社会、政治）运动（the civil rights movement）；乐章
16. passion：熟义=强烈情感，激情；生义=酷爱，热衷的爱好（find passion for acting）
17. engage：熟义=订婚（be engaged to）；生义=参与，从事（engage in）；使参与，吸引住（be engaged in）
18. regard：熟义=看待，把……视为；生义=（复数 regards）问候，致意（give my regards to）；关注（with regard to）
19. due to：熟义=由于，因为（介词短语）；生义=应归于，应付给（be due to sb.）；预定，预期（be due to do）
20. leave out：熟义=把……留在外面，忘记带；生义=省略，删去；遗漏（要点）、不包括（write a summary without leaving out key points）
；inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的
写作
句型
句式1
出处： Lesson 1 · A Medical Pioneer
原句：
The woman was Tu Youyou, the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize for her work.
结构分析：
主句：The woman was Tu Youyou
名词短语 the first Chinese female scientist 作 Tu Youyou 的同位语，补充身份
不定式被动式 to be awarded a Nobel Prize 作后置定语（序数词 the first 修饰的名词后常接不定式作定语）
for her work 为原因状语
核心词块：the first ... to do（第一位做……的……）；be awarded a Nobel Prize（被授予诺贝尔奖）
整体为“主系表 + 同位语 + 不定式被动式作定语”结构，适用于人物介绍开篇一句话点明身份与最高成就，是概述类写作的高密度信息句。
译文：
这位女士就是屠呦呦，第一位因其科研成果而被授予诺贝尔奖的中国女科学家。
句式2
出处： Lesson 1 · A Medical Pioneer
原句：
Later, she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices.
结构分析：
主句：she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years
with experts in the field 为介词短语作状语
“介词 from + 关系代词 whom”引导定语从句，修饰 experts；介词由 gain ... from sb. 的搭配决定
介词提前时关系代词只能用 whom（指人）/ which（指物），不可用 who / that，也不可省略
核心词块：gain a deep knowledge about / of（深入了解……）；experts in the field（该领域专家）
整体为“主句 + 介词 + 关系代词定语从句”结构，是本单元语法的核心句式，适用于正式语体中补充说明人物经历的来源与收获。
译文：
后来，她跟随该领域的专家学习了两年半的中医，从他们那里获得了关于传统疗法的深厚知识。
句式3
出处： Lesson 1 · A Medical Pioneer（诺贝尔奖委员会评价）
原句：
A scientist who was on the Nobel Prize Committee called Hans Forssberg explained that "the discovery of artemisinin has led to the development of new drugs which have saved the lives of millions".
结构分析：
主句：A scientist ... explained
who 引导定语从句修饰 A scientist；called Hans Forssberg 为过去分词短语作后置定语，同样修饰 A scientist
that 引导宾语从句，作 explained 的宾语
宾语从句内部又含 which 引导的定语从句，修饰 new drugs
核心词块：lead to（导致，促成）；save the lives of millions（挽救数百万人的生命）
整体为“定语从句 + 分词定语 + 宾语从句 + 定语从句”的多层嵌套结构，适用于引用权威评价来佐证人物成就，增强概述的客观性与说服力。
译文：
诺贝尔奖委员会一位名叫汉斯·福斯伯格的科学家解释说：“青蒿素的发现促成了新药的研发，挽救了数百万人的生命。”
句式4
出处： Lesson 3 · The Superhero Behind Superman
原句：
Thus, not only is he known as a superhero in the Superman films, but he is also regarded as a superhero to many in real life.
结构分析：
not only ... but (also) ... 连接两个并列分句
not only 置于句首，所在分句须用部分倒装：is he known（助动词 / be 动词提到主语前）
后一分句不倒装：but he is also regarded as ...
核心词块：be known as（作为……而闻名）；be regarded as（被视为……）；in real life（在现实生活中）
整体为“否定词前置倒装 + 递进并列”结构，适用于人物评价段的递进收束，用两个不同角度（银幕 / 现实）叠加塑造形象，是议论文与人物概述的高分句式。
译文：
因此，他不仅在《超人》电影中被称作超级英雄，在现实生活中也被许多人视为超级英雄。
句式5
出处： Lesson 2 · History Makers（Martin Luther King 演讲）
原句：
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character.
结构分析：
主句：I have a dream
that 引导同位语从句，说明 dream 的具体内容（that 在从句中不作成分，不可省略，区别于定语从句）
where 引导定语从句修饰 a nation
not ... but ... 连接两个并列的被动方式状语：by the colour of their skin / by the content of their character
核心词块：be judged by（以……被评判）；the content of their character（品格内涵）
整体为“抽象名词 + 同位语从句 + 定语从句 + not ... but ... 对比”结构，适用于阐述理想、愿景与价值判断，语气庄重、逻辑鲜明。
译文：
我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将生活在一个不以肤色、而以品格内涵来评判他们的国度里。
语法
定语从句（3）：介词 + which / whom 引导的定语从句
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词可以提到关系代词之前，构成“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。这种结构多用于正式用语，既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。
构成是：先行词 + 介词 + which（指物）/ whom（指人）+ 定语从句。介词提前后，关系代词只能用 which 或 whom，不能用 that 或 who，也不能省略。
难点提示：
1. “介词 + 关系代词”的基本结构
介词 + which（指事物）：The laboratory in which they worked had poor air quality.
介词 + whom（指人）：Who is the man with whom you just shook hands?
介词提前后，that / who 一律不可用，关系代词不可省略；若把介词移回句末，则可用 that / which / who，且作宾语时可省略：This is the village (which / that) my mother was born in.
“介词 + 关系代词”也可与关系副词互换：where = in / at which；when = in / on which；why = for which。
2. 介词的选择有时由从句中的动词搭配直接决定（如例 1、例 2），但在更多情况下需要同时参考先行词的搭配、句意或“名词 / 代词 + of”结构（如例 3、例 4）。比较下列句子：
例 1：She lost the pen for which she had paid twenty dollars. （pay ... for ...，介词用 for）
例 2：She lost the pen on which she had spent twenty dollars. （spend ... on ...，介词用 on）
例 3：Later, she studied ... with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge. （gain ... from sb.）
例 4：The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. （be sure about ...）
介词选择四原则（依据《海淀名师伴你学》语法归纳）：① 根据后面动词与介词的搭配选择；② 根据与前面名词（先行词）的搭配选择；③ 有时需同时考虑动词与介词、介词与名词两重搭配；④ 根据所要表达的意思确定。
3. 关系代词前的介词可以是单个介词，也可以是短语介词；介词之前还可以有其他词，构成“名词 / 代词 / 数词 + 介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。
At five o'clock we reached the house, in front of which there is a big tree.
I used to live in a small room, the window of which faces the street.
There are sixty students in his class, one-third of whom are girls.
There are 50 students in their class, most of whom are from R. O. Korea.
He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
4. “介词 + 关系代词”和关系副词有时可以互相替换。比较下列句子：
This is the room where he used to live. = This is the room in which he used to live.
I'll never forget the day when I joined the army. = I'll never forget the day on which I joined the army.
This is the reason why he was late. = This is the reason for which he was late.
5. 区分“介词 + 关系代词”与关系副词 / 关系代词，关键仍看从句缺什么成分。比较下列句子：
This is the house in which he was born. （从句成分完整，in which = where）
This is the house which / that he built last year. （built 缺宾语，用关系代词，可省略）
The person to whom you should write is Mr Ball. （write to sb. 决定介词用 to）
补充说明（对应难点提示 1 的常见结构，教师讲解时可展开）：
结构
用法
例句
介词 + which
指事物，正式语体
The laboratory in which they worked had poor air quality.
介词 + whom
指人，正式语体
...experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge...
名词 / 数词 + of + which / whom
表所属、部分
There are 50 students, most of whom are from R. O. Korea.
短语介词 + which
in front of / at the back of 等
the house, in front of which there is a big tree
关系副词替换
where / when / why
This is the house where (= in which) he was born.
判断口诀：介词一提前，代词只用 which / whom；介词怎么选，一看从句动词搭配、二看先行词搭配、三看句意；“代词 / 数词 + of + which / whom”表“其中……”；换成口语语体就把介词挪回句末，用 that / which / who 或直接省略。
补充：强调句型
It is / was + 强调部分 + that / who + 其他。可强调主语、宾语和状语，不能强调谓语；指人时可用 who，指物或强调状语时用 that。判断方法：去掉 It is / was 与 that / who 后，剩余部分仍能构成完整句子。
It was in 2015 that Tu Youyou was awarded a Nobel Prize. （强调时间状语）
It is their character that matters, not the colour of their skin. （强调主语）
It was Tu Youyou who / that established the team to find a cure for malaria. （强调人）
补充：交际用语——表达确定性与不确定性
功能
常用表达
确定（Certainty）
I'm sure / certain that ...；There's no doubt that ...；Definitely. / Absolutely.；It's self-evident that ...；Without doubt ...
不确定（Uncertainty）
I'm not sure whether ...；I doubt whether ...；It's hard to say.；Perhaps / Maybe / Possibly；I suppose so, but I'm not certain.；There's some doubt as to ...
语用提示：表达确定性时可用 There's no doubt that ... 加强语气；表达不确定性时避免绝对的 No / Never，多用 I'm not sure whether ... / It's hard to say 留出余地。
写作
文章概述：A Summary of a Medical Pioneer（写作应用文）
题目
假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。校英文报 “The Admirable” 栏目征集课文 A Medical Pioneer 的英文概述（summary）。请根据课文内容写一篇 100 词左右的概述，要点：1. 屠呦呦的基本信息；2. 发现青蒿素的过程与成就；3. 她的态度与品质。注意：概述须客观、简洁，不得加入个人评论，不得遗漏要点。
【参考范文】
A Medical Pioneer
Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher. She studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices.
In 1969, she was chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and, after many failed experiments, eventually came across a promising chemical — artemisinin, which has become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research.
【导语】
本文是一篇人物概述（summary）。作者以第三人称客观转述课文 A Medical Pioneer 的主要事实，依次交代人物基本信息、科研过程与成就、获奖与态度；不加入 I think / In my opinion 等个人评论，不遗漏任何要点，语言高度压缩，符合概述“客观、简洁、完整”的文体要求，也呼应本单元“学会文章概述的基本写法”的语言能力目标。
【详解】
1. Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher.
过去分词短语 born in ... 作后置定语，一句话压缩“出生地 + 时间 + 身份”三项信息，是概述压缩信息的常用手段；概述用一般现在时交代身份，用一般过去时叙述生平事件，时态分工清晰。
2. She studied Chinese medicine ... with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices.
“介词 from + 关系代词 whom”引导的定语从句，是本单元语法核心；介词由 gain ... from sb. 的搭配决定，不可用 who / that。补充规范表达建议：口语语体可写 who she gained ... from，但正式概述以介词提前为宜。
3. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and ... eventually came across a promising chemical — artemisinin, which has become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
with 短语浓缩“条件限制”，come across（偶然发现）为本单元重点词组；破折号后接同位语，再由 which 引导非限制性定语从句补充说明青蒿素的地位，一句话同时完成“过程 + 结果 + 意义”，信息密度极高。
4. In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize.
the first + 名词 + 不定式被动式作后置定语，是人物概述中表述“首位……做某事”的标准句式；比 who was the first ... to ... 的从句写法更凝练。
5. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research.
despite 为介词，后接名词／代词／动名词，不接从句（对比 although / though 接从句）；be uninterested in fame 为 Writing Workshop 短语。收束于人物品质而不用 admirable / great 等评价性形容词，正是概述保持客观性的关键。
【点睛】
① 文体到位：全篇第三人称、客观陈述，无个人评论、无 leave out 关键信息，符合 summary 的基本写法；
② 要点齐全，逻辑清晰：基本信息（1930 / 浙江 / 医学研究者）— 科研过程（1969 组队、有限资源、数百次失败、发现青蒿素）— 成就（2015 年诺贝尔奖）— 态度（不慕名利、继续研究）；
③ 语法落地：from whom 引导的“介词 + 关系代词”定语从句、which 引导的非限制性定语从句、过去分词作定语、不定式被动式作定语，均为本单元核心结构；
④ 积累短语：find a cure for 找到……的疗法；limited resources 有限的资源；come across 偶然发现；be awarded a Nobel Prize 被授予诺贝尔奖；be uninterested in fame 不慕名利；gain a deep knowledge of 深入了解；continue to conduct research 继续开展研究；leave out 遗漏。
一、知识点精讲
1. award
教材原句：The woman was Tu Youyou, the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize for her work.
参考译文：这位女士就是屠呦呦，第一位因其科研成果而被授予诺贝尔奖的中国女科学家。
【双语释义】
◆vt. to officially give someone a prize or money 授予（奖品或奖金），奖励
◆n. a prize that someone gets for something that they have achieved 奖，奖品，奖金
例句印证：
A prize will be awarded to the winner.
奖品将颁给获胜者。
The advertisement won several awards. / The headmaster will present the award.
这则广告赢得数项大奖。／校长将颁发奖项。
积累拓展
award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 授予某人某奖
be awarded a Nobel Prize 被授予诺贝尔奖；win / receive / get an award 获奖
易混：award（奖品；授予）／reward（报酬，奖赏）
2. gain
教材原句：Later, she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices.
参考译文：后来，她跟随该领域的专家学习了两年半的中医，从他们那里获得了关于传统疗法的深厚知识。
【双语释义】
◆vt. to get or achieve sth 获得，取得；赢得
◆vt. to increase in size or weight 增加（体积或体重）
◆vi. / vt. to get an advantage from sth （从……中）受益，得到（好处）
例句印证：
The country gained independence in 1957. / I've gained a lot of weight recently.
该国于 1957 年获得独立。／我最近体重增加了不少。
There is much to be gained from getting expert advice.
听取专家的意见大有裨益。
积累拓展
gain a deep knowledge 获得深厚知识；gain independence / popularity / confidence 赢得独立／人气／信心
gain from 从……中受益；gain a reputation for 因……获得声誉
反义：lose；名词 gain 表“收益，增加”
3. establish
教材原句：In 1969, Tu Youyou was chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria — a disease that killed millions of people every year.
参考译文：1969 年，屠呦呦被选中组建一支团队，寻找疟疾的疗法——这种疾病每年夺去数百万人的生命。
【双语释义】
◆vt. to start a company, organisation, or system 建立，创立，设立
例句印证：
The company was established in 1974.
这家公司成立于 1974 年。
The government agreed to establish two committees to examine the proposals.
政府同意成立两个委员会来审查这些提案。
积累拓展
establish a team / a committee / a system / a relationship 组建团队／成立委员会／建立制度／建立关系
establishment n. 建立，设立；机构，大型机关，企业
be well established 根基稳固的，得到广泛认可的
4. despite
教材原句：Today Tu Youyou continues to conduct research despite her age.
参考译文：如今，屠呦呦不顾年事已高，仍继续开展研究。
【双语释义】
◆prep. used to say that sth happened or is true, even though this is not what you expected 尽管，虽然
例句印证：
Despite the failure of his early experiments, the scientist sticks to his research.
尽管早期实验屡屡失败，这位科学家仍坚持研究。
She went to Spain despite the fact that her doctor had told her to rest.
尽管医生叮嘱她休息，她还是去了西班牙。
积累拓展
despite + 名词／代词／动名词，不接从句；❌ despite of（常见错误）
despite the fact that + 从句；in spite of = despite（口语更常用）
对比：although / though + 从句（连词），不可与 but 连用
5. judge
教材原句：I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character.
参考译文：我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将生活在一个不以肤色、而以品格内涵来评判他们的国度里。
【双语释义】
◆vt. / vi. to form or give an opinion about someone or something, using the information you have 判断；评价；断定
◆vt. / vi. to give your opinion about sb, especially when you disapprove of them 评价；鉴定；（尤指）批评，指责
例句印证：
Never judge a person by his looks. / It's difficult to judge what kind of impression we made.
切勿以貌取人。／很难判断我们给人留下了怎样的印象。
Judging from his performance, he has a good chance of winning.
从他的表现判断，他很有希望获胜。
积累拓展
judge ... by / from 根据……判断；be judged by 以……被评判
judging from / by 从……判断（独立成分，不受主语一致限制）
judgement n. 判断，评价；judge n. 法官，审判员，裁判员
6. respect
教材原句：I really admire and respect him, and there's no doubt that he was one of the most important figures of the 20th century.
参考译文：我十分钦佩并敬重他，毫无疑问，他是 20 世纪最重要的人物之一。
【双语释义】
◆vt. to admire someone, especially for their personal qualities 敬佩，敬重
◆vt. to be careful not to do anything that someone does not want 尊重，顾及（某人的愿望、权利、习俗等）
◆n. a feeling of admiration for sb/sth because of their good qualities or achievements 尊敬，尊重
例句印证：
The students like and respect him. / I would like you to respect my privacy.
学生们喜欢并敬重他。／我希望你尊重我的隐私。
I have the greatest respect for your brother.
我非常敬重你的哥哥。
积累拓展
show / have respect for 对……表示尊敬；respect sb's wishes / rights / privacy
in this respect 在这方面；with (all) due respect 恕我直言
respectful adj. 表示敬意的；respectable adj. 值得尊敬的，体面的
7. regard
教材原句：Thus, not only is he known as a superhero in the Superman films, but he is also regarded as a superhero to many in real life.
参考译文：因此，他不仅在《超人》电影中被称作超级英雄，在现实生活中也被许多人视为超级英雄。
【双语释义】
◆vt. to think about sb/sth in a particular way 把……视为，看待
◆n. （复数 regards）greetings 问候，致意
例句印证：
He is regarded as one of the most influential figures of the 20th century.
他被认为是 20 世纪最有影响力的人物之一。
Please give my regards to your family.
请代我向你的家人问好。
积累拓展
be regarded as 被认为是，被看作（= be viewed as / be considered / be known as）
regard ... as ... 把……视为……；hold ... in high regard 高度评价
as regards / with regard to 关于，至于
8. engage
教材原句：Since my grandma retired, she has engaged in a lot of meaningful activities, such as gardening, writing, painting and baking bread.
参考译文：奶奶退休后，参与了许多有意义的活动，如园艺、写作、绘画和烤面包。
【双语释义】
◆vi. / vt. to take part in sth or to make sb take part in sth 参与，从事；使参与
◆vt. to attract and keep sb's attention 吸引（注意力）
例句印证：
They engaged in a lively discussion about equal rights.
他们就平等权利展开了一场热烈的讨论。
She is engaged in charity work.
她正忙于慈善工作。
积累拓展
engage in (doing) sth. 参与／从事某事；be engaged in 忙于……
be engaged to sb. 与某人订婚（熟词生义，易混）
engagement n. 参与；订婚；约定
9. strike
教材原句：Unfortunately, in 1995 disaster struck Reeve. His neck was broken in a horseback riding.
参考译文：不幸的是，1995 年灾难降临在里夫身上。他在一次骑马中颈椎骨折。
【双语释义】
◆vt. / vi. （of a disaster or illness）to happen suddenly and harm sb （灾难、疾病等）突然袭击，降临
◆vt. / vi. to hit sb/sth hard 打击，撞击；to refuse to work as a protest 罢工
◆vt. （of an idea）to come suddenly into sb's mind 使突然想到
例句印证：
They predicted that a destructive earthquake would strike this area before the end of the century.
他们预测本世纪末之前这一地区会遭遇破坏性地震。
It struck me that she had been right all along.
我突然意识到她一直都是对的。
积累拓展
struck / struck（过去式、过去分词）；strike at 打击，袭击
It strikes sb. that ... 某人突然想到；be struck by 被……打动
be on strike 在罢工；striking adj. 引人注目的
10. come across
教材原句：...they eventually came across a promising chemical.
参考译文：……他们最终偶然发现了一种很有前景的化学物质。
【双语释义】
◆phr.v. to find or meet sth/sb by chance 偶然发现，偶遇
◆phr.v. （of an idea or meaning）to be understood 被理解，被传达
例句印证：
I came across some old photos in a drawer.
我在抽屉里偶然翻到一些老照片。
He spoke for a long time but his meaning didn't really come across.
他讲了很久，但意思并没有真正传达清楚。
积累拓展
come across = run into / meet with / happen to find；不用于被动语态
come about 发生；come up with 想出；come out 出版，结果是
写作提示：概述科研过程时，come across 比 discover 更能体现“偶然中的必然”
二、核心语法精讲
定语从句（3）：「介词 + which / whom」引导的定语从句
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词可以提到关系代词之前，构成"介词 + 关系代词"引导的定语从句。这种结构多用于正式用语，既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。
它的构成是：先行词 + 介词 + which（指事物）/ whom（指人）+ 定语从句。介词提前后，关系代词只能用 which 或 whom，不能用 that 或 who，也不能省略。
难点提示：
1. "介词 + 关系代词"的基本结构
介词 + which（指事物）：The laboratory in which they worked had poor air quality. 他们工作的实验室空气质量很差。
介词 + whom（指人）：Who is the man with whom you just shook hands? 刚才和你握手的那个人是谁？
介词 + which / whom（非限制性，指代整句）：The sun gives us heat and light, without which we can't live. / He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
介词提前后不可用 that / who，也不可省略；若把介词移回句末，则可用 that / which / who 且作宾语时可省略。
定语从句为被动语态时结构不变：This is the house in which he was born.
2. 使用"介词 + 关系代词"时，介词有时由从句中一个明显的固定搭配直接表示出来（如例 1），但在更多情况下需要由上下文的搭配关系与句意共同确定（如例 2、例 3）。
例1：Who is the man with whom you just shook hands? （shake hands with sb.，"with"由动词搭配直接给出）
例2：Later, she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices. （gain sth from sb.，需回到从句还原搭配）
例3：The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. （be sure about sth）
介词选择四原则：① 根据后面动词与介词的搭配选择；② 根据与前面名词（先行词）的搭配选择；③ 有时需同时考虑动词与介词、介词与名词两重搭配；④ 根据所要表达的意思确定。
3. 同一先行词，从句搭配不同，介词也不同。比较下列句子：
She lost the pen for which she had paid twenty dollars. （pay ... for ...）她把那支花二十美元买的笔弄丢了。
She lost the pen on which she had spent twenty dollars. （spend ... on ...）她把那支花了二十美元的笔弄丢了。
"介词提前"与"介词后置"表达同一意思，但语体和关系词不同。比较下列句子：
The person to whom you should write is Mr Ball. （介词提前，正式语体，只能用 whom，不可省略）你该写信给的那个人是鲍尔先生。
The person (who / whom / that) you should write to is Mr Ball. （介词留在句末，口语语体，关系代词作宾语可省略）你该写信给的那个人是鲍尔先生。
4. "介词 + 关系代词"和关系副词有时可以互相替换。比较下列句子：
This is the room where he used to live. = This is the room in which he used to live. （where = in which）这是他过去住过的房间。
I'll never forget the day when I joined the army. = ... the day on which I joined the army. （when = on which）
This is the reason why he was late. = This is the reason for which he was late. （why = for which）
但注意：先行词是地点、时间名词，从句缺主语或宾语时仍用关系代词，不可换成关系副词或"介词 + which"。
This is the house which / that he built last year. （built 缺宾语 → 关系代词，可省略）这是他去年建的那所房子。
This is the house in which / where he was born. （从句成分完整 → 介词 + which / where）这是他出生的那所房子。
5. 介词前还可以有名词、代词、数词或短语介词，构成"名词 / 数词 / 短语介词 + of / in front of ... + which / whom"引导的定语从句。
短语介词：At five o'clock we reached the house, in front of which there is a big tree.
所属关系：I used to live in a small room, the window of which faces the street. （= whose window）
部分与数量：There are sixty students in his class, one-third of whom are girls. / There are 50 students in their class, most of whom are from R. O. Korea. / I have many books, some of which are about Chinese history.
指代整句：He won the first prize, which was unexpected. / He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
【练习】
一、填入恰当的"介词 + which / whom"（每空填两个词，8 题）
The laboratory ________ ________ they worked had poor air quality.
Later, she studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field ________ ________ she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices.
Who is the man ________ ________ you just shook hands?
She lost the pen ________ ________ she had paid twenty dollars.
She lost the pen ________ ________ she had spent twenty dollars.
Mr Smith, ________ ________ we often turn for help, is a very experienced teacher.
Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill ________ ________ school education depends.
There are sixty students in his class, one-third ________ ________ are girls.
二、同义句转换（保留句意，按要求改写，4 题）
把介词移回句末（口语语体）：
The person to whom you should write is Mr Ball.
→ The person ________ you should write ________ is Mr Ball.
用"介词 + which"替换关系副词：
This is the room where he used to live.
→ This is the room ________ ________ he used to live.
用"介词 + which"替换关系副词：
I'll never forget the day when I joined the army.
→ I'll never forget the day ________ ________ I joined the army.
用"介词 + which"替换关系副词：
This is the reason why he was late.
→ This is the reason ________ ________ he was late.
三、汉译英（必须使用"介词 + which / whom"结构，3 题）
1. 刚才我们正在谈论的那个作家已经到我们学校了。
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. 中国是一个我想了解更多的国家。
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. 他花 10 元买的那本书值得一读。
_________________________________________________________________________________________
三、单元写作清单
1. 话题分析
话题内容：为校英文报 "The Admirable" 栏目撰写课文 A Medical Pioneer（屠呦呦）的英文概述
主题语境：人与社会——对社会有突出贡献的人物
文体类型：应用文——文章概述（summary）
写作要点：
· 人物基本信息（出生、身份、教育背景）
· 科研过程与成就（组队、有限资源、反复实验、发现青蒿素、挽救生命）
· 获奖情况与人物态度（2015 年诺贝尔奖、不慕名利、继续研究）
· 概述的底线要求：客观、简洁、完整，不加入个人评论，不遗漏要点，不照抄原句
语体提示：全篇第三人称、客观转述；不用 I think / In my opinion / How admirable 等评价性语言；生平事件用一般过去时，身份与持续状态用一般现在时。这是概述与"人物介绍／读后感"最本质的区别，也是本单元 Writing Workshop 的核心考点（leave out 遗漏要点为最大失分点）。
2. 写作框架
第一段：基本信息（一句话立住人物）
· 功能：点明人物身份 + 出生时间地点 + 教育／专业背景
· 核心句式：Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher. She studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices.
第二段：科研过程与成就（信息密度最高段）
· 功能：交代任务起点、困难条件、关键转折、成果与意义
· 核心句式：
2. In 1969, she was chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria.
2. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and, after many failed experiments, eventually came across a promising chemical — artemisinin, which has become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
第三段：荣誉与态度（收束于品质，不评价）
· 功能：点明获奖 + 用事实而非形容词体现人物品格
· 核心句式：
2. In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize.
2. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research.
3. 写作素材
3.1 开篇句（人物身份）
1. Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher.
2. Martin Luther King Jr. is widely regarded as one of the most important figures of the 20th century.
3. Christopher Reeve was an American actor who is remembered for both his Superman films and his real-life courage.
4. The passage gives a brief account of a medical pioneer who devoted her life to fighting malaria.
3.2 经历句（本单元语法落地：介词 + 关系代词）
1. She studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices.
2. The laboratory in which they worked had poor air quality, but the team carried on.
3. The Nobel Prize Committee, on which Hans Forssberg served, praised the discovery of artemisinin.
4. The experts to whom she turned for help shared their knowledge of traditional recipes.
3.3 科研过程句（困难 + 转折 + 发现）
1. In 1969, she was chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria — a disease that killed millions of people every year.
2. With limited resources and not enough staff, the team studied related literature and researched hundreds of traditional recipes.
3. After hundreds of failed experiments, they eventually came across a promising chemical.
4. She bravely volunteered to be the first human subject in the test on humans.
5. The discovery of artemisinin has led to the development of new drugs which have saved the lives of millions.
3.4 成就句（高位表达）
1. In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize for her work.
2. Artemisinin has now become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
3. Tu Youyou was noted for her bravery, her ability to use old wisdom and new methods, and the fact that her work bridged the Eastern and Western worlds.
4. Her work has made remarkable contributions to mankind.
3.5 态度品质句（用事实代替形容词）
1. She is not interested in fame / uninterested in fame.
2. Despite her age, she continues to conduct research today.
3. She remains focused on her work in spite of the honour and international recognition.
4. He fell into a depression after the accident, but with the support of his family he regained his will to live and engaged in an intense exercise programme.
3.6 概述专用衔接与收束句
1. The passage mainly tells us how ... / The text gives a brief account of ...
2. In conclusion / To sum up, the three decades of research resulted in a life-saving drug.
3. 客观转述标记：According to the text, ... / It is reported in the passage that ... / The author notes that ...
4. 忌用：I think / In my opinion / I was deeply moved / What an admirable person!（概述中一律删除）
3.7 常用短语积累
· find a cure for 找到……的疗法；limited resources 有限的资源；come across 偶然发现；turn to ... for help 向……求助；with the help of 在……帮助下
· gain a deep knowledge of 深入了解；be awarded a Nobel Prize 被授予诺贝尔奖；lead to 促成，导致；be noted for 以……著称
· be regarded as 被视为；be remembered for 因……被铭记；be uninterested in fame 不慕名利；continue to conduct research 继续研究
· fight for equal rights and justice 为平等权利与正义而战；be put behind bars 身陷囹圄；give a speech 发表演讲；raise awareness of 提高……意识
· gain a reputation for 因……获得声誉；fall into a depression 陷入抑郁；engage in 参与；make remarkable progress 取得显著进步
· leave out 遗漏，删去（概述第一大忌）；major in 主修；set up 建立；in spite of / due to 尽管／由于
4. 范文背诵
题目：假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。校英文报 "The Admirable" 栏目征集课文 A Medical Pioneer 的英文概述。请根据课文内容写一篇 100 词左右的概述，要点：1. 屠呦呦的基本信息；2. 发现青蒿素的过程与成就；3. 她的态度与品质。注意：客观、简洁，不得加入个人评论，不得遗漏要点。
A Medical Pioneer
Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher. She studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices.
In 1969, she was chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and, after many failed experiments, eventually came across a promising chemical — artemisinin, which has become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research.
（约 105 词）
背诵重点句（5 句核心）：
1. Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher. （过去分词作定语，一句话压缩"时间+地点+身份"）
2. She studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices. （介词 + whom 定语从句，本单元语法直接落地）
3. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and eventually came across a promising chemical. （with 短语浓缩困难条件 + 重点词组 come across）
4. In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize. （the first + 名词 + 不定式被动式，"首位做某事"的标准写法）
5. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research. （despite + 名词，不接从句；以事实收束，不作评价）
5. 变式场景拓展
概述对象（取自三份资料）
核心信息块
可迁移句式
屠呦呦 · A Medical Pioneer（本单元原题）
1930 浙江／中医背景／1969 组队／青蒿素／2015 诺奖
from whom...；with limited resources；the first ... to be awarded
马丁·路德·金 · History Makers（Lesson 2）
民权运动／非暴力抗议／入狱／"I have a dream"
be remembered for...；fight for equal rights and justice；be put behind bars；give a speech
Christopher Reeve（Lesson 3 / 朝阳短文填空）
超人演员／1995 坠马重伤／陷抑郁／康复训练／慈善
disaster struck...；fall into a depression；engage in；make remarkable progress；positive attitude
Katherine Commale（海淀综合任务）
5 岁起为非洲儿童募捐蚊帐／演出与证书／NBN 代言人
raise awareness of；raise money for...；Anyone, especially a kid, can make a difference
Louis Pasteur（西城阅读 B 篇）
巴氏消毒法／发现微生物致腐／拯救无数婴儿
prove that...；due to；It was named ... in his honour；has saved thousands of lives
Stephen Hawking（西城阅读 C 篇）
1942 牛津出生／宇宙研究／身残志坚
be regarded as...；in spite of；make remarkable contributions to
Charlotte Whitehead（朝阳完形）
加拿大首位女医生之一／赴美学医／无照行医／死后追授执照
be refused...；continue to practise；a medical license was issued to honour...
袁隆平 / 钱学森（同主题迁移）
农业／航天／毕生奉献／淡泊名利
devote one's life to；make remarkable contributions to mankind；be uninterested in fame
校园人物：一位值得钦佩的老师
任教年限／帮助学生／不计回报
be admired for...；be generous with his time；turn to ... for help
迁移要点：概述的"骨架"永远固定为 基本信息 → 主要事迹／过程 → 结果与态度，三段不变；变式时只换人物信息块与事迹动词（discover / fight / raise / rebuild / prove）。三处必须守住：① 第三人称客观转述；② 不写 I think 类评价句；③ 不 leave out 题干给出的任何一个要点。本单元语法「介词 + which / whom」可在"师从何人、任职何处、求助何方"三处自然嵌入，是概述拿语言分的关键。
易错点 01 admire → admirable（不是 admiring）
【一句话辨异】 The film did an admirable job of describing life in the 1940s. 这部电影出色地再现了 20 世纪 40 年代的生活。（admirable = 令人钦佩的；admiring = 赞赏的，多指人）
【错因辨析】
· admire vt. 钦佩 → admirable adj.（值得钦佩的，出色的）→ admiration n. 钦佩
· admiring 是现在分词形容词，指"（人）投以赞赏目光的"，如 an admiring glance；admired 指"被人钦佩的"，如 a much loved and highly admired teacher
· 三词同根但视角不同：-able 表"值得被……"，-ing 表"发出……的"，-ed 表"被……的"
【对点训练】 The film did an ______ job of describing life in the 1940s, so it won the Oscar Award.
A. admiring B. admirable C. admired D. admiration
【答案】B
【解析】 空格修饰 job（事物），且前有不定冠词 an，需形容词；句意为"表现出色、令人称道"，用 admirable。D 为名词，A、C 视角不符。
易错点 02 effect / effective / effectively / affect
【一句话辨异】 The drug is generally effective in reducing pain, and it works effectively; it has a real effect on patients, while smoking can affect one's health. 这种药止痛有效、起效良好，对病人确有效果；而吸烟会影响健康。
【错因辨析】
· effect n. 影响、效果 → have an effect on；side effect；take effect
· effective adj. 有效的 → 作定语或表语
· effectively adv. 有效地 → 修饰动词
· affect vt. 影响 → 与 effect 只差一个字母，词性完全不同，是本册跨单元第一易混点
【对点训练】 Advertising is often the most ______ method of promotion.
A. effect B. effective C. effectively D. affecting
【答案】B
【解析】 the most + 形容词 + 名词，且 method 需定语，用 effective。若改为 Advertising works ______，才用 effectively。
易错点 03 limit → limited（不是 limiting）
【一句话辨异】 She has only a limited understanding of what the job involves. 她对这份工作的内容只有有限的理解。（limited = 有限的；limiting = 起限制作用的）
【错因辨析】
· limited adj. 有限的、不多的：limited resources / limited time / a limited understanding（本单元高频）
· limiting adj. 限制性的、制约的：a limiting factor（限制因素）
· 名词两兄弟：limit（界限）／limitation（局限、不足之处）
【对点训练】 With ______ resources and not enough staff, the team still carried on with the research.
A. limiting B. limited C. limit D. limitation
【答案】B
【解析】 修饰 resources 表"资源有限"，用 limited；本单元课文原句即 with limited resources。limiting 强调"对别的事物构成制约"，不合语境。
易错点 04 wisdom → wise / wisely（wisdom 不是形容词）
【一句话辨异】 He delivered a speech, in which he suggested we manage time wisely. 他发表演讲，建议我们明智地管理时间。（wisdom n. 智慧；wise adj. 明智的；wisely adv. 明智地）
【错因辨析】
· wisdom 是名词，绝不可直接作定语或表语修饰动词 → ❌ manage time wisdom
· 词族：wise → wisely → wisdom（不规则，不是 *wisedom / *wisdomly）
· 同族联想：use old wisdom and new methods（用古老智慧与新方法）——此处才是名词用法
【对点训练】 He suggested we manage time ______ in the speech.
A. wise B. wisdom C. wisely D. wiseness
【答案】C
【解析】 修饰动词 manage 需副词，wisely。D 为生造词；B 是名词；A 是形容词。
易错点 05 dependent → independent（否定前缀，全卷最易失分题）
【一句话辨异】 Grandma is very independent and does all her own shopping and cooking. 奶奶很自立，买菜做饭都自己来。（题干给的提示词却是 dependent！）
【错因辨析】
· 西城词形第 6 题故意给 dependent，句意却要求反义 → 必须加否定前缀 in- 变为 independent
· 词族：depend vi. → dependent adj.（依赖的）→ dependence n. → independent adj. → independence n.（海淀 Lesson 2 词形转换即 independence → 形容词）
· 同类否定前缀：un-（uninterested, unfortunate）、im-（impossible）、dis-（disability, discrimination 中的 dis- 非否定但形近）、in-（independent, incomplete, injustice 对应 justice）
【对点训练】 Grandma is very ______ and does all her own shopping and cooking. (dependent)
A. dependent B. independent C. independently D. independence
【答案】B
【解析】 由 does all her own shopping and cooking 可知句意为"不依赖他人"，须用 dependent 的反义形容词 independent；C 为副词、D 为名词，均不能作表语；A 与句意矛盾。讲评时务必提醒学生：先读句意，再决定要不要加前缀，不要见词就只变后缀。
易错点 06 inspire → inspired / inspiring / inspiration
【一句话辨异】 After listening to the professor's lecture, she felt inspired to learn English. 听完教授的讲座，她受到了鼓舞，想学英语了。（人"感到"用 -ed；事物"令人"用 -ing）
【错因辨析】
· inspired（人）受鼓舞的 → be / feel inspired
· inspiring（事物）鼓舞人心的 → an inspiring story / an inspiring figure（Lesson 2 词表）
· inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人或事
· 同规律：frightened / frightening、shocked / shocking、admired / admirable（见 E01）
【对点训练】 After listening to the lecture, she felt ______ to learn English.
A. inspiring B. inspired C. inspiration D. inspiredly
【答案】B
【解析】 主语 she 是人，feel 为系动词后接形容词表感受，用 inspired。A 用于修饰事物。
易错点 07 impress → impression（不是 impressive）
【一句话辨异】 His first speech as president made a strong impression on his audience. 他作为总统的首次演讲给听众留下了深刻印象。（make an impression on sb. 是固定搭配，中间必须是名词）
【错因辨析】
· impress vt. 使印象深刻 → impressive adj. 令人印象深刻的（an impressive speech）→ impression n. 印象
· 固定搭配：make / leave a(n) ... impression on sb.；give sb. a good impression；be under the impression that（误以为）
· 判断法：冠词 a / 形容词 strong 后面必接名词
【对点训练】 His first speech as president made a strong ______ on his audience.
A. impress B. impressive C. impression D. impressively
【答案】C
【解析】 made a strong ___ 需名词作宾语，且 on his audience 与 impression 构成固定搭配，故选 C。若写 His speech was ______，才用 impressive。
Unit 6 The Admirable 综合检测（教师版）
北师大版高中英语必修第二册 · 主题语境：人与社会——对社会有突出贡献的人物 · 语法重点：介词 + which / whom 引导的定语从句
一、默写重点词组
A. 英译汉
1. find a cure for ____________________
2. come across ____________________
3. be awarded a Nobel Prize ____________________
4. be uninterested in fame ____________________
5. turn to ... for help ____________________
6. with the help of ____________________
7. fight for equal rights and justice ____________________
8. be put behind bars ____________________
9. raise awareness of ____________________
10. be regarded as ____________________
11. be noted for ____________________
12. lead to ____________________
13. leave out ____________________
14. make remarkable contributions to ____________________
15. in spite of ____________________
16. be remembered for ____________________
B. 汉译英
1. 有限的资源 ____________________
2. 深入了解…… ____________________
3. 建立团队 ____________________
4. 继续开展研究 ____________________
5. 主修 ____________________
6. 由于 ____________________
7. 除……之外（还） ____________________
8. 陷入抑郁 ____________________
9. 因……获得声誉 ____________________
10. 发表演讲 ____________________
11. 为……募捐 ____________________
12. 被称为 ____________________
13. 以……被评判 ____________________
14. 拯救数百万人的生命 ____________________
15. 获得独立 ____________________
16. 用古老智慧与新方法 ____________________
二、词汇运用（用括号内单词的适当形式填空）
1. The film did an ________ job of describing life in the 1940s. (admire)
2. She has only a ________ understanding of what the job involves. (limit)
3. David hopes to raise ________ of the importance of eating a healthy diet. (aware)
4. He was voted the most ________ new actor at the Cannes Film Festival. (promise)
5. The document has been lost or destroyed ________. (origin)
6. Grandma is very ________ and does all her own shopping and cooking. (dependent)
7. After listening to the professor's lecture, she felt ________ to learn English. (inspire)
8. It is a very ________ way to solve the problem. (effect)
9. She developed a ________ interest in wild flowers. (passion)
10. His first speech as president made a strong ________ on his audience. (impress)
三、重点句型（理解结构与翻译）
1. The woman was Tu Youyou, the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize for her work.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Later, she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. A scientist who was on the Nobel Prize Committee called Hans Forssberg explained that "the discovery of artemisinin has led to the development of new drugs which have saved the lives of millions".
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Thus, not only is he known as a superhero in the Superman films, but he is also regarded as a superhero to many in real life.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
四、课文语法填空（根据 Lesson 1 A Medical Pioneer 课文内容填空，每空一词）
Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field, from 1. ________ she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices. In 1969, she was chosen to 2. ________ a team to find a 3. ________ for malaria — a disease that killed millions of people every year. With 4. ________ resources and not enough staff, the team researched hundreds of traditional 5. ________ and related 6. ________.
After hundreds of failed experiments, they eventually came 7. ________ a promising chemical — artemisinin. To test it on humans, Tu Youyou bravely volunteered to be the first human 8. ________. In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be 9. ________ a Nobel Prize. Today she continues to conduct research 10. ________ her age.
五、「介词 + which / whom」定语从句专练（每空填两个词）
1. The laboratory ________ ________ they worked had poor air quality.
2. She studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field ________ ________ she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices.
3. Who is the man ________ ________ you just shook hands?
4. She lost the pen ________ ________ she had paid twenty dollars.
5. She lost the pen ________ ________ she had spent twenty dollars.
6. Mr Smith, ________ ________ we often turn for help, is a very experienced teacher.
7. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill ________ ________ school education depends.
8. There are sixty students in his class, one-third ________ ________ are girls.
9. The two things ________ ________ Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms.
10. The person ________ ________ you should write is Mr Ball.
六、翻译句子（运用本单元词汇与「介词 + which / whom」定语从句）
1. 刚才我们正在谈论的那个作家已经到我们学校了。
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. 中国是一个我想了解更多的国家。
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. 他花 10 元买的那本书值得一读。
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. 他工作的实验室空气质量很差。
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. 屠呦呦从中获得深厚中医知识的那些专家，都是该领域的权威。
____________________________________________________________________________________
七、单元写作训练
假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。校英文报 "The Admirable" 栏目征集课文 A Medical Pioneer 的英文概述（summary）。请根据课文内容写一篇 100 词左右的概述，要求包含：屠呦呦的基本信息、发现青蒿素的过程与成就、她的态度与品质。注意：概述须客观、简洁，不得加入个人评论，不得遗漏要点。
【评分要点】
要点齐全（5 分）：基本信息、科研过程与成就、获奖与态度三项内容齐全，不遗漏（不 leave out）任何一个要点。
语言准确（10 分）：「介词 + which / whom」定语从句、过去分词作定语、the first ... to be awarded、despite、come across、be awarded a Nobel Prize 等本单元结构的正确使用；全篇第三人称客观转述，不出现 I think / In my opinion 等个人评论。
语篇连贯（5 分）：按“基本信息 → 过程 → 结果与态度”推进，恰当使用 eventually、despite、in 2015 等衔接手段；时态分工清晰——身份与持续状态用一般现在时，生平事件用一般过去时。
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Unit 6 The Admirable
词汇
一、阅读词汇：
1. mosquito n. 蚊子
2. chemical n./adj. 化学品；化学的
3. herb n. 药草，草本植物
4. recipe n. 处方；秘诀；食谱
5. literature n. 文献资料；著述；文学
6. staff n. 全体职员，员工
7. resource n. 物力；资源
8. wisdom n. 知识，学问；智慧
9. potential n./adj. 潜力，潜能；潜在的
10. recognition n. 承认，认可；表彰
11. integrate vi./vt. （使）结合，（使）融入
12. committee n. 委员会
13. malaria n. 疟疾
14. artemisinin n. 青蒿素
15. bar n. 铁栅；（门、窗等的）闩（behind bars 在狱中）
16. skin n. 皮肤
17. discrimination n. 歧视，区别对待
18. march n. 示威游行，抗议游行
19. novelist n. 小说家
20. journalist n. 记者，新闻工作者
21. pioneer n. 先驱，先锋，开拓者
22. biography n. 传记，传记文学
23. depression n. 抑郁，沮丧；经济萧条
24. disability n. 残疾，障碍
25. certificate n. 证书，证明
26. self-evident adj. 不证自明的，不言而喻的
27. ongoing adj. 持续进行的，不间断的
28. intense adj. 强烈的，剧烈的；紧张的
29. originally adv. 最初，原本
30. fame n. 名声，名望（be uninterested in fame）
二、写作词汇：
1. admirable adj. 令人钦佩的，值得赞赏的
2. admire vt. 钦佩，赞赏
3. remarkable adj. 卓越的，非凡的（make remarkable contributions to）
4. career n. 事业，职业生涯
5. cure n./vt. 治愈；疗法（find a cure for）
6. justice n. 公平，正义（fight for equal rights and justice）
7. generation n. 一代人，代
8. reform n./vt. 改革，改良（social reform）
9. mankind n. 人类
10. intelligent adj. 聪明的，有才智的
11. generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的
12. creatively adv. 创造性地
13. award vt./n. 授予，奖励；奖，奖品（be awarded a Nobel Prize）
14. honour n./vt. 荣誉；尊敬；使感到荣幸
15. gain vt./vi. 获得，赢得；受益（gain a deep knowledge）
16. establish vt. 建立，设立（establish a team）
17. effective adj. 有效的，起作用的
18. limited adj. 有限的（limited resources）
19. promising adj. 有希望的，有前途的
20. despite prep. 尽管，虽然（despite her age）
21. eventually adv. 最终，终于
22. advance n./vi. 进步，发展；前进
23. apart prep./adv. 除……之外（apart from）
24. drug n. 药，药物（life-saving drug）
25. female adj./n. 女性的；女性
26. stage n. 阶段；舞台
27. independence n. 独立，自主（gain independence）
28. independent adj. 独立的，自主的
29. peaceful adj. 和平的，非暴力的
30. protest n./vi. 抗议，反对（organise peaceful protest）
31. inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的
32. impressive adj. 令人印象深刻的
33. judge vt./vi. 判断，评价（be judged by）
34. respect vt./n. 尊敬，敬佩；尊重
35. further adj./adv. 更多的；进一步
36. regard vt. 把……看作（be regarded as）
37. passion n. 热情，激情（find passion for）
38. opportunity n. 机会，时机
39. organisation n. 组织，机构
40. strike vt./vi. 袭击；打击；罢工（struck / struck）
41. severe adj. 严重的，严峻的（severe injury）
42. movement n. 运动；移动；活动
43. engage vi./vt. 参与，从事（engage in）
44. energetic adj. 精力充沛的
45. attitude n. 态度，看法（positive attitude）
46. commitment n. 投入，奉献；承诺
47. summary n. 概要，摘要，总结
48. daring adj. 勇敢的，敢于冒险的
49. awareness n. 意识，认识（raise awareness of）
50. reputation n. 名声，声誉（gain a reputation for）
三、词汇变形：
1. admire（动词，钦佩，赞赏）→admirable（形容词，令人钦佩的）→admiration（名词，钦佩，赞赏）
2. effect（名词，效果，影响）→effective（形容词，有效的）→effectively（副词，有效地）
3. limit（动词/名词，限制，限定）→limited（形容词，有限的）→limitation（名词，局限）
4. wise（形容词，明智的）→wisdom（名词，智慧，学问）
5. establish（动词，建立，设立）→establishment（名词，建立；机构，企业）
6. recognise（动词，认出；认可）→recognition（名词，认可，承认；表彰）
7. promise（动词/名词，承诺；有指望）→promising（形容词，有前途的，有希望的）
8. eventual（形容词，最终的）→eventually（副词，最终，终于）
9. independent（形容词，独立的）→independence（名词，独立，自主）→independently（副词，独立地）
10. peace（名词，和平）→peaceful（形容词，和平的）→peacefully（副词，和平地）
11. inspire（动词，鼓舞，激励）→inspiring（形容词，鼓舞人心的）→inspired（形容词，受启发的）→inspiration（名词，灵感，鼓舞）
12. impress（动词，使印象深刻）→impressive（形容词，令人印象深刻的）→impression（名词，印象）
13. judge（动词，判断，评价）→judgement / judgment（名词，判断，评价）
14. respect（动词/名词，尊敬）→respectful（形容词，表示敬意的）→respectable（形容词，值得尊敬的）
15. aware（形容词，意识到的）→awareness（名词，意识，认识）
16. organise（动词，组织）→organisation（名词，组织，机构）→organised（形容词，有组织的）
17. severe（形容词，严重的）→severely（副词，严重地）
18. energy（名词，精力，能量）→energetic（形容词，精力充沛的）→energetically（副词，精力充沛地）
19. commit（动词，投入；承诺）→commitment（名词，投入，奉献；承诺）
20. passion（名词，热情，激情）→passionate（形容词，充满热情的）→passionately（副词，热烈地）
四、拓展词汇
1. 1. dedication n. 奉献，全身心投入
2. dedicate vt. 致力于，献身；dedicated adj. 专注的，有献身精神的
3. 2. perseverance n. 毅力，坚持不懈
4. persevere vi. 坚持，不屈不挠
5. 3. integrity n. 正直，诚实；完整
6. 4. humility n. 谦逊，谦卑
7. humble adj. 谦逊的；卑微的
8. 5. compassion n. 同情，怜悯
9. compassionate adj. 有同情心的
10. 6. resilience n. 韧性，复原力
11. resilient adj. 有韧性的，能快速恢复的
12. 7. legacy n. 遗产；留下的影响
13. 8. milestone n. 里程碑，重大事件
14. 9. breakthrough n. 突破，重大进展
15. break through 冲破，突破
16. 10. tribute n. 致敬，颂词；悼念
17. pay tribute to 向……致敬
18. 11. advocate vt./n. 提倡，主张；拥护者
19. advocacy n. 提倡，拥护
20. 12. philanthropy n. 慈善，慈善事业
21. philanthropist n. 慈善家
22. 13. humanitarian adj./n. 人道主义的；人道主义者
23. humanity n. 人类；人道，仁慈
24. 14. injustice n. 不公正，不义
25. justice n. 公平，正义（反义）
26. 15. segregation n. 隔离，（种族）隔离
27. racial segregation 种族隔离
28. 16. civil rights n. 公民权利
29. the civil rights movement 民权运动
30. 17. activist n. 活动人士，行动主义者
31. 18. laureate n. 获奖者
32. Nobel laureate 诺贝尔奖得主
33. 19. role model n. 榜样，楷模
34. role models 榜样（朝阳目标补充词组）
35. 20. inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事）
36. inspire vt. 鼓舞；inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的
五、熟词生义
1. 1. award：熟义=奖，奖品（名词）；生义=授予，奖励（动词，be awarded a Nobel Prize 被授予诺贝尔奖）
2. honour：熟义=荣誉，荣幸（名词）；生义=尊敬，敬佩；使感到荣幸（动词，be honoured to do）
3. gain：熟义=获得，赢得（动词）；生义=受益，得到好处（gain from）；增加（体重、体积，gain weight）
4. establish：熟义=建立，设立（公司、组织）；生义=确立，证实（establish the facts）；使立足（establish a reputation）
5. stage：熟义=舞台；生义=阶段，时期（at an early stage 在早期阶段）
6. advance：熟义=前进，推进（动词）；生义=进步，发展（名词，medical advances 医学进步）
7. potential：熟义=潜在的，可能的（形容词）；生义=潜力，潜能（名词，great potential 巨大潜力）
8. respect：熟义=尊敬，尊重（动词/名词）；生义=顾及（某人的意愿、权利、习俗）；方面，细节（in this respect 在这方面）
9. judge：熟义=法官，审判员，裁判（名词）；生义=判断，评价（动词，Never judge a person by his looks.）
10. figure：熟义=数字；身材；图形；生义=人物，人士（one of the most important figures of the 20th century）
11. skin：熟义=皮肤；生义=外皮，表层（the colour of their skin 肤色，种族话题常用）
12. bar：熟义=酒吧；条，块；生义=铁栅，闩（behind bars 身陷囹圄，在狱中）
13. march：熟义=行进，行军；生义=示威游行，抗议游行（organise a peaceful march）
14. strike：熟义=击打，敲；罢工；生义=（灾难、疾病）突然袭击（disaster struck Reeve）；使突然想到（It struck me that ...）
15. movement：熟义=移动，运动（物理）；生义=（社会、政治）运动（the civil rights movement）；乐章
16. passion：熟义=强烈情感，激情；生义=酷爱，热衷的爱好（find passion for acting）
17. engage：熟义=订婚（be engaged to）；生义=参与，从事（engage in）；使参与，吸引住（be engaged in）
18. regard：熟义=看待，把……视为；生义=（复数 regards）问候，致意（give my regards to）；关注（with regard to）
19. due to：熟义=由于，因为（介词短语）；生义=应归于，应付给（be due to sb.）；预定，预期（be due to do）
20. leave out：熟义=把……留在外面，忘记带；生义=省略，删去；遗漏（要点）、不包括（write a summary without leaving out key points）
；inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的
写作
句型
句式1
出处： Lesson 1 · A Medical Pioneer
原句：
The woman was Tu Youyou, the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize for her work.
结构分析：
主句：The woman was Tu Youyou
名词短语 the first Chinese female scientist 作 Tu Youyou 的同位语，补充身份
不定式被动式 to be awarded a Nobel Prize 作后置定语（序数词 the first 修饰的名词后常接不定式作定语）
for her work 为原因状语
核心词块：the first ... to do（第一位做……的……）；be awarded a Nobel Prize（被授予诺贝尔奖）
整体为“主系表 + 同位语 + 不定式被动式作定语”结构，适用于人物介绍开篇一句话点明身份与最高成就，是概述类写作的高密度信息句。
译文：
这位女士就是屠呦呦，第一位因其科研成果而被授予诺贝尔奖的中国女科学家。
句式2
出处： Lesson 1 · A Medical Pioneer
原句：
Later, she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices.
结构分析：
主句：she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years
with experts in the field 为介词短语作状语
“介词 from + 关系代词 whom”引导定语从句，修饰 experts；介词由 gain ... from sb. 的搭配决定
介词提前时关系代词只能用 whom（指人）/ which（指物），不可用 who / that，也不可省略
核心词块：gain a deep knowledge about / of（深入了解……）；experts in the field（该领域专家）
整体为“主句 + 介词 + 关系代词定语从句”结构，是本单元语法的核心句式，适用于正式语体中补充说明人物经历的来源与收获。
译文：
后来，她跟随该领域的专家学习了两年半的中医，从他们那里获得了关于传统疗法的深厚知识。
句式3
出处： Lesson 1 · A Medical Pioneer（诺贝尔奖委员会评价）
原句：
A scientist who was on the Nobel Prize Committee called Hans Forssberg explained that "the discovery of artemisinin has led to the development of new drugs which have saved the lives of millions".
结构分析：
主句：A scientist ... explained
who 引导定语从句修饰 A scientist；called Hans Forssberg 为过去分词短语作后置定语，同样修饰 A scientist
that 引导宾语从句，作 explained 的宾语
宾语从句内部又含 which 引导的定语从句，修饰 new drugs
核心词块：lead to（导致，促成）；save the lives of millions（挽救数百万人的生命）
整体为“定语从句 + 分词定语 + 宾语从句 + 定语从句”的多层嵌套结构，适用于引用权威评价来佐证人物成就，增强概述的客观性与说服力。
译文：
诺贝尔奖委员会一位名叫汉斯·福斯伯格的科学家解释说：“青蒿素的发现促成了新药的研发，挽救了数百万人的生命。”
句式4
出处： Lesson 3 · The Superhero Behind Superman
原句：
Thus, not only is he known as a superhero in the Superman films, but he is also regarded as a superhero to many in real life.
结构分析：
not only ... but (also) ... 连接两个并列分句
not only 置于句首，所在分句须用部分倒装：is he known（助动词 / be 动词提到主语前）
后一分句不倒装：but he is also regarded as ...
核心词块：be known as（作为……而闻名）；be regarded as（被视为……）；in real life（在现实生活中）
整体为“否定词前置倒装 + 递进并列”结构，适用于人物评价段的递进收束，用两个不同角度（银幕 / 现实）叠加塑造形象，是议论文与人物概述的高分句式。
译文：
因此，他不仅在《超人》电影中被称作超级英雄，在现实生活中也被许多人视为超级英雄。
句式5
出处： Lesson 2 · History Makers（Martin Luther King 演讲）
原句：
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character.
结构分析：
主句：I have a dream
that 引导同位语从句，说明 dream 的具体内容（that 在从句中不作成分，不可省略，区别于定语从句）
where 引导定语从句修饰 a nation
not ... but ... 连接两个并列的被动方式状语：by the colour of their skin / by the content of their character
核心词块：be judged by（以……被评判）；the content of their character（品格内涵）
整体为“抽象名词 + 同位语从句 + 定语从句 + not ... but ... 对比”结构，适用于阐述理想、愿景与价值判断，语气庄重、逻辑鲜明。
译文：
我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将生活在一个不以肤色、而以品格内涵来评判他们的国度里。
语法
定语从句（3）：介词 + which / whom 引导的定语从句
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词可以提到关系代词之前，构成“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。这种结构多用于正式用语，既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。
构成是：先行词 + 介词 + which（指物）/ whom（指人）+ 定语从句。介词提前后，关系代词只能用 which 或 whom，不能用 that 或 who，也不能省略。
难点提示：
1. “介词 + 关系代词”的基本结构
介词 + which（指事物）：The laboratory in which they worked had poor air quality.
介词 + whom（指人）：Who is the man with whom you just shook hands?
介词提前后，that / who 一律不可用，关系代词不可省略；若把介词移回句末，则可用 that / which / who，且作宾语时可省略：This is the village (which / that) my mother was born in.
“介词 + 关系代词”也可与关系副词互换：where = in / at which；when = in / on which；why = for which。
2. 介词的选择有时由从句中的动词搭配直接决定（如例 1、例 2），但在更多情况下需要同时参考先行词的搭配、句意或“名词 / 代词 + of”结构（如例 3、例 4）。比较下列句子：
例 1：She lost the pen for which she had paid twenty dollars. （pay ... for ...，介词用 for）
例 2：She lost the pen on which she had spent twenty dollars. （spend ... on ...，介词用 on）
例 3：Later, she studied ... with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge. （gain ... from sb.）
例 4：The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. （be sure about ...）
介词选择四原则（依据《海淀名师伴你学》语法归纳）：① 根据后面动词与介词的搭配选择；② 根据与前面名词（先行词）的搭配选择；③ 有时需同时考虑动词与介词、介词与名词两重搭配；④ 根据所要表达的意思确定。
3. 关系代词前的介词可以是单个介词，也可以是短语介词；介词之前还可以有其他词，构成“名词 / 代词 / 数词 + 介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。
At five o'clock we reached the house, in front of which there is a big tree.
I used to live in a small room, the window of which faces the street.
There are sixty students in his class, one-third of whom are girls.
There are 50 students in their class, most of whom are from R. O. Korea.
He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
4. “介词 + 关系代词”和关系副词有时可以互相替换。比较下列句子：
This is the room where he used to live. = This is the room in which he used to live.
I'll never forget the day when I joined the army. = I'll never forget the day on which I joined the army.
This is the reason why he was late. = This is the reason for which he was late.
5. 区分“介词 + 关系代词”与关系副词 / 关系代词，关键仍看从句缺什么成分。比较下列句子：
This is the house in which he was born. （从句成分完整，in which = where）
This is the house which / that he built last year. （built 缺宾语，用关系代词，可省略）
The person to whom you should write is Mr Ball. （write to sb. 决定介词用 to）
补充说明（对应难点提示 1 的常见结构，教师讲解时可展开）：
结构
用法
例句
介词 + which
指事物，正式语体
The laboratory in which they worked had poor air quality.
介词 + whom
指人，正式语体
...experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge...
名词 / 数词 + of + which / whom
表所属、部分
There are 50 students, most of whom are from R. O. Korea.
短语介词 + which
in front of / at the back of 等
the house, in front of which there is a big tree
关系副词替换
where / when / why
This is the house where (= in which) he was born.
判断口诀：介词一提前，代词只用 which / whom；介词怎么选，一看从句动词搭配、二看先行词搭配、三看句意；“代词 / 数词 + of + which / whom”表“其中……”；换成口语语体就把介词挪回句末，用 that / which / who 或直接省略。
补充：强调句型
It is / was + 强调部分 + that / who + 其他。可强调主语、宾语和状语，不能强调谓语；指人时可用 who，指物或强调状语时用 that。判断方法：去掉 It is / was 与 that / who 后，剩余部分仍能构成完整句子。
It was in 2015 that Tu Youyou was awarded a Nobel Prize. （强调时间状语）
It is their character that matters, not the colour of their skin. （强调主语）
It was Tu Youyou who / that established the team to find a cure for malaria. （强调人）
补充：交际用语——表达确定性与不确定性
功能
常用表达
确定（Certainty）
I'm sure / certain that ...；There's no doubt that ...；Definitely. / Absolutely.；It's self-evident that ...；Without doubt ...
不确定（Uncertainty）
I'm not sure whether ...；I doubt whether ...；It's hard to say.；Perhaps / Maybe / Possibly；I suppose so, but I'm not certain.；There's some doubt as to ...
语用提示：表达确定性时可用 There's no doubt that ... 加强语气；表达不确定性时避免绝对的 No / Never，多用 I'm not sure whether ... / It's hard to say 留出余地。
写作
文章概述：A Summary of a Medical Pioneer（写作应用文）
题目
假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。校英文报 “The Admirable” 栏目征集课文 A Medical Pioneer 的英文概述（summary）。请根据课文内容写一篇 100 词左右的概述，要点：1. 屠呦呦的基本信息；2. 发现青蒿素的过程与成就；3. 她的态度与品质。注意：概述须客观、简洁，不得加入个人评论，不得遗漏要点。
【参考范文】
A Medical Pioneer
Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher. She studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices.
In 1969, she was chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and, after many failed experiments, eventually came across a promising chemical — artemisinin, which has become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research.
【导语】
本文是一篇人物概述（summary）。作者以第三人称客观转述课文 A Medical Pioneer 的主要事实，依次交代人物基本信息、科研过程与成就、获奖与态度；不加入 I think / In my opinion 等个人评论，不遗漏任何要点，语言高度压缩，符合概述“客观、简洁、完整”的文体要求，也呼应本单元“学会文章概述的基本写法”的语言能力目标。
【详解】
1. Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher.
过去分词短语 born in ... 作后置定语，一句话压缩“出生地 + 时间 + 身份”三项信息，是概述压缩信息的常用手段；概述用一般现在时交代身份，用一般过去时叙述生平事件，时态分工清晰。
2. She studied Chinese medicine ... with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices.
“介词 from + 关系代词 whom”引导的定语从句，是本单元语法核心；介词由 gain ... from sb. 的搭配决定，不可用 who / that。补充规范表达建议：口语语体可写 who she gained ... from，但正式概述以介词提前为宜。
3. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and ... eventually came across a promising chemical — artemisinin, which has become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
with 短语浓缩“条件限制”，come across（偶然发现）为本单元重点词组；破折号后接同位语，再由 which 引导非限制性定语从句补充说明青蒿素的地位，一句话同时完成“过程 + 结果 + 意义”，信息密度极高。
4. In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize.
the first + 名词 + 不定式被动式作后置定语，是人物概述中表述“首位……做某事”的标准句式；比 who was the first ... to ... 的从句写法更凝练。
5. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research.
despite 为介词，后接名词／代词／动名词，不接从句（对比 although / though 接从句）；be uninterested in fame 为 Writing Workshop 短语。收束于人物品质而不用 admirable / great 等评价性形容词，正是概述保持客观性的关键。
【点睛】
① 文体到位：全篇第三人称、客观陈述，无个人评论、无 leave out 关键信息，符合 summary 的基本写法；
② 要点齐全，逻辑清晰：基本信息（1930 / 浙江 / 医学研究者）— 科研过程（1969 组队、有限资源、数百次失败、发现青蒿素）— 成就（2015 年诺贝尔奖）— 态度（不慕名利、继续研究）；
③ 语法落地：from whom 引导的“介词 + 关系代词”定语从句、which 引导的非限制性定语从句、过去分词作定语、不定式被动式作定语，均为本单元核心结构；
④ 积累短语：find a cure for 找到……的疗法；limited resources 有限的资源；come across 偶然发现；be awarded a Nobel Prize 被授予诺贝尔奖；be uninterested in fame 不慕名利；gain a deep knowledge of 深入了解；continue to conduct research 继续开展研究；leave out 遗漏。
一、知识点精讲
1. award
教材原句：The woman was Tu Youyou, the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize for her work.
参考译文：这位女士就是屠呦呦，第一位因其科研成果而被授予诺贝尔奖的中国女科学家。
【双语释义】
◆vt. to officially give someone a prize or money 授予（奖品或奖金），奖励
◆n. a prize that someone gets for something that they have achieved 奖，奖品，奖金
例句印证：
A prize will be awarded to the winner.
奖品将颁给获胜者。
The advertisement won several awards. / The headmaster will present the award.
这则广告赢得数项大奖。／校长将颁发奖项。
积累拓展
award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 授予某人某奖
be awarded a Nobel Prize 被授予诺贝尔奖；win / receive / get an award 获奖
易混：award（奖品；授予）／reward（报酬，奖赏）
2. gain
教材原句：Later, she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices.
参考译文：后来，她跟随该领域的专家学习了两年半的中医，从他们那里获得了关于传统疗法的深厚知识。
【双语释义】
◆vt. to get or achieve sth 获得，取得；赢得
◆vt. to increase in size or weight 增加（体积或体重）
◆vi. / vt. to get an advantage from sth （从……中）受益，得到（好处）
例句印证：
The country gained independence in 1957. / I've gained a lot of weight recently.
该国于 1957 年获得独立。／我最近体重增加了不少。
There is much to be gained from getting expert advice.
听取专家的意见大有裨益。
积累拓展
gain a deep knowledge 获得深厚知识；gain independence / popularity / confidence 赢得独立／人气／信心
gain from 从……中受益；gain a reputation for 因……获得声誉
反义：lose；名词 gain 表“收益，增加”
3. establish
教材原句：In 1969, Tu Youyou was chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria — a disease that killed millions of people every year.
参考译文：1969 年，屠呦呦被选中组建一支团队，寻找疟疾的疗法——这种疾病每年夺去数百万人的生命。
【双语释义】
◆vt. to start a company, organisation, or system 建立，创立，设立
例句印证：
The company was established in 1974.
这家公司成立于 1974 年。
The government agreed to establish two committees to examine the proposals.
政府同意成立两个委员会来审查这些提案。
积累拓展
establish a team / a committee / a system / a relationship 组建团队／成立委员会／建立制度／建立关系
establishment n. 建立，设立；机构，大型机关，企业
be well established 根基稳固的，得到广泛认可的
4. despite
教材原句：Today Tu Youyou continues to conduct research despite her age.
参考译文：如今，屠呦呦不顾年事已高，仍继续开展研究。
【双语释义】
◆prep. used to say that sth happened or is true, even though this is not what you expected 尽管，虽然
例句印证：
Despite the failure of his early experiments, the scientist sticks to his research.
尽管早期实验屡屡失败，这位科学家仍坚持研究。
She went to Spain despite the fact that her doctor had told her to rest.
尽管医生叮嘱她休息，她还是去了西班牙。
积累拓展
despite + 名词／代词／动名词，不接从句；❌ despite of（常见错误）
despite the fact that + 从句；in spite of = despite（口语更常用）
对比：although / though + 从句（连词），不可与 but 连用
5. judge
教材原句：I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character.
参考译文：我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将生活在一个不以肤色、而以品格内涵来评判他们的国度里。
【双语释义】
◆vt. / vi. to form or give an opinion about someone or something, using the information you have 判断；评价；断定
◆vt. / vi. to give your opinion about sb, especially when you disapprove of them 评价；鉴定；（尤指）批评，指责
例句印证：
Never judge a person by his looks. / It's difficult to judge what kind of impression we made.
切勿以貌取人。／很难判断我们给人留下了怎样的印象。
Judging from his performance, he has a good chance of winning.
从他的表现判断，他很有希望获胜。
积累拓展
judge ... by / from 根据……判断；be judged by 以……被评判
judging from / by 从……判断（独立成分，不受主语一致限制）
judgement n. 判断，评价；judge n. 法官，审判员，裁判员
6. respect
教材原句：I really admire and respect him, and there's no doubt that he was one of the most important figures of the 20th century.
参考译文：我十分钦佩并敬重他，毫无疑问，他是 20 世纪最重要的人物之一。
【双语释义】
◆vt. to admire someone, especially for their personal qualities 敬佩，敬重
◆vt. to be careful not to do anything that someone does not want 尊重，顾及（某人的愿望、权利、习俗等）
◆n. a feeling of admiration for sb/sth because of their good qualities or achievements 尊敬，尊重
例句印证：
The students like and respect him. / I would like you to respect my privacy.
学生们喜欢并敬重他。／我希望你尊重我的隐私。
I have the greatest respect for your brother.
我非常敬重你的哥哥。
积累拓展
show / have respect for 对……表示尊敬；respect sb's wishes / rights / privacy
in this respect 在这方面；with (all) due respect 恕我直言
respectful adj. 表示敬意的；respectable adj. 值得尊敬的，体面的
7. regard
教材原句：Thus, not only is he known as a superhero in the Superman films, but he is also regarded as a superhero to many in real life.
参考译文：因此，他不仅在《超人》电影中被称作超级英雄，在现实生活中也被许多人视为超级英雄。
【双语释义】
◆vt. to think about sb/sth in a particular way 把……视为，看待
◆n. （复数 regards）greetings 问候，致意
例句印证：
He is regarded as one of the most influential figures of the 20th century.
他被认为是 20 世纪最有影响力的人物之一。
Please give my regards to your family.
请代我向你的家人问好。
积累拓展
be regarded as 被认为是，被看作（= be viewed as / be considered / be known as）
regard ... as ... 把……视为……；hold ... in high regard 高度评价
as regards / with regard to 关于，至于
8. engage
教材原句：Since my grandma retired, she has engaged in a lot of meaningful activities, such as gardening, writing, painting and baking bread.
参考译文：奶奶退休后，参与了许多有意义的活动，如园艺、写作、绘画和烤面包。
【双语释义】
◆vi. / vt. to take part in sth or to make sb take part in sth 参与，从事；使参与
◆vt. to attract and keep sb's attention 吸引（注意力）
例句印证：
They engaged in a lively discussion about equal rights.
他们就平等权利展开了一场热烈的讨论。
She is engaged in charity work.
她正忙于慈善工作。
积累拓展
engage in (doing) sth. 参与／从事某事；be engaged in 忙于……
be engaged to sb. 与某人订婚（熟词生义，易混）
engagement n. 参与；订婚；约定
9. strike
教材原句：Unfortunately, in 1995 disaster struck Reeve. His neck was broken in a horseback riding.
参考译文：不幸的是，1995 年灾难降临在里夫身上。他在一次骑马中颈椎骨折。
【双语释义】
◆vt. / vi. （of a disaster or illness）to happen suddenly and harm sb （灾难、疾病等）突然袭击，降临
◆vt. / vi. to hit sb/sth hard 打击，撞击；to refuse to work as a protest 罢工
◆vt. （of an idea）to come suddenly into sb's mind 使突然想到
例句印证：
They predicted that a destructive earthquake would strike this area before the end of the century.
他们预测本世纪末之前这一地区会遭遇破坏性地震。
It struck me that she had been right all along.
我突然意识到她一直都是对的。
积累拓展
struck / struck（过去式、过去分词）；strike at 打击，袭击
It strikes sb. that ... 某人突然想到；be struck by 被……打动
be on strike 在罢工；striking adj. 引人注目的
10. come across
教材原句：...they eventually came across a promising chemical.
参考译文：……他们最终偶然发现了一种很有前景的化学物质。
【双语释义】
◆phr.v. to find or meet sth/sb by chance 偶然发现，偶遇
◆phr.v. （of an idea or meaning）to be understood 被理解，被传达
例句印证：
I came across some old photos in a drawer.
我在抽屉里偶然翻到一些老照片。
He spoke for a long time but his meaning didn't really come across.
他讲了很久，但意思并没有真正传达清楚。
积累拓展
come across = run into / meet with / happen to find；不用于被动语态
come about 发生；come up with 想出；come out 出版，结果是
写作提示：概述科研过程时，come across 比 discover 更能体现“偶然中的必然”
二、核心语法精讲
定语从句（3）：「介词 + which / whom」引导的定语从句
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词可以提到关系代词之前，构成"介词 + 关系代词"引导的定语从句。这种结构多用于正式用语，既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。
它的构成是：先行词 + 介词 + which（指事物）/ whom（指人）+ 定语从句。介词提前后，关系代词只能用 which 或 whom，不能用 that 或 who，也不能省略。
难点提示：
1. "介词 + 关系代词"的基本结构
介词 + which（指事物）：The laboratory in which they worked had poor air quality. 他们工作的实验室空气质量很差。
介词 + whom（指人）：Who is the man with whom you just shook hands? 刚才和你握手的那个人是谁？
介词 + which / whom（非限制性，指代整句）：The sun gives us heat and light, without which we can't live. / He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
介词提前后不可用 that / who，也不可省略；若把介词移回句末，则可用 that / which / who 且作宾语时可省略。
定语从句为被动语态时结构不变：This is the house in which he was born.
2. 使用"介词 + 关系代词"时，介词有时由从句中一个明显的固定搭配直接表示出来（如例 1），但在更多情况下需要由上下文的搭配关系与句意共同确定（如例 2、例 3）。
例1：Who is the man with whom you just shook hands? （shake hands with sb.，"with"由动词搭配直接给出）
例2：Later, she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices. （gain sth from sb.，需回到从句还原搭配）
例3：The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. （be sure about sth）
介词选择四原则：① 根据后面动词与介词的搭配选择；② 根据与前面名词（先行词）的搭配选择；③ 有时需同时考虑动词与介词、介词与名词两重搭配；④ 根据所要表达的意思确定。
3. 同一先行词，从句搭配不同，介词也不同。比较下列句子：
She lost the pen for which she had paid twenty dollars. （pay ... for ...）她把那支花二十美元买的笔弄丢了。
She lost the pen on which she had spent twenty dollars. （spend ... on ...）她把那支花了二十美元的笔弄丢了。
"介词提前"与"介词后置"表达同一意思，但语体和关系词不同。比较下列句子：
The person to whom you should write is Mr Ball. （介词提前，正式语体，只能用 whom，不可省略）你该写信给的那个人是鲍尔先生。
The person (who / whom / that) you should write to is Mr Ball. （介词留在句末，口语语体，关系代词作宾语可省略）你该写信给的那个人是鲍尔先生。
4. "介词 + 关系代词"和关系副词有时可以互相替换。比较下列句子：
This is the room where he used to live. = This is the room in which he used to live. （where = in which）这是他过去住过的房间。
I'll never forget the day when I joined the army. = ... the day on which I joined the army. （when = on which）
This is the reason why he was late. = This is the reason for which he was late. （why = for which）
但注意：先行词是地点、时间名词，从句缺主语或宾语时仍用关系代词，不可换成关系副词或"介词 + which"。
This is the house which / that he built last year. （built 缺宾语 → 关系代词，可省略）这是他去年建的那所房子。
This is the house in which / where he was born. （从句成分完整 → 介词 + which / where）这是他出生的那所房子。
5. 介词前还可以有名词、代词、数词或短语介词，构成"名词 / 数词 / 短语介词 + of / in front of ... + which / whom"引导的定语从句。
短语介词：At five o'clock we reached the house, in front of which there is a big tree.
所属关系：I used to live in a small room, the window of which faces the street. （= whose window）
部分与数量：There are sixty students in his class, one-third of whom are girls. / There are 50 students in their class, most of whom are from R. O. Korea. / I have many books, some of which are about Chinese history.
指代整句：He won the first prize, which was unexpected. / He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
【练习】
一、填入恰当的"介词 + which / whom"（每空填两个词，8 题）
The laboratory ________ ________ they worked had poor air quality.
Later, she studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field ________ ________ she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices.
Who is the man ________ ________ you just shook hands?
She lost the pen ________ ________ she had paid twenty dollars.
She lost the pen ________ ________ she had spent twenty dollars.
Mr Smith, ________ ________ we often turn for help, is a very experienced teacher.
Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill ________ ________ school education depends.
There are sixty students in his class, one-third ________ ________ are girls.
二、同义句转换（保留句意，按要求改写，4 题）
把介词移回句末（口语语体）：
The person to whom you should write is Mr Ball.
→ The person ________ you should write ________ is Mr Ball.
用"介词 + which"替换关系副词：
This is the room where he used to live.
→ This is the room ________ ________ he used to live.
用"介词 + which"替换关系副词：
I'll never forget the day when I joined the army.
→ I'll never forget the day ________ ________ I joined the army.
用"介词 + which"替换关系副词：
This is the reason why he was late.
→ This is the reason ________ ________ he was late.
三、汉译英（必须使用"介词 + which / whom"结构，3 题）
1. 刚才我们正在谈论的那个作家已经到我们学校了。
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. 中国是一个我想了解更多的国家。
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. 他花 10 元买的那本书值得一读。
_________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
一、1. in which 2. from whom 3. with whom 4. for which 5. on which 6. to whom 7. on which 8. of whom
二、
(who / whom / that / 不填); to
→ The person (who / whom / that) you should write to is Mr Ball.
in which 11. on which 12. for which
三、
The writer about whom we were talking just now has arrived at our school.
China is a country about which I want to learn more.
The book for which he paid 10 yuan is worth reading.
三、单元写作清单
1. 话题分析
话题内容：为校英文报 "The Admirable" 栏目撰写课文 A Medical Pioneer（屠呦呦）的英文概述
主题语境：人与社会——对社会有突出贡献的人物
文体类型：应用文——文章概述（summary）
写作要点：
· 人物基本信息（出生、身份、教育背景）
· 科研过程与成就（组队、有限资源、反复实验、发现青蒿素、挽救生命）
· 获奖情况与人物态度（2015 年诺贝尔奖、不慕名利、继续研究）
· 概述的底线要求：客观、简洁、完整，不加入个人评论，不遗漏要点，不照抄原句
语体提示：全篇第三人称、客观转述；不用 I think / In my opinion / How admirable 等评价性语言；生平事件用一般过去时，身份与持续状态用一般现在时。这是概述与"人物介绍／读后感"最本质的区别，也是本单元 Writing Workshop 的核心考点（leave out 遗漏要点为最大失分点）。
2. 写作框架
第一段：基本信息（一句话立住人物）
· 功能：点明人物身份 + 出生时间地点 + 教育／专业背景
· 核心句式：Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher. She studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices.
第二段：科研过程与成就（信息密度最高段）
· 功能：交代任务起点、困难条件、关键转折、成果与意义
· 核心句式：
2. In 1969, she was chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria.
2. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and, after many failed experiments, eventually came across a promising chemical — artemisinin, which has become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
第三段：荣誉与态度（收束于品质，不评价）
· 功能：点明获奖 + 用事实而非形容词体现人物品格
· 核心句式：
2. In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize.
2. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research.
3. 写作素材
3.1 开篇句（人物身份）
1. Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher.
2. Martin Luther King Jr. is widely regarded as one of the most important figures of the 20th century.
3. Christopher Reeve was an American actor who is remembered for both his Superman films and his real-life courage.
4. The passage gives a brief account of a medical pioneer who devoted her life to fighting malaria.
3.2 经历句（本单元语法落地：介词 + 关系代词）
1. She studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices.
2. The laboratory in which they worked had poor air quality, but the team carried on.
3. The Nobel Prize Committee, on which Hans Forssberg served, praised the discovery of artemisinin.
4. The experts to whom she turned for help shared their knowledge of traditional recipes.
3.3 科研过程句（困难 + 转折 + 发现）
1. In 1969, she was chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria — a disease that killed millions of people every year.
2. With limited resources and not enough staff, the team studied related literature and researched hundreds of traditional recipes.
3. After hundreds of failed experiments, they eventually came across a promising chemical.
4. She bravely volunteered to be the first human subject in the test on humans.
5. The discovery of artemisinin has led to the development of new drugs which have saved the lives of millions.
3.4 成就句（高位表达）
1. In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize for her work.
2. Artemisinin has now become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
3. Tu Youyou was noted for her bravery, her ability to use old wisdom and new methods, and the fact that her work bridged the Eastern and Western worlds.
4. Her work has made remarkable contributions to mankind.
3.5 态度品质句（用事实代替形容词）
1. She is not interested in fame / uninterested in fame.
2. Despite her age, she continues to conduct research today.
3. She remains focused on her work in spite of the honour and international recognition.
4. He fell into a depression after the accident, but with the support of his family he regained his will to live and engaged in an intense exercise programme.
3.6 概述专用衔接与收束句
1. The passage mainly tells us how ... / The text gives a brief account of ...
2. In conclusion / To sum up, the three decades of research resulted in a life-saving drug.
3. 客观转述标记：According to the text, ... / It is reported in the passage that ... / The author notes that ...
4. 忌用：I think / In my opinion / I was deeply moved / What an admirable person!（概述中一律删除）
3.7 常用短语积累
· find a cure for 找到……的疗法；limited resources 有限的资源；come across 偶然发现；turn to ... for help 向……求助；with the help of 在……帮助下
· gain a deep knowledge of 深入了解；be awarded a Nobel Prize 被授予诺贝尔奖；lead to 促成，导致；be noted for 以……著称
· be regarded as 被视为；be remembered for 因……被铭记；be uninterested in fame 不慕名利；continue to conduct research 继续研究
· fight for equal rights and justice 为平等权利与正义而战；be put behind bars 身陷囹圄；give a speech 发表演讲；raise awareness of 提高……意识
· gain a reputation for 因……获得声誉；fall into a depression 陷入抑郁；engage in 参与；make remarkable progress 取得显著进步
· leave out 遗漏，删去（概述第一大忌）；major in 主修；set up 建立；in spite of / due to 尽管／由于
4. 范文背诵
题目：假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。校英文报 "The Admirable" 栏目征集课文 A Medical Pioneer 的英文概述。请根据课文内容写一篇 100 词左右的概述，要点：1. 屠呦呦的基本信息；2. 发现青蒿素的过程与成就；3. 她的态度与品质。注意：客观、简洁，不得加入个人评论，不得遗漏要点。
A Medical Pioneer
Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher. She studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices.
In 1969, she was chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and, after many failed experiments, eventually came across a promising chemical — artemisinin, which has become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research.
（约 105 词）
背诵重点句（5 句核心）：
1. Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher. （过去分词作定语，一句话压缩"时间+地点+身份"）
2. She studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices. （介词 + whom 定语从句，本单元语法直接落地）
3. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and eventually came across a promising chemical. （with 短语浓缩困难条件 + 重点词组 come across）
4. In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize. （the first + 名词 + 不定式被动式，"首位做某事"的标准写法）
5. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research. （despite + 名词，不接从句；以事实收束，不作评价）
5. 变式场景拓展
概述对象（取自三份资料）
核心信息块
可迁移句式
屠呦呦 · A Medical Pioneer（本单元原题）
1930 浙江／中医背景／1969 组队／青蒿素／2015 诺奖
from whom...；with limited resources；the first ... to be awarded
马丁·路德·金 · History Makers（Lesson 2）
民权运动／非暴力抗议／入狱／"I have a dream"
be remembered for...；fight for equal rights and justice；be put behind bars；give a speech
Christopher Reeve（Lesson 3 / 朝阳短文填空）
超人演员／1995 坠马重伤／陷抑郁／康复训练／慈善
disaster struck...；fall into a depression；engage in；make remarkable progress；positive attitude
Katherine Commale（海淀综合任务）
5 岁起为非洲儿童募捐蚊帐／演出与证书／NBN 代言人
raise awareness of；raise money for...；Anyone, especially a kid, can make a difference
Louis Pasteur（西城阅读 B 篇）
巴氏消毒法／发现微生物致腐／拯救无数婴儿
prove that...；due to；It was named ... in his honour；has saved thousands of lives
Stephen Hawking（西城阅读 C 篇）
1942 牛津出生／宇宙研究／身残志坚
be regarded as...；in spite of；make remarkable contributions to
Charlotte Whitehead（朝阳完形）
加拿大首位女医生之一／赴美学医／无照行医／死后追授执照
be refused...；continue to practise；a medical license was issued to honour...
袁隆平 / 钱学森（同主题迁移）
农业／航天／毕生奉献／淡泊名利
devote one's life to；make remarkable contributions to mankind；be uninterested in fame
校园人物：一位值得钦佩的老师
任教年限／帮助学生／不计回报
be admired for...；be generous with his time；turn to ... for help
迁移要点：概述的"骨架"永远固定为 基本信息 → 主要事迹／过程 → 结果与态度，三段不变；变式时只换人物信息块与事迹动词（discover / fight / raise / rebuild / prove）。三处必须守住：① 第三人称客观转述；② 不写 I think 类评价句；③ 不 leave out 题干给出的任何一个要点。本单元语法「介词 + which / whom」可在"师从何人、任职何处、求助何方"三处自然嵌入，是概述拿语言分的关键。
易错点 01 admire → admirable（不是 admiring）
【一句话辨异】 The film did an admirable job of describing life in the 1940s. 这部电影出色地再现了 20 世纪 40 年代的生活。（admirable = 令人钦佩的；admiring = 赞赏的，多指人）
【错因辨析】
· admire vt. 钦佩 → admirable adj.（值得钦佩的，出色的）→ admiration n. 钦佩
· admiring 是现在分词形容词，指"（人）投以赞赏目光的"，如 an admiring glance；admired 指"被人钦佩的"，如 a much loved and highly admired teacher
· 三词同根但视角不同：-able 表"值得被……"，-ing 表"发出……的"，-ed 表"被……的"
【对点训练】 The film did an ______ job of describing life in the 1940s, so it won the Oscar Award.
A. admiring B. admirable C. admired D. admiration
【答案】B
【解析】 空格修饰 job（事物），且前有不定冠词 an，需形容词；句意为"表现出色、令人称道"，用 admirable。D 为名词，A、C 视角不符。
易错点 02 effect / effective / effectively / affect
【一句话辨异】 The drug is generally effective in reducing pain, and it works effectively; it has a real effect on patients, while smoking can affect one's health. 这种药止痛有效、起效良好，对病人确有效果；而吸烟会影响健康。
【错因辨析】
· effect n. 影响、效果 → have an effect on；side effect；take effect
· effective adj. 有效的 → 作定语或表语
· effectively adv. 有效地 → 修饰动词
· affect vt. 影响 → 与 effect 只差一个字母，词性完全不同，是本册跨单元第一易混点
【对点训练】 Advertising is often the most ______ method of promotion.
A. effect B. effective C. effectively D. affecting
【答案】B
【解析】 the most + 形容词 + 名词，且 method 需定语，用 effective。若改为 Advertising works ______，才用 effectively。
易错点 03 limit → limited（不是 limiting）
【一句话辨异】 She has only a limited understanding of what the job involves. 她对这份工作的内容只有有限的理解。（limited = 有限的；limiting = 起限制作用的）
【错因辨析】
· limited adj. 有限的、不多的：limited resources / limited time / a limited understanding（本单元高频）
· limiting adj. 限制性的、制约的：a limiting factor（限制因素）
· 名词两兄弟：limit（界限）／limitation（局限、不足之处）
【对点训练】 With ______ resources and not enough staff, the team still carried on with the research.
A. limiting B. limited C. limit D. limitation
【答案】B
【解析】 修饰 resources 表"资源有限"，用 limited；本单元课文原句即 with limited resources。limiting 强调"对别的事物构成制约"，不合语境。
易错点 04 wisdom → wise / wisely（wisdom 不是形容词）
【一句话辨异】 He delivered a speech, in which he suggested we manage time wisely. 他发表演讲，建议我们明智地管理时间。（wisdom n. 智慧；wise adj. 明智的；wisely adv. 明智地）
【错因辨析】
· wisdom 是名词，绝不可直接作定语或表语修饰动词 → ❌ manage time wisdom
· 词族：wise → wisely → wisdom（不规则，不是 *wisedom / *wisdomly）
· 同族联想：use old wisdom and new methods（用古老智慧与新方法）——此处才是名词用法
【对点训练】 He suggested we manage time ______ in the speech.
A. wise B. wisdom C. wisely D. wiseness
【答案】C
【解析】 修饰动词 manage 需副词，wisely。D 为生造词；B 是名词；A 是形容词。
易错点 05 dependent → independent（否定前缀，全卷最易失分题）
【一句话辨异】 Grandma is very independent and does all her own shopping and cooking. 奶奶很自立，买菜做饭都自己来。（题干给的提示词却是 dependent！）
【错因辨析】
· 西城词形第 6 题故意给 dependent，句意却要求反义 → 必须加否定前缀 in- 变为 independent
· 词族：depend vi. → dependent adj.（依赖的）→ dependence n. → independent adj. → independence n.（海淀 Lesson 2 词形转换即 independence → 形容词）
· 同类否定前缀：un-（uninterested, unfortunate）、im-（impossible）、dis-（disability, discrimination 中的 dis- 非否定但形近）、in-（independent, incomplete, injustice 对应 justice）
【对点训练】 Grandma is very ______ and does all her own shopping and cooking. (dependent)
A. dependent B. independent C. independently D. independence
【答案】B
【解析】 由 does all her own shopping and cooking 可知句意为"不依赖他人"，须用 dependent 的反义形容词 independent；C 为副词、D 为名词，均不能作表语；A 与句意矛盾。讲评时务必提醒学生：先读句意，再决定要不要加前缀，不要见词就只变后缀。
易错点 06 inspire → inspired / inspiring / inspiration
【一句话辨异】 After listening to the professor's lecture, she felt inspired to learn English. 听完教授的讲座，她受到了鼓舞，想学英语了。（人"感到"用 -ed；事物"令人"用 -ing）
【错因辨析】
· inspired（人）受鼓舞的 → be / feel inspired
· inspiring（事物）鼓舞人心的 → an inspiring story / an inspiring figure（Lesson 2 词表）
· inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人或事
· 同规律：frightened / frightening、shocked / shocking、admired / admirable（见 E01）
【对点训练】 After listening to the lecture, she felt ______ to learn English.
A. inspiring B. inspired C. inspiration D. inspiredly
【答案】B
【解析】 主语 she 是人，feel 为系动词后接形容词表感受，用 inspired。A 用于修饰事物。
易错点 07 impress → impression（不是 impressive）
【一句话辨异】 His first speech as president made a strong impression on his audience. 他作为总统的首次演讲给听众留下了深刻印象。（make an impression on sb. 是固定搭配，中间必须是名词）
【错因辨析】
· impress vt. 使印象深刻 → impressive adj. 令人印象深刻的（an impressive speech）→ impression n. 印象
· 固定搭配：make / leave a(n) ... impression on sb.；give sb. a good impression；be under the impression that（误以为）
· 判断法：冠词 a / 形容词 strong 后面必接名词
【对点训练】 His first speech as president made a strong ______ on his audience.
A. impress B. impressive C. impression D. impressively
【答案】C
【解析】 made a strong ___ 需名词作宾语，且 on his audience 与 impression 构成固定搭配，故选 C。若写 His speech was ______，才用 impressive。
Unit 6 The Admirable 综合检测（教师版）
北师大版高中英语必修第二册 · 主题语境：人与社会——对社会有突出贡献的人物 · 语法重点：介词 + which / whom 引导的定语从句
一、默写重点词组
A. 英译汉
1. find a cure for ____________________
2. come across ____________________
3. be awarded a Nobel Prize ____________________
4. be uninterested in fame ____________________
5. turn to ... for help ____________________
6. with the help of ____________________
7. fight for equal rights and justice ____________________
8. be put behind bars ____________________
9. raise awareness of ____________________
10. be regarded as ____________________
11. be noted for ____________________
12. lead to ____________________
13. leave out ____________________
14. make remarkable contributions to ____________________
15. in spite of ____________________
16. be remembered for ____________________
B. 汉译英
1. 有限的资源 ____________________
2. 深入了解…… ____________________
3. 建立团队 ____________________
4. 继续开展研究 ____________________
5. 主修 ____________________
6. 由于 ____________________
7. 除……之外（还） ____________________
8. 陷入抑郁 ____________________
9. 因……获得声誉 ____________________
10. 发表演讲 ____________________
11. 为……募捐 ____________________
12. 被称为 ____________________
13. 以……被评判 ____________________
14. 拯救数百万人的生命 ____________________
15. 获得独立 ____________________
16. 用古老智慧与新方法 ____________________
【答案】
A. 1. 找到……的疗法 2. 偶然发现；偶遇 3. 被授予诺贝尔奖 4. 不慕名利 5. 向……求助 6. 在……的帮助下 7. 为平等权利与正义而战 8. 身陷囹圄，被关押 9. 提高……意识 10. 被视为 11. 以……著称 12. 导致，促成 13. 遗漏，删去 14. 为……做出卓越贡献 15. 尽管 16. 因……被铭记
B. 1. limited resources 2. gain a deep knowledge of 3. establish a team 4. continue to conduct research 5. major in 6. due to 7. apart from 8. fall into a depression 9. gain a reputation for 10. give a speech 11. raise money for 12. be known as 13. be judged by 14. save the lives of millions 15. gain independence 16. use old wisdom and new methods
二、词汇运用（用括号内单词的适当形式填空）
1. The film did an ________ job of describing life in the 1940s. (admire)
2. She has only a ________ understanding of what the job involves. (limit)
3. David hopes to raise ________ of the importance of eating a healthy diet. (aware)
4. He was voted the most ________ new actor at the Cannes Film Festival. (promise)
5. The document has been lost or destroyed ________. (origin)
6. Grandma is very ________ and does all her own shopping and cooking. (dependent)
7. After listening to the professor's lecture, she felt ________ to learn English. (inspire)
8. It is a very ________ way to solve the problem. (effect)
9. She developed a ________ interest in wild flowers. (passion)
10. His first speech as president made a strong ________ on his audience. (impress)
【答案】
1. admirable 2. limited 3. awareness 4. promising 5. originally 6. independent 7. inspired 8. effective 9. passionate 10. impression
【解析要点】
第 1 题：修饰 job（事物）用 -able 形容词 admirable（令人钦佩的，出色的）；admiring 指“（人）投以赞赏目光的”，不符语境。
第 6 题：本卷最易失分题。提示词给的是 dependent，但由 does all her own shopping and cooking 可知句意为“不依赖他人”，须加否定前缀 in- 变 independent。务必先读句意，再决定要不要加前缀。
第 7 题：主语是人、feel 为系动词，表“（人）受到鼓舞的”用 -ed 形容词 inspired；inspiring 用于修饰事物。
第 3、10 题：raise / made a strong 后必接名词，分别用 -ness 与 -ion 后缀；awareness 为不可数名词，无复数。
第 5 题：置于句末修饰全句，用副词 originally；original 是形容词，不可单独作状语。
三、重点句型（理解结构与翻译）
1. The woman was Tu Youyou, the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize for her work.
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这位女士就是屠呦呦，第一位因其科研成果而被授予诺贝尔奖的中国女科学家。（名词短语作同位语 + the first + 名词 + 不定式被动式作后置定语）
2. Later, she studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field from whom she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices.
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后来，她跟随该领域的专家学习了两年半的中医，从他们那里获得了关于传统疗法的深厚知识。（“介词 from + 关系代词 whom”引导的定语从句；介词由 gain ... from sb. 决定）
3. A scientist who was on the Nobel Prize Committee called Hans Forssberg explained that "the discovery of artemisinin has led to the development of new drugs which have saved the lives of millions".
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诺贝尔奖委员会一位名叫汉斯·福斯伯格的科学家解释说：“青蒿素的发现促成了新药的研发，挽救了数百万人的生命。”（who 定语从句 + 过去分词作定语 + that 宾语从句 + which 定语从句多层嵌套）
4. Thus, not only is he known as a superhero in the Superman films, but he is also regarded as a superhero to many in real life.
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因此，他不仅在《超人》电影中被称作超级英雄，在现实生活中也被许多人视为超级英雄。（not only 置于句首引起部分倒装：is he known；but also 分句不倒装）
5. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character.
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我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将生活在一个不以肤色、而以品格内涵来评判他们的国度里。（that 引导同位语从句 + where 引导定语从句 + not ... but ... 并列对比）
四、课文语法填空（根据 Lesson 1 A Medical Pioneer 课文内容填空，每空一词）
Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field, from 1. ________ she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices. In 1969, she was chosen to 2. ________ a team to find a 3. ________ for malaria — a disease that killed millions of people every year. With 4. ________ resources and not enough staff, the team researched hundreds of traditional 5. ________ and related 6. ________.
After hundreds of failed experiments, they eventually came 7. ________ a promising chemical — artemisinin. To test it on humans, Tu Youyou bravely volunteered to be the first human 8. ________. In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be 9. ________ a Nobel Prize. Today she continues to conduct research 10. ________ her age.
【答案】
1. whom 2. establish 3. cure 4. limited 5. recipes 6. literature 7. across 8. subject 9. awarded 10. despite
【解析要点】
第 1 题：先行词 experts 指人，介词 from 提前后关系代词只能用 whom，不可用 who / that，也不能省略。
第 7 题：come across 为固定短语，意为“偶然发现”，不用于被动语态；题干已给出 came，故填 across 即可满足“每空一词”。
第 8 题：the first human subject 意为“第一位人体实验对象”，subject 在此为熟词生义（实验对象）。
第 10 题：despite 为介词，后接名词 her age，不接从句；若接从句须用 despite the fact that ... 或 although。
五、「介词 + which / whom」定语从句专练（每空填两个词）
1. The laboratory ________ ________ they worked had poor air quality.
2. She studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field ________ ________ she gained a deep knowledge about traditional practices.
3. Who is the man ________ ________ you just shook hands?
4. She lost the pen ________ ________ she had paid twenty dollars.
5. She lost the pen ________ ________ she had spent twenty dollars.
6. Mr Smith, ________ ________ we often turn for help, is a very experienced teacher.
7. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill ________ ________ school education depends.
8. There are sixty students in his class, one-third ________ ________ are girls.
9. The two things ________ ________ Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms.
10. The person ________ ________ you should write is Mr Ball.
【答案】
1. in which 2. from whom 3. with whom 4. for which 5. on which 6. to whom 7. on which 8. of whom 9. about which 10. to whom
【解析要点】
第 4、5 题是本题单的核心对照点：先行词都是 the pen，但从句动词不同，介词完全不同——pay ... for ... → for which；spend ... on ... → on which。只记“某物用某介词”必然失分，务必回到从句还原动词搭配。
第 6、7 题：介词藏在固定短语里——turn to sb. for help → to whom（易误填 for whom，因看到 for help）；depend on sth. → on which（易误填 by which）。
第 8 题：「数词 + of + whom」表“其中……”，先行词 students 指人用 of whom；不能写成 one-third of them，因为两句之间没有连词。
判断口诀：介词一提前，代词只用 which / whom（that、who 靠边站，也不能省）；介词怎么选，一看从句动词搭配、二看先行词搭配、三看句意。把介词挪回句末，才可用 that / which / who 或直接省略。
六、翻译句子（运用本单元词汇与「介词 + which / whom」定语从句）
1. 刚才我们正在谈论的那个作家已经到我们学校了。
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2. 中国是一个我想了解更多的国家。
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3. 他花 10 元买的那本书值得一读。
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4. 他工作的实验室空气质量很差。
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5. 屠呦呦从中获得深厚中医知识的那些专家，都是该领域的权威。
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【答案】
1. The writer about whom we were talking just now has arrived at our school.
2. China is a country about which I want to learn more.
3. The book for which he paid 10 yuan is worth reading.
4. The laboratory in which he worked had poor air quality.
5. The experts from whom Tu Youyou gained a deep knowledge of Chinese medicine were authorities in the field.
七、单元写作训练
假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。校英文报 "The Admirable" 栏目征集课文 A Medical Pioneer 的英文概述（summary）。请根据课文内容写一篇 100 词左右的概述，要求包含：屠呦呦的基本信息、发现青蒿素的过程与成就、她的态度与品质。注意：概述须客观、简洁，不得加入个人评论，不得遗漏要点。
【评分要点】
要点齐全（5 分）：基本信息、科研过程与成就、获奖与态度三项内容齐全，不遗漏（不 leave out）任何一个要点。
语言准确（10 分）：「介词 + which / whom」定语从句、过去分词作定语、the first ... to be awarded、despite、come across、be awarded a Nobel Prize 等本单元结构的正确使用；全篇第三人称客观转述，不出现 I think / In my opinion 等个人评论。
语篇连贯（5 分）：按“基本信息 → 过程 → 结果与态度”推进，恰当使用 eventually、despite、in 2015 等衔接手段；时态分工清晰——身份与持续状态用一般现在时，生平事件用一般过去时。
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【答案】
参考范文
A Medical Pioneer
Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher. She studied Chinese medicine for two and a half years with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices.
In 1969, she was chosen to establish a team to find a cure for malaria. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and, after many failed experiments, eventually came across a promising chemical — artemisinin, which has become the world's most effective drug for fighting malaria.
In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research.
（约 105 词）
得分评估（满分 20 分）
评分维度
对应内容
得分
要点齐全（5 分）
基本信息：1930 / 浙江 / 医学研究者；过程与成就：1969 组队、有限资源、数百次失败、发现青蒿素、挽救数百万人；结果与态度：2015 年诺贝尔奖、不慕名利、继续研究
5 分
语言准确（10 分）
from whom 引导的定语从句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句；born in ... 过去分词作定语；the first ... to be awarded 不定式被动式；despite + 名词；come across / establish / be awarded；无评价性语言
10 分
语篇连贯（5 分）
三段按“基本信息 → 过程 → 结果与态度”推进；eventually、despite、In 2015 衔接自然；身份用现在时、事件用过去时，分工清晰
5 分
总分：20 / 20
亮点句背诵（5 句核心）
1. Tu Youyou, born in Zhejiang Province in 1930, is a Chinese medical researcher. （过去分词作定语，一句话压缩“时间 + 地点 + 身份”）
2. She studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field, from whom she gained a deep knowledge of traditional practices. （介词 + whom 定语从句，本单元语法直接落地）
3. With limited resources and staff, her team reviewed hundreds of traditional recipes and eventually came across a promising chemical. （with 短语浓缩困难条件 + 重点词组 come across）
4. In 2015, she became the first Chinese female scientist to be awarded a Nobel Prize. （the first + 名词 + 不定式被动式，“首位做某事”的标准写法）
5. Despite her age and the honour, she remains uninterested in fame and continues to conduct research. （despite + 名词，不接从句；以事实收束，不作评价）
教学提示
文体意识是得分前提：summary 用第三人称客观转述，忌用 I think / In my opinion / How admirable 等评价句；人物品格应通过 remains uninterested in fame、continues to conduct research 等事实呈现，而非堆砌 admirable / great 等形容词。
leave out 是本单元概述第一大忌：讲评时先让学生对照题干三个要点逐一打勾，再检查有无遗漏；同时提醒不得照抄课文原句，须用自己的话压缩转述。
语法落地：「介词 + which / whom」可在“师从何人、任职何处、求助何方”三处自然嵌入；范文第 1 段 from whom 与本卷第五大题同源，可联动讲评。
词数控制：100–130 词为宜，三段式（基本信息／过程与成就／结果与态度）结构最稳妥；身份与持续状态用一般现在时，生平事件用一般过去时。
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