Unit 5 Humans and Nature（知识清单）英语北师大版必修第二册

Unit 5 Humans and Nature 词汇 一、阅读词汇： 1. wave n. 海浪，波涛 2. horrible adj. 可怕的，吓人的，令人恐惧的 3. poetry n. 诗歌；作诗的艺术 4. extent n. 面积；长度；范围；程度 5. frightened adj. 受惊的，害怕的 6. file n. 档案，卷宗 7. edge n. 边缘 8. curious adj. 好奇的 9. soul n. 灵魂 10. tube n. 圆管，管子；（伦敦）地铁 11. observation n. 观察，观测 12. process n. 过程，进程 13. suffering n.（肉体或精神上的）痛苦，折磨 14. loss n. 丧失；死亡 15. site n. 场所，地点 16. duty n. 职责，义务；责任 17. lamp n. 灯 18. battle n. 较量，竞争；斗争，战斗 19. injury n. 伤害，损伤，损害 20. dust n. 灰尘，尘埃 21. vehicle n. 车辆，交通工具 22. operation n. 行动；手术；操作 23. conduct vt. 实施，进行；指挥；举止 24. breathe vi./vt. 呼吸 25. interrupt vt./vi. 打断，打扰 26. whirlpool n. 漩涡 27. barrel n. 桶 28. magnitude n.（地震）震级；巨大 29. rubble n. 瓦砾，碎石 30. trailer n. 拖车；活动房屋 二、写作词汇： 1. survive vt./vi. 幸存，活下来（survive the earthquake 在地震中幸存） 2. survivor n. 幸存者（the survivors of the disaster） 3. escape vi./vt. 逃脱，逃离（escape from 从……逃脱） 4. trap vt. 困住，使陷于危险（be trapped under buildings） 5. rescue vt./n. 营救，救援（rescue teams 救援队） 6. attempt n./vt. 努力，尝试（attempt to do 试图做） 7. measure vt./n. 测量；措施（take measures to do 采取措施） 8. prove vt. 证明，证实（prove (to be) + n./adj.） 9. damage n./vt. 损害，损坏（cause damage to 对……造成损害） 10. shelter n./vt. 庇护所；保护（seek shelter 寻求庇护） 11. shock n./vt. 震惊；使震惊（be shocked at 对……感到震惊） 12. destroy vt. 摧毁，毁坏（be destroyed 被摧毁） 13. disaster n. 灾难（natural disaster 自然灾害） 14. earthquake n. 地震 15. hurricane n. 飓风 16. tornado n. 龙卷风 17. typhoon n. 台风 18. flood n./vt. 洪水；淹没（be flooded with 被……淹没） 19. drought n. 干旱（continuous droughts 持续的干旱） 20. volcano n. 火山（复数 volcanoes） 21. erupt vi.（火山）爆发，喷发 22. eruption n. 喷发（volcanic eruption 火山喷发） 23. tsunami n. 海啸 24. strike vt./vi.（灾难、疾病）袭击（struck / struck） 25. shake vi./vt. 震动，摇动（shook / shaken） 26. bury vt. 埋葬；掩埋（be buried in ruins 被埋在废墟下） 27. injure vt. 伤害，使受伤（the injured 伤者） 28. harm n./vt. 伤害，损害（do harm to 对……有害） 29. protection n. 保护（environmental protection 环境保护） 30. danger n. 危险（in danger 处于危险中） 31. suffer vi./vt. 遭受（suffer from 遭受……痛苦） 32. death n. 死亡（dead adj.；deadly adj. 致命的） 33. brave adj. 勇敢的（bravely adv.；bravery n.） 34. courage n. 勇气（have the courage to do） 35. curious adj. 好奇的（be curious about 对……好奇） 36. explore vt. 探索（explore the unknown world） 37. prepare vt./vi. 准备（prepare for 为……做准备） 38. struggle vi./n. 挣扎，斗争（struggle to one's feet） 39. calm adj./vt. 镇静的；使平静（keep calm 保持镇静） 40. terrified adj. 感到恐惧的（terrifying 令人恐惧的） 41. mysterious adj. 神秘的（mystery n. 奥秘） 42. powerful adj. 强大的（the power of nature 自然的力量） 43. warn vt. 警告（warn sb. of/about sth.） 44. avoid vt. 避免（avoid doing 避免做） 45. reduce vt. 减少（reduce suffering and loss） 46. increase vt./vi. 增加，增长 47. cause vt./n. 造成；起因（cause damage 造成损害） 48. supply n./vt. 供应，提供（supply sb. with sth.） 49. rebuild vt. 重建（rebuild one's home 重建家园） 50. anxious adj. 焦虑的，担忧的（be anxious about） 三、词汇变形： 1. survive（动词，幸存，活下来）→survival（名词，幸存，存活）→survivor（名词，幸存者） 2. frighten（动词，使惊恐）→frightened（形容词，受惊的）→frightening（形容词，令人恐惧的） 3. horror（名词，恐惧，恐怖）→horrible（形容词，可怕的）→horribly（副词，可怕地） 4. curious（形容词，好奇的）→curiosity（名词，好奇心）→curiously（副词，好奇地） 5. observe（动词，观察，注意到）→observation（名词，观察）→observer（名词，观察者） 6. equal（形容词，相等的；动词，等于）→equality（名词，平等）→equally（副词，平等地） 7. lose（动词，丢失，丧失）→loss（名词，丧失，亏损）→lost（形容词，丢失的，迷路的） 8. measure（动词，测量；名词，措施）→measurement（名词，测量，尺寸） 9. operate（动词，运转，动手术）→operation（名词，行动，手术）→operator（名词，操作人员） 10. suffer（动词，遭受，受苦）→suffering（名词，痛苦，折磨）→sufferer（名词，受难者） 11. protect（动词，保护）→protection（名词，保护）→protective（形容词，保护性的） 12. breathe（动词，呼吸）→breath（名词，呼吸）→breathless（形容词，气喘吁吁的） 13. die（动词，死）→death（名词，死亡）→dead（形容词，死的）→deadly（形容词，致命的） 14. prove（动词，证明，证实）→proof（名词，证据，证明） 15. shock（动词/名词，使震惊；震惊）→shocked（形容词，感到震惊的）→shocking（形容词，令人震惊的） 16. destroy（动词，摧毁，毁坏）→destruction（名词，破坏）→destructive（形容词，破坏性的） 17. injure（动词，伤害，使受伤）→injury（名词，伤害，损伤）→injured（形容词，受伤的） 18. explore（动词，探索）→exploration（名词，探索）→explorer（名词，探险者） 19. prepare（动词，准备）→preparation（名词，准备）→prepared（形容词，有准备的） 20. brave（形容词，勇敢的）→bravery（名词，勇气）→bravely（副词，勇敢地） 四、拓展词汇 1. tsunami n. 海啸 2. avalanche n. 雪崩 3. landslide n. 山体滑坡，塌方 landslide = land + slide 合成词 4. aftershock n.（地震的）余震 5. evacuation n. 疏散，撤离 evacuate v. 疏散 6. magnitude n.（地震）震级 a 7.8 magnitude earthquake 7.8 级地震 7. debris n. 碎片，残骸 8. first aid n. 急救 9. emergency n. 紧急情况，突发事件 emergency shelter 应急避难所 10. carbon monoxide n. 一氧化碳（缩写 CO） 11. wildfire n. 野火 12. heatwave n. 热浪 13. blizzard n. 暴风雪 14. famine n. 饥荒 15. sandstorm n. 沙尘暴 16. storm surge n. 风暴潮 17. climate change n. 气候变化 18. renewable energy n. 可再生能源 19. sustainable adj. 可持续的 sustainable development 可持续发展 20. drought-stricken adj. 遭受干旱的 五、熟词生义 1. wave：熟义=挥手；招手；生义=海浪，波涛（名词，A huge wave covered our boat. 巨浪淹没了我们的船） 2. equal：熟义=相等的；平等的；生义=等于（动词，Two plus one equals three.）；胜任的（be equal to the task） 3. escape：熟义=逃跑；逃走；生义=避开，避免（动词，escape punishment 免于惩罚；escape death 死里逃生） 4. trap：熟义=陷阱；夹子；生义=困住，使陷于危险（动词，be trapped under buildings 被困在建筑物下） 5. attempt：熟义=企图（名词）；生义=努力，尝试（动词，attempt to do 试图做某事） 6. measure：熟义=测量，度量（动词）；生义=措施，办法（名词，take measures to do 采取措施） 7. operation：熟义=手术；生义=行动，运作，操作（rescue operations 救援行动） 8. conduct：熟义=举止，行为（名词）；生义=实施，进行，指挥（动词，conduct rescue attempts 实施救援） 9. break down：熟义=打破；打碎；生义=出故障，抛锚（My car broke down.）；（身体/精神）垮掉；分解 10. run out (of)：熟义=跑出去；生义=用完，耗尽（We ran out of food. 我们的食物吃完了） 11. pick up：熟义=捡起，拾起；生义=营救，搭救（A boat picked me up.）；接人；学会；好转 12. cover：熟义=覆盖，遮盖；生义=报道（cover the event）；行走（路程）；足以支付 13. shock：熟义=震惊，吃惊（名词）；生义=休克（die of shock 死于休克）；冲击，撞击 14. loss：熟义=丢失，丧失；生义=死亡，丧生（the loss of life 生命损失）；亏损 15. fail to do：熟义=失败；生义=未能做成（He failed to win the race. 他没能赢得比赛） 16. carry on：熟义=携带；生义=继续，坚持（carry on with the work 继续工作） 17. hold on：熟义=抓住，握住；生义=坚持住，挺住（hold on to the barrel）；别挂断（电话） 18. go over：熟义=走过去；生义=仔细检查；复习（go over the safety plan 检查安全预案） 19. the moment：熟义=那一刻；生义=一……就……（连词，The moment he arrived, ... 他一到达就……） 20. at one time：熟义=在某个时候；生义=曾经，一度；同时（At one time, there were 200 cattle.） 写作 句型 句式1 出处： Lesson 1 · A Sea Story 原句： My two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going and got more fish than others. 结构分析： · 主句：My two brothers and I were coming back from the islands · where 引导定语从句：where we often risked going and got more fish than others（修饰 the islands） · 从句中 and 连接两个并列谓语：risked going 与 got · 核心词块：risk doing sth.（冒险做某事）；more ... than others（比别人更多的……） · 整体为"主句 + where 引导的定语从句"结构，适用于在叙述中补充说明某一地点的背景信息，是记叙文开篇交代场景的常用写法。 译文： 我和两个兄弟正从那些岛屿返回——我们常常冒险去那里，捕到的鱼也比别人多。 句式2 出处： Lesson 1 · A Sea Story 原句： I began to think how amazing a thing it was to die in such a way, and how wonderful it was to see the power of nature. 结构分析： · 主句：I began to think · 两个由 and 连接的 how 引导的感叹式宾语从句：how amazing a thing it was ... 与 how wonderful it was ... · it 为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式 to die in such a way / to see the power of nature · 核心词块：begin to think（开始思考）；in such a way（以这样的方式）；the power of nature（自然的力量） · 整体为"主句 + 两个并列的感叹式宾语从句"结构，适用于描写人物面对重大事件时的心理活动，是记叙文抒情议论的高分句式。 译文： 我开始思考：以这样的方式死去是一件多么不可思议的事，而目睹自然的力量又是多么美妙。 句式3 出处： Lesson 1 · A Sea Story 原句： The reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. 结构分析： · 主语：The reason · why 引导定语从句：why I'm here to tell the story（修饰 the reason，从句成分完整） · 系动词 is + that 引导的表语从句：that I made the right decision · 核心词块：the reason why ... is that ...（……的原因是……）；make the right decision（做出正确的决定） · 整体为"主语 + why 定语从句 + that 表语从句"结构，是说明原因、点明主旨的经典句式，适用于记叙文结尾揭示主题或议论文立论。 译文： 我之所以能在这里讲述这个故事，是因为我做出了正确的决定。 句式4 出处： Lesson 3 · Race to the Pole 原句： Then came the total darkness of the polar winter. 结构分析： · 完全倒装句：副词 Then 置于句首，主语 the total darkness of the polar winter 较长，谓语 came 提到主语之前 · 还原为正常语序：The total darkness of the polar winter came then. · 核心词块：the total darkness（彻底的黑暗）；the polar winter（极地冬季） · 整体为"副词 + 谓语 + 主语"的完全倒装结构，适用于描写环境突变、营造紧张氛围，比正常语序更具画面感与文学性。 译文： 接着，极地冬季那彻底的黑暗降临了。 句式5 出处： Lesson 3 · Race to the Pole 原句： Though we tried to stop him, we knew that it was the act of a brave man and an English gentleman. 结构分析： · Though 引导让步状语从句：Though we tried to stop him · 主句：we knew · that 引导宾语从句：that it was the act of a brave man and an English gentleman · 核心词块：try to stop sb.（试图阻止某人）；the act of a brave man（一位勇士的行为） · 整体为"让步状语从句 + 主句 + 宾语从句"结构，适用于先承认某种行为表面上的不妥，再肯定其内在品质，是人物评价类写作的常用句式。 译文： 尽管我们试图阻止他，但我们知道，那是一位勇士、一位英国绅士的行为。 语法 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词引导的定语从句用来修饰表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语（即关系词在从句中作状语）时，要用关系副词引导。 关系副词引导的定语从句的构成是：先行词（表示时间／地点／reason）+ 关系副词（when / where / why）+ 定语从句。 难点提示： 1. 关系副词的基本结构 when：先行词为表示时间的词（day, time, moment, occasion, period 等），在从句中作时间状语，相当于 at / in / on / during which where：先行词为表示地点的词（place, house, area, town, site, park 等），在从句中作地点状语，相当于 in / at / on / under which why：先行词为 reason，在从句中作原因状语，相当于 for which 被动关系：定语从句若为被动语态，关系副词的用法不变，如：the park where animals and plants can be protected 2. 使用关系副词，"先行词"有时是一个具体的时间、地点名词（如例1），但在更多情况下先行词是表示抽象场合、时期或情形的词（如例2、例3）。 例1：I'll never forget the day when I won the first prize in the 100-metre race. （day 为具体的时间名词） 例2：It is a challenging job where you are doing something serious but interesting. （job 表抽象"场合"） 例3：We went through the period when communications were quite difficult in rural areas. （period 表抽象的"时期"） 3. 关系副词与"介词 + 关系代词"可以互换，介词由从句中的搭配决定。比较下列句子： She lost the pen for which she had paid twenty dollars. （pay ... for ...，介词用 for） She lost the pen on which she had spent twenty dollars. （spend ... on ...，介词用 on） 4. 关系代词和关系副词可以用在相似的句子中，区分的关键是看从句缺少的成分。比较下列句子： The child often goes to the store which / that​ sells all kinds of toys. （把 the store 放回从句，从句成立，缺主语 → 关系代词） The child often goes to the store where​ all kinds of toys are sold. （把 the store 放回从句，从句不成立，成分已完整 → 关系副词） 5. 同一个先行词 reason，从句成分不同，关系词也不同。比较下列句子： This is the reason why​ he didn't go to school yesterday. （从句 he didn't go to school 完整 → 关系副词 why） This is the reason that / which​ he gave us. （gave us 缺宾语 → 关系代词 that / which，可省略） 补充说明（对应难点提示 1 的三种关系副词，教师讲解时可展开）： 关系副词 先行词 在从句中作 等价于 例句 when 表示时间的词 时间状语 at / in / on / during which That was the day when it took only six hours to break my body and soul. where 表示地点的词 地点状语 in / at / on / under which ...coming back from the islands where we often risked going. why reason 原因状语 for which The reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. 判断口诀：把先行词放回定语从句——从句缺主语、宾语、表语就用关系代词（which / that / who / whom / whose）；从句成分完整就用关系副词（when / where / why）或"介词 + 关系代词"。 写作 灾难逃生手册（应用文） 题目 假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。学校安全教育周正在征集英文版《灾难逃生手册》稿件。请你以地震为例写一篇短文投稿，内容包括： 1. 地震的危害； 2. 逃生与自救的具体方法； 3. 一条重要警示。 词数 100 左右。 【参考范文】 Dear Editor, I'm writing to contribute a passage to the Disaster Escape Manual. An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes a city without any warning. Knowing what to do at that moment can save your life. The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong desk. Hold on to its legs until the shaking stops. If you are outdoors, move to an open area away from buildings and power lines. Should you be trapped, do not shout all the time; instead, tap on a pipe or a wall so that rescue workers can locate you. In preparation for an emergency, always keep an emergency kit at home, which contains water, food, a flashlight and a first-aid box. Remember: never use the lift when an earthquake happens. The right decision made at the right moment is the key to survival. Yours, Li Hua 【导语】 本文是一篇灾难逃生手册类的应用文投稿。作者以李华的身份向校刊投稿，开篇点明地震的突发性与破坏力，第二段按"室内—户外—被困"三种情形给出具体逃生与自救步骤，第三段补充事前准备，末段以一条重要警示收束并升华主题。全文以祈使句和第二人称为主，指令清晰、条理分明，覆盖全部写作要点。 【详解】 1. I'm writing to contribute a passage to the Disaster Escape Manual. An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes a city without any warning. 投稿类应用文的标准开头句式 I'm writing to ... 直接说明写信目的；which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 disasters，补充说明地震"毫无预警地袭击城市"的特点；strike 在此为"熟词生义"用法（（灾难、疾病）袭击），比 hit 更正式。 2. The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong desk. the moment 直接作连词引导时间状语从句，意为"一……就……"，相当于 as soon as，是本单元重点词组；主句用祈使句 keep calm and take shelter 给出指令，语气果断、指令明确，是逃生指南的标志性写法。补充规范表达建议：也可用 As soon as 或 Immediately 替换，但 the moment 更简洁地道。 3. If you are outdoors, move to an open area away from buildings and power lines. if 引导条件状语从句 + 祈使句主句，与上句形成"室内 vs 户外"的并列对照，使逃生步骤覆盖不同场景；away from 意为"远离"，准确传达"避开建筑物与电线"这一关键安全距离。 4. Should you be trapped, do not shout all the time; instead, tap on a pipe or a wall so that rescue workers can locate you. Should you be trapped 为条件状语从句的倒装省略形式（= If you should be trapped），是本单元"被困"情境下的高分表达；so that 引导目的状语从句，说明敲击管道的目的；instead 作副词连接前后两个相反的做法（不要一直喊叫，而要敲击），逻辑转折自然。 5. The right decision made at the right moment is the key to survival. 过去分词短语 made at the right moment 作后置定语，修饰 decision，相当于定语从句 which is made at the right moment，使表达简洁凝练；本句呼应单元核心句 "The reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision"，同时升华主题——正确的决定是生存的关键，是结尾段的点睛之笔。 【点睛】 ① 要点齐全，逻辑清晰，依次覆盖"灾难危害—室内逃生—户外撤离—被困自救—事前准备—重要警示"六项内容； ② 灵活运用 which 引导的非限制性定语从句、the moment 引导的时间状语从句、Should 倒装条件句、so that 目的状语从句、过去分词作定语等本单元核心语法结构，句式丰富而不啰嗦； ③ 语体把握得当：以祈使句和第二人称为主，指令清晰、可操作性强，符合"逃生手册"的功能定位；同时用 I'm writing to ...、Dear Editor / Yours 保持投稿的正式与礼貌； ④ 积累短语：take shelter 躲避；keep calm 保持镇静；the moment 一……就……；run out of 用完；in preparation for 为……做准备；be trapped in 被困在……；take measures 采取措施；first aid 急救；escape from 从……逃脱；at the bottom of 在……底部。 一、知识点精讲 1. survive 教材原句：No one survived the car crash. 参考译文：没有人在这起车祸中幸存。 【双语释义】 ◆vt. / vi. to continue to live after an accident, war, or illness （事故、战争或疾病之后）幸存 ◆vi. to continue to live or exist, especially in spite of danger or hardship （尤指身处危险或艰难）活下来 ◆vt. to live or continue in spite of difficult circumstances 挺过，熬过 例句印证： Only 30% of the local people survived the earthquake. 当地只有 30% 的人在地震中幸存下来。 A lot of small companies didn't survive the financial crisis. 许多小公司没能挺过金融危机。 【积累拓展】 survive the storm / earthquake / crisis 在风暴／地震／危机中幸存 survive on sth. 靠……维持生命：survive on bread and water survival n. 幸存，存活；survivor n. 幸存者 2. equal 教材原句：...the second, between two objects of equal extent, round objects fell down more rapidly... 参考译文：……第二，在两个体积相等的物体之间，圆形的物体下落得更快…… 【双语释义】 ◆adj. the same in size, number, amount, value etc. as something else 相等的，相同的 ◆adj. having the same rights, opportunities etc. as everyone else 平等的 ◆adj. having the ability to deal with a problem successfully 能胜任的 ◆vt. to be exactly the same in size, number, or amount as something else 等于 例句印证： Our education system should provide equal opportunities for all children. 我们的教育制度应该为所有儿童提供平等的机会。 Two plus one equals three. 二加一等于三。 【积累拓展】 be equal to the task / challenge 胜任这项任务／挑战 of equal value / size 同等价值／大小；equal rights 平等权利 equality n. 平等；equally adv. 平等地 3. escape 教材原句：Without waiting, I jumped into the sea to try and escape. 参考译文：我不再等待，跳进海里试图逃生。 【双语释义】 ◆vi. / vt. to get away from an unpleasant or dangerous situation 逃脱，摆脱 ◆vi. to get away from a place where you have been kept as a prisoner 逃跑，逃走 ◆vt. to avoid something unpleasant or dangerous 避开，避免 例句印证： She managed to escape from the burning car. 她设法从燃烧的汽车中逃了出来。 Both drivers were lucky to escape injury. 两位司机都很幸运，没有受伤。 【积累拓展】 escape from + 地点 从……逃出；escape doing 避免做 escape punishment / death / injury 免于惩罚／死里逃生／未受伤 a narrow escape 九死一生 4. trap 教材原句：Rescue teams try to save people trapped under buildings. 参考译文：救援队设法营救被困在建筑物下的人。 【双语释义】 ◆vt. to prevent someone from escaping from somewhere, especially a dangerous place 困住，使陷于危险中 ◆n. a piece of equipment for catching animals 夹子，罗网，陷阱 ◆n. a clever trick used to catch someone 圈套，诡计 例句印证： Twenty miners were trapped underground. 二十名矿工被困在地下。 I didn't take the money, because I was worried it might be a trap. 我没有拿那笔钱，因为担心那可能是个圈套。 【积累拓展】 be trapped in / under 被困在……里／下：be trapped in the fire set a trap 设置陷阱；fall into a trap 落入圈套 过去式、过去分词双写 p：trapped 5. attempt 教材原句：What happens in rescue attempts? 参考译文：救援行动中会发生什么？ 【双语释义】 ◆n. an act of trying to do something, especially something difficult 努力，尝试，企图 ◆vt. to try to do something, especially something difficult 试图，尝试 例句印证： She passed her driving test at the first attempt. 她第一次尝试就通过了驾驶考试。 They attempted to rescue the trapped miners. 他们试图营救被困的矿工。 【积累拓展】 make an attempt to do / at doing 试图做某事 attempt to do sth. 试图做某事（比 try 正式） at the first attempt 第一次尝试；in an attempt to do 为了做…… 6. measure 教材原句：We should take measures to protect endangered animals. 参考译文：我们应该采取措施保护濒危动物。 【双语释义】 ◆vt. to find the size, length, or amount of something 估量，衡量，测量 ◆n. an action, especially an official one, that is intended to deal with a particular problem 措施，办法 例句印证： The rescue teams measured the depth of the water. 救援队测量了水深。 Emergency measures have been taken. 已采取紧急措施。 【积累拓展】 take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事 measurement n. 测量，尺寸；measurable adj. 可测量的 作“措施”时必须用复数 measures 7. rescue 教材原句：Rescue workers arrived at the scene two hours later. 参考译文：两小时后，救援人员赶到了现场。 【双语释义】 ◆vt. to save someone from a situation of danger or harm 营救，救援，搭救 ◆n. the act of saving someone from danger 营救，救援 例句印证： In the end, a boat picked me up. 最后，一艘船把我救了起来。（pick up 表“营救”） Rescue teams are digging deep through the remains to pull out survivors. 救援队正在废墟中深挖，以救出幸存者。 【积累拓展】 rescue sb. from 从……中救出某人；come to one's rescue 前来营救某人 rescue team / worker / operation 救援队／人员／行动 近义：save；pick up（搭救） 8. damage 教材原句：These chemicals have been found to cause serious environmental damage. 参考译文：已发现这些化学品会造成严重的环境破坏。 【双语释义】 ◆n. harm or injury that is caused to a person, place, or thing 损害，损坏，破坏 ◆vt. to cause harm or injury to something 损害，损坏 例句印证： The earthquake completely destroyed more than 250 buildings. 地震彻底摧毁了 250 多座建筑。（destroy 程度更重） Smoking can seriously damage your health. 吸烟会严重损害你的健康。 【积累拓展】 cause / do damage to 对……造成损害 damage 为不可数名词；damages 意为“赔偿金” 近义辨析：damage 部分损坏（可修复）；destroy 彻底毁坏（不可修复）；ruin 毁灭、使破败 9. shock 教材原句：We were shocked at the news that he passed away the night before. 参考译文：听到他前一天夜里去世的消息，我们都感到震惊。 【双语释义】 ◆vt. to surprise and upset someone 使震惊，使惊愕 ◆n. a strong feeling of surprise and upset caused by something unpleasant 震惊，惊愕 ◆n. a medical condition in which someone is very weak and ill 休克 例句印证： It was a shocking tragedy that happened in a very short time. 那是一场在极短时间内发生的、令人震惊的悲剧。 Two of his team died because of illness and shock. 他的两名队员因病和休克而死。 【积累拓展】 be shocked at / by 对……感到震惊；be a shock to sb. 对某人是个打击 shocked adj. 感到震惊的；shocking adj. 令人震惊的 electric shock 触电；die of shock 死于休克 10. shelter 教材原句：All of a sudden, it began to rain heavily and we hurried to seek shelter. 参考译文：突然下起了大雨，我们赶紧寻找避雨的地方。 【双语释义】 ◆n. a place where people are protected from danger or bad weather 庇护所，避难所，遮蔽处 ◆vt. to provide a place where someone is protected 保护，遮蔽 例句印证： Many people took shelter in the emergency shelters. 许多人在应急避难所里躲避。 The big tree sheltered us from the rain. 大树为我们遮雨。 【积累拓展】 seek / take shelter 寻求／躲避（风雨、危险） shelter from 躲避……：shelter from the storm emergency shelter 应急避难所；a shelter for the homeless 无家可归者收容所 二、核心语法精讲 定语从句（2）：关系副词 when / where / why 引导的定语从句 当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语（即关系词在从句中作状语）时，要用关系副词引导定语从句。关系副词用来修饰表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。 关系副词引导的定语从句的构成是：先行词（表示时间／地点／reason）+ 关系副词（when / where / why）+ 定语从句。 一、关系副词的基本结构 关系副词 先行词 在从句中作 等价于 教材原句 when 表示时间的词（day, time, moment, period, occasion 等） 时间状语 at / in / on / during + which That was the day when​ it took only six hours to break my body and soul. where 表示地点的词（place, house, area, island, site, park 等） 地点状语 in / at / on / under + which ...coming back from the islands where​ we often risked going... why reason 原因状语 for + which The reason why​ I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. 二、难点提示 1. 关系副词与"介词 + 关系代词"可以互换，介词由从句中的搭配决定。 · 例如（资料③）： · She lost the pen for which​ she had paid twenty dollars. （pay ... for ...，介词用 for） · She lost the pen on which​ she had spent twenty dollars. （spend ... on ...，介词用 on） · 换算：when = at / in / on / during + which；where = in / at / on / under + which；why = for + which 2. 关系代词和关系副词的区分，主要看从句中缺少的成分（资料③核心方法）。 判断方法：把先行词放到从句中—— · 从句如果正确（不缺成分）→ 用关系副词或"介词 + 关系代词"； · 从句如果缺少主语、宾语或表语 → 用关系代词（which / that / who / whom / whose）。 对比示例（资料③）： · The child often goes to the store which / that​ sells all kinds of toys. （把 the store 放回从句，从句成立 → 关系代词） · The child often goes to the store where​ all kinds of toys are sold. （把 the store 放回从句，从句不成立，成分已完整 → 关系副词） 同类易错对比（资料①）： · This is the reason why​ he didn't go to school yesterday. （从句完整 → why） · This is the reason that / which​ he gave us. （gave us 缺宾语 → 关系代词，可省略） 3. 先行词是地点名词，但从句缺主语或宾语时，仍用关系代词。 · This is the school that / which​ we built last year. （built 缺宾语 ❌ 不可用 where） · This is the school where​ my mother used to work many years ago. （从句完整 → where） 4. 先行词不一定是具体的时间、地点名词，也可以是表示抽象"场合、时期、情形"的词。 · It is a challenging job where​ you are doing something serious but interesting. （job 表抽象"场合"） · We went through the period when​ communications were quite difficult in rural areas. （period 表抽象的"时期"） 5. 关系副词引导定语从句时，从句中不能再出现与之重复的时间或地点状语，且不可再用 which 指代同一成分。 三、教材原句印证（资料②「语法观察」） 1. That was the day when​ it took only six hours to break my body and soul. 2. One day, my two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going and got more fish than others. 3. As you can see, the reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. 四、语法归纳（资料②） 当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中： · when​ = 表时间的介词（如 in, at, during 等）+ which · where​ = 表地点的介词（如 in, at, on, under 等）+ which · why​ = 表原因的介词（如 for）+ which 五、配套练习（含参考答案与解析） （一）用恰当的关系代词或关系副词填空（资料①） 1. I still live in the place ________ I was born. 2. It is a challenging job ________ you are doing something serious but interesting. 3. It also keeps a record of the date ________ they will travel. 4. John has been unwell, and this may be the reason ________ he lost the match. 5. This is the reason ________ he gave us. 6. This is the school ________ we built last year. 7. I'll never forget the day ________ I won the first prize in the 100-metre race in school. 8. Many countries are setting up national parks ________ animals and plants can be protected. 9. We went through the period ________ communications were quite difficult in rural areas. 10. The reason ________ he didn't go to school yesterday was that he was ill. 【答案】​ 1. where 2. where 3. when 4. why 5. that / which 6. that / which 7. when 8. where 9. when 10. why 【解析】 第 5、6 题：从句中 gave us、built 分别缺宾语，用关系代词 that / which（可省略）；其余各题从句成分完整，按先行词性质分别用 where / when / why。 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 项目 内容 话题内容 为自己的学校或社区编写一份灾难逃生手册（地震／火灾／洪水／台风等） 主题语境 人与自然——自然灾害与防范 文体类型 应用文／说明性手册（a survival / escape manual） 写作要点 ①灾难类型与危害说明；②科学原理（为什么这样做）；③逃生步骤（事前准备—灾中应对—灾后自救）；④注意事项与文化警示；⑤呼救与互助 语体特征 第二人称或祈使句为主，语言简洁、指令清晰、条理分明；多用序号、小标题、图示说明 2. 写作框架 段落／板块 功能 核心句式 标题 Title 点明灾难类型 How to Survive an Earthquake / A Survival Guide to Fires 第一部分：灾难简介 说明危害与原理 An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes without warning. 第二部分：事前准备 物资与预案 In preparation for a possible disaster, you should prepare an emergency kit containing water, food and a flashlight. 第三部分：灾中应对 具体逃生步骤 The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong table. 第四部分：灾后自救 呼救与互助 If you are trapped, do not shout all the time; tap on a pipe to make rescue workers find you. 第五部分：警示与提醒 常见误区 Never use the lift during a fire, and avoid staying close to windows. 3. 写作素材 3.1 开篇句（点明灾难与危害） Earthquakes are among the most destructive natural disasters that can strike a city without any warning. Every year, thousands of people lose their lives in natural disasters, most of which could be avoided with proper knowledge. The following is a brief guide to help you survive an earthquake. 3.2 科学原理句（本单元提分点） Most injuries in an earthquake are caused by falling objects rather than by the shaking itself. A triangle of life may be formed beside a strong piece of furniture, which can protect you from being crushed. Smoke rises, so you should stay low to the ground where the air is cleaner. 3.3 逃生步骤句（祈使句为主） Keep calm and do not run around in panic. Take shelter under a strong desk and hold on to its legs until the shaking stops. Stay away from windows, mirrors and anything that may fall. If you are outdoors, move to an open area away from buildings and power lines. Cover your nose and mouth with a wet cloth to avoid breathing in dangerous dust. If trapped, tap on a pipe or wall so that rescuers can locate you. Never use the lift when a fire breaks out; use the stairs instead. 3.4 准备与互助句 In preparation for an emergency, prepare a kit with water, food, a flashlight and a first-aid box. Learn basic first aid so that you can help the injured before rescuers arrive. Check on your neighbours, especially the elderly, who may have difficulty moving. 3.5 结尾警示句 Remember: the right decision made at the right moment can save your life. By following these tips, you will greatly increase your chances of survival. Stay calm, act wisely, and never give up hope. 3.6 常用短语积累 take measures 采取措施；in preparation for 为……做准备；keep/stay calm 保持镇静；take shelter 躲避；run out of 用完；break down 出故障；the moment 一……就……；at great speed 高速地；on the edge of 在……边缘；all at once 突然；have difficulty (in) doing 做……有困难；be trapped in 被困在……；escape from 从……逃脱；first aid 急救；emergency shelter 应急避难所 4. 范文背诵 题目：假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。学校安全教育周征集英文版《地震逃生手册》。请你为手册写一篇短文，内容包括：1. 地震的危害；2. 逃生与自救的具体方法；3. 一条重要警示。词数 100 左右。 How to Survive an Earthquake An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes a city without any warning. Knowing what to do at that moment can save your life. The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong desk. Hold on to its legs until the shaking stops. If you are outdoors, move to an open area away from buildings and power lines. Should you be trapped, do not shout all the time; instead, tap on a pipe or a wall so that rescue workers can locate you. In preparation for an emergency, always keep an emergency kit at home, which contains water, food, a flashlight and a first-aid box. Remember: never use the lift when an earthquake happens. The right decision made at the right moment is the key to survival. 背诵重点句（5 句核心）： 1. An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes without warning. （开篇点题 + 非限制性定语从句） 2. The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong desk. （the moment 引导时间状语从句） 3. Should you be trapped, do not shout all the time; instead, tap on a pipe so that rescuers can locate you. （倒装 + so that 目的状语从句） 4. In preparation for an emergency, always keep an emergency kit at home, which contains water, food and a flashlight. （in preparation for + 定语从句） 5. The right decision made at the right moment is the key to survival. （过去分词作定语，结尾升华） 5. 变式场景拓展 写作场景 核心内容 可迁移句式 地震逃生手册（本单元） 室内躲避、户外撤离、被困自救 take shelter under；the moment；if trapped 火灾逃生指南 低姿前行、湿布捂口鼻、不乘电梯 cover your nose；stay low；never use the lift 洪水／台风防范 提前撤离、储备物资、远离水域 in preparation for；move to higher ground 校园应急疏散演练通知 时间、路线、集合地点 be held；follow the route；gather on the playground 给外国笔友的灾害应对建议信 介绍中国学校的避震做法 I'm writing to share ...；my advice is to ... 灾后心理疏导短文 保持希望、互助重建 stay calm；rebuild our home；never give up hope 易错点01 关系副词 where 与关系代词 which / that 的误用 【一句话辨异】This is the house where I lived two years ago. （从句完整，用 where） / This is the house which / that we built last year. （built 缺宾语，用关系代词） 【错因辨析】 1. 判断方法：把先行词放回定语从句，看从句成分是否完整。 · 从句缺主语、宾语、表语 → 关系代词（which / that / who / whom / whose）； · 从句成分完整 → 关系副词（when / where / why）。 2. 先行词即使是地点名词（house / school / place），只要从句缺宾语，仍用 which / that。 · ✅ This is the school (which / that) we built last year. · ❌ This is the school where we built last year. 3. 关系副词 = 相应的介词 + which，可与“介词 + 关系代词”互换：where = in / at which；when = on / in which；why = for which。 【对点训练】 This is the factory ______ my father works, and it is the one ______ we visited last month. A. where; where B. that; that C. where; that D. that; where 【答案】C 【解析】第一空从句 my father works 成分完整，factory 作地点状语，用 where；第二空从句 we visited 缺宾语（visited 是及物动词），用关系代词 that，故选 C。 易错点02 the reason 后 why 与 that / which 的选择 【一句话辨异】The reason why he was late was that he overslept. （从句完整 → why） / The reason (that / which) he gave us was unbelievable. （gave 缺宾语 → that / which） 【错因辨析】 1. 若 reason 后的定语从句成分完整（不缺主语、宾语），用关系副词 why 或 for which。 2. 若 reason 在从句中作宾语（如 give a reason、explain the reason），用 that / which，且可省略。 3. 主句表语为 reason 时，表语从句用 that 引导而不用 because：The reason is that ...（❌ The reason is because ...）。 【对点训练】 The reason ______ he explained at the meeting was ______ he had missed the train. A. why; that B. that; because C. that; that D. why; because 【答案】C 【解析】第一空 explained 缺宾语（explain the reason），用关系代词 that；第二空为表语从句，主语是 the reason 时表语从句用 that 引导，不用 because，故选 C。 易错点03 risk 后接动名词，不接不定式 【一句话辨异】My two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going. 我和两个兄弟正从那些我们常常冒险前往的岛屿返回。 【错因辨析】 1. risk doing sth. 意为“冒险做某事”，risk 后只能接动名词（-ing），不接不定式。 · ✅ He risked losing his life to save the boy. ❌ He risked to lose his life. 2. 同类“只能接动名词”的动词：enjoy, avoid, escape, practise, mind, suggest, consider, finish, imagine, admit, deny。 3. risk 也可作名词：take a risk / take risks 冒险；at the risk of 冒着……的危险。 【对点训练】 The brave young man risked ______ into the burning building to save the trapped child. A. to go B. going C. go D. gone 【答案】B 【解析】risk 后接动名词作宾语，risk doing sth. 意为“冒险做某事”，故选 B。 易错点04 run out 与 run out of 的用法区别 【一句话辨异】We ran out of food. （我们吃完了食物。） / Our food ran out. （我们的食物吃完了。） 【错因辨析】 1. run out of + 宾语：主语通常是人，意为“（某人）用完／耗尽某物”，是及物用法。 2. run out：主语通常是物（时间、食物、钱等），意为“（某物）被用完”，是不及物用法，无被动语态。 · ✅ Our time is running out. ❌ Our time is being run out. 3. 同义短语：use up（及物，可用于被动）；give out（不及物，表“用完、耗尽”）。 【对点训练】 Unluckily, their water ______ before the rescue team arrived. A. ran out B. ran out of C. was run out D. was run out of 【答案】A 【解析】本句主语是 water（物），且其后没有宾语，用不及物短语 run out，意为“被用完”，无被动语态，故选 A。若主语是人且后接宾语，则用 run out of。 易错点05 the moment 作连词，引导时间状语从句 【一句话辨异】The moment the ground began to shake, we rushed out of the classroom. 地面一开始摇晃，我们就冲出了教室。 【错因辨析】 1. the moment（以及 the minute / the instant / the second）可直接作连词，意为“一……就……”，相当于 as soon as，后接从句，不再加 when。 · ✅ The moment he arrived, it began to rain. ❌ The moment when he arrived ... 2. 也可用 immediately / directly / instantly 作连词，表“一……就……”。 3. 注意区分：at the moment（此刻，目前），for the moment（暂时），for a moment（一会儿）——均为介词短语，不能引导从句。 【对点训练】 ______ the earthquake started, all the students took shelter under their desks. A. The moment B. The moment when C. At the moment D. For the moment 【答案】A 【解析】空格后是一个完整的句子 the earthquake started，需连词引导时间状语从句；the moment 可直接作连词，意为“一……就……”，故选 A。B 项多加了 when；C、D 为介词短语，不能引导从句。 易错点06 pick up 的多义辨析（尤其“营救、搭救”） 【一句话辨异】In the end, a boat picked me up. 最后，一艘船把我救了起来。 【错因辨析】 1. pick up 在本单元意为“营救，搭救”（= rescue / save），是 Lesson 1 的关键动词短语。 · The survivors were picked up by fishing boats from a nearby village. 2. pick up 的其他常见含义：①捡起；②（用车）接人；③（偶然）学会；④（身体、生意）好转；⑤收听、接收（信号）。 3. 宾语是代词时须放在 pick 与 up 之间：pick me up（❌ pick up me）。 【对点训练】 After the ship sank, the passengers ______ by a passing fishing boat. A. picked up B. were picked up C. had picked up D. picking up 【答案】B 【解析】passengers 与 pick up 之间为被动关系（“被救起”），且句子叙述过去的事，用一般过去时的被动语态 were picked up，故选 B。 易错点07 break down 的多义辨析 【一句话辨异】On my way to the station my car broke down, so I had to call vehicle rescue service. 在去车站的路上我的车抛锚了，只好呼叫车辆救援服务。 【错因辨析】 1. break down 常见含义：①（机器、车辆）出故障，抛锚；②（身体、精神）垮掉；③（谈判、计划）失败；④（物质）分解。 His car broke down on the half way.（车抛锚） He broke down and wept when he heard the news.（精神崩溃） 2. 辨析：break up 意为“打碎；解散；分手”；break out 意为“（战争、火灾、疾病）爆发”；break in 意为“闯入；插嘴”。 3. 作“出故障、抛锚”时无被动语态。 【对点训练】 He arrived late because his car ______ on the half way. A. broke out B. broke up C. broke down D. broke in 【答案】C 【解析】由 arrived late 可知车“出故障／抛锚”，用 break down；break out 表“爆发”，break up 表“打碎／解散”，break in 表“闯入／插嘴”，故选 C。主句为过去时，此处用过去式 broke down。 Unit 5 Humans and Nature 单元练习（教师版） 北师大版高中英语必修第二册 · 主题语境：人与自然——自然灾害与防范 · 语法重点：关系副词引导的定语从句 一、默写重点词组 A. 英译汉 1. turn one's back on ____________________ 2. on the edge of ____________________ 3. all at once ____________________ 4. breathe in ____________________ 5. under pressure ____________________ 6. break down ____________________ 7. fail to do ____________________ 8. the total area of ____________________ 9. be based on ____________________ 10. hold on ____________________ 11. as a result ____________________ 12. tell a story ____________________ 13. be known as ____________________ 14. come back from ____________________ 15. at the bottom of ____________________ 16. be unable to do ____________________ B. 汉译英 1. 取得进步 ____________________ 2. 朝……的方向 ____________________ 3. 以高速（行驶） ____________________ 4. 用尽 ____________________ 5. 对……好奇 ____________________ 6. 赢得比赛 ____________________ 7. 为……做准备 ____________________ 8. 被……所覆盖 ____________________ 9. 在……方面有困难 ____________________ 10. 过了一会儿 ____________________ 11. 利用，使用 ____________________ 12. 自然灾害 ____________________ 13. 远离 ____________________ 14. 专业救援队 ____________________ 15. 继续 ____________________ 16. 在……之前 ____________________ 二、词汇运用（用括号内单词的适当形式填空） 1. The plane crashed into the sea, and there was no ________. (survive) 2. It was the most ________ experience of my life. (frighten) 3. We waited for news with a growing sense of ________. (anxious) 4. She says they're all ________ and the business is too small for them as it is. (ambition) 5. He was rewarded a medal for his ________ in the battle. (brave) 6. He's devoted his whole life to the ________ of the rare animals. (protect) 7. With so many problems to solve, I feel quite at a ________. (lose) 8. No athlete would dream of entering a big race without enough ________. (prepare) 9. Bravery, courage, ________ — all these are learnable skills. (honest) 10. It is true that during their ________ they often faced difficulties and dangers of nature. (explore) 三、重点句型（理解结构与翻译） 1. My two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going and got more fish than others. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. I began to think how amazing a thing it was to die in such a way, and how wonderful it was to see the power of nature. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. The waves soon carried me to an area where the other fishermen were. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Then came the total darkness of the polar winter. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 四、课文语法填空（根据 Lesson 1 A Sea Story 课文内容填空，每空一词） About three years ago, something terrible 1. ________ me. Those six hours of terrible experience has broken my body and soul. One day, my brothers and I were coming back from the islands, our boat full of fish. 2. ________, the sky was covered with dark clouds and in less than a minute we were in a terrible storm. A huge wave covered our boat and my younger brother 3. ________ the sea. My elder brother put his mouth close to my ear, and 4. ________ the terrifying word "Moskoe-strom!" We went round and round, nearer and nearer to the 5. ________ of the whirlpool. After a while, I made three important 6. ________. Based on what I had found, I tied myself to a barrel to help me float. As you see, I did escape. Some time after I left the boat, with my brother in it, it 7. ________ into the bottom of the whirlpool. Then it became less 8. ________. In the end, a boat 9. ________. The fishermen were my old friends, but they were 10. ________ me. 五、关系副词专练（用恰当的关系词填空） 1. I still live in the place ________ I was born. 2. It is a challenging job ________ you are doing something serious but interesting. 3. It also keeps a record of the date ________ they will travel. 4. John has been unwell, and this may be the reason ________ he lost the match. 5. This is the reason ________ he gave us. 6. This is the school ________ we built last year. 7. I'll never forget the day ________ I won the first prize in the 100-metre race in school. 8. Many countries are setting up national parks ________ animals and plants can be protected. 9. We went through the period ________ communications were quite difficult in rural areas. 10. Winter is the time of a year ________ days are short and nights are long. 六、翻译句子（运用本单元词汇与关系副词引导的定语从句） 1. 我将永远不会忘记我参军的那一天。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. 这是我两年前居住的房子。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 他迟到是因为他睡过头了。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. 这是我妈妈工作的医院。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. 我仍然记得我们一起在农场劳动的日子。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 七、单元写作训练 假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。学校安全教育周正在征集英文版《灾难逃生手册》稿件。请你以地震为例写一篇短文投稿，要求包含：地震的危害、逃生与自救的具体方法、一条重要警示。词数 100 左右。 【评分要点】 要点齐全（5 分）：灾难危害说明、科学原理、逃生步骤（不少于 3 条）、注意事项、呼救或互助。 语言准确（10 分）：关系副词引导的定语从句、the moment 引导的时间状语从句、祈使句、risk doing、run out of、take shelter 等本单元结构的正确使用。 语篇连贯（5 分）：恰当使用 first / then / besides / however / in addition 等衔接词，条理清晰，指令明确。 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____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 5 Humans and Nature 词汇 一、阅读词汇： 1. wave n. 海浪，波涛 2. horrible adj. 可怕的，吓人的，令人恐惧的 3. poetry n. 诗歌；作诗的艺术 4. extent n. 面积；长度；范围；程度 5. frightened adj. 受惊的，害怕的 6. file n. 档案，卷宗 7. edge n. 边缘 8. curious adj. 好奇的 9. soul n. 灵魂 10. tube n. 圆管，管子；（伦敦）地铁 11. observation n. 观察，观测 12. process n. 过程，进程 13. suffering n.（肉体或精神上的）痛苦，折磨 14. loss n. 丧失；死亡 15. site n. 场所，地点 16. duty n. 职责，义务；责任 17. lamp n. 灯 18. battle n. 较量，竞争；斗争，战斗 19. injury n. 伤害，损伤，损害 20. dust n. 灰尘，尘埃 21. vehicle n. 车辆，交通工具 22. operation n. 行动；手术；操作 23. conduct vt. 实施，进行；指挥；举止 24. breathe vi./vt. 呼吸 25. interrupt vt./vi. 打断，打扰 26. whirlpool n. 漩涡 27. barrel n. 桶 28. magnitude n.（地震）震级；巨大 29. rubble n. 瓦砾，碎石 30. trailer n. 拖车；活动房屋 二、写作词汇： 1. survive vt./vi. 幸存，活下来（survive the earthquake 在地震中幸存） 2. survivor n. 幸存者（the survivors of the disaster） 3. escape vi./vt. 逃脱，逃离（escape from 从……逃脱） 4. trap vt. 困住，使陷于危险（be trapped under buildings） 5. rescue vt./n. 营救，救援（rescue teams 救援队） 6. attempt n./vt. 努力，尝试（attempt to do 试图做） 7. measure vt./n. 测量；措施（take measures to do 采取措施） 8. prove vt. 证明，证实（prove (to be) + n./adj.） 9. damage n./vt. 损害，损坏（cause damage to 对……造成损害） 10. shelter n./vt. 庇护所；保护（seek shelter 寻求庇护） 11. shock n./vt. 震惊；使震惊（be shocked at 对……感到震惊） 12. destroy vt. 摧毁，毁坏（be destroyed 被摧毁） 13. disaster n. 灾难（natural disaster 自然灾害） 14. earthquake n. 地震 15. hurricane n. 飓风 16. tornado n. 龙卷风 17. typhoon n. 台风 18. flood n./vt. 洪水；淹没（be flooded with 被……淹没） 19. drought n. 干旱（continuous droughts 持续的干旱） 20. volcano n. 火山（复数 volcanoes） 21. erupt vi.（火山）爆发，喷发 22. eruption n. 喷发（volcanic eruption 火山喷发） 23. tsunami n. 海啸 24. strike vt./vi.（灾难、疾病）袭击（struck / struck） 25. shake vi./vt. 震动，摇动（shook / shaken） 26. bury vt. 埋葬；掩埋（be buried in ruins 被埋在废墟下） 27. injure vt. 伤害，使受伤（the injured 伤者） 28. harm n./vt. 伤害，损害（do harm to 对……有害） 29. protection n. 保护（environmental protection 环境保护） 30. danger n. 危险（in danger 处于危险中） 31. suffer vi./vt. 遭受（suffer from 遭受……痛苦） 32. death n. 死亡（dead adj.；deadly adj. 致命的） 33. brave adj. 勇敢的（bravely adv.；bravery n.） 34. courage n. 勇气（have the courage to do） 35. curious adj. 好奇的（be curious about 对……好奇） 36. explore vt. 探索（explore the unknown world） 37. prepare vt./vi. 准备（prepare for 为……做准备） 38. struggle vi./n. 挣扎，斗争（struggle to one's feet） 39. calm adj./vt. 镇静的；使平静（keep calm 保持镇静） 40. terrified adj. 感到恐惧的（terrifying 令人恐惧的） 41. mysterious adj. 神秘的（mystery n. 奥秘） 42. powerful adj. 强大的（the power of nature 自然的力量） 43. warn vt. 警告（warn sb. of/about sth.） 44. avoid vt. 避免（avoid doing 避免做） 45. reduce vt. 减少（reduce suffering and loss） 46. increase vt./vi. 增加，增长 47. cause vt./n. 造成；起因（cause damage 造成损害） 48. supply n./vt. 供应，提供（supply sb. with sth.） 49. rebuild vt. 重建（rebuild one's home 重建家园） 50. anxious adj. 焦虑的，担忧的（be anxious about） 三、词汇变形： 1. survive（动词，幸存，活下来）→survival（名词，幸存，存活）→survivor（名词，幸存者） 2. frighten（动词，使惊恐）→frightened（形容词，受惊的）→frightening（形容词，令人恐惧的） 3. horror（名词，恐惧，恐怖）→horrible（形容词，可怕的）→horribly（副词，可怕地） 4. curious（形容词，好奇的）→curiosity（名词，好奇心）→curiously（副词，好奇地） 5. observe（动词，观察，注意到）→observation（名词，观察）→observer（名词，观察者） 6. equal（形容词，相等的；动词，等于）→equality（名词，平等）→equally（副词，平等地） 7. lose（动词，丢失，丧失）→loss（名词，丧失，亏损）→lost（形容词，丢失的，迷路的） 8. measure（动词，测量；名词，措施）→measurement（名词，测量，尺寸） 9. operate（动词，运转，动手术）→operation（名词，行动，手术）→operator（名词，操作人员） 10. suffer（动词，遭受，受苦）→suffering（名词，痛苦，折磨）→sufferer（名词，受难者） 11. protect（动词，保护）→protection（名词，保护）→protective（形容词，保护性的） 12. breathe（动词，呼吸）→breath（名词，呼吸）→breathless（形容词，气喘吁吁的） 13. die（动词，死）→death（名词，死亡）→dead（形容词，死的）→deadly（形容词，致命的） 14. prove（动词，证明，证实）→proof（名词，证据，证明） 15. shock（动词/名词，使震惊；震惊）→shocked（形容词，感到震惊的）→shocking（形容词，令人震惊的） 16. destroy（动词，摧毁，毁坏）→destruction（名词，破坏）→destructive（形容词，破坏性的） 17. injure（动词，伤害，使受伤）→injury（名词，伤害，损伤）→injured（形容词，受伤的） 18. explore（动词，探索）→exploration（名词，探索）→explorer（名词，探险者） 19. prepare（动词，准备）→preparation（名词，准备）→prepared（形容词，有准备的） 20. brave（形容词，勇敢的）→bravery（名词，勇气）→bravely（副词，勇敢地） 四、拓展词汇 1. tsunami n. 海啸 2. avalanche n. 雪崩 3. landslide n. 山体滑坡，塌方 landslide = land + slide 合成词 4. aftershock n.（地震的）余震 5. evacuation n. 疏散，撤离 evacuate v. 疏散 6. magnitude n.（地震）震级 a 7.8 magnitude earthquake 7.8 级地震 7. debris n. 碎片，残骸 8. first aid n. 急救 9. emergency n. 紧急情况，突发事件 emergency shelter 应急避难所 10. carbon monoxide n. 一氧化碳（缩写 CO） 11. wildfire n. 野火 12. heatwave n. 热浪 13. blizzard n. 暴风雪 14. famine n. 饥荒 15. sandstorm n. 沙尘暴 16. storm surge n. 风暴潮 17. climate change n. 气候变化 18. renewable energy n. 可再生能源 19. sustainable adj. 可持续的 sustainable development 可持续发展 20. drought-stricken adj. 遭受干旱的 五、熟词生义 1. wave：熟义=挥手；招手；生义=海浪，波涛（名词，A huge wave covered our boat. 巨浪淹没了我们的船） 2. equal：熟义=相等的；平等的；生义=等于（动词，Two plus one equals three.）；胜任的（be equal to the task） 3. escape：熟义=逃跑；逃走；生义=避开，避免（动词，escape punishment 免于惩罚；escape death 死里逃生） 4. trap：熟义=陷阱；夹子；生义=困住，使陷于危险（动词，be trapped under buildings 被困在建筑物下） 5. attempt：熟义=企图（名词）；生义=努力，尝试（动词，attempt to do 试图做某事） 6. measure：熟义=测量，度量（动词）；生义=措施，办法（名词，take measures to do 采取措施） 7. operation：熟义=手术；生义=行动，运作，操作（rescue operations 救援行动） 8. conduct：熟义=举止，行为（名词）；生义=实施，进行，指挥（动词，conduct rescue attempts 实施救援） 9. break down：熟义=打破；打碎；生义=出故障，抛锚（My car broke down.）；（身体/精神）垮掉；分解 10. run out (of)：熟义=跑出去；生义=用完，耗尽（We ran out of food. 我们的食物吃完了） 11. pick up：熟义=捡起，拾起；生义=营救，搭救（A boat picked me up.）；接人；学会；好转 12. cover：熟义=覆盖，遮盖；生义=报道（cover the event）；行走（路程）；足以支付 13. shock：熟义=震惊，吃惊（名词）；生义=休克（die of shock 死于休克）；冲击，撞击 14. loss：熟义=丢失，丧失；生义=死亡，丧生（the loss of life 生命损失）；亏损 15. fail to do：熟义=失败；生义=未能做成（He failed to win the race. 他没能赢得比赛） 16. carry on：熟义=携带；生义=继续，坚持（carry on with the work 继续工作） 17. hold on：熟义=抓住，握住；生义=坚持住，挺住（hold on to the barrel）；别挂断（电话） 18. go over：熟义=走过去；生义=仔细检查；复习（go over the safety plan 检查安全预案） 19. the moment：熟义=那一刻；生义=一……就……（连词，The moment he arrived, ... 他一到达就……） 20. at one time：熟义=在某个时候；生义=曾经，一度；同时（At one time, there were 200 cattle.） 写作 句型 句式1 出处： Lesson 1 · A Sea Story 原句： My two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going and got more fish than others. 结构分析： · 主句：My two brothers and I were coming back from the islands · where 引导定语从句：where we often risked going and got more fish than others（修饰 the islands） · 从句中 and 连接两个并列谓语：risked going 与 got · 核心词块：risk doing sth.（冒险做某事）；more ... than others（比别人更多的……） · 整体为"主句 + where 引导的定语从句"结构，适用于在叙述中补充说明某一地点的背景信息，是记叙文开篇交代场景的常用写法。 译文： 我和两个兄弟正从那些岛屿返回——我们常常冒险去那里，捕到的鱼也比别人多。 句式2 出处： Lesson 1 · A Sea Story 原句： I began to think how amazing a thing it was to die in such a way, and how wonderful it was to see the power of nature. 结构分析： · 主句：I began to think · 两个由 and 连接的 how 引导的感叹式宾语从句：how amazing a thing it was ... 与 how wonderful it was ... · it 为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式 to die in such a way / to see the power of nature · 核心词块：begin to think（开始思考）；in such a way（以这样的方式）；the power of nature（自然的力量） · 整体为"主句 + 两个并列的感叹式宾语从句"结构，适用于描写人物面对重大事件时的心理活动，是记叙文抒情议论的高分句式。 译文： 我开始思考：以这样的方式死去是一件多么不可思议的事，而目睹自然的力量又是多么美妙。 句式3 出处： Lesson 1 · A Sea Story 原句： The reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. 结构分析： · 主语：The reason · why 引导定语从句：why I'm here to tell the story（修饰 the reason，从句成分完整） · 系动词 is + that 引导的表语从句：that I made the right decision · 核心词块：the reason why ... is that ...（……的原因是……）；make the right decision（做出正确的决定） · 整体为"主语 + why 定语从句 + that 表语从句"结构，是说明原因、点明主旨的经典句式，适用于记叙文结尾揭示主题或议论文立论。 译文： 我之所以能在这里讲述这个故事，是因为我做出了正确的决定。 句式4 出处： Lesson 3 · Race to the Pole 原句： Then came the total darkness of the polar winter. 结构分析： · 完全倒装句：副词 Then 置于句首，主语 the total darkness of the polar winter 较长，谓语 came 提到主语之前 · 还原为正常语序：The total darkness of the polar winter came then. · 核心词块：the total darkness（彻底的黑暗）；the polar winter（极地冬季） · 整体为"副词 + 谓语 + 主语"的完全倒装结构，适用于描写环境突变、营造紧张氛围，比正常语序更具画面感与文学性。 译文： 接着，极地冬季那彻底的黑暗降临了。 句式5 出处： Lesson 3 · Race to the Pole 原句： Though we tried to stop him, we knew that it was the act of a brave man and an English gentleman. 结构分析： · Though 引导让步状语从句：Though we tried to stop him · 主句：we knew · that 引导宾语从句：that it was the act of a brave man and an English gentleman · 核心词块：try to stop sb.（试图阻止某人）；the act of a brave man（一位勇士的行为） · 整体为"让步状语从句 + 主句 + 宾语从句"结构，适用于先承认某种行为表面上的不妥，再肯定其内在品质，是人物评价类写作的常用句式。 译文： 尽管我们试图阻止他，但我们知道，那是一位勇士、一位英国绅士的行为。 语法 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词引导的定语从句用来修饰表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语（即关系词在从句中作状语）时，要用关系副词引导。 关系副词引导的定语从句的构成是：先行词（表示时间／地点／reason）+ 关系副词（when / where / why）+ 定语从句。 难点提示： 1. 关系副词的基本结构 when：先行词为表示时间的词（day, time, moment, occasion, period 等），在从句中作时间状语，相当于 at / in / on / during which where：先行词为表示地点的词（place, house, area, town, site, park 等），在从句中作地点状语，相当于 in / at / on / under which why：先行词为 reason，在从句中作原因状语，相当于 for which 被动关系：定语从句若为被动语态，关系副词的用法不变，如：the park where animals and plants can be protected 2. 使用关系副词，"先行词"有时是一个具体的时间、地点名词（如例1），但在更多情况下先行词是表示抽象场合、时期或情形的词（如例2、例3）。 例1：I'll never forget the day when I won the first prize in the 100-metre race. （day 为具体的时间名词） 例2：It is a challenging job where you are doing something serious but interesting. （job 表抽象"场合"） 例3：We went through the period when communications were quite difficult in rural areas. （period 表抽象的"时期"） 3. 关系副词与"介词 + 关系代词"可以互换，介词由从句中的搭配决定。比较下列句子： She lost the pen for which she had paid twenty dollars. （pay ... for ...，介词用 for） She lost the pen on which she had spent twenty dollars. （spend ... on ...，介词用 on） 4. 关系代词和关系副词可以用在相似的句子中，区分的关键是看从句缺少的成分。比较下列句子： The child often goes to the store which / that​ sells all kinds of toys. （把 the store 放回从句，从句成立，缺主语 → 关系代词） The child often goes to the store where​ all kinds of toys are sold. （把 the store 放回从句，从句不成立，成分已完整 → 关系副词） 5. 同一个先行词 reason，从句成分不同，关系词也不同。比较下列句子： This is the reason why​ he didn't go to school yesterday. （从句 he didn't go to school 完整 → 关系副词 why） This is the reason that / which​ he gave us. （gave us 缺宾语 → 关系代词 that / which，可省略） 补充说明（对应难点提示 1 的三种关系副词，教师讲解时可展开）： 关系副词 先行词 在从句中作 等价于 例句 when 表示时间的词 时间状语 at / in / on / during which That was the day when it took only six hours to break my body and soul. where 表示地点的词 地点状语 in / at / on / under which ...coming back from the islands where we often risked going. why reason 原因状语 for which The reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. 判断口诀：把先行词放回定语从句——从句缺主语、宾语、表语就用关系代词（which / that / who / whom / whose）；从句成分完整就用关系副词（when / where / why）或"介词 + 关系代词"。 写作 灾难逃生手册（应用文） 题目 假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。学校安全教育周正在征集英文版《灾难逃生手册》稿件。请你以地震为例写一篇短文投稿，内容包括： 1. 地震的危害； 2. 逃生与自救的具体方法； 3. 一条重要警示。 词数 100 左右。 【参考范文】 Dear Editor, I'm writing to contribute a passage to the Disaster Escape Manual. An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes a city without any warning. Knowing what to do at that moment can save your life. The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong desk. Hold on to its legs until the shaking stops. If you are outdoors, move to an open area away from buildings and power lines. Should you be trapped, do not shout all the time; instead, tap on a pipe or a wall so that rescue workers can locate you. In preparation for an emergency, always keep an emergency kit at home, which contains water, food, a flashlight and a first-aid box. Remember: never use the lift when an earthquake happens. The right decision made at the right moment is the key to survival. Yours, Li Hua 【导语】 本文是一篇灾难逃生手册类的应用文投稿。作者以李华的身份向校刊投稿，开篇点明地震的突发性与破坏力，第二段按"室内—户外—被困"三种情形给出具体逃生与自救步骤，第三段补充事前准备，末段以一条重要警示收束并升华主题。全文以祈使句和第二人称为主，指令清晰、条理分明，覆盖全部写作要点。 【详解】 1. I'm writing to contribute a passage to the Disaster Escape Manual. An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes a city without any warning. 投稿类应用文的标准开头句式 I'm writing to ... 直接说明写信目的；which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 disasters，补充说明地震"毫无预警地袭击城市"的特点；strike 在此为"熟词生义"用法（（灾难、疾病）袭击），比 hit 更正式。 2. The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong desk. the moment 直接作连词引导时间状语从句，意为"一……就……"，相当于 as soon as，是本单元重点词组；主句用祈使句 keep calm and take shelter 给出指令，语气果断、指令明确，是逃生指南的标志性写法。补充规范表达建议：也可用 As soon as 或 Immediately 替换，但 the moment 更简洁地道。 3. If you are outdoors, move to an open area away from buildings and power lines. if 引导条件状语从句 + 祈使句主句，与上句形成"室内 vs 户外"的并列对照，使逃生步骤覆盖不同场景；away from 意为"远离"，准确传达"避开建筑物与电线"这一关键安全距离。 4. Should you be trapped, do not shout all the time; instead, tap on a pipe or a wall so that rescue workers can locate you. Should you be trapped 为条件状语从句的倒装省略形式（= If you should be trapped），是本单元"被困"情境下的高分表达；so that 引导目的状语从句，说明敲击管道的目的；instead 作副词连接前后两个相反的做法（不要一直喊叫，而要敲击），逻辑转折自然。 5. The right decision made at the right moment is the key to survival. 过去分词短语 made at the right moment 作后置定语，修饰 decision，相当于定语从句 which is made at the right moment，使表达简洁凝练；本句呼应单元核心句 "The reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision"，同时升华主题——正确的决定是生存的关键，是结尾段的点睛之笔。 【点睛】 ① 要点齐全，逻辑清晰，依次覆盖"灾难危害—室内逃生—户外撤离—被困自救—事前准备—重要警示"六项内容； ② 灵活运用 which 引导的非限制性定语从句、the moment 引导的时间状语从句、Should 倒装条件句、so that 目的状语从句、过去分词作定语等本单元核心语法结构，句式丰富而不啰嗦； ③ 语体把握得当：以祈使句和第二人称为主，指令清晰、可操作性强，符合"逃生手册"的功能定位；同时用 I'm writing to ...、Dear Editor / Yours 保持投稿的正式与礼貌； ④ 积累短语：take shelter 躲避；keep calm 保持镇静；the moment 一……就……；run out of 用完；in preparation for 为……做准备；be trapped in 被困在……；take measures 采取措施；first aid 急救；escape from 从……逃脱；at the bottom of 在……底部。 一、知识点精讲 1. survive 教材原句：No one survived the car crash. 参考译文：没有人在这起车祸中幸存。 【双语释义】 ◆vt. / vi. to continue to live after an accident, war, or illness （事故、战争或疾病之后）幸存 ◆vi. to continue to live or exist, especially in spite of danger or hardship （尤指身处危险或艰难）活下来 ◆vt. to live or continue in spite of difficult circumstances 挺过，熬过 例句印证： Only 30% of the local people survived the earthquake. 当地只有 30% 的人在地震中幸存下来。 A lot of small companies didn't survive the financial crisis. 许多小公司没能挺过金融危机。 【积累拓展】 survive the storm / earthquake / crisis 在风暴／地震／危机中幸存 survive on sth. 靠……维持生命：survive on bread and water survival n. 幸存，存活；survivor n. 幸存者 2. equal 教材原句：...the second, between two objects of equal extent, round objects fell down more rapidly... 参考译文：……第二，在两个体积相等的物体之间，圆形的物体下落得更快…… 【双语释义】 ◆adj. the same in size, number, amount, value etc. as something else 相等的，相同的 ◆adj. having the same rights, opportunities etc. as everyone else 平等的 ◆adj. having the ability to deal with a problem successfully 能胜任的 ◆vt. to be exactly the same in size, number, or amount as something else 等于 例句印证： Our education system should provide equal opportunities for all children. 我们的教育制度应该为所有儿童提供平等的机会。 Two plus one equals three. 二加一等于三。 【积累拓展】 be equal to the task / challenge 胜任这项任务／挑战 of equal value / size 同等价值／大小；equal rights 平等权利 equality n. 平等；equally adv. 平等地 3. escape 教材原句：Without waiting, I jumped into the sea to try and escape. 参考译文：我不再等待，跳进海里试图逃生。 【双语释义】 ◆vi. / vt. to get away from an unpleasant or dangerous situation 逃脱，摆脱 ◆vi. to get away from a place where you have been kept as a prisoner 逃跑，逃走 ◆vt. to avoid something unpleasant or dangerous 避开，避免 例句印证： She managed to escape from the burning car. 她设法从燃烧的汽车中逃了出来。 Both drivers were lucky to escape injury. 两位司机都很幸运，没有受伤。 【积累拓展】 escape from + 地点 从……逃出；escape doing 避免做 escape punishment / death / injury 免于惩罚／死里逃生／未受伤 a narrow escape 九死一生 4. trap 教材原句：Rescue teams try to save people trapped under buildings. 参考译文：救援队设法营救被困在建筑物下的人。 【双语释义】 ◆vt. to prevent someone from escaping from somewhere, especially a dangerous place 困住，使陷于危险中 ◆n. a piece of equipment for catching animals 夹子，罗网，陷阱 ◆n. a clever trick used to catch someone 圈套，诡计 例句印证： Twenty miners were trapped underground. 二十名矿工被困在地下。 I didn't take the money, because I was worried it might be a trap. 我没有拿那笔钱，因为担心那可能是个圈套。 【积累拓展】 be trapped in / under 被困在……里／下：be trapped in the fire set a trap 设置陷阱；fall into a trap 落入圈套 过去式、过去分词双写 p：trapped 5. attempt 教材原句：What happens in rescue attempts? 参考译文：救援行动中会发生什么？ 【双语释义】 ◆n. an act of trying to do something, especially something difficult 努力，尝试，企图 ◆vt. to try to do something, especially something difficult 试图，尝试 例句印证： She passed her driving test at the first attempt. 她第一次尝试就通过了驾驶考试。 They attempted to rescue the trapped miners. 他们试图营救被困的矿工。 【积累拓展】 make an attempt to do / at doing 试图做某事 attempt to do sth. 试图做某事（比 try 正式） at the first attempt 第一次尝试；in an attempt to do 为了做…… 6. measure 教材原句：We should take measures to protect endangered animals. 参考译文：我们应该采取措施保护濒危动物。 【双语释义】 ◆vt. to find the size, length, or amount of something 估量，衡量，测量 ◆n. an action, especially an official one, that is intended to deal with a particular problem 措施，办法 例句印证： The rescue teams measured the depth of the water. 救援队测量了水深。 Emergency measures have been taken. 已采取紧急措施。 【积累拓展】 take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事 measurement n. 测量，尺寸；measurable adj. 可测量的 作“措施”时必须用复数 measures 7. rescue 教材原句：Rescue workers arrived at the scene two hours later. 参考译文：两小时后，救援人员赶到了现场。 【双语释义】 ◆vt. to save someone from a situation of danger or harm 营救，救援，搭救 ◆n. the act of saving someone from danger 营救，救援 例句印证： In the end, a boat picked me up. 最后，一艘船把我救了起来。（pick up 表“营救”） Rescue teams are digging deep through the remains to pull out survivors. 救援队正在废墟中深挖，以救出幸存者。 【积累拓展】 rescue sb. from 从……中救出某人；come to one's rescue 前来营救某人 rescue team / worker / operation 救援队／人员／行动 近义：save；pick up（搭救） 8. damage 教材原句：These chemicals have been found to cause serious environmental damage. 参考译文：已发现这些化学品会造成严重的环境破坏。 【双语释义】 ◆n. harm or injury that is caused to a person, place, or thing 损害，损坏，破坏 ◆vt. to cause harm or injury to something 损害，损坏 例句印证： The earthquake completely destroyed more than 250 buildings. 地震彻底摧毁了 250 多座建筑。（destroy 程度更重） Smoking can seriously damage your health. 吸烟会严重损害你的健康。 【积累拓展】 cause / do damage to 对……造成损害 damage 为不可数名词；damages 意为“赔偿金” 近义辨析：damage 部分损坏（可修复）；destroy 彻底毁坏（不可修复）；ruin 毁灭、使破败 9. shock 教材原句：We were shocked at the news that he passed away the night before. 参考译文：听到他前一天夜里去世的消息，我们都感到震惊。 【双语释义】 ◆vt. to surprise and upset someone 使震惊，使惊愕 ◆n. a strong feeling of surprise and upset caused by something unpleasant 震惊，惊愕 ◆n. a medical condition in which someone is very weak and ill 休克 例句印证： It was a shocking tragedy that happened in a very short time. 那是一场在极短时间内发生的、令人震惊的悲剧。 Two of his team died because of illness and shock. 他的两名队员因病和休克而死。 【积累拓展】 be shocked at / by 对……感到震惊；be a shock to sb. 对某人是个打击 shocked adj. 感到震惊的；shocking adj. 令人震惊的 electric shock 触电；die of shock 死于休克 10. shelter 教材原句：All of a sudden, it began to rain heavily and we hurried to seek shelter. 参考译文：突然下起了大雨，我们赶紧寻找避雨的地方。 【双语释义】 ◆n. a place where people are protected from danger or bad weather 庇护所，避难所，遮蔽处 ◆vt. to provide a place where someone is protected 保护，遮蔽 例句印证： Many people took shelter in the emergency shelters. 许多人在应急避难所里躲避。 The big tree sheltered us from the rain. 大树为我们遮雨。 【积累拓展】 seek / take shelter 寻求／躲避（风雨、危险） shelter from 躲避……：shelter from the storm emergency shelter 应急避难所；a shelter for the homeless 无家可归者收容所 二、核心语法精讲 定语从句（2）：关系副词 when / where / why 引导的定语从句 当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语（即关系词在从句中作状语）时，要用关系副词引导定语从句。关系副词用来修饰表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。 关系副词引导的定语从句的构成是：先行词（表示时间／地点／reason）+ 关系副词（when / where / why）+ 定语从句。 一、关系副词的基本结构 关系副词 先行词 在从句中作 等价于 教材原句 when 表示时间的词（day, time, moment, period, occasion 等） 时间状语 at / in / on / during + which That was the day when​ it took only six hours to break my body and soul. where 表示地点的词（place, house, area, island, site, park 等） 地点状语 in / at / on / under + which ...coming back from the islands where​ we often risked going... why reason 原因状语 for + which The reason why​ I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. 二、难点提示 1. 关系副词与"介词 + 关系代词"可以互换，介词由从句中的搭配决定。 · 例如（资料③）： · She lost the pen for which​ she had paid twenty dollars. （pay ... for ...，介词用 for） · She lost the pen on which​ she had spent twenty dollars. （spend ... on ...，介词用 on） · 换算：when = at / in / on / during + which；where = in / at / on / under + which；why = for + which 2. 关系代词和关系副词的区分，主要看从句中缺少的成分（资料③核心方法）。 判断方法：把先行词放到从句中—— · 从句如果正确（不缺成分）→ 用关系副词或"介词 + 关系代词"； · 从句如果缺少主语、宾语或表语 → 用关系代词（which / that / who / whom / whose）。 对比示例（资料③）： · The child often goes to the store which / that​ sells all kinds of toys. （把 the store 放回从句，从句成立 → 关系代词） · The child often goes to the store where​ all kinds of toys are sold. （把 the store 放回从句，从句不成立，成分已完整 → 关系副词） 同类易错对比（资料①）： · This is the reason why​ he didn't go to school yesterday. （从句完整 → why） · This is the reason that / which​ he gave us. （gave us 缺宾语 → 关系代词，可省略） 3. 先行词是地点名词，但从句缺主语或宾语时，仍用关系代词。 · This is the school that / which​ we built last year. （built 缺宾语 ❌ 不可用 where） · This is the school where​ my mother used to work many years ago. （从句完整 → where） 4. 先行词不一定是具体的时间、地点名词，也可以是表示抽象"场合、时期、情形"的词。 · It is a challenging job where​ you are doing something serious but interesting. （job 表抽象"场合"） · We went through the period when​ communications were quite difficult in rural areas. （period 表抽象的"时期"） 5. 关系副词引导定语从句时，从句中不能再出现与之重复的时间或地点状语，且不可再用 which 指代同一成分。 三、教材原句印证（资料②「语法观察」） 1. That was the day when​ it took only six hours to break my body and soul. 2. One day, my two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going and got more fish than others. 3. As you can see, the reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. 四、语法归纳（资料②） 当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中： · when​ = 表时间的介词（如 in, at, during 等）+ which · where​ = 表地点的介词（如 in, at, on, under 等）+ which · why​ = 表原因的介词（如 for）+ which 五、配套练习（含参考答案与解析） （一）用恰当的关系代词或关系副词填空（资料①） 1. I still live in the place ________ I was born. 2. It is a challenging job ________ you are doing something serious but interesting. 3. It also keeps a record of the date ________ they will travel. 4. John has been unwell, and this may be the reason ________ he lost the match. 5. This is the reason ________ he gave us. 6. This is the school ________ we built last year. 7. I'll never forget the day ________ I won the first prize in the 100-metre race in school. 8. Many countries are setting up national parks ________ animals and plants can be protected. 9. We went through the period ________ communications were quite difficult in rural areas. 10. The reason ________ he didn't go to school yesterday was that he was ill. 【答案】​ 1. where 2. where 3. when 4. why 5. that / which 6. that / which 7. when 8. where 9. when 10. why 【解析】 第 5、6 题：从句中 gave us、built 分别缺宾语，用关系代词 that / which（可省略）；其余各题从句成分完整，按先行词性质分别用 where / when / why。 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 项目 内容 话题内容 为自己的学校或社区编写一份灾难逃生手册（地震／火灾／洪水／台风等） 主题语境 人与自然——自然灾害与防范 文体类型 应用文／说明性手册（a survival / escape manual） 写作要点 ①灾难类型与危害说明；②科学原理（为什么这样做）；③逃生步骤（事前准备—灾中应对—灾后自救）；④注意事项与文化警示；⑤呼救与互助 语体特征 第二人称或祈使句为主，语言简洁、指令清晰、条理分明；多用序号、小标题、图示说明 2. 写作框架 段落／板块 功能 核心句式 标题 Title 点明灾难类型 How to Survive an Earthquake / A Survival Guide to Fires 第一部分：灾难简介 说明危害与原理 An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes without warning. 第二部分：事前准备 物资与预案 In preparation for a possible disaster, you should prepare an emergency kit containing water, food and a flashlight. 第三部分：灾中应对 具体逃生步骤 The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong table. 第四部分：灾后自救 呼救与互助 If you are trapped, do not shout all the time; tap on a pipe to make rescue workers find you. 第五部分：警示与提醒 常见误区 Never use the lift during a fire, and avoid staying close to windows. 3. 写作素材 3.1 开篇句（点明灾难与危害） Earthquakes are among the most destructive natural disasters that can strike a city without any warning. Every year, thousands of people lose their lives in natural disasters, most of which could be avoided with proper knowledge. The following is a brief guide to help you survive an earthquake. 3.2 科学原理句（本单元提分点） Most injuries in an earthquake are caused by falling objects rather than by the shaking itself. A triangle of life may be formed beside a strong piece of furniture, which can protect you from being crushed. Smoke rises, so you should stay low to the ground where the air is cleaner. 3.3 逃生步骤句（祈使句为主） Keep calm and do not run around in panic. Take shelter under a strong desk and hold on to its legs until the shaking stops. Stay away from windows, mirrors and anything that may fall. If you are outdoors, move to an open area away from buildings and power lines. Cover your nose and mouth with a wet cloth to avoid breathing in dangerous dust. If trapped, tap on a pipe or wall so that rescuers can locate you. Never use the lift when a fire breaks out; use the stairs instead. 3.4 准备与互助句 In preparation for an emergency, prepare a kit with water, food, a flashlight and a first-aid box. Learn basic first aid so that you can help the injured before rescuers arrive. Check on your neighbours, especially the elderly, who may have difficulty moving. 3.5 结尾警示句 Remember: the right decision made at the right moment can save your life. By following these tips, you will greatly increase your chances of survival. Stay calm, act wisely, and never give up hope. 3.6 常用短语积累 take measures 采取措施；in preparation for 为……做准备；keep/stay calm 保持镇静；take shelter 躲避；run out of 用完；break down 出故障；the moment 一……就……；at great speed 高速地；on the edge of 在……边缘；all at once 突然；have difficulty (in) doing 做……有困难；be trapped in 被困在……；escape from 从……逃脱；first aid 急救；emergency shelter 应急避难所 4. 范文背诵 题目：假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。学校安全教育周征集英文版《地震逃生手册》。请你为手册写一篇短文，内容包括：1. 地震的危害；2. 逃生与自救的具体方法；3. 一条重要警示。词数 100 左右。 How to Survive an Earthquake An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes a city without any warning. Knowing what to do at that moment can save your life. The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong desk. Hold on to its legs until the shaking stops. If you are outdoors, move to an open area away from buildings and power lines. Should you be trapped, do not shout all the time; instead, tap on a pipe or a wall so that rescue workers can locate you. In preparation for an emergency, always keep an emergency kit at home, which contains water, food, a flashlight and a first-aid box. Remember: never use the lift when an earthquake happens. The right decision made at the right moment is the key to survival. 背诵重点句（5 句核心）： 1. An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes without warning. （开篇点题 + 非限制性定语从句） 2. The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong desk. （the moment 引导时间状语从句） 3. Should you be trapped, do not shout all the time; instead, tap on a pipe so that rescuers can locate you. （倒装 + so that 目的状语从句） 4. In preparation for an emergency, always keep an emergency kit at home, which contains water, food and a flashlight. （in preparation for + 定语从句） 5. The right decision made at the right moment is the key to survival. （过去分词作定语，结尾升华） 5. 变式场景拓展 写作场景 核心内容 可迁移句式 地震逃生手册（本单元） 室内躲避、户外撤离、被困自救 take shelter under；the moment；if trapped 火灾逃生指南 低姿前行、湿布捂口鼻、不乘电梯 cover your nose；stay low；never use the lift 洪水／台风防范 提前撤离、储备物资、远离水域 in preparation for；move to higher ground 校园应急疏散演练通知 时间、路线、集合地点 be held；follow the route；gather on the playground 给外国笔友的灾害应对建议信 介绍中国学校的避震做法 I'm writing to share ...；my advice is to ... 灾后心理疏导短文 保持希望、互助重建 stay calm；rebuild our home；never give up hope 易错点01 关系副词 where 与关系代词 which / that 的误用 【一句话辨异】This is the house where I lived two years ago. （从句完整，用 where） / This is the house which / that we built last year. （built 缺宾语，用关系代词） 【错因辨析】 1. 判断方法：把先行词放回定语从句，看从句成分是否完整。 · 从句缺主语、宾语、表语 → 关系代词（which / that / who / whom / whose）； · 从句成分完整 → 关系副词（when / where / why）。 2. 先行词即使是地点名词（house / school / place），只要从句缺宾语，仍用 which / that。 · ✅ This is the school (which / that) we built last year. · ❌ This is the school where we built last year. 3. 关系副词 = 相应的介词 + which，可与“介词 + 关系代词”互换：where = in / at which；when = on / in which；why = for which。 【对点训练】 This is the factory ______ my father works, and it is the one ______ we visited last month. A. where; where B. that; that C. where; that D. that; where 【答案】C 【解析】第一空从句 my father works 成分完整，factory 作地点状语，用 where；第二空从句 we visited 缺宾语（visited 是及物动词），用关系代词 that，故选 C。 易错点02 the reason 后 why 与 that / which 的选择 【一句话辨异】The reason why he was late was that he overslept. （从句完整 → why） / The reason (that / which) he gave us was unbelievable. （gave 缺宾语 → that / which） 【错因辨析】 1. 若 reason 后的定语从句成分完整（不缺主语、宾语），用关系副词 why 或 for which。 2. 若 reason 在从句中作宾语（如 give a reason、explain the reason），用 that / which，且可省略。 3. 主句表语为 reason 时，表语从句用 that 引导而不用 because：The reason is that ...（❌ The reason is because ...）。 【对点训练】 The reason ______ he explained at the meeting was ______ he had missed the train. A. why; that B. that; because C. that; that D. why; because 【答案】C 【解析】第一空 explained 缺宾语（explain the reason），用关系代词 that；第二空为表语从句，主语是 the reason 时表语从句用 that 引导，不用 because，故选 C。 易错点03 risk 后接动名词，不接不定式 【一句话辨异】My two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going. 我和两个兄弟正从那些我们常常冒险前往的岛屿返回。 【错因辨析】 1. risk doing sth. 意为“冒险做某事”，risk 后只能接动名词（-ing），不接不定式。 · ✅ He risked losing his life to save the boy. ❌ He risked to lose his life. 2. 同类“只能接动名词”的动词：enjoy, avoid, escape, practise, mind, suggest, consider, finish, imagine, admit, deny。 3. risk 也可作名词：take a risk / take risks 冒险；at the risk of 冒着……的危险。 【对点训练】 The brave young man risked ______ into the burning building to save the trapped child. A. to go B. going C. go D. gone 【答案】B 【解析】risk 后接动名词作宾语，risk doing sth. 意为“冒险做某事”，故选 B。 易错点04 run out 与 run out of 的用法区别 【一句话辨异】We ran out of food. （我们吃完了食物。） / Our food ran out. （我们的食物吃完了。） 【错因辨析】 1. run out of + 宾语：主语通常是人，意为“（某人）用完／耗尽某物”，是及物用法。 2. run out：主语通常是物（时间、食物、钱等），意为“（某物）被用完”，是不及物用法，无被动语态。 · ✅ Our time is running out. ❌ Our time is being run out. 3. 同义短语：use up（及物，可用于被动）；give out（不及物，表“用完、耗尽”）。 【对点训练】 Unluckily, their water ______ before the rescue team arrived. A. ran out B. ran out of C. was run out D. was run out of 【答案】A 【解析】本句主语是 water（物），且其后没有宾语，用不及物短语 run out，意为“被用完”，无被动语态，故选 A。若主语是人且后接宾语，则用 run out of。 易错点05 the moment 作连词，引导时间状语从句 【一句话辨异】The moment the ground began to shake, we rushed out of the classroom. 地面一开始摇晃，我们就冲出了教室。 【错因辨析】 1. the moment（以及 the minute / the instant / the second）可直接作连词，意为“一……就……”，相当于 as soon as，后接从句，不再加 when。 · ✅ The moment he arrived, it began to rain. ❌ The moment when he arrived ... 2. 也可用 immediately / directly / instantly 作连词，表“一……就……”。 3. 注意区分：at the moment（此刻，目前），for the moment（暂时），for a moment（一会儿）——均为介词短语，不能引导从句。 【对点训练】 ______ the earthquake started, all the students took shelter under their desks. A. The moment B. The moment when C. At the moment D. For the moment 【答案】A 【解析】空格后是一个完整的句子 the earthquake started，需连词引导时间状语从句；the moment 可直接作连词，意为“一……就……”，故选 A。B 项多加了 when；C、D 为介词短语，不能引导从句。 易错点06 pick up 的多义辨析（尤其“营救、搭救”） 【一句话辨异】In the end, a boat picked me up. 最后，一艘船把我救了起来。 【错因辨析】 1. pick up 在本单元意为“营救，搭救”（= rescue / save），是 Lesson 1 的关键动词短语。 · The survivors were picked up by fishing boats from a nearby village. 2. pick up 的其他常见含义：①捡起；②（用车）接人；③（偶然）学会；④（身体、生意）好转；⑤收听、接收（信号）。 3. 宾语是代词时须放在 pick 与 up 之间：pick me up（❌ pick up me）。 【对点训练】 After the ship sank, the passengers ______ by a passing fishing boat. A. picked up B. were picked up C. had picked up D. picking up 【答案】B 【解析】passengers 与 pick up 之间为被动关系（“被救起”），且句子叙述过去的事，用一般过去时的被动语态 were picked up，故选 B。 易错点07 break down 的多义辨析 【一句话辨异】On my way to the station my car broke down, so I had to call vehicle rescue service. 在去车站的路上我的车抛锚了，只好呼叫车辆救援服务。 【错因辨析】 1. break down 常见含义：①（机器、车辆）出故障，抛锚；②（身体、精神）垮掉；③（谈判、计划）失败；④（物质）分解。 His car broke down on the half way.（车抛锚） He broke down and wept when he heard the news.（精神崩溃） 2. 辨析：break up 意为“打碎；解散；分手”；break out 意为“（战争、火灾、疾病）爆发”；break in 意为“闯入；插嘴”。 3. 作“出故障、抛锚”时无被动语态。 【对点训练】 He arrived late because his car ______ on the half way. A. broke out B. broke up C. broke down D. broke in 【答案】C 【解析】由 arrived late 可知车“出故障／抛锚”，用 break down；break out 表“爆发”，break up 表“打碎／解散”，break in 表“闯入／插嘴”，故选 C。主句为过去时，此处用过去式 broke down。 Unit 5 Humans and Nature 单元练习（教师版） 北师大版高中英语必修第二册 · 主题语境：人与自然——自然灾害与防范 · 语法重点：关系副词引导的定语从句 一、默写重点词组 A. 英译汉 1. turn one's back on ____________________ 2. on the edge of ____________________ 3. all at once ____________________ 4. breathe in ____________________ 5. under pressure ____________________ 6. break down ____________________ 7. fail to do ____________________ 8. the total area of ____________________ 9. be based on ____________________ 10. hold on ____________________ 11. as a result ____________________ 12. tell a story ____________________ 13. be known as ____________________ 14. come back from ____________________ 15. at the bottom of ____________________ 16. be unable to do ____________________ B. 汉译英 1. 取得进步 ____________________ 2. 朝……的方向 ____________________ 3. 以高速（行驶） ____________________ 4. 用尽 ____________________ 5. 对……好奇 ____________________ 6. 赢得比赛 ____________________ 7. 为……做准备 ____________________ 8. 被……所覆盖 ____________________ 9. 在……方面有困难 ____________________ 10. 过了一会儿 ____________________ 11. 利用，使用 ____________________ 12. 自然灾害 ____________________ 13. 远离 ____________________ 14. 专业救援队 ____________________ 15. 继续 ____________________ 16. 在……之前 ____________________ 【答案】 A. 1. 背弃，抛弃；不理睬 2. 在……边缘；（坏事）快要发生 3. 突然，忽然 4. 吸入 5. 在压力下 6. 出故障；垮掉；分解 7. 未能做成 8. ……的总面积 9. 以……为基础 10. 坚持住；别挂断 11. 结果，因此 12. 讲故事 13. 作为……而闻名 14. 从……返回 15. 在……底部 16. 不能做 B. 1. make progress 2. in the direction of 3. at great speed 4. run out (of) 5. be curious about 6. win the race / match 7. in preparation for / prepare for 8. be covered with 9. have difficulty (in) doing 10. after a while 11. make use of 12. natural disaster 13. stay / keep away from 14. professional rescue team 15. carry on 16. ahead of 二、词汇运用（用括号内单词的适当形式填空） 1. The plane crashed into the sea, and there was no ________. (survive) 2. It was the most ________ experience of my life. (frighten) 3. We waited for news with a growing sense of ________. (anxious) 4. She says they're all ________ and the business is too small for them as it is. (ambition) 5. He was rewarded a medal for his ________ in the battle. (brave) 6. He's devoted his whole life to the ________ of the rare animals. (protect) 7. With so many problems to solve, I feel quite at a ________. (lose) 8. No athlete would dream of entering a big race without enough ________. (prepare) 9. Bravery, courage, ________ — all these are learnable skills. (honest) 10. It is true that during their ________ they often faced difficulties and dangers of nature. (explore) 【答案】 1. survivor 2. frightening 3. anxiety 4. ambitious 5. bravery 6. protection 7. loss 8. preparation 9. honesty 10. exploration 【解析要点】 第 2 题：修饰 experience（事物），用 -ing 形容词 frightening（令人恐惧的）；若表示“（人）感到恐惧的”则用 frightened。 第 4 题：ambition → ambitious，注意 -ion 变为 -ious 的拼写变化。 第 7 题：at a loss 为固定搭配，意为“不知所措”，用 lose 的名词形式 loss。 第 9 题：honest → honesty，注意形容词变名词时去 e 加 y；副词为 honestly。 三、重点句型（理解结构与翻译） 1. My two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going and got more fish than others. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 我和两个兄弟正从那些岛屿返回——我们常常冒险去那里，捕到的鱼也比别人多。（where 引导定语从句 + risk doing） 2. I began to think how amazing a thing it was to die in such a way, and how wonderful it was to see the power of nature. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 我开始思考：以这样的方式死去是一件多么不可思议的事，而目睹自然的力量又是多么美妙。（两个并列的 how 引导的感叹式宾语从句；it 为形式主语） 3. The reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 我之所以能在这里讲述这个故事，是因为我做出了正确的决定。（why 引导定语从句 + that 引导表语从句） 4. The waves soon carried me to an area where the other fishermen were. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 海浪很快把我带到了其他渔民所在的区域。（where 引导定语从句） 5. Then came the total darkness of the polar winter. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 接着，极地冬季那彻底的黑暗降临了。（Then 置于句首引起的完全倒装句） 四、课文语法填空（根据 Lesson 1 A Sea Story 课文内容填空，每空一词） About three years ago, something terrible 1. ________ me. Those six hours of terrible experience has broken my body and soul. One day, my brothers and I were coming back from the islands, our boat full of fish. 2. ________, the sky was covered with dark clouds and in less than a minute we were in a terrible storm. A huge wave covered our boat and my younger brother 3. ________ the sea. My elder brother put his mouth close to my ear, and 4. ________ the terrifying word "Moskoe-strom!" We went round and round, nearer and nearer to the 5. ________ of the whirlpool. After a while, I made three important 6. ________. Based on what I had found, I tied myself to a barrel to help me float. As you see, I did escape. Some time after I left the boat, with my brother in it, it 7. ________ into the bottom of the whirlpool. Then it became less 8. ________. In the end, a boat 9. ________. The fishermen were my old friends, but they were 10. ________ me. 【答案】 1. happened to 2. All at once 3. fell into 4. cried out 5. edge 6. observations 7. sank 8. terrible / frightening（语义通顺、符合语境即可） 9. picked me up 10. unable to recognise 【解析要点】 第 1 题：sth. happens to sb. 为固定搭配，意为“某事发生在某人身上”。 第 6 题：make observations 意为“进行观察”，用 observe 的名词复数形式。 第 9 题：pick up 在本单元意为“营救，搭救”，代词宾语须放在 pick 与 up 之间。 五、关系副词专练（用恰当的关系词填空） 1. I still live in the place ________ I was born. 2. It is a challenging job ________ you are doing something serious but interesting. 3. It also keeps a record of the date ________ they will travel. 4. John has been unwell, and this may be the reason ________ he lost the match. 5. This is the reason ________ he gave us. 6. This is the school ________ we built last year. 7. I'll never forget the day ________ I won the first prize in the 100-metre race in school. 8. Many countries are setting up national parks ________ animals and plants can be protected. 9. We went through the period ________ communications were quite difficult in rural areas. 10. Winter is the time of a year ________ days are short and nights are long. 【答案】 1. where 2. where 3. when 4. why 5. that / which 6. that / which 7. when 8. where 9. when 10. when 【解析要点】 第 5、6 题：从句中 gave us、built 分别缺少宾语，用关系代词 that / which（可省略），不可用关系副词。 第 2 题：job 在此表抽象“场合”，从句成分完整，用 where。 第 9、10 题：period、time 表“时期”，从句成分完整，用 when。 判断口诀：把先行词放回从句——缺主语／宾语／表语用关系代词，成分完整用关系副词。 六、翻译句子（运用本单元词汇与关系副词引导的定语从句） 1. 我将永远不会忘记我参军的那一天。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. 这是我两年前居住的房子。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 他迟到是因为他睡过头了。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. 这是我妈妈工作的医院。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. 我仍然记得我们一起在农场劳动的日子。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 1. I'll never forget the day when I joined the army. 2. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 3. The reason why he was late is that he overslept. 4. This is the hospital where my mother works. 5. I still remember the days when we worked together on the farm. 七、单元写作训练 假定你是红星中学高一学生李华。学校安全教育周正在征集英文版《灾难逃生手册》稿件。请你以地震为例写一篇短文投稿，要求包含：地震的危害、逃生与自救的具体方法、一条重要警示。词数 100 左右。 【评分要点】 要点齐全（5 分）：灾难危害说明、科学原理、逃生步骤（不少于 3 条）、注意事项、呼救或互助。 语言准确（10 分）：关系副词引导的定语从句、the moment 引导的时间状语从句、祈使句、risk doing、run out of、take shelter 等本单元结构的正确使用。 语篇连贯（5 分）：恰当使用 first / then / besides / however / in addition 等衔接词，条理清晰，指令明确。 ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 参考范文 How to Survive an Earthquake An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes a city without any warning. Knowing what to do at that moment can save your life. The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong desk. Hold on to its legs until the shaking stops. If you are outdoors, move to an open area away from buildings and power lines. Should you be trapped, do not shout all the time; instead, tap on a pipe or a wall so that rescue workers can locate you. In preparation for an emergency, always keep an emergency kit at home, which contains water, food, a flashlight and a first-aid box. Remember: never use the lift when an earthquake happens. The right decision made at the right moment is the key to survival. （约 128 词） 得分评估（满分 20 分） 评分维度 对应内容 得分 要点齐全（5 分） 危害：the most destructive natural disasters, strikes without warning；步骤：keep calm / take shelter under a strong desk / move to an open area / tap on a pipe；准备：emergency kit；警示：never use the lift 5 分 语言准确（10 分） which 引导非限制性定语从句（两处）；the moment 引导时间状语从句；Should you be trapped 倒装条件句；so that 目的状语从句；过去分词 made at the right moment 作定语 10 分 语篇连贯（5 分） 按“危害 → 室内 → 户外 → 被困 → 准备 → 警示”推进；instead、In addition 式衔接；祈使句贯穿始终 5 分 总分：20 / 20 亮点句背诵（5 句核心） 1. An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often strikes without warning. （开篇点题 + 非限制性定语从句） 2. The moment the ground begins to shake, keep calm and take shelter under a strong desk. （the moment 引导时间状语从句 + 祈使句） 3. Should you be trapped, do not shout all the time; instead, tap on a pipe so that rescue workers can locate you. （倒装条件句 + so that 目的状语从句） 4. In preparation for an emergency, always keep an emergency kit at home, which contains water, food and a flashlight. （in preparation for + 定语从句） 5. The right decision made at the right moment is the key to survival. （过去分词作定语，结尾升华） 教学提示 文体意识是得分前提：“逃生手册”以祈使句和第二人称为主，指令必须具体可操作（躲在哪、抓什么、敲什么），避免写成空泛的议论。 语法落地是本单元重点：范文中 which 引导的定语从句、the moment 引导的时间状语从句均为本单元核心语法，讲评时可要求学生逐句标注。 should 倒装（Should you be trapped = If you should be trapped）属于高分表达，基础薄弱班级可先要求掌握 if 正常语序，再作提升要求。 词数控制：100–130 词为宜，四段式（危害／步骤／准备／警示）结构最稳妥。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $