精品解析：上海市上海中学2026-2027学年高三上学期英语练习6试题

上海市上海中学2026-2027学年高三上学期英语练习6  II. Grammar and Vocabulary  Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. Three years of research and nearly two million pounds went down the ______ when the sponsor pulled out at the last minute.A. draft      B. drain      C. drift      D. drought 2. It took the trainer two terms to ______ the basic safety rules into the new recruits, but accidents then fell by half.A. drive      B. drill      C. dump      D. drag 3. When the reporter raised the question of his expenses, the minister simply ______ it — he talked for two minutes and answered nothing.A. declined      B. ducked      C. dismissed      D. discussed 4. He waited two years in silence, and when the chance came he took it at once, determined finally to ______ the score.A. ease      B. even      C. eliminate      D. extend 5. The two candidates had almost identical qualifications, but her years of field experience gave her a decisive ______.A. effect      B. edge      C. expense      D. effort 6. Few expected the company to ______ from bankruptcy with its brand still intact.A. escape      B. emerge      C. expel      D. evolve 7. For years the inspectors privately ______ serious doubts about his account, yet said nothing. A. endured      B. entertained      C. exploited      D. enlightened 8. The essay is written in a deliberately ______ style, full of Latinate words and highly formal sentences. A. expressive B. elevated C. engaging D. exceptional 9. She has a remarkable ______ for languages — she picked up conversational Portuguese in a fortnight.A. fluency      B. facility      C. familiarity      D. flexibility 10. We advertised the post twice and interviewed for a week, but eventually we ______ — not one qualified candidate came forward.A. dropped a brick      B. drew a blank      C. ate humble pie      D. was at the end of our rope  Section B Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Odysseus: The Long Journey Home Odysseus, the cunning king of Ithaca, spent ten years fighting at Troy and another ten trying to return home. Driven by a deep desire to see his family, he faced countless dangers without losing his determination. Yet what makes the Odyssey so compelling is not merely its hero’s physical journey but the moral and psychological trials he ____11____ endure if he is to reach home. Having offended Poseidon, the god of the sea, Odysseus found his journey ____12____ (extend) far beyond the normal span of mortal travel. Unable to overcome the god’s wrath alone, he was forced to rely on the help of goddesses like Athena and Calypso, ____13____ interventions repeatedly changed the course of his voyage. While he longed for Ithaca, he also came close to yielding to the temptations of immortality and comfort, which tested his commitment to his mortal life. The poem asks whether a man can remain true to himself when every circumstance works ____14____ him. Facing impossible choices, Odysseus often had to decide between his own survival and the safety of his crew. ____15____distinguishes him from a mere adventurer is his willingness to suffer for the sake of returning to Penelope and Telemachus. Even though he was offered eternal youth, he chose to leave Calypso’s island, risking death rather than ____16____ (abandon) his humanity. Without the support of the gods, however, even the greatest hero would fail. Athena’s guidance was essential, ____17____ was the loyalty of his son Telemachus, who grew from a boy into a man during his father’s absence. By the time Odysseus finally reached Ithaca, he ____18____ (transform) by his suffering, yet his identity remained rooted in his love for his family. When Odysseus revealed himself to Telemachus, father and son joined forces against the suitors who had occupied the palace and pressed Penelope to remarry. The battle against the suitors ____19____ (win), Odysseus reclaimed his throne, proving that he was still capable of violence when it was necessary. The Odyssey endures because it speaks to something universal: the human longing for home, the pain of exile, and the courage required to face the unknown. ____20____ we read it as an adventure story or a meditation on identity, it reminds us that the longest journey is often the one that leads us back to ourselves. Having travelled through countless lands and survived countless trials, Odysseus proves that home is not merely a place but a state of being that must be earned.  Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. unique  B. technical  C. questionable  D. assurances  E. normalizing  AB. map AC. benefit  AD. gamed  AE. excluding  BC. established  BD. project The Frauds’ (骗子) Playbook From election debates to job interviews, language shapes how trustworthy other people appear to us. That power can foster healthy relationships, but it can also be abused to manipulate and deceive. To study this darker side, we turned to the corporate world. Our case was the most notorious of all: Enron, which collapsed in 2001 after systematically falsifying its accounts. Its traders ____21____ California’s newly deregulated power market, triggering one of America’s worst energy crises. All this required trust: traders had to win and keep the confidence of partners and regulators. The 2005 release of more than 500 recorded phone calls gave our team a rare record of those tactics. Combining discourse analysis with behavioral science, we identified a four-step “trust playbook”. Its first step was shared ideology: among close partners, traders relied on emotive “locker-room talk” — crude, intimate language ____22____ outsiders — that cemented bonds and set “us” against “them”. Psychologists call the result identification-based trust, and within such a tight in-group, ____23____ acts could be recast as innovative. Step two paired competence with a warmer quality. Traders leaned on difficult technical terms to ____24____ expertise, suggesting they knew what their partners did not. Then they wrapped this in warm ____25____ of mutual gain — “we don’t win unless you guys win”. These moves ____26____ onto what psychologists call the three ingredients of trustworthiness — ability, integrity and benevolence — all of which can be manufactured in language alone. Step three was confiding, the most powerful move of all. Each disclosure of damaging information deepened a shared secret, leaving both sides exposed and quietly ____27____ the wrongdoing. When suspicion surfaced, apologies were rare: traders denied, shifted the blame and made excuses, aiming to earn the ____28____ of the doubt. Their master stroke however, was reframing — conceding the facts while disputing what they meant, and shifting the dispute on to ____29____ ground, where they still had room to manipulate. None of this is ____30____ to Enron. The same moves run through influencers, scammers and chatbots, which is why learning to read the language of trust matters more than ever.  III. Reading Comprehension  Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. My children were playing a board game in a way that made no sense to me. They had pushed the rules aside and were arranging the tiles into an archipelago, using the wooden pieces as bridges. My first instinct was to fetch the rulebook and teach them how the game was ____31____ played, and perhaps work out how I might win. It took me a moment to see that the better ____32____ was to ask whether I could join them. What they were doing has a name. The French sociologist Roger Caillois called it paidia — free, spontaneous play with no winner and no ____33____. It sits at one end of a spectrum. At the other lies ludus, play governed by rules, and beyond that agôn, pure competition. All three belong to play, yet our culture increasingly recognizes only the last, and the whole spectrum threatens to ____34____ into a single point. ____35____ life has done much to bring this about. Sleep gets tracked, the morning run becomes a race against strangers on a fitness app, and language apps hand out badges for what used to be called curiosity. Even keeping a diary arrives with a(n) ____36____ score. The philosopher C. Thi Nguyen calls the result “value capture”: the game’s simplified, measurable values begin to ____37____ the real-world activity the game was supposed to serve. A streak (连续打卡纪录) is easier to ____38____ than a reason for learning. The metrics ate the meaning, and nobody noticed the meal. What is lost matters more than it sounds. Johan Huizinga argued that play is not ____39____ to civilization but generative of it — law, philosophy and poetry all grew out of it. D. W. Winnicott placed it in a “transitional space” between inner life and outer material, and held that creative perception is above all what makes life worth living. To be ____40____ play, then, is not simply to rest less; it is to live at second hand, inside somebody else’s imagination. None of this, however, means ____41____ competition. I run ultramarathons and have no quarrel with finishing lines. The trouble is one of ____42____: once competition is the only form of play we recognize, everything else is squeezed out, and anything without a scoreboard starts to look like a waste. My son, by contrast, spends afternoons hammering scrap metal into objects he gives away. Nothing is sold, nothing is ranked, and the very absence of measurement seems to ____43____ generosity. There is an old word for the virtue ____44____ Aristotle’s eutrapelia names the habit of playing well, which he took to be a requirement of a good life rather than a reward for having worked. It cannot be measured, only practiced: clumsily, often, usually on the floor. We do not simply need better games. We need more ____45____, and the patience to sit inside it without asking what it is for. 31. A. loosely      B. naturally      C. properly      D. skillfully 32. A. response      B. solution      C. intuition      D. instruction 33. A. reward      B. appeal      C. order      D. score 34. A. stretch      B. collapse      C. split      D. break 35. A. Modern      B. Digital      C. Competitive      D. Fulfilling 36. A. ultimate      B. quality      C. consistency      D. accuracy 37. A. mirror      B. facilitate      C. question      D. colonize 38. A. defend      B. record      C. employ      D. break 39. A. central      B. marginal      C. prior      D. inferior 40. A. cut off from      B. exposed to      C. set apart from      D. occupied with 41. A. calling for      B. bringing out      C. engaging in      D. giving up 42. A. fairness      B. measurement      C. proportion      D. equivalent 43. A. deserve      B. generate      C. discourage      D. exhaust 44. A. at risk      B. in particular      C. in essence      D. on trial 45. A. meaning      B. motivation      C. endurance      D. nothing  Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read. (A) In a hospital ward, a 39-year-old Black woman named Sheilah Miller was giving birth. Something was going wrong, and she said so — clearly, repeatedly, for more than ten hours. Her doctor, a white man, did not believe her. By the time he acted, she had lost a great deal of blood and suffered a stroke. Her baby lived, but she was left paralyzed from the neck down. Ms. Miller had something valuable to offer: knowledge of her own pain. It was refused. Philosophers now have a name for what she suffered: epistemic harm. “Epistemic” comes from the ancient Greek word for knowledge, and the American philosopher Mitch Woolery points out that seeking and giving knowledge is as essential to being human as breathing. To be harmed epistemically, then, is to be humiliated and degraded: to be treated not as a someone but as a something. The victim, Woolery writes, ceases to count as a rational human being and becomes instead an infant, an animal, or a piece of furniture — something to which nobody has to listen. Usually the harm takes the form of what Miranda Fricker has called “testimonial injustice”, which involves three steps. First, the hearer is prejudiced against the speaker because of who she is — her race, her gender, her accent. Second, because of that prejudice, he grants her less credibility than she is owed, though nothing justifies the discount. Third, she is thereby harmed as a knower. This is no rare event. Studies find clinicians quicker to doubt reports of pain from Black patients than from white ones. As one patient put it, doctors “just don’t believe us.” The bias can hide in a single word: in one patient’ s notes her pain “is” eight out of ten, while another merely “claims” that it is. What makes such cases hard is the law. A court can compensate Ms. Miller for her medical bills, her physical injuries and her emotional suffering. It will not compensate her for epistemic harm, because the law does not yet recognize that category of injury. And yet this harm lies upstream of the rest: had the doctor simply listened, the stroke might never have happened. As Woolery heard on his first day of law school, a right without a remedy is no right at all. That may change. Other injuries began the same way. The right to privacy existed only in an 1890 article before it became something one could sue over; post-traumatic stress had to be named in 1980 before courts awarded damages for it. Each was named first, then disseminated, then accepted. Testimonial injustice and epistemic harm now sit somewhere along that road. Miranda Fricker’s aims were to identify the harm, protest it and avoid it. To those, Woolery would add a fourth: remedy it. 46. The story of Sheilah Miller is told at the beginning of the passage mainly to ______. A. introduce a kind of harm that the legal system fails to recognize B. warn doctors against the consequences of medical negligence C. prove that Black patients receive worse hospital care than white patients D. call for stricter implementation of laws regarding medical issues 47. According to the passage, “testimonial injustice” consists of all the following EXCEPT ______. A. deep-rooted bias directed at the speaker’s identity B. an unjustified cut in the credibility the speaker is owed C. open rudeness or abuse voiced toward the speaker D. damage to the speaker’s standing as a knower 48. By quoting the saying “a right without a remedy is no right at all” (Paragraph 4), the author implies that ______. A. patients should take their doctors to court far more readily B. moral rights ultimately matter more than legal ones C. courts ought to create new categories of injury at once D. a harm that courts refuse to repair remains a right in name only 49. Which of the following best describes Mitch Woolery’s attitude towards epistemic harm? A. He regards it as a serious wrong that is moving towards a legal solution. B. He treats it as a major concern that patients often exaggerate in hospital. C. He doubts whether it can ever be defined clearly enough for legal action. D. He considers it less urgent than the physical injuries that may follow it. (B) OBJECT FILE Object Wood-and-wax notebook in an embossed leather case Date c. 1250–1350 Found A latrine in Paderborn, western Germany Size About that of a modern smartphone Pages Ten, written in Latin Now Being transcribed and conserved — a full year’s work It is one of archaeology’s great questions: why do so many interesting artefacts end up in toilets? In the case of a notebook discovered during excavations in Paderborn, a historic city in western Germany, the answer is simple. Its owner dropped it. The object itself is remarkable: a notebook that has survived for centuries. For the owner, the loss must have been painful; for archaeologists, the accident was a gift. Latrines provide ideal conditions for preserving objects made of organic materials. “This latrine was sealed airtight, and its extremely damp environment helped preserve the wood and wax of which the notebook is made,” explains Sveva Gai, the city archaeologist of Paderborn. The notebook was also kept in an embossed leather case, which shielded it further from decay. The notebook contains a couple of wax-covered pages. The writing on them has not yet been deciphered — transcribing the text and conserving the tablet will take a full year — but archaeologists have identified the language as Latin. Gai believes the owner probably belonged to the upper class: a merchant recording business transactions, or a clergyman or young monk attached to the monastery of St Peter and Paul nearby. Some of the sentences, she notes, look like writing exercises that could be erased, so that the tablet could be reused for information never meant to last. Together with the notebook, the team found torn pieces of silk, which may have served as toilet paper — further proof of the owner’s social standing. Apparently, ordinary paper simply would not do. The two finds sketch a small portrait of medieval daily life — and of a very bad day for one medieval reader. 50. According to the passage, the notebook ______. A. was found in a latrine in western Germany and is now on public display B. contains writing that will take a full year to identify and transcribe C. was made of wood and wax and measures about 40 centimeters across D. is 700-800 years old and offers a glimpse of medieval everyday life 51. According to the passage, what helped preserve the notebook? A. The dry air inside the latrine and the wax coating on its pages. B. The airtight seal of the latrine and the wet conditions inside it. C. The leather case alone, which kept the notebook away from water. D. The organic materials of which it is made, resisting decay naturally. 52. What can be inferred about the owner of the notebook? A. He could be a professional writer hired by the local church. B. He could be a wealthy merchant or a clergyman of high social status. C. He could be a travelling trader who could only afford ordinary paper. D. He could be a young monk who used the tablet to copy religious texts. (C) Deeply embedded in our ideals of justice is the belief that we ought to get what we deserve. Even in an unjust world, it remains a necessary illusion: unless our actions matter, we cannot summon the will to pursue anything. This is meritocracy’s (贤能制) promise: differences in standing are justified when they reflect effort or talent. Long before neoliberalism, Confucianism justified inequality as the well-earned consequence of individual effort. Its assumption sounds strikingly egalitarian: people are roughly equal in talent at birth, and all can cultivate themselves. Unequal outcomes must then follow differences in effort and discipline. Seldom has a defense of hierarchy rested on so seductive a premise. The Daoist philosopher Zhuangzi accepted none of this. His target was not unfairness within the system but the claim that moral worth can ground a hierarchy(等级制) — and he stages his critique as theatre. In one fable Confucius urges the bandit Robber Zhi (盗跖) to abandon crime and cultivate virtue. Zhi turns that language against itself. “You arbitrarily decide what is right and what is wrong,” he says, accusing Confucius of doing on a grand scale what he does on a small one: taking from others. The difference is that Confucius takes in the name of lofty ideals — ideals Zhi treats as theft, capturing the world through names and rankings. Zhuangzi's argument is that worth lacks any stable measure. What counts as “worthy” is not discovered but constructed; hierarchies are not reliable reflections of virtue but products of social dynamics. “A small thief gets arrested,” he remarks elsewhere, “A great thief becomes a ruler.” Power need not reflect virtue, but it reliably produces its appearance, and those who rule come to be called righteous. Nor is the starting line level: the very conditions that make agency (能动性)possible are unevenly distributed before cultivation can begin. From this Zhuangzi’s deepest claim follows: agency itself is something of a myth. Action does not originate in an isolated will; it arises through circumstances — relationships, institutions, needs, opportunities. His term for this is ziran (自然), usually rendered “naturalness” but better understood as the “so-of-itself”: events arise from the situation, not from a sovereign self-imposing its will upon the world. Even Liezi, who could ride the wind and glide with apparent freedom, depended on something outside himself. What looks like self-propelled success is carried by currents that have no individual author. The meritocratic subject mistakes a favorable wind for personal flight. To say “I deserve this” is to claim authorship of the action that produced it. In Zhuangzi’s world every such claim takes an invisible plural. Effort arises through upbringing, institutions, luck and the labor of others that makes striving possible; merit is largely a social product. Without a self that can fully own its outcomes, inequality loses its moral engine. No one is a self-made success — and if no one is self-made, inequality has no foundation. 53. The phrase “a necessary illusion” in Paragraph 1 most probably means ______. A. a false belief that people cling to because it makes action purposeful B. a proven fact that societies accept in order to maintain stability C. a moral principle that justifies unequal outcomes in an unjust world D. a temporary error that people will eventually outgrow as they mature 54. What is the main function of the fable of Robber Zhi in Zhuangzi’s argument? A. To show that Confucius was personally dishonest and deserved public disgrace. B. To prove that all forms of stealing, great or small, are morally equivalent. C. To reveal that moral language can be reversed and used to expose its users. D. To argue that bandits are often more virtuous than those who govern them. 55. All of the following are consistent with Zhuangzi’s view of worth EXCEPT that ______. A. what counts as worthy is constructed through social dynamics B. hierarchies are products of power rather than reliable measures of virtue C. the conditions enabling agency are unevenly distributed from the start D. worth can be objectively assessed once a person’s cultivation is complete 56. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? A. Confucianism and meritocracy share an assumption that Zhuangzi systematically rejects. B. Zhuangzi’s critique of stable worth and self-made agency weakens inequality. C. Zhuangzi’s fables should be read as political theatre rather than serious philosophy. D. Zhuangzi argues that effort and discipline are the true sources of moral worth.  Section C Directions: Read the following passage and choose the most suitable sentences to fill in the blanks and complete the passage. There are two extra sentences you do not need. How We Meet the Future Generalizing has a bad rap. A child who has met a friendly golden retriever may conclude that all dogs are friendly, and then walk up to a dangerous one. When someone makes unwarranted claims about a whole social group, we criticize them for stereotyping._____57_____ The cost of the opposite error is harder to see: without generalizing we would be paralyzed by the world’s complexity, and no attention would be left for whatever is new. The philosopher Frank Ramsey gave this thought its classic form. To believe a generalization, he argued, is not to pile up facts about particular cases but to acquire a habit or disposition (倾向). If you believe that all humans are mortal, you will take care not to run over your friends with your car, because you are disposed to treat any human you meet as mortal._____58_____It is how we orient ourselves in the face of new observations and experiences. Most of our working beliefs, however, are not universal but generic: dogs bark, buses stop for passengers._____59_____I can go on believing that cats are furry while knowing that Sphynx cats (无毛猫) are not. They are beliefs we can hold without constant revision. It is their reach beyond the evidence that makes them useful. A dozen encounters with dogs or buses tell us what to expect next, and leave attention free for whatever breaks the pattern. Most of the world, then, arrives already half-understood. Like other beliefs in generalizations, stereotypes are part of the system with which we meet the future. They impose structure on our experiences. We cannot attend to every individual difference but instead use these beliefs to simplify our experience and make predictions about the future. But sometimes stereotyping people is deemed to be morally wrong, since it overrides their autonomy as individuals. But this charge is too quick: the need to simplify is real, and it is not in itself a fault. The mistake, then, is not the desire to generalize._____60_____What we can do is test our beliefs the way Ramsey would judge a disposition: how often does it lead us into error, and how costly is that error? A wrong belief about mosquitoes costs me little; a wrong belief about a group of people can cost them a great deal. A. Rather, it is a shortcut we cannot do without. B. These altogether make up the system with which we “meet the future”. C. Universal generalizations, formulated with a high degree of precision, admit no exceptions. D. Yet we hear far less about the opposite failure — the failure to generalize enough. E. Unlike universal claims, generic beliefs survive counterexample. F. It seems an obvious, if understandable, mistake to generalize beyond what our evidence supports.  IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 61. 他高中一毕业就迫不及待地出国旅游去了。(Hardly)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 62. 这座城市群山环抱，风景如画，却每天下午雷打不动地下起暴雨。(embrace)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 63. 在这座古城的中心，屹立着世界上最宏伟的公共广场之一，它一度服务于宗教和教育目的，使民众有权获得免费教育。(entitle)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 64. 为了逃离尘世的喧嚣，她开着吉普，放着音乐，一路颠簸来到荒原，欣赏那儿原始的自然之美。（escape）（汉译英） _____________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 65. Directions:Write an English composition in no less than 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假如你是明启中学高三学生李华，下周你校举办“世界文化日”，你将作为学生代表在开幕式上发言。请你写一篇发言稿，谈谈对尊重文化差异的理解。内容需包括： 描述一次你感受到文化差异的具体经历，如问候方式、餐桌礼仪或时间观念等； 2．说明这次经历让你对“尊重文化差异”有了怎样的理解； 3．呼吁同学们在“世界文化日”活动中付诸行动。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 上海市上海中学2026-2027学年高三上学期英语练习6  II. Grammar and Vocabulary  Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. Three years of research and nearly two million pounds went down the ______ when the sponsor pulled out at the last minute.A. draft      B. drain      C. drift      D. drought 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：当赞助商在最后一刻退出时，三年的研究和近两百万英镑（的投入）都付诸东流了。A. draft草稿；征兵；B. drain下水道；排水管；C. drift漂流；趋势；D. drought干旱。根据when the sponsor pulled out at the last minute可知，此处指研究和投入付诸东流，go down the drain是固定短语，意为“付诸东流；被浪费掉”。 2. It took the trainer two terms to ______ the basic safety rules into the new recruits, but accidents then fell by half.A. drive      B. drill      C. dump      D. drag 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：教官花了两个学期把基本的安全规则反复灌输给新兵，但是之后事故数量下降了一半。A. drive驱使；B. drill反复操练、培训；C. dump倾倒；D. drag拖拽。根据空后“the basic safety rules into the new recruits”可知，此处表示“反复向……灌输”，应用动词drill，构成固定搭配drill sth. into sb.意为“反复向某人灌输(知识、规则)”。 3. When the reporter raised the question of his expenses, the minister simply ______ it — he talked for two minutes and answered nothing.A. declined      B. ducked      C. dismissed      D. discussed 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：当记者提出关于他开销的问题时，部长只是回避了它——他说了两分钟，但什么也没回答。A. declined拒绝；B. ducked回避；C. dismissed不予理会；D. discussed讨论。根据破折号后的“he talked for two minutes and answered nothing”可知，部长是在故意绕圈子以回避这个问题。 4. He waited two years in silence, and when the chance came he took it at once, determined finally to ______ the score.A. ease      B. even      C. eliminate      D. extend 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：他沉默地等待了两年，当机会来临时，他立即抓住，下定决心最终要一雪前耻（或：扯平比分）。A. ease减轻；B. even使相等；C. eliminate消除；D. extend延伸。固定搭配even the score，意为“一雪前耻”或“扯平分数”，符合句意。 5. The two candidates had almost identical qualifications, but her years of field experience gave her a decisive ______.A. effect      B. edge      C. expense      D. effort 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：这两位候选人的资历几乎完全相同，但她多年的实地经验使她获得了决定性的优势。A. effect影响，作用；B. edge优势，边缘；C. expense花费，代价；D. effort努力，尽力。根据上文The two candidates had almost identical qualifications可知，两位候选人条件相当，而“实地经验”能带来的应是竞争中的某种“优势”；且英文中固定搭配a decisive edge意为“决定性的优势”。 6. Few expected the company to ______ from bankruptcy with its brand still intact.A. escape      B. emerge      C. expel      D. evolve 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：很少有人料到，这家公司能从破产风波中挺过来，品牌依旧完好无损。A. escape逃脱；B. emerge恢复过来，幸存下来；C. expel驱逐；D. evolve进化。由“with its brand still intact”可知，此处表示“这家公司从破产风波中挺过来”，也就是摆脱了困境，emerge from翻译为“摆脱（困境、危机等）”。 7. For years the inspectors privately ______ serious doubts about his account, yet said nothing. A. endured      B. entertained      C. exploited      D. enlightened 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：多年来，这些调查人员私下对他的说法心存很大疑虑，但始终闭口不言。A. endured忍受，忍耐；B. entertained心怀（想法、疑虑）；C. exploited剥削；利用；D. enlightened启发，开导。根据句意可知，此处为动词entertained心怀（想法、疑虑），构成固定短语entertain doubts，表示“心存疑虑、持有怀疑”。 8. The essay is written in a deliberately ______ style, full of Latinate words and highly formal sentences. A. expressive B. elevated C. engaging D. exceptional 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：这篇文章是以一种刻意高雅的风格写成的，充满了拉丁词源的词汇和高度正式的句子。A. expressive富有表现力的； B. elevated高雅的，在此处指文风正式、高深； C. engaging 迷人的，吸引人的；D. exceptional 杰出的，非凡的。根据句中“full of Latinate words and highly formal sentences”可知，作者在描述一种文风庄重、文辞高深的形式。elevated style常用来形容语言或文风高雅、庄重，符合题意。 9. She has a remarkable ______ for languages — she picked up conversational Portuguese in a fortnight.A. fluency      B. facility      C. familiarity      D. flexibility 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：她在语言方面极具天赋——两周内就学会了葡萄牙语会话。A. fluency流利；B. facility天赋；C. familiarity熟悉；D. flexibility灵活性。根据“she picked up conversational Portuguese in a fortnight”可知，此处指在语言方面有天赋，用名词facility，作宾语。have a facility for是固定搭配，表示“有……的天赋”。 10. We advertised the post twice and interviewed for a week, but eventually we ______ — not one qualified candidate came forward.A. dropped a brick      B. drew a blank      C. ate humble pie      D. was at the end of our rope 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】句意：这个岗位我们登了两次广告，面试了一周，但最终一无所获——没有一位合格的候选人前来应聘。A. dropped a brick失言，闯祸；B. drew a blank毫无结果，一无所获；C. ate humble pie赔礼道歉，忍辱认错；D. was at the end of our rope智穷力竭。根据not one qualified candidate came forward可知，没有找到合适人选，drew a blank符合语境。  Section B Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Odysseus: The Long Journey Home Odysseus, the cunning king of Ithaca, spent ten years fighting at Troy and another ten trying to return home. Driven by a deep desire to see his family, he faced countless dangers without losing his determination. Yet what makes the Odyssey so compelling is not merely its hero’s physical journey but the moral and psychological trials he ____11____ endure if he is to reach home. Having offended Poseidon, the god of the sea, Odysseus found his journey ____12____ (extend) far beyond the normal span of mortal travel. Unable to overcome the god’s wrath alone, he was forced to rely on the help of goddesses like Athena and Calypso, ____13____ interventions repeatedly changed the course of his voyage. While he longed for Ithaca, he also came close to yielding to the temptations of immortality and comfort, which tested his commitment to his mortal life. The poem asks whether a man can remain true to himself when every circumstance works ____14____ him. Facing impossible choices, Odysseus often had to decide between his own survival and the safety of his crew. ____15____distinguishes him from a mere adventurer is his willingness to suffer for the sake of returning to Penelope and Telemachus. Even though he was offered eternal youth, he chose to leave Calypso’s island, risking death rather than ____16____ (abandon) his humanity. Without the support of the gods, however, even the greatest hero would fail. Athena’s guidance was essential, ____17____ was the loyalty of his son Telemachus, who grew from a boy into a man during his father’s absence. By the time Odysseus finally reached Ithaca, he ____18____ (transform) by his suffering, yet his identity remained rooted in his love for his family. When Odysseus revealed himself to Telemachus, father and son joined forces against the suitors who had occupied the palace and pressed Penelope to remarry. The battle against the suitors ____19____ (win), Odysseus reclaimed his throne, proving that he was still capable of violence when it was necessary. The Odyssey endures because it speaks to something universal: the human longing for home, the pain of exile, and the courage required to face the unknown. ____20____ we read it as an adventure story or a meditation on identity, it reminds us that the longest journey is often the one that leads us back to ourselves. Having travelled through countless lands and survived countless trials, Odysseus proves that home is not merely a place but a state of being that must be earned. 【答案】11. must 12. extended 13. whose 14. against 15. What 16. abandoning 17. as 18. had been transformed 19. won 20. Whether 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了希腊英雄奥德修斯在特洛伊战争后历经十年艰难返乡的故事，探讨了他所面临的道德与心理考验，以及《奥德赛》之所以经久不衰的原因——它揭示了人类对家的渴望、流亡之苦以及面对未知的勇气。 【11题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：然而，《奥德赛》之所以如此引人入胜，不仅仅是因为主人公的肉体旅程，更是因为他若要回到家，就必须经受的道德和心理考验。此处表示“必须”经受考验，需用情态动词must。 【12题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：得罪了海神波塞冬后，奥德修斯发现他的旅程远远超出了凡人旅行的正常范围。find+宾语+宾语补足语为固定结构，journey与extend之间为动宾关系，需用过去分词作宾语补足语。 【13题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：他被迫依靠雅典娜和卡吕普索等女神的帮助，她们的干预一再改变了他航行的进程。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词goddesses like Athena and Calypso，关系词在从句中作定语修饰interventions，需用关系代词whose。 【14题详解】 考查介词。句意：这首诗提出了一个问题：当所有境遇都与他作对时，一个人能否保持真我。work against为固定短语，意为“与……作对，不利于……”。 【15题详解】 考查主语从句。句意：使他区别于普通冒险家的，是他愿意为了回到珀涅罗珀和忒勒马科斯身边而忍受苦难的决心。空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少主语，指代“使他与众不同的东西”，需用连接代词what引导，首字母大写。 【16题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管他被赐予永恒的青春，他仍选择离开卡吕普索的岛屿，冒着死亡的危险也不愿放弃他的人性。rather than后面接动名词，和前面risking构成平衡结构。 【17题详解】 考查固定句型。句意：雅典娜的指引至关重要，他儿子忒勒马科斯的忠诚同样重要。固定结构as + be + 名词表示“……也同样”，用于类比前文提到的情况同样适用。as引导的方式状语从句。 【18题详解】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：当奥德修斯终于抵达伊萨卡时，他已被苦难所改变，但他的身份仍然扎根于对家人的爱。根据by the time和reached可知，transform的动作发生在“到达”之前，需用过去完成时；主语he与transform之间为被动关系，需用被动语态。 【19题详解】 考查独立主格。句意：在与求婚者的战斗中获胜后，奥德修斯夺回了王位，证明了他在必要时仍具备使用武力的能力。此处为独立主格，The battle与win是被动关系，应用过去分词won。 【20题详解】 考查让步状语从句。句意：无论我们将其视为冒险故事还是对身份的沉思，它都提醒我们，最漫长的旅程往往是引领我们回归自我的那一段。whether...or...为固定句型，意为“无论……还是……”，引导让步状语从句，首字母大写。  Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. unique  B. technical  C. questionable  D. assurances  E. normalizing  AB. map AC. benefit  AD. gamed  AE. excluding  BC. established  BD. project The Frauds’ (骗子) Playbook From election debates to job interviews, language shapes how trustworthy other people appear to us. That power can foster healthy relationships, but it can also be abused to manipulate and deceive. To study this darker side, we turned to the corporate world. Our case was the most notorious of all: Enron, which collapsed in 2001 after systematically falsifying its accounts. Its traders ____21____ California’s newly deregulated power market, triggering one of America’s worst energy crises. All this required trust: traders had to win and keep the confidence of partners and regulators. The 2005 release of more than 500 recorded phone calls gave our team a rare record of those tactics. Combining discourse analysis with behavioral science, we identified a four-step “trust playbook”. Its first step was shared ideology: among close partners, traders relied on emotive “locker-room talk” — crude, intimate language ____22____ outsiders — that cemented bonds and set “us” against “them”. Psychologists call the result identification-based trust, and within such a tight in-group, ____23____ acts could be recast as innovative. Step two paired competence with a warmer quality. Traders leaned on difficult technical terms to ____24____ expertise, suggesting they knew what their partners did not. Then they wrapped this in warm ____25____ of mutual gain — “we don’t win unless you guys win”. These moves ____26____ onto what psychologists call the three ingredients of trustworthiness — ability, integrity and benevolence — all of which can be manufactured in language alone. Step three was confiding, the most powerful move of all. Each disclosure of damaging information deepened a shared secret, leaving both sides exposed and quietly ____27____ the wrongdoing. When suspicion surfaced, apologies were rare: traders denied, shifted the blame and made excuses, aiming to earn the ____28____ of the doubt. Their master stroke however, was reframing — conceding the facts while disputing what they meant, and shifting the dispute on to ____29____ ground, where they still had room to manipulate. None of this is ____30____ to Enron. The same moves run through influencers, scammers and chatbots, which is why learning to read the language of trust matters more than ever. 【答案】21. AD 22. AE 23. C 24. BD 25. D 26. AB 27. E 28. AC 29. B 30. A 【解析】 【导语】文章以安然公司丑闻为例，揭示了骗子如何通过特定的语言策略建立信任、操纵他人，并指出这些手段并非安然独有，而是广泛存在于各类欺骗行为中。 【21题详解】 考查动词。句意：其交易员操纵了加利福尼亚州新解除管制的电力市场，引发了美国最严重的能源危机之一。空格处为谓语动词，主语为traders，根据下文triggering one of America’s worst energy crises可知，此处指操纵电力市场，陈述过去发生的事情，填动词过去式。gamed意为“操纵；利用”，符合句意。 【22题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：第一步是共同的理念：在亲密的合作伙伴之间，交易员依赖充满感情的“更衣室谈话”——粗俗、亲密的语言，将外人排斥在外——以此巩固纽带并树立“我们”对抗“他们”的对立。结合下文that cemented bonds and set “us” against “them”可知，此处指把外人排斥在外，空格处修饰language，excluding意为“排斥；不包括”，符合句意，此处为现在分词作后置定语。 【23题详解】 考查形容词。句意：心理学家称这种结果为基于认同的信任，而在如此紧密的内部群体中，可疑的行为可以被重新解读为创新。呼应上文within such a tight in-group此处指可疑的行为，空格处修饰名词acts，需填形容词，questionable意为“可疑的”，符合句意。 【24题详解】 考查动词。句意：交易员借助晦涩的技术术语来展示（投射）自己的专业能力，暗示他们知道合作伙伴所不知道的东西。空格处位于不定式符号to之后，需填动词原形，根据下文suggesting they knew what their partners did not可知，此处指交易员展示自己的专业能力，project意为“展示；投射”，符合句意。 【25题详解】 考查名词。句意：然后他们用关于共同获益的温暖承诺来包装这一切——“我们不赢，你们也赢不了”。空格处位于形容词warm之后，需填名词，根据下文 we don’t win unless you guys win可知，此处指用承诺、保证来包装，assurances意为“承诺；保证”，符合句意。 【26题详解】 考查动词。句意：这些举措映射了心理学家所说的信任的三个要素——能力、正直和善意——而这一切都可以仅通过语言来制造。空格处为谓语动词，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，根据上文Traders leaned on difficult technical terms to ____ expertise, suggesting they knew what their partners did not. Then they wrapped this in warm ____ of mutual gain — “we don’t win unless you guys win”.可知，此处指这些行为对应了心理学家提出的可信度三要素，map onto为固定搭配，意为“映射到；对应于”，符合句意。 【27题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：每一次披露有害信息都加深了共同的秘密，使双方都暴露无遗，并悄悄地将不当行为正常化。空格处与leaving并列，需填现在分词形式，结合上文Each disclosure of damaging information deepened a shared secret可知，此处指有共同的秘密这件事让不当行为正常化，normalizing意为“使正常化”，符合句意。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：当怀疑浮出水面时，道歉很少见：交易员否认、转移责任、找借口，旨在赢得疑点利益。空格处位于定冠词the之后，需填名词，benefit意为“好处；利益”，the benefit of the doubt意为“疑点利益（即证据不足时被假定可信/无辜的优待，也可表述为证据不足情况下的姑且信任优待”，符合句意。 【29题详解】 考查形容词。句意：他们的绝招是重新定义——承认事实但质疑其含义，并将争论转移到技术层面，在那里他们仍有操纵的空间。空格处修饰名词ground，需填形容词，结合上文When suspicion surfaced, apologies were rare可知，此处指把争论转移到技术层面，technical意为“技术的”，符合句意。 【30题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这些手段并非安然所独有。空格处位于be动词之后作表语，需填形容词，结合下文The same moves run through influencers, scammers and chatbots可知，这些手段不是安然独有的，unique意为“独有的；独特的”，符合句意。  III. Reading Comprehension  Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. My children were playing a board game in a way that made no sense to me. They had pushed the rules aside and were arranging the tiles into an archipelago, using the wooden pieces as bridges. My first instinct was to fetch the rulebook and teach them how the game was ____31____ played, and perhaps work out how I might win. It took me a moment to see that the better ____32____ was to ask whether I could join them. What they were doing has a name. The French sociologist Roger Caillois called it paidia — free, spontaneous play with no winner and no ____33____. It sits at one end of a spectrum. At the other lies ludus, play governed by rules, and beyond that agôn, pure competition. All three belong to play, yet our culture increasingly recognizes only the last, and the whole spectrum threatens to ____34____ into a single point. ____35____ life has done much to bring this about. Sleep gets tracked, the morning run becomes a race against strangers on a fitness app, and language apps hand out badges for what used to be called curiosity. Even keeping a diary arrives with a(n) ____36____ score. The philosopher C. Thi Nguyen calls the result “value capture”: the game’s simplified, measurable values begin to ____37____ the real-world activity the game was supposed to serve. A streak (连续打卡纪录) is easier to ____38____ than a reason for learning. The metrics ate the meaning, and nobody noticed the meal. What is lost matters more than it sounds. Johan Huizinga argued that play is not ____39____ to civilization but generative of it — law, philosophy and poetry all grew out of it. D. W. Winnicott placed it in a “transitional space” between inner life and outer material, and held that creative perception is above all what makes life worth living. To be ____40____ play, then, is not simply to rest less; it is to live at second hand, inside somebody else’s imagination. None of this, however, means ____41____ competition. I run ultramarathons and have no quarrel with finishing lines. The trouble is one of ____42____: once competition is the only form of play we recognize, everything else is squeezed out, and anything without a scoreboard starts to look like a waste. My son, by contrast, spends afternoons hammering scrap metal into objects he gives away. Nothing is sold, nothing is ranked, and the very absence of measurement seems to ____43____ generosity. There is an old word for the virtue ____44____ Aristotle’s eutrapelia names the habit of playing well, which he took to be a requirement of a good life rather than a reward for having worked. It cannot be measured, only practiced: clumsily, often, usually on the floor. We do not simply need better games. We need more ____45____, and the patience to sit inside it without asking what it is for. 31. A. loosely      B. naturally      C. properly      D. skillfully 32. A. response      B. solution      C. intuition      D. instruction 33. A. reward      B. appeal      C. order      D. score 34. A. stretch      B. collapse      C. split      D. break 35. A. Modern      B. Digital      C. Competitive      D. Fulfilling 36. A. ultimate      B. quality      C. consistency      D. accuracy 37. A. mirror      B. facilitate      C. question      D. colonize 38. A. defend      B. record      C. employ      D. break 39. A. central      B. marginal      C. prior      D. inferior 40. A. cut off from      B. exposed to      C. set apart from      D. occupied with 41. A. calling for      B. bringing out      C. engaging in      D. giving up 42. A. fairness      B. measurement      C. proportion      D. equivalent 43. A. deserve      B. generate      C. discourage      D. exhaust 44. A. at risk      B. in particular      C. in essence      D. on trial 45. A. meaning      B. motivation      C. endurance      D. nothing 【答案】31. C 32. A 33. D 34. B 35. B 36. C 37. D 38. B 39. B 40. A 41. D 42. C 43. B 44. B 45. D 【解析】 【导语】文章讲述了作者由孩子改变桌游玩法引出两种玩乐形式，批判现代生活凡事量化、竞争至上挤压随性玩耍的现状，指出自由玩乐催生文明与美好品质，我们不应只看重竞争，要接纳无目的的纯粹玩乐。 【31题详解】 考查副词。句意：我的第一反应是拿来规则手册，教他们这个游戏该怎么正确地玩，或许还要琢磨我怎样才能赢。A. loosely松散地；B. naturally自然地；C. properly正确地；D. skillfully熟练地。结合前文“My children were playing a board game in a way that made no sense to me. They had pushed the rules aside and were arranging the tiles into an archipelago, using the wooden pieces as bridges.”提到孩子抛开规则玩游戏，作者本能想拿出规则书，也就是教正确玩法。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：过了一会儿我才意识到，更好的回应是问问我能不能加入他们。A. response回应；B. solution解决方案；C. intuition直觉；D. instruction指示。根据上文“My first instinct was to fetch the rulebook and teach them how the game was”以及后文“was to ask whether I could join them”可知，作者转变了一开始的本能想法，之后换了一种应对方式。 【33题详解】 考查名词。句意：法国社会学家Roger Caillois把它叫做paidia——自由、随性的玩耍，没有赢家也没有分数。A. reward回报；B. appeal吸引力；C. order秩序；D. score分数。后文“At the other lies ludus, play governed by rules, and beyond that agôn, pure competition.”提到agôn是纯粹竞争，有输赢分数，paidia与之相反，没有赢家和分数。 【34题详解】 考查动词。句意：这三者都属于玩耍，但是我们的文化越来越只认可最后一种，整个这个范围有坍缩成单一一种的风险。A. stretch延伸；B. collapse坍塌，坍缩；C. split分裂；D. break打破。根据后文“into a single point”可知，我们的文化只认可竞争一种，多样的玩耍形式缩减成一种。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：数字生活在很大程度上促成了这种局面。A. Modern现代的；B. Digital数字的；C. Competitive竞争的；D. Fulfilling充实的。后文“Sleep gets tracked, the morning run becomes a race against strangers on a fitness app, and language apps hand out badges for what used to be called curiosity.”主要列举了追踪睡眠、健身APP打卡、语言APP勋章这些数字生活现象，digital life表示“数字生活”。 【36题详解】 考查名词。句意：就连写日记都有连贯打卡分数。A. ultimate终极；B. quality质量；C. consistency连贯性，连续打卡；D. accuracy准确度。根据上文“Sleep gets tracked, the morning run becomes a race against strangers on a fitness app, and language apps hand out badges for what used to be called curiosity.”以及结合后文streak连续打卡纪录，这里指连续打卡得分。 【37题详解】 考查动词。句意：游戏里简化、可衡量的价值开始侵占游戏本该服务的现实活动。A. mirror反映；B. facilitate促进；C. question质疑；D. colonize侵占。根据后文“the real-world activity the game was supposed to serve”可知，标量化吞噬了原本的意义，是价值侵占。 【38题详解】 考查动词。句意：连续打卡纪录比起学习的初衷更容易记录下来。A. defend捍卫；B. record记录；C. employ使用；D. break打破。根据上文“Sleep gets tracked, the morning run becomes a race against strangers on a fitness app, and language apps hand out badges for what used to be called curiosity.”可知，打卡记录是可以被记录、统计的，而内在理由很难衡量。 【39题详解】 考查形容词。句意：Johan Huizinga认为玩耍并非文明的边缘事物，而是催生文明的事物——法律、哲学、诗歌都源于它。A. central核心的；B. marginal边缘的；C. prior优先的；D. inferior次要的。根据后文“to civilization but generative of it — law, philosophy and poetry all grew out of it”可知，but表转折，后面说生成文明，前面说不是边缘的。 【40题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：那么，与这种自由玩耍隔绝，不只是少了休息；而是间接生活在别人构建的想象里。A. cut off from与……隔绝；B. exposed to暴露于；C. set apart from区别于；D. occupied with忙于。根据后文“play, then, is not simply to rest less; it is to live at second hand, inside somebody else’s imagination”可知，失去这种自由玩耍，就是和它隔绝。 【41题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：然而，这一切都不意味着要放弃竞争。A. calling for要求；B. bringing out使显现；C. engaging in参与；D. giving up放弃。后文“I run ultramarathons and have no quarrel with finishing lines.”提到作者自己参加超长马拉松，并不反对终点竞争，所以不是放弃竞争。 【42题详解】 考查名词。句意：问题在于比例：一旦竞争成为我们唯一认可的玩耍形式，其他一切就会被排挤出去，任何没有计分板的事情都开始显得是一种浪费。A. fairness公平；B. measurement衡量；C. proportion比例；D. equivalent等价物。根据后文“once competition is the only form of play we recognize, everything else is squeezed out, and anything without a scoreboard starts to look like a waste”可知，不是不要竞争，而是竞争占比过高挤压别的玩耍形式。 【43题详解】 考查动词。句意：没有售卖、没有排名，正是这种无法衡量的状态似乎催生了慷慨。A. deserve值得；B. generate产生，催生；C. discourage使气馁；D. exhaust耗尽。根据上文“My son, by contrast, spends afternoons hammering scrap metal into objects he gives away.”可知，孩子敲打废金属送给别人，无量化的玩耍催生慷慨这种品质。 【44题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：有一个古老词汇专门指代这种美德，尤其是亚里士多德所说的eutrapelia（善嬉之德 / 得体玩乐的品性），指善于适度玩乐的素养。他认为这是美好生活的必备要素，而非辛苦劳作之后的犒赏。A. at risk处于危险中；B. in particular尤其，专门；C. in essence本质上；D. on trial在试验中。根据后文“Aristotle's eutrapelia names the habit of playing well, which he took to be a requirement of a good life rather than a reward for having worked”可知，后文专门提到有词汇形容这种美德，即，尤其是亚里士多德提出的eutrapelia（游刃有余的玩乐智慧）。 【45题详解】 考查名词。句意：我们更需要这种无目的的玩乐，有耐心沉浸其中，不去追问它有什么用处。A. meaning意义；B. motivation动机；C. endurance耐力；D. nothing无，虚无。根据上文“The French sociologist Roger Caillois called it paidia — free, spontaneous play with no winner and no”以及后文“and the patience to sit inside it without asking what it is for”可知，我们更需要多一点“无所事事”的状态，有耐心沉浸其中不去追问它的目的，nothing在这里指代无目的、非功利的自由玩耍状态，呼应全文反对一切都要量化计分的核心主张。  Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read. (A) In a hospital ward, a 39-year-old Black woman named Sheilah Miller was giving birth. Something was going wrong, and she said so — clearly, repeatedly, for more than ten hours. Her doctor, a white man, did not believe her. By the time he acted, she had lost a great deal of blood and suffered a stroke. Her baby lived, but she was left paralyzed from the neck down. Ms. Miller had something valuable to offer: knowledge of her own pain. It was refused. Philosophers now have a name for what she suffered: epistemic harm. “Epistemic” comes from the ancient Greek word for knowledge, and the American philosopher Mitch Woolery points out that seeking and giving knowledge is as essential to being human as breathing. To be harmed epistemically, then, is to be humiliated and degraded: to be treated not as a someone but as a something. The victim, Woolery writes, ceases to count as a rational human being and becomes instead an infant, an animal, or a piece of furniture — something to which nobody has to listen. Usually the harm takes the form of what Miranda Fricker has called “testimonial injustice”, which involves three steps. First, the hearer is prejudiced against the speaker because of who she is — her race, her gender, her accent. Second, because of that prejudice, he grants her less credibility than she is owed, though nothing justifies the discount. Third, she is thereby harmed as a knower. This is no rare event. Studies find clinicians quicker to doubt reports of pain from Black patients than from white ones. As one patient put it, doctors “just don’t believe us.” The bias can hide in a single word: in one patient’ s notes her pain “is” eight out of ten, while another merely “claims” that it is. What makes such cases hard is the law. A court can compensate Ms. Miller for her medical bills, her physical injuries and her emotional suffering. It will not compensate her for epistemic harm, because the law does not yet recognize that category of injury. And yet this harm lies upstream of the rest: had the doctor simply listened, the stroke might never have happened. As Woolery heard on his first day of law school, a right without a remedy is no right at all. That may change. Other injuries began the same way. The right to privacy existed only in an 1890 article before it became something one could sue over; post-traumatic stress had to be named in 1980 before courts awarded damages for it. Each was named first, then disseminated, then accepted. Testimonial injustice and epistemic harm now sit somewhere along that road. Miranda Fricker’s aims were to identify the harm, protest it and avoid it. To those, Woolery would add a fourth: remedy it. 46. The story of Sheilah Miller is told at the beginning of the passage mainly to ______. A. introduce a kind of harm that the legal system fails to recognize B. warn doctors against the consequences of medical negligence C. prove that Black patients receive worse hospital care than white patients D. call for stricter implementation of laws regarding medical issues 47. According to the passage, “testimonial injustice” consists of all the following EXCEPT ______. A. deep-rooted bias directed at the speaker’s identity B. an unjustified cut in the credibility the speaker is owed C. open rudeness or abuse voiced toward the speaker D. damage to the speaker’s standing as a knower 48. By quoting the saying “a right without a remedy is no right at all” (Paragraph 4), the author implies that ______. A. patients should take their doctors to court far more readily B. moral rights ultimately matter more than legal ones C. courts ought to create new categories of injury at once D. a harm that courts refuse to repair remains a right in name only 49. Which of the following best describes Mitch Woolery’s attitude towards epistemic harm? A. He regards it as a serious wrong that is moving towards a legal solution. B. He treats it as a major concern that patients often exaggerate in hospital. C. He doubts whether it can ever be defined clearly enough for legal action. D. He considers it less urgent than the physical injuries that may follow it. 【答案】46. A 47. C 48. D 49. A 【解析】 【导语】文章借医疗案例介绍认知伤害与证言不公，探讨其尚未得到法律救济的现状。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Philosophers now have a name for what she suffered: epistemic harm.(哲学家现在为她遭受的这种伤害起了一个名字：认知伤害。)”以及第四段中的“It will not compensate her for epistemic harm, because the law does not yet recognize that category of injury.(法院不会为她的认知伤害作出赔偿，因为法律尚不认可这类伤害。)”可知，讲述这个故事主要是引出一种法律体系尚未认可的伤害。 【47题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“First, the hearer is prejudiced against the speaker because of who she is — her race, her gender, her accent. Second, because of that prejudice, he grants her less credibility than she is owed, though nothing justifies the discount. Third, she is thereby harmed as a knower.(第一，听者因为说话者的身份——种族、性别、口音而对其抱有偏见；第二，因为这份偏见，给予她本应得到的可信度大打折扣，且这种贬低毫无正当理由；第三，她作为认知主体的身份因此受到伤害。)”可知，证言不公不包含对说话人公开的粗鲁言语或辱骂。 【48题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“What makes such cases hard is the law. A court can compensate Ms. Miller for her medical bills, her physical injuries and her emotional suffering. It will not compensate her for epistemic harm, because the law does not yet recognize that category of injury. And yet this harm lies upstream of the rest: had the doctor simply listened, the stroke might never have happened. As Woolery heard on his first day of law school, a right without a remedy is no right at all.(这类案件之所以棘手，问题出在法律层面。法院可以赔付米勒女士的医疗费、人身损伤损失以及精神痛苦损害赔偿，但不会对认知损害予以赔偿，因为法律目前尚未认可这一损害类别。然而这种伤害是其他伤害的源头：如果医生当时愿意倾听，中风或许本可以避免。正如Woolery法学院第一天听到的那句话：没有救济的权利根本算不上权利。)”可知，作者想表明：法院拒绝弥补的伤害，对应的权利只是名义上的权利。 【49题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中的“That may change. Other injuries began the same way. The right to privacy existed only in an 1890 article before it became something one could sue over; post-traumatic stress had to be named in 1980 before courts awarded damages for it. Each was named first, then disseminated, then accepted. Testimonial injustice and epistemic harm now sit somewhere along that road. Miranda Fricker's aims were to identify the harm, protest it and avoid it. To those, Woolery would add a fourth: remedy it.(这种状况或许会改变。其他类型的损害当初也是如此。隐私权在 1890 年还只存在于一篇论文之中，后来才成为可起诉维权的权利；创伤后应激障碍在 1980 年才有正式定名，此后法院才会为此判决损害赔偿。每一类损害，都是先被命名，再得到传播，最后获得认可。证言不公与认知损害如今正处在这条发展路径上。米兰达・弗里克的目标是识别这类损害、对其提出抗议并加以规避。伍勒里在此基础上还要加上第四项目标：对这类损害予以救济。)”可知，Woolery认为认知伤害是严重的不公，并且正朝着获得法律解决的方向发展。 (B) OBJECT FILE Object Wood-and-wax notebook in an embossed leather case Date c. 1250–1350 Found A latrine in Paderborn, western Germany Size About that of a modern smartphone Pages Ten, written in Latin Now Being transcribed and conserved — a full year’s work It is one of archaeology’s great questions: why do so many interesting artefacts end up in toilets? In the case of a notebook discovered during excavations in Paderborn, a historic city in western Germany, the answer is simple. Its owner dropped it. The object itself is remarkable: a notebook that has survived for centuries. For the owner, the loss must have been painful; for archaeologists, the accident was a gift. Latrines provide ideal conditions for preserving objects made of organic materials. “This latrine was sealed airtight, and its extremely damp environment helped preserve the wood and wax of which the notebook is made,” explains Sveva Gai, the city archaeologist of Paderborn. The notebook was also kept in an embossed leather case, which shielded it further from decay. The notebook contains a couple of wax-covered pages. The writing on them has not yet been deciphered — transcribing the text and conserving the tablet will take a full year — but archaeologists have identified the language as Latin. Gai believes the owner probably belonged to the upper class: a merchant recording business transactions, or a clergyman or young monk attached to the monastery of St Peter and Paul nearby. Some of the sentences, she notes, look like writing exercises that could be erased, so that the tablet could be reused for information never meant to last. Together with the notebook, the team found torn pieces of silk, which may have served as toilet paper — further proof of the owner’s social standing. Apparently, ordinary paper simply would not do. The two finds sketch a small portrait of medieval daily life — and of a very bad day for one medieval reader. 50. According to the passage, the notebook ______. A. was found in a latrine in western Germany and is now on public display B. contains writing that will take a full year to identify and transcribe C. was made of wood and wax and measures about 40 centimeters across D. is 700-800 years old and offers a glimpse of medieval everyday life 51. According to the passage, what helped preserve the notebook? A. The dry air inside the latrine and the wax coating on its pages. B. The airtight seal of the latrine and the wet conditions inside it. C. The leather case alone, which kept the notebook away from water. D. The organic materials of which it is made, resisting decay naturally. 52. What can be inferred about the owner of the notebook? A. He could be a professional writer hired by the local church. B. He could be a wealthy merchant or a clergyman of high social status. C. He could be a travelling trader who could only afford ordinary paper. D. He could be a young monk who used the tablet to copy religious texts. 【答案】50. D 51. B 52. B 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍在德国西部发现的一本中世纪木蜡笔记本及其考古价值。 【50题详解】 细节理解题。根据表格“Date c. 1250–1350(约1250—1350年)”，距今约700—800年，以及最后一段“The two finds sketch a small portrait of medieval daily life — and of a very bad day for one medieval reader.(这两件文物勾勒出中世纪日常生活的一个缩影，也记录了一位中世纪读者倒霉的一天。)”可知，该笔记本距今约700—800年，并提供了一窥中世纪日常生活的窗口。 【51题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This latrine was sealed airtight, and its extremely damp environment helped preserve the wood and wax of which the notebook is made(这个厕所是密封不透气的，其极其潮湿的环境有助于保存笔记本的木头和蜡)”可知，帮助保存笔记本的是厕所的密封（airtight seal）和内部潮湿环境（wet/damp conditions）。 【52题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Gai believes the owner probably belonged to the upper class: a merchant recording business transactions, or a clergyman or young monk attached to the monastery of St Peter and Paul nearby.(盖认为它的主人可能属于上层阶级：记录商业交易的商人，或是附近圣彼得和圣保罗修道院的牧师或年轻修士。)”可以推断出，笔记本主人可能是富有的商人或是社会地位高的神职人员。 (C) Deeply embedded in our ideals of justice is the belief that we ought to get what we deserve. Even in an unjust world, it remains a necessary illusion: unless our actions matter, we cannot summon the will to pursue anything. This is meritocracy’s (贤能制) promise: differences in standing are justified when they reflect effort or talent. Long before neoliberalism, Confucianism justified inequality as the well-earned consequence of individual effort. Its assumption sounds strikingly egalitarian: people are roughly equal in talent at birth, and all can cultivate themselves. Unequal outcomes must then follow differences in effort and discipline. Seldom has a defense of hierarchy rested on so seductive a premise. The Daoist philosopher Zhuangzi accepted none of this. His target was not unfairness within the system but the claim that moral worth can ground a hierarchy(等级制) — and he stages his critique as theatre. In one fable Confucius urges the bandit Robber Zhi (盗跖) to abandon crime and cultivate virtue. Zhi turns that language against itself. “You arbitrarily decide what is right and what is wrong,” he says, accusing Confucius of doing on a grand scale what he does on a small one: taking from others. The difference is that Confucius takes in the name of lofty ideals — ideals Zhi treats as theft, capturing the world through names and rankings. Zhuangzi's argument is that worth lacks any stable measure. What counts as “worthy” is not discovered but constructed; hierarchies are not reliable reflections of virtue but products of social dynamics. “A small thief gets arrested,” he remarks elsewhere, “A great thief becomes a ruler.” Power need not reflect virtue, but it reliably produces its appearance, and those who rule come to be called righteous. Nor is the starting line level: the very conditions that make agency (能动性)possible are unevenly distributed before cultivation can begin. From this Zhuangzi’s deepest claim follows: agency itself is something of a myth. Action does not originate in an isolated will; it arises through circumstances — relationships, institutions, needs, opportunities. His term for this is ziran (自然), usually rendered “naturalness” but better understood as the “so-of-itself”: events arise from the situation, not from a sovereign self-imposing its will upon the world. Even Liezi, who could ride the wind and glide with apparent freedom, depended on something outside himself. What looks like self-propelled success is carried by currents that have no individual author. The meritocratic subject mistakes a favorable wind for personal flight. To say “I deserve this” is to claim authorship of the action that produced it. In Zhuangzi’s world every such claim takes an invisible plural. Effort arises through upbringing, institutions, luck and the labor of others that makes striving possible; merit is largely a social product. Without a self that can fully own its outcomes, inequality loses its moral engine. No one is a self-made success — and if no one is self-made, inequality has no foundation. 53. The phrase “a necessary illusion” in Paragraph 1 most probably means ______. A. a false belief that people cling to because it makes action purposeful B. a proven fact that societies accept in order to maintain stability C. a moral principle that justifies unequal outcomes in an unjust world D. a temporary error that people will eventually outgrow as they mature 54. What is the main function of the fable of Robber Zhi in Zhuangzi’s argument? A. To show that Confucius was personally dishonest and deserved public disgrace. B. To prove that all forms of stealing, great or small, are morally equivalent. C. To reveal that moral language can be reversed and used to expose its users. D. To argue that bandits are often more virtuous than those who govern them. 55. All of the following are consistent with Zhuangzi’s view of worth EXCEPT that ______. A. what counts as worthy is constructed through social dynamics B. hierarchies are products of power rather than reliable measures of virtue C. the conditions enabling agency are unevenly distributed from the start D. worth can be objectively assessed once a person’s cultivation is complete 56. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? A. Confucianism and meritocracy share an assumption that Zhuangzi systematically rejects. B. Zhuangzi’s critique of stable worth and self-made agency weakens inequality. C. Zhuangzi’s fables should be read as political theatre rather than serious philosophy. D. Zhuangzi argues that effort and discipline are the true sources of moral worth. 【答案】53. A 54. C 55. D 56. B 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍了正义理念中“应得”的信念以及贤能制、儒家思想将不平等归因于个人努力的观点，随后重点阐述了庄子对这类观点的批判，指出价值没有稳定的衡量标准，能动性并非完全源于独立的自我，所谓的“自我成就”依托诸多外部因素，以此论证不平等不存在道德层面的合理根基。 【53题详解】 词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“Deeply embedded in our ideals of justice is the belief that we ought to get what we deserve.Even in an unjust world, it remains a necessary illusion: unless our actions matter, we cannot summon the will to pursue anything.(我们关于正义的理想深深植根于这样一种信念：我们应当得到自己应得的东西。即使在一个不公正的世界里，它仍然是a necessary illusion：除非我们的行动有意义，否则我们无法唤起追求任何事物的意志。)”可知，“我们应当得到自己应得的东西”是一个必要的错觉，人们坚守它，因为它让行动拥有目的。 【54题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In one fable Confucius urges the bandit Robber Zhi (盗跖) to abandon crime and cultivate virtue. Zhi turns that language against itself.(在一则寓言里，孔子劝说盗跖放弃作恶、修养德行。盗跖用这套道德话语反过来驳斥孔子本人。)”可知，这个寓言是为揭示道德话语可以被反转，用来揭穿使用这套话语的人。 【55题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Zhuangzi's argument is that worth lacks any stable measure. What counts as“worthy”is not discovered but constructed; hierarchies are not reliable reflections of virtue but products of social dynamics.(庄子的论点是价值没有稳定的衡量标准。所谓“有价值”之物不是被发现的，而是被建构出来的；等级制度并非德行的可靠反映，而是社会力量博弈的产物。)”以及第五段中的“Nor is the starting line level: the very conditions that make agency(能动性) possible are unevenly distributed before cultivation can begin.(起点也并不公平：促成能动性的条件，在人开始修身之前就分配不均。)”可知，庄子不认为修养完成后价值可以被客观评判，D和庄子观点相悖。 【56题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段“Without a self that can fully own its outcomes, inequality loses its moral engine. No one is a self-made success — and if no one is self-made, inequality has no foundation.(如果不存在一个能完全为结果负责的独立自我，不平等就失去了道德支撑。没有人是完全靠自己成功的；如果无人能自成，不平等就没有根基。)”可知，文章核心是庄子对固定价值、自我成就能动性的批判，削弱了不平等的正当性。  Section C Directions: Read the following passage and choose the most suitable sentences to fill in the blanks and complete the passage. There are two extra sentences you do not need. How We Meet the Future Generalizing has a bad rap. A child who has met a friendly golden retriever may conclude that all dogs are friendly, and then walk up to a dangerous one. When someone makes unwarranted claims about a whole social group, we criticize them for stereotyping._____57_____ The cost of the opposite error is harder to see: without generalizing we would be paralyzed by the world’s complexity, and no attention would be left for whatever is new. The philosopher Frank Ramsey gave this thought its classic form. To believe a generalization, he argued, is not to pile up facts about particular cases but to acquire a habit or disposition (倾向). If you believe that all humans are mortal, you will take care not to run over your friends with your car, because you are disposed to treat any human you meet as mortal._____58_____It is how we orient ourselves in the face of new observations and experiences. Most of our working beliefs, however, are not universal but generic: dogs bark, buses stop for passengers._____59_____I can go on believing that cats are furry while knowing that Sphynx cats (无毛猫) are not. They are beliefs we can hold without constant revision. It is their reach beyond the evidence that makes them useful. A dozen encounters with dogs or buses tell us what to expect next, and leave attention free for whatever breaks the pattern. Most of the world, then, arrives already half-understood. Like other beliefs in generalizations, stereotypes are part of the system with which we meet the future. They impose structure on our experiences. We cannot attend to every individual difference but instead use these beliefs to simplify our experience and make predictions about the future. But sometimes stereotyping people is deemed to be morally wrong, since it overrides their autonomy as individuals. But this charge is too quick: the need to simplify is real, and it is not in itself a fault. The mistake, then, is not the desire to generalize._____60_____What we can do is test our beliefs the way Ramsey would judge a disposition: how often does it lead us into error, and how costly is that error? A wrong belief about mosquitoes costs me little; a wrong belief about a group of people can cost them a great deal. A. Rather, it is a shortcut we cannot do without. B. These altogether make up the system with which we “meet the future”. C. Universal generalizations, formulated with a high degree of precision, admit no exceptions. D. Yet we hear far less about the opposite failure — the failure to generalize enough. E. Unlike universal claims, generic beliefs survive counterexample. F. It seems an obvious, if understandable, mistake to generalize beyond what our evidence supports. 【答案】57. D 58. B 59. E 60. A 【解析】 【导语】本文主要探讨归纳概括的价值，区分泛化认知与刻板印象，分析概括的合理边界。 【57题详解】 前文“A child who has met a friendly golden retriever may conclude that all dogs are friendly, and then walk up to a dangerous one. When someone makes unwarranted claims about a whole social group, we criticize them for stereotyping.(一个遇到过友善金毛犬的孩子，可能会得出“所有狗都很友好”的结论，随后贸然靠近危险的犬只。当有人对整个社会群体做出毫无依据的论断时，我们会批判他们抱有刻板印象。)”介绍人们普遍批判过度概括、刻板印象，下段“The cost of the opposite error is harder to see: without generalizing we would be paralyzed by the world’s complexity, and no attention would be left for whatever is new.(反向错误的代价却更难被察觉：如果没有概括能力，我们会被世界的复杂性彻底困住，根本没有精力去关注任何新事物。)”转而提出“概括不足”这一被完全忽视的反向问题，D项“Yet we hear far less about the opposite failure — the failure to generalize enough.(然而我们几乎很少听到有人提及另一种反向失误——概括能力严重不足。)”承接前文大众对“过度概括”的普遍批判，通过转折逻辑引出后文“概括不足同样会带来严重生存代价”的核心论点，形成完整的正反辩证开篇，符合语境。 【58题详解】 前文“The philosopher Frank Ramsey gave this thought its classic form. To believe a generalization, he argued, is not to pile up facts about particular cases but to acquire a habit or disposition (倾向). If you believe that all humans are mortal, you will take care not to run over your friends with your car, because you are disposed to treat any human you meet as mortal.(哲学家弗兰克·拉姆齐为这一观点赋予了经典定义。他提出，认同一条概括性结论，并非堆砌关于特定案例的事实，而是养成一种思维习惯与行为倾向。如果你认同所有人终有一死，你开车时就会小心不撞到朋友，因为你会下意识将遇到的每一个人都视作终有一死的个体。)”介绍了拉姆齐对概括性思维的核心定义，并用具体案例解释了概括如何转化为行为倾向，后文“It is how we orient ourselves in the face of new observations and experiences.(它正是我们面对全新观察与体验时，找准自身定位的核心方式。)”点明概括思维的本质作用，B项“These altogether make up the system with which we “meet the future”.(这些内容共同构成了我们“迎接未来”的认知体系。)”承接前文“概括是一种思维习惯”的论述，呼应文章标题“How We Meet the Future(我们怎样迎接未来)”，精准串联起前文的理论定义和后文“应对未知体验”的功能描述，让上下文逻辑完全闭环，符合语境。 【59题详解】 前文“Most of our working beliefs, however, are not universal but generic: dogs bark, buses stop for passengers.(但我们大多数实用信念不是全称概括，而是类属概括：狗会叫，公交车会为乘客停车。)”区分全称概括和类属概括，后文“I can go on believing that cats are furry while knowing that Sphynx cats (无毛猫) are not. They are beliefs we can hold without constant revision.(我可以继续相信猫长毛发，同时清楚无毛猫例外。这类信念无需不断修正。)”说明类属概括允许反例存在。E项“Unlike universal claims, generic beliefs survive counterexample.(和全称论断不同，类属信念可以容纳反例。)”承上启下，对应前后文内容，符合语境。 【60题详解】 前文“The mistake, then, is not the desire to generalize.(所以，问题的根源并非想要去归纳概括的这种诉求本身。)”否定了“概括行为本身是错误”的认知，后文“What we can do is test our beliefs the way Ramsey would judge a disposition: how often does it lead us into error, and how costly is that error?(我们可以按照拉姆齐评判认知倾向的方式检验信念：它多频繁引发错误，错误代价多大？)”说明要检验信念的正误与代价。A项“Rather, it is a shortcut we cannot do without.(恰恰相反，概括是我们根本无法舍弃的思维捷径。)”用转折关系承接前文的否定表述，进一步明确概括行为的正向价值，自然引出后文“我们要做的是像拉姆齐评判思维倾向那样去检验我们的信念：它引发错误的频率有多高，错误的代价又有多大”的论述，逻辑通顺。  IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 61. 他高中一毕业就迫不及待地出国旅游去了。(Hardly)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Hardly had he graduated from high school when he couldn’t wait to travel abroad. 【解析】 【详解】“一……就……”使用固定句型hardly...when...；hardly置于句首，主句需要部分倒装，时态必须使用过去完成时；when引导的时间状语从句使用一般过去时。 “他”为人称代词he，作主句主语；“高中毕业”表达为动词短语graduate from high school；主句动作发生在从句动作之前，故主句采用过去完成时，graduate的过去分词是graduated；部分倒装结构需要把助动词had提前至主语he前面，主句倒装结构为Hardly had he graduated from high school。 “迫不及待做某事”表达为固定搭配can’t wait to do sth，作when从句的谓语；句子叙述过去发生的事情，情态动词can变为过去式could；“出国旅游”表达为动词短语travel abroad，不定式to travel abroad在从句中作宾语。 when引导时间状语从句，从句主语为he，从句完整结构为when he couldn’t wait to travel abroad。 62. 这座城市群山环抱，风景如画，却每天下午雷打不动地下起暴雨。(embrace)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】 The city is embraced by mountains and has picturesque scenery, but it rains heavily every afternoon without fail. 【解析】 【详解】本句陈述客观事实，时态用一般现在时。“这座城市群山环抱，风景如画”是第一个分句，“这座城市群山环抱”含有城市被群山环抱之意，要译为一般现在时的被动语态The city is embraced by mountains，“风景如画”描述城市的特点，与“群山环抱”构成语义上的并列关系，逗号要变成并列连词and，译为and has picturesque scenery，用逗号与后面的分句隔开；“却”译为but，“每天下午下起暴雨”译为it rains heavily every afternoon，it是无人称代词，指代天气；“雷打不动地”译为without fail，置于句末作状语。 63. 在这座古城的中心，屹立着世界上最宏伟的公共广场之一，它一度服务于宗教和教育目的，使民众有权获得免费教育。(entitle)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】In the heart of the ancient city stands one of the world’s most magnificent public squares, which once served religious and educational purposes, entitling people to free education. 【解析】 【详解】“在这座古城的中心”表达为In the heart of the ancient city，地点状语置于句首且主语为名词短语时，句子需用完全倒装结构，本句描述客观事实用一般现在时，故谓语动词“屹立”（stands）提至主语前；“世界上最宏伟的公共广场之一”表达为one of the world’s most magnificent public squares，作主句主语；“一度服务于宗教和教育目的”是修饰广场的过往属性，动作发生在过去，用一般过去时的非限制性定语从句which once served religious and educational purposes，补充说明广场的历史功能；“使民众有权获得免费教育”是前述功能带来的自然结果，用现在分词作结果状语，指定词entitle的固定搭配为entitle sb to sth(使某人有权获得某物)，故该部分表达为entitling people to free education。 64. 为了逃离尘世的喧嚣，她开着吉普，放着音乐，一路颠簸来到荒原，欣赏那儿原始的自然之美。（escape）（汉译英） _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】 To escape the hustle and bustle of the secular world, she drove her jeep with music playing, jolted all the way to the wilderness and appreciated the primitive natural beauty there. 【解析】 【详解】本句叙述过去的事情，时态用一般过去时。“为了逃离尘世的喧嚣”置于句首作目的状语，要用动词不定式结构；“逃离”译为escape，“尘世的喧嚣”译为the hustle and bustle of the secular world，整合为To escape the hustle and bustle of the secular world，用逗号与后面句子隔开；“她开着吉普”译为she drove her jeep，drove是动词drive的过去式，“放着音乐”作伴随状语，用with的复合结构with music playing，music与playing是逻辑上的主谓关系，用逗号与后面的内容隔开；“一路颠簸”译为jolted all the way，jolted是动词jolt的过去式，“来到荒原”译为介词短语to the wilderness，整合为jolted all the way to the wilderness；“欣赏那儿原始的自然之美”与drove、jolted并列，要用并列连词and连接，译为appreciated the primitive natural beauty there。 V. Guided Writing 65. Directions:Write an English composition in no less than 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假如你是明启中学高三学生李华，下周你校举办“世界文化日”，你将作为学生代表在开幕式上发言。请你写一篇发言稿，谈谈对尊重文化差异的理解。内容需包括： 描述一次你感受到文化差异的具体经历，如问候方式、餐桌礼仪或时间观念等； 2．说明这次经历让你对“尊重文化差异”有了怎样的理解； 3．呼吁同学们在“世界文化日”活动中付诸行动。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Dear teachers and dear classmates, Good morning! I’m Li Hua from Senior Three. It’s my honour to deliver a speech for the opening of our school’s World Culture Day. I once had a memorable experience with an overseas student. When I invited him to dinner, I kept putting food on his plate to show my hospitality. However, he looked uncomfortable. Later he told me that in his culture, people prefer to choose food by themselves and being served too much may make them stressed. This experience made me realize that cultural differences are not about good or bad. Every custom is rooted in its own history. Respecting diversity means we should abandon prejudice and try to see things from others’ cultural background. On this World Culture Day, let’s take action. Be curious and polite when learning about foreign cultures, and also confidently introduce our splendid Chinese culture. Only through mutual respect can we build a harmonious world. Thank you! 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生写一篇发言稿，在学校举办的“世界文化日”活动中作为学生代表在开幕式上发言，谈谈对尊重文化差异的理解。 【详解】1.词汇积累 热忱、盛情：hospitality→ cordiality 紧张的：stressed→ strained 摒弃：abandon→ cast aside 璀璨的：splendid→ glorious 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I once had a memorable experience with an overseas student. 拓展句：I once had a memorable experience that was related to an overseas student. 【点睛】【高分句型1】When I invited him to dinner, I kept putting food on his plate to show my hospitality.（运用了When引导的时间状语从句） 【高分句型2】  Only through mutual respect can we build a harmonious world.（运用了倒装句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $