精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年第二学期高二年级英语学科5月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科5月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Lightning Strikes! Three years ago a bolt of lightning all but ruined Lynn Miller’s house in Aberdeen — with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, ____1____ (recall) the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I ____2____(throw) to the ground by an enormous bang. When I picked myself up, I found the roof and the entire upper storey of the house completely ____3____ (destroy). The door was blocked by rubble (碎石), but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed.” “Later I was told that ____4____ (strike) by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible, “I wouldn’t go out in a storm — but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough ____5____ (catch) in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible. Lightning is one of nature’s displays of power. 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman, proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of ____6____ it works. Occasionally, there are indications that lightning may strike. Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees may make a noise, and people’s hair can stand ____7____ end. Harold Deal, a retiring electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain ____8____ controls the sensation of temperature. Since then the freezing South Carolina winters ____9____ (bother) Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold. Animals are victims of lightning, too. Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely ____10____ they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide. 【答案】1. recalling 2. was thrown 3. destroyed 4. being struck 5. to be caught 6. how 7. on 8. which##that 9. haven’t bothered 10. because 【解析】 【导语】文章借雷击事例介绍雷击危害、征兆、避险方法以及人类对闪电尚未完全了解。 【1题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：“当时下着大暴雨，”她回忆起这段可怕的经历说道。本句已有谓语says，recall与主语she为主动关系，用现在分词recalling作伴随状语。 【2题详解】 考查动词语态。句意：突然一声巨响，我被掀翻在地。主语I和throw是被动关系，讲述过去的事，用一般过去时的被动语态，谓语用was thrown。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：当我爬起来时，我发现屋顶和整层楼上都被完全毁坏了。本处为“find+宾语+宾补”结构，destroy和the roof and the entire upper storey是被动关系，用过去分词destroyed作宾补。 【4题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：后来有人告诉我，被闪电击中的概率是百万分之一。本空在that引导的宾语从句中作主语，表示“被闪电击中”，用动名词的被动形式 being struck。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他建议任何不幸遇上暴风雨的人趴在地上蜷缩成一团，让自己尽可能缩小。be unlucky enough to do“不幸偏偏遇上……”，who指代先行词anyone，与catch为被动关系，用to be caught。 【6题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：美国科学家、政治家本杰明・富兰克林证明闪电是一种电，但科学家仍未完全弄明白它是如何运作的。本空引导宾语从句，表达“如何”，用how引导。 【7题详解】 考查介词。句意：从树木向上流动的正电荷可能会发出声响，人的头发也会竖立起来。固定搭配on end，表示“竖立着”。 【8题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：他表面上没有受伤，但后来发现雷击损伤了大脑中控制温度感知的区域。本空引导定语从句，先行词是the part of the brain，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用which/that引导。 【9题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：从那以后，南卡罗来纳州寒冷的冬天再也不会困扰哈罗德了，因为他完全感觉不到寒冷。根据since then可知，用现在完成时，且根据since he is completely unable to feel the cold可知，此处表达否定含义，主语the freezing South Carolina winters为复数，谓语用haven’t bothered。 【10题详解】 考查连词。句意：每年有成百上千的牛羊丧命，主要是因为它们躲在树下。后半句解释牛羊遭雷击的原因，本空用because引导原因状语从句。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once Note that there is one word more than you need. A. address B. changes C. confidence D. limited E. options F. personalized G. redefine H. resistant I. stuck J. tailoring K. ventured Perfect Fashion by Numbers It’s the disadvantage of online clothes shopping. You come across a shirt you simply must have only to find that what you receive doesn’t fit despite being in your size. How can you order clothes with ____11____ when you can’t try them on? A new wave of start-ups are finding clever ways to ____12____ the problem. One of them wants to ____13____ our system for sizing clothes. “We think it’s kind of ridiculous that despite all of us coming in so many different shapes and sizes, we’re ____14____ with small, medium and large,” says Matt Hornbuckle, co-founder of Stantt, a New Jersey-based firm that manufactures men’s shirts to fit 70 sets of body measurements. To arrive at these, Hornbuckle hired another company to analyse 200,000 measurements of men’s bodies, looking for correlations. It found that three numbers—chest size, waist and sleeve length-are enough to predict which of those 70 ____15____ would best fit someone. Stantt’s first shirts, priced at $98, will ship in May. The company’s recent Kickstarter campaign raised $120,000 and collected pre-orders for around 1000 shirts—a sign, Hornbuckle says, that customers are eager for ____16____. “The retail store itself, and how they operate, is becoming out of date,” he says. Another start-up, Arden reed, based in New York, wants to take this ____17____ approach a step further with its suits. Six months ago, the company began sizing customers using a remodelled truck equipped with a 3D body scanner. It has 14 Kinect sensors that record around 1.5 million body contour (外形，轮廓) points in a process lasting10 minutes. The readings are turned into measurements for the ____18____ to be outsourced to producers, and customers receive their suit six weeks later for between $500 and $1500. They can order more in the same size online. The scanner has ____19____ to Boston and Washington DC, and will make its first appearance in Miami this year. “The truck concept allows us not to be ____20____ to a store,” says Carlos Solorio, Arden Reed’s co-founder. Stantt and Arden Reed now want to expand their range to include women’s clothing. 【答案】11. C 12. A 13. G 14. I 15. E 16. B 17. F 18. J 19. K 20. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。网上买衣服不能试穿的时候该如何选定衣服呢?为了解决这个问题，很多创业公司正在寻找解决办法，其中以重新定义衣服尺码系统和使用一辆配备了3D身体扫描仪的改装卡车来衡量客户的尺寸最为突出。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：当你不能试穿的时候，你怎么能自信地定购衣服呢?分析句子可知，空格处在介词with后应为名词， confidence“自信”为名词，符合题意。故选C。 【12题详解】 考查动词。句意：新一波的创业公司正在寻找聪明的方法来解决这个问题。分析句子可知，空格处应为动词原形，与to构成动词不定式，address“设法解决”为动词，符合题意。故选A。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：其中一个想要重新定义我们的衣服尺码系统。分析句子可知，空格处在wants to 后应为动词原形，redefine“重新定义”为动词，符合题意。故选G。 【14题详解】 考查过去分词。句意：新泽西州Stantt公司的联合创始人Matt Hornbuckle表示：“尽管我们所有人都有各种不同的体型和尺码，但我们却遇到选择小号、中号和大号的困难，我们觉得这有点荒谬。”Stantt公司生产的男式衬衫适合70种体型。分析句子可知，空格处应为动词的过去分词，表示被动，stuck“被难倒，被困住”为过去分词，符合题意。故选I。 【15题详解】 考查名词的复数。句意：研究发现，胸围、腰围和袖长这三个数字足以预测出这70个选项中最适合某人的是哪一个。分析句子可知，空格处在those 70应为名词的复数，options“选择”为名词，符合题意。故选E。 【16题详解】 考查名词的复数。句意：该公司最近在众筹网站Kickstarter上筹集了12万美元的资金，并收到了约1000件衬衫的预订单。Hornbuckle说，这表明顾客渴望改变。分析句子可知，空格处在are eager for 应为名词的复数，作介词for宾语，changes“改变”为名词，符合题意。故选B。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：另一家位于纽约的初创企业Arden reed想在其西装上进一步体现这种个性化。分析句子可知，空格处应为形容词，作定语，修饰名词approach，personalized“个性化的，个人化的”为形容词，符合题意。故选F。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：这些读数被转换成裁剪的尺寸，然后外包给生产商，顾客在六周后以500到1500美元的价格收到他们的西装。分析句子可知，空格处应为名词，作介词for的宾语，tailoring“剪裁”为名词，符合题意。故选J。 【19题详解】 考查过去分词。句意：该扫描仪已经在波士顿和华盛顿特区投资，今年将在迈阿密首次亮相。分析句子可知，空格处应为过去分词，与has一起构成现在完成时，ventured“投资”为动词的过去分词，符合题意。故选K。 【20题详解】 考查过去分词。句意：Arden Reed的联合创始人Carlos Solorio表示：“卡车的概念让我们不必局限于一家商店。”分析句子可知，空格处在not to be应为动词的过去分词，表示被动，limited“被限制”为过去分词，符合题意。故选D。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Economists tend to be big fans of education, which is perhaps not surprising given how much of it they consume and how well their textbooks can do. Alfred Marshall, writing in 1873, hoped that education would help ____21____ the “distinction between workingmen and gentlemen”. Gary Becker of the University of Chicago reimagined education as an ____22____ in “human capital” that would earn a return in the market. But economists can also be extremely ____23____ about schooling. The theory of signalling compares many educational certificates to peacock’s tails: costly encumbrances (累赘), ____24____ only as noticeable proof that their owners are intellectually strong enough to bear them. And in “The Social Limits to Growth”, a book published in 1976, Fred Hirsch pointed out that education is often “positional” in nature. What ____25____ is not only how much you have, but whether you have more than the next person. For many students it is not enough merely to acquire a good education. They must obtain a better education than the people____26____ them in the queue for sought-after jobs. Positional goods are, by their nature, in strictly ____27____ supply. Everyone can in principle live in a good neighbourhood, attend a good school, and work in a good job. But logic ____28____ says that not everyone can enjoy the nicest neighbourhoods, best schools or most decent jobs. An unhappy ____29____ is that one family’s expenses on schooling raises the bar for everyone else. Families are drawn, often unconsciously, into educational arms races. They spend money and time on after school tutoring or extracurricular activities in the expectation that it will improve their child’s ____30____ in the queue for advancement. But they quickly discover that everyone else is doing the same, leaving them in the same position as before. They are in fact worse off, ____31____ the costs and frustration caused. “If everyone stands on tiptoe, no one sees better.” Hirsch noted. And their feet also ____32____. The arms race is notably less than ____33____ in parts of Europe. In Norway and Sweden parents show little demand for tutoring. And overeducation is less common in Germany and other countries that sort children early into academic or vocational schools, with little ____34____ between the two, according to a study by Valentina Di Stasio of Utrecht University together with Thijs Bol and Herman Vande Werfhorst of the University of Amsterdam. Vocational schools are supposed to teach what employers want employees to know. That may limit the scope for certification inflation (通货膨账). For better or worse, they also remove large numbers of the students from the race for more ____35____ achievements. 21. A. identify B. increase C. neglect D. erase 22. A. interest B. advantage C. investment D. experiment 23. A. critical B. curious C. realistic D. optimistic 24. A. famous B. useful C. available D. dismissed 25. A. matters B. happens C. follows D. changes 26. A. depending on B. looking after C. turning to D. competing with 27. A. limited B. fixed C. endless D. actual 28. A. unwillingly B. softly C. sadly D. daily 29. A. relationship B. demonstration C. solution D. consequence 30. A. performance B. position C. balance D. efficiency 31. A. because of B. in spite of C. by means of D. in case of 32. A. sank B. hurt C. moved D. crossed 33. A. final B. intense C. open D. adequate 34. A. agreement B. distance C. difference D. mobility 35. A. technical B. cultural C. academic D. vocational 【答案】21. D 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. A 32. B 33. B 34. D 35. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要说明了经济学家对教育褒贬并存，地位性教育催生教育军备竞赛，大家投入却难以领先；欧洲部分国家分流职教，降低了这场竞争的激烈程度。 【21题详解】 考查动词。句意：阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔在1873年撰文，希望教育有助于消除“工人与绅士之间的差别”。A. identify识别；B. increase增加；C. neglect忽视；D. erase消除。根据下文“the “distinction between workingmen and gentlemen””以及常识可知，教育用来消除阶层差别。 【22题详解】 考查名词。句意：芝加哥大学的加里·贝克尔把教育重新定义为对“人力资本”的一项投资，它会在市场上获得回报。A. interest兴趣；B. advantage优势；C. investment投资；D. experiment实验。根据下文“earn a return”可知，可以获得回报说明教育是投资。 【23题详解】 考查形容词。句意：但经济学家对学校教育也可能极具批判性。A. critical批判的；B. curious好奇的；C. realistic现实的；D. optimistic乐观的。根据上文“Gary Becker of the University of Chicago reimagined education as an ____ in “human capital” that would earn a return in the market.”以及But表转折，上文说经济学家推崇教育，此处转折表示也会批判教育。 【24题详解】 考查形容词。句意：信号理论将很多学历证书比作孔雀的尾羽：代价高昂的累赘，其作用仅仅是一个醒目的证明——证书持有者智力足够出众，能够承受这份负担。A. famous著名的；B. useful有用的；C. available可获得的；D. dismissed被摒弃的。根据下文“only as noticeable proof that their owners are intellectually strong enough to bear them”可知，学历这个累赘仅在起到证明作用时才有用。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：重要的不只是你拥有多少，而是你是否比别人拥有得更多。A. matters要紧；B. happens发生；C. follows跟随；D. changes改变。根据下文“is not only how much you have, but whether you have more than the next person”可知，重要的不只是你拥有多少，what matters表示“重要的是”。 【26题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：他们必须拿到比求职队列里和自己竞争的人更好的教育。A. depending on依靠；B. looking after照顾；C. turning to求助于；D. competing with与……竞争。根据下文“in the queue for sought-after jobs”可知，找热门工作时大家互相竞争。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：地位性商品本质上供给十分有限。A. limited有限的；B. fixed固定的；C. endless无尽的；D. actual真实的。根据下文“not everyone can enjoy the nicest neighbourhoods, best schools or most decent jobs”可知，下文提到不是所有人都能拥有最好资源，说明供给有限。 【28题详解】 考查副词。句意：但令人遗憾的是，逻辑告诉我们，不是每个人都能住进最好的社区、上最好的学校或是获得体面的工作。A. unwillingly不情愿地；B. softly轻柔地；C. sadly令人遗憾地；D. daily每日地。根据下文“not everyone can enjoy the nicest neighbourhoods, best schools or most decent jobs”可知，不是每个人都能住进最好的社区、上最好的学校或是获得体面的工作，这是一个无奈、遗憾的事实。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：一个令人不快的后果就是，一个家庭在教育上的支出抬高了所有人的门槛。A. relationship关系；B. demonstration证明；C. solution解决办法；D. consequence后果。根据下文“one family’s expenses, on schooling raises the bar for everyone else”可知，后面是这件事带来的结果。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：他们花钱花时间在课外辅导或者课外活动上，指望这能提升孩子在晋升竞争队列里的位次。A. performance表现；B. position位置，位次；C. balance平衡；D. efficiency效率。根据上文“in the queue for sought-after jobs”可知，此处指竞争队列里的位置。 【31题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：事实上他们境况更糟，因为要承担这些成本以及随之而来的挫败感。A. because of因为；B. in spite of尽管；C. by means of借助；D. in case of万一。下文“the costs and frustration caused”是境况变差的原因。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：而且他们的脚也会疼。A. sank下沉；B. hurt疼痛；C. moved移动；D. crossed交叉。根据上文“If everyone stands on tiptoe, no one sees better.”可知，踮脚久了脚会疼。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这场军备竞赛在欧洲部分地区明显没有那么激烈。A. final最终的；B. intense激烈的；C. open开放的；D. adequate足够的。根据下文“In Norway and Sweden parents show little demand for tutoring.”可知，下文提到挪威瑞典家长很少补课，说明教育竞赛不激烈。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：乌得勒支大学的瓦伦蒂娜·迪·斯塔西奥等人的研究表明，德国以及其他早早把学生分到学术路线或职业路线学校、两类学校之间流动性很小的国家，过度教育现象没那么普遍。A. agreement协议；B. distance距离；C. difference差别；D. mobility流动性。根据上文“And overeducation is less common in Germany and other countries that sort children early into academic or vocational schools”可知，学生分流后很难在学术、职教两条路线之间转换。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：无论好坏，这也把大量学生从争夺更多学术成就的竞赛里剥离出来。A. technical技术的；B. cultural文化的；C. academic学术的；D. vocational职业的。根据上文“And overeducation is less common in Germany and other countries that sort children early into academic or vocational schools”可知，前面区分学术学校和职业学校，这里是学术成就。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） There are still many things that Peter Cooke would like to try his hand at--paper-making and feather-work are on his list. For the moment though, he will stick to the skill that he has been delighted to perfect over the past ten years: making delicate and unusual objects out of shells. “Tell me if I am boring you,” he says, as he leads me round his apartment showing me his work. There is a fine line between being a bore and being an enthusiast, but Cooke need not worry: he fits into the latter category, helped both by his charm and by the beauty of the things he makes. He points to a pair of shell-covered ornaments (装饰品) above a fireplace. “I shan’t be at all bothered if people don’t buy them because I have got so used to them, and to me they’re adorable. I never meant to sell my work commercially. Some friends came to see me about five years ago and said, ‘You must have an exhibition--people ought to see these. We’ll talk to a man who owns an art gallery’”. The result was an exhibition in London, at which 70 per cent of the objects were sold. His second exhibition opened at the gallery yesterday. Considering the enormous prices that the pieces command—around $2,000 for the ornament—an empty space above the fireplace would seem a small sacrifice for Cooke to make. There are 86 pieces in the exhibition, with prices starting at £225 for a shell--flower in a crystal vase. Cooke insists that he has nothing to do with the prices and is cheerily open about their level: he claims there is nobody else in the world who produces work like his, and, as the gallery-owner told him, “Well, you’re going to stop one day and everybody will want your pieces because there won’t be any more.” Cooke has created his own method and uses materials as and when he finds them. He uses the cardboard sent back with laundered shirts for his flower bases, a nameless glue bought from a sail-maker (‘If it runs out, I don’t know what I will do!’) and washing-up liquid to wash the shells. “I have an idea of what I want to do and it just does itself,” he says of his working method, yet the attention to detail, colour gradations and symmetry (对称) he achieves look far from accidental. 36. What can be learned about Peter Cooke from the first paragraph? A. He has produced objects with different materials. B. He was praised for his shell objects many years ago. C. He hopes to work with other materials in the future. D. He has written about his love for shell objects. 37. When looking round his apartment, the writer ________. A. is attracted by Cooke’s personality B. realizes he finds Cooke’s work boring C. feels uncertain about giving Cooke his opinion D. senses that Cooke wants his products to be admired 38. The “small sacrifice” in paragraph 3 refers to________. A. the loss of Cooke’s ornaments B. the display of Cooke’s ornaments C. the cost of keeping Cooke’s ornaments D. the space required to store Cooke’s ornaments 39. When talking about the artist’s working method, the writer implies that Cooke ________. A. is unaware of the unique quality his work has B. accepts that he sometimes makes mistakes C. undervalues the materials that he uses D. underrates his creative contribution 【答案】36. C 37. B 38. A 39. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文,作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了Peter Cooke一直希望将来能使用其他材料，但他的画廊损失严重，他后悔自己的工作不再那么熟练了。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“For the moment though, he will stick to the skill that he has been delighted to perfect over the past ten years: making delicate and unusual objects out of shells. (不过，就目前而言，他将坚持他在过去十年中一直乐于完善的技能：用贝壳制作精致而不寻常的物体。)”可知，Peter Cooke希望将来能使用其他材料，故选C。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Tell me if I am boring you (如果我让你无聊，就告诉我)”可知，当环顾他的公寓时作者意识到他觉得库克的作品很无聊，故选B。 【38题详解】 词义猜测题。根据文章第三段“Considering the enormous prices that the pieces command—around $2,000 for the ornament—an empty space above the fireplace would seem a small sacrifice for Cooke to make. (考虑到这些装饰品的高昂价格—大约2000美元—在壁炉上方腾出一块空地对库克来说似乎是一个小小的牺牲。)”可知，以大约2000美元的价格把Cooke的饰品卖掉对他来说是一个损失。可知划线词组的意思是“库克的饰品损失”。故选A。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“yet the attention to detail, colour gradations and symmetry (对称) he achieves look far from accidental. (然而，他对细节、色调和对称性的关注看起来绝非偶然。)”可知，在谈到艺术家的工作方法时，作者想表明的是库克低估了他的创造性贡献，故选D。 （B） Can you imagine being a student at university before computers appeared? Before the technological revolution in the 1980s, if you didn’t want to write by hand you had a typewriter. Curious about the history of the typewriter? Although the first writing machines were built in the 14th century, they varied in size and shape; some were as large as pianos! The first typewriter was patented in England in 1714, but typewriters as we know them didn’t actually kick off as manufactured products until the late 1800s. So how does it work? First, you need keys to press. When you press a key, it makes another lever called the type hammer move up towards the paper. The type hammer has the metal bar with the letters attached to it at the end. Just before the letter hits the paper, a piece of cloth with ink on it called the ribbon moves upwards between the type and the paper. The letter then appears in ink on the piece of paper. When you take your finger off the key, a spring makes the hammer move back to where it was before. At the same time, the carriage, which is the cylinder-shaped (圆柱状的) part at the top where the paper is held, moves to the left. You can therefore continue to write the word that you want. When the carriage gets to the end of a line, you hear a bell. When you hear the bell, you press the carriage return lever on the left-hand side of the typewriter, which moves the paper up, so that you can continue writing on a new line. *lever: a long bar that you use to lift or move something by pressing one end 40. Which of the following statements is true regarding the history of the typewriter? A. The typewriters were mostly as big as pianos in the 1300s. B. The year of 1980 marked the beginning of its decline. C. Its mass production didn’t start until the late 1800s. D. The first one was invented in the year of 1714. 41. What is the function of the ribbon in a typewriter? A. To transfer ink onto the paper. B. To move the carriage to the left. C. To hold the paper in the correct position. D. To protect the type hammer from damage. 42. What does the bell indicate? A. You have run out of ink. B. You need to start a new line. C. You need to re-load the paper. D. You have a problem with the carriage. 【答案】40. C 41. A 42. B 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍了打字机的发展历史以及它的工作原理。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“The first typewriter was patented in England in 1714, but typewriters as we know them didn’t actually kick off as manufactured products until the late 1800s.(第一台打字机于1714年在英国获得专利，但直到19世纪末，我们所熟知的打字机才真正开始作为工业产品投入生产)”可知，直到19世纪末(the late 1800s)，打字机才真正开始作为工业制造产品（即大规模生产）出现。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Just before the letter hits the paper, a piece of cloth with ink on it called the ribbon moves upwards between the type and the paper.(就在信纸即将被印出之前，一块蘸有墨水、名为色带的布在铅字与纸张之间向上移动，随后字母就以墨迹的形式出现在纸上)”可知，ribbon是一块带有墨水的布，它的作用是在字锤敲击时将墨水转移到纸张上形成字母。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“When the carriage gets to the end of a line, you hear a bell. When you hear the bell, you press the carriage return lever on the left-hand side of the typewriter, which moves the paper up, so that you can continue writing on a new line. (当字车走到一行的末尾时，你会听到铃声。听到铃声后，按下打字机左侧的换行拨杆，纸张会上移，你就可以在新的一行继续书写)”可知，当字车到达一行末尾时会响起铃声，提示你操作换行杆，以便在纸上开始新的一行继续书写。 （C） Company analysts, once among the most promising professionals in the stockmarket, are being culled. New European rules, with the catchy name of MiFID2, have just dealt analysts another blow. A study by Greenwich Associates estimates that the budget for the research they perform may drop by 20% this year. In their best days in the late 1980s and early 1990s, analysts could make or break corporate reputations. A “buy” or “sell” recommendation from the leading two or three analysts in an industry could move a share price substantially. Fund managers, and many financial journalists, relied on analysts to spot those companies that were rising, and those where the accounts revealed signs of trouble. And the best analysts were very well paid. But that golden age was built on certain foundations. Analysts were well paid because they worked for the big investment banks. But those big banks made money not just by helping investors to trade but also by advising companies on new issues. In such circumstances, there was a bargain that analysts would be positive about a company’s prospects. If they were not, the chief executive might take his business elsewhere. Over time, there were far more “buy” recommendations than “sell” suggestions. This looked less like analysis than marketing. A second problem came in the 2000s as regulators cracked down on the way that companies released news to the market. Information could no longer be selectively released to favoured analysts. Meanwhile, those “Sherlock-like” analysts who liked to spot trends through independent company visits faced difficulties. Everything came to depend on the profits guidance issued by companies for the next quarter or year. And analysts dared not let their forecasts be too far from what the companies suggested. The result was that finance had created a poorly functioning market-one that was oversupplied with analysts who mostly offered the same product. Why, then, did it survive at all? The traditional way that investors rewarded banks for good research was not to pay for it directly, but to convey securities (有价证券) trades their way. This system created two conflict-of-interest questions. Were fund managers trading more than they needed to just to pay for their research? And were they getting the best terms available when they did that trade? In both cases, the client (客户), not the fund manager, was in effect paying for the service. Under the new MiFID rules, banks will not be allowed to combine research with other products. Fund managers will have to pay for it separately. As a result, they are expected to be much more selective. This recalls Dr Johnson’s response when Boswell asked whether the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland was worth seeing. The great man replied: ”Worth seeing, yes; but not worth going to see. “The suspicion is that, for many fund managers, the work of analysis is “worth having, but not worth paying to have.” 43. The word “culled” (in paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to . A. dismissed B. promoted C. investigated D. required 44. It can be inferred from the passage that the writer thinks company analysts’ analysis should have been more . A. positive B. neutral C. understandable D. abstract 45. What problem did company analysts meet with in the 2000s? A. Companies provide them with incomplete news. B. They lost their exclusive access to certain information. C. Companies’ profits guidance were unavailable to them. D. They found themselves in a poorly functioning market. 46. Which of the following is a possible consequence of the new MiFID rules? A. Fewer clients will be willing to pay to see the analysis results. B. Analysts’ research will have to be combined with certain products. C. Company analysts will have to pay for their research by themselves. D. Fund managers will be cautious while choosing what analysis to do. 【答案】43. A 44. B 45. B 46. D 【解析】 【导语】本文讲述欧洲新规削减分析师经费，昔日高薪分析师走向没落；利益冲突让分析失去客观性，付费新规也让基金经理筛选研究时更加严格。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段“Company analysts, once among the most promising professionals in the stockmarket, are being culled. New European rules, with the catchy name of MiFID2, have just dealt analysts another blow. A study by Greenwich Associates estimates that the budget for the research they perform may drop by 20% this year.(曾经是股市前景最好群体的公司分析师正在被culled。名为MiFID2的欧洲新规再次给分析师带来沉重打击。格林威治协会的一项研究预估，今年分析师的研究预算或将下降 20%)”可知，预算缩减意味着人员被裁员，culled意为“裁剪”，与dismissed同义。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Over time, there were far more “buy” recommendations than “sell” suggestions. This looked less like analysis than marketing.(久而久之，买入建议远多于卖出建议，这看起来更像营销而非客观分析)” 可知，作者认为分析师的分析本该更加中立客观。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“A second problem came in the 2000s as regulators cracked down on the way that companies released news to the market. Information could no longer be selectively released to favoured analysts.(21世纪初出现第二个问题：监管机构严查企业信息发布方式，企业不再能把信息选择性地只发给少数受优待的分析师)”可知，分析师失去了独享部分信息的特权。 【46题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Under the new MiFID rules, banks will not be allowed to combine research with other products. Fund managers will have to pay for it separately. As a result, they are expected to be much more selective.(MiFID新规禁止银行把研究服务捆绑其他产品，基金经理必须单独付费，因此他们挑选研究服务时会更加挑剔谨慎)”可知，基金经理选择分析项目时会更加谨慎。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Tea for Two Times the Price There is so little Turks agree on these days that even settling on the country’s national drink is hard. Secularists pick raki, a wine best had with baked fish and music. Religious conservatives, including President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, insist on a milky and non-alcoholic drink called ayran. ____47____ An average Turk gets through about 3.5kg of tea every year, or almost four glasses a day, ahead of every other country including Britain, India, China and Russia. Turkey is also the world’s sixth-biggest producer of the leaf. No one has ever entered a house or a government office in Turkey without being offered a glass. (Cups are for coffee, or for tourists.) Now change is taking place in an ancient industry. The government is offering subsidies (补贴) to tea farmers who go organic, hoping that foreigners will then pay more for Turkish tea. ____48____ At one of the company’s factories near Rize, a drab city bordered on one side by the sea and by mountains covered in green carpets of tea on the other, the manager, Koksal Kasapoglu, says the policy has already worked. Organic production at Caykur has shot up from under 100 acres a decade ago to about 10,000 today, about 5% of the total area under cultivation, he says. Some people owe the popularity of tea in Turkey largely to price. ____49____ Many Turks chose the new drink over coffee, which they had been drinking for centuries, but which had become hard to afford. ____50____ Partly because organically grown tea requires more land to produce the same amount of crop, it costs roughly twice as much as the standard kind. Taxpayers’ cash can no doubt persuade many farmers to go organic. But with the economy declining, convincing Turkish tea-drinkers to buy the stuff will be harder. A. What if Turks can afford organic tea? B. A good thing, then, that there is tea, around which all can unite. C. In the second half of the 19th century, when tea arrived in the Ottoman empire, the economy was in decline. D. Price is just as important today. E. Tea wasn’t Turks’ favourite until recently. F. The state tea company, Caykur, the country’s largest producer, will turn entirely to organic farming by 2025. 【答案】47. B 48. F 49. C 50. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了土耳其人热爱喝茶，政府正推动茶叶有机种植以提高出口价格，但有机茶叶成本高，且在经济不景气时，说服土耳其人购买将更具挑战性。 【47题详解】 由上文“There is so little Turks agree on these days that even settling on the country’s national drink is hard. Secularists pick raki, a wine best had with baked fish and music. Religious conservatives, including President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, insist on a milky and non-alcoholic drink called ayran. (如今，土耳其人在诸多事情上难以达成共识，甚至连确定该国的国饮都颇费周折。世俗主义者偏爱拉克酒，这种酒搭配烤鱼和音乐饮用最佳。而包括总统雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安在内的宗教保守派则坚持要喝一种名为ayran的乳白色无酒精饮料。)”可知，土耳其人在选择国饮上存在分歧，下文“An average Turk gets through about 3.5kg of tea every year, or almost four glasses a day, ahead of every other country including Britain, India, China and Russia. (土耳其人平均每年消费约3.5公斤茶叶，即每天近四杯，超过了包括英国、印度、中国和俄罗斯在内的所有其他国家。)”则说明土耳其人茶叶消费量很大，因此本空应起到承上启下的作用，强调茶叶是土耳其人都能接受的。B选项“A good thing, then, that there is tea, around which all can unite. (好在还有茶，能让所有人团结起来。)”符合题意。故选B。 【48题详解】 由上文“The government is offering subsidies (补贴) to tea farmers who go organic, hoping that foreigners will then pay more for Turkish tea. (政府正在为种植有机茶叶的茶农提供补贴，希望外国人能因此为土耳其茶叶支付更高的价格。)”可知，政府正在推动茶叶的有机种植，因此本空应继续说明有机种植的计划或行动。F选项“The state tea company, Caykur, the country’s largest producer, will turn entirely to organic farming by 2025. (国家茶叶公司Caykur是该国最大的茶叶生产商，到2025年将完全转向有机农业。)”符合题意。故选F。 【49题详解】 由下文“Many Turks chose the new drink over coffee, which they had been drinking for centuries, but which had become hard to afford. (许多土耳其人选择了这种新饮料，而不是他们已经喝了几个世纪的咖啡，因为咖啡已经变得难以负担。)”可知，许多土耳其人选择了茶叶而不是咖啡，因为咖啡变得难以负担，因此本空应说明茶叶在土耳其变得受欢迎的原因与经济有关。C选项“In the second half of the 19th century, when tea arrived in the Ottoman empire, the economy was in decline. (19世纪下半叶，当茶叶传入奥斯曼帝国时，经济正在衰退。)”符合题意。故选C。 【50题详解】 由下文“Partly because organically grown tea requires more land to produce the same amount of crop, it costs roughly twice as much as the standard kind. (部分原因是有机种植的茶叶需要更多的土地来生产相同数量的作物，因此它的成本大约是标准茶叶的两倍。)”可知，有机茶叶的成本大约是标准茶叶的两倍，因此本空应强调价格因素对茶叶消费的影响。D选项“Price is just as important today. (如今，价格同样重要。)”符合题意。故选D。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Tough Breaks The year 2020 was a fairly tough year. It did not help that many employees were unable to enjoy a normal holiday, or had to change their plans. Two weeks in Spain might be replaced by a wet week in Cornwall, marked by an attempt to eat a pizza on the beach in the face of a sudden storm. Many people are left with unused annual leave. Some of them are lucky that their employers are willing to let them carry over a couple of weeks. However, not all companies can afford to be so kind. The more vital the worker, the more likely they will have been to be asked to postpone their annual leave. This may leave employers with headaches in the coming year as workers catch up before their unused holiday is lost. Brian Kropp of Gartner, a consultancy, expects to see the lion’s share of staff shortages to land in the first half of 2021. Unlike their European peers, American and Japanese workers seem to give in to social pressure: the fear that taking vacation reflects a lack of commitment to their job. Many American states also allow companies to impose a “use it or lose it” policy, under which they can insist employees cannot carry over unused leave into the following year. That may have prompted a lot of workers to take an extended Christmas break to avoid the loss of their precious allowance. Still, wise employers may want to allow a little flexibility after what has been an extraordinarily difficult year. It is no good forcing people to turn up for work if, in the process, you cause permanent damage to their well-being. Indeed, the evidence seems to suggest that workers put in extra effort in 2020, with those working from home adding an extra hour to their work day. They avoided the trouble of travelling but also lost the clear separation of work from home life, which probably added to stress. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 In 2020, employees couldn’t enjoy their annual leave. Some companies allow employees to use it next year, but might be under-staffed with too many employees on holiday. This may not happen in America or Japan, where taking vacation is a sign of lack of devotion. Sensible employers still allow employees to carry over their annual leave for their well-being. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍 2020 年不少员工没能正常休假，积攒了未休年假，对比不同国家员工的休假观念，建议雇主灵活处理年假以维护员工身心健康。 【详解】要点摘录 ①The year 2020 was a fairly tough year. It did not help that many employees were unable to enjoy a normal holiday…Many people are left with unused annual leave. Some of them are lucky that their employers are willing to let them carry over a couple of weeks. ②This may leave employers with headaches in the coming year as workers catch up before their unused holiday is lost…expects to see the lion’s share of staff shortages to land in the first half of 2021. ③Unlike their European peers, American and Japanese workers seem to give in to social pressure: the fear that taking vacation reflects a lack of commitment to their job. ④Still, wise employers may want to allow a little flexibility after what has been an extraordinarily difficult year. It is no good forcing people to turn up for work if, in the process, you cause permanent damage to their well-being. 缜密构思 将要点①整合为 2020 年员工假期受阻、留下未休年假，部分公司允许年假结转；要点②归纳为集中补休会造成次年人手短缺；要点③梳理欧洲与美日员工休假观念差异；要点④整合为明智的雇主应当灵活对待年假，保护员工健康。整体按照“背景问题—潜在麻烦—国别差异—合理建议”的逻辑重组信息。 遣词造句 Many employees couldn’t take their holidays in 2020 and had leftover leave. Some companies allow them to carry it over, which may lead to labour shortage later. Workers in America and Japan dare not take leave due to social pressure. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Some companies allow employees to use it next year, but might be under-staffed with too many employees on holiday.（运用非谓语动词不定式作宾语补足语） [高分句型2] This may not happen in America or Japan, where taking vacation is a sign of lack of devotion.（运用where引导的非限制性定语从句） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 她投入了大量的时间和精力来帮助这些无家可归的孩子们。（devote）(汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】She has devoted much of her time and energy to helping those homeless children. 【解析】 【详解】“投入”表达为动词devote，此句强调已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时，主语she为第三人称单数，助动词用has；devote…to… (doing) sth.为固定搭配，表示“把……投入到……”；“大量的时间和精力”表达为名词词组much of her time and energy；“帮助”表达为动词help，此处作介词to后面的宾语，需用动名词形式helping；“无家可归的孩子们”表达为名词词组those homeless children。 53. 两到三天的短途游正成为旅游新趋势。(last) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Short trips that last two to three days are becoming a new trend in tourism. 【解析】 【详解】“短途游”用名词短语Short trips作主句主语，“两到三天的”用that引导定语从句修饰short trips，that在从句中作主语，“持续”用动词last作从句谓语，先行词short trips是复数，从句用一般现在时，“两到三天”用two to three days作从句宾语，“正成为”用动词become作主句谓语，表达正在发生的变化，用现在进行时are becoming，“新趋势”用名词短语a new trend作主句宾语，“在旅游领域”用in tourism作后置定语修饰trend。 54. 这家老字号茶庄挂出了“新茶上市”的招牌，吸引了不少顾客。(put up) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】This time-honoured tea shop, which has put up the sign of “Fresh Tea Available”, has attracted many customers. 【解析】 【详解】“这家老字号茶庄”用名词短语This time-honoured tea shop作主语，“挂出了‘新茶上市’的招牌”用which引导非限制性定语从句修饰主语，“挂出”用短语put up，“招牌”用名词sign，“新茶上市”用“Fresh Tea Available”作sign的后置说明，其中Available表示“可获得的、有售的”。动作对现在有影响，从句用现在完成时，“吸引了不少顾客”是主句的谓语部分，“吸引”用动词attract，“不少顾客”用many customers作宾语，动作对现在造成结果，主句用现在完成时。 55. 当时，家中并无私人电话，写信是老友间互通有无的重要途径。(way) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】At that time, there was no private phone at home, so writing letters became an important way for old friends to communicate with each other. 【解析】 【详解】“当时”表达为at that time，作时间状语，提示全句用一般过去时；“某处有……”用there be，“私人电话”表达为private telephone，作主语，be用was；“家中”表达为at home；so连接表因果关系的并列句，“写信”表达为write letters，作主语，用动名词形式，“成为”表达为become，作谓语，用过去式became，“对某人来说是一种做……的重要方式”可表达为an important way for sb. to do...，“老友”表达为old friends，“互通有无”即“相互交流”，表达为communicate with each other。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报正在进行主题为“My Summer Vacation”的征文，你对此很感兴趣，决定写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1）详细叙述在今年暑假里对你而言最有意义的一件事情； 2）你在这一件事情中的收获。 【答案】One possible version The summer vacation was over. I spent a meaningful summer vacation. Especially I took part in a Chinese Summer Camp, which was intended for local students. Scheduled to last 11 days, from July 18 to July 28, the Camp covered a wide variety of cultural activities, ranging from studying Chinese daily expressions to attending lectures on Chinese history and traditional culture. Additionally, it provided a chance for us to visit some famous museums. By admiring the historical relics, I definitely gained a better understanding of the country. I was very glad that I had the chance to join in all these activities. 【解析】 【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生写一篇文章投稿，参加学校英语报主题为“My Summer Vacation”的征文活动。 【详解】1.词汇积累 参加：join in→ take part in 多种多样的：various→ a wide variety of 参观visit→ pay a visit to 更好了解：know well→ gain a better understanding of 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Scheduled to last 11 days, from July 18 to July 28, the Camp covered a wide variety of cultural activities, ranging from studying Chinese daily expressions to attending lectures on Chinese history and traditional culture. 拓展句：Scheduled to last 11 days, from July 18 to July 28, the Camp covered a wide variety of cultural activities, which ranged from studying Chinese daily expressions to attending lectures on Chinese history and traditional culture. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Especially I took part in a Chinese Summer Camp, which was intended for local students.（运用了由which引导的非限制性定语从句） [高分句型2] I was very glad that I had the chance to join in all these activities.（运用了由that引导的宾语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科5月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Lightning Strikes! Three years ago a bolt of lightning all but ruined Lynn Miller’s house in Aberdeen — with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, ____1____ (recall) the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I ____2____(throw) to the ground by an enormous bang. When I picked myself up, I found the roof and the entire upper storey of the house completely ____3____ (destroy). The door was blocked by rubble (碎石), but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed.” “Later I was told that ____4____ (strike) by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible, “I wouldn’t go out in a storm — but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough ____5____ (catch) in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible. Lightning is one of nature’s displays of power. 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman, proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of ____6____ it works. Occasionally, there are indications that lightning may strike. Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees may make a noise, and people’s hair can stand ____7____ end. Harold Deal, a retiring electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain ____8____ controls the sensation of temperature. Since then the freezing South Carolina winters ____9____ (bother) Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold. Animals are victims of lightning, too. Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely ____10____ they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once Note that there is one word more than you need. A. address B. changes C. confidence D. limited E. options F. personalized G. redefine H. resistant I. stuck J. tailoring K. ventured Perfect Fashion by Numbers It’s the disadvantage of online clothes shopping. You come across a shirt you simply must have only to find that what you receive doesn’t fit despite being in your size. How can you order clothes with ____11____ when you can’t try them on? A new wave of start-ups are finding clever ways to ____12____ the problem. One of them wants to ____13____ our system for sizing clothes. “We think it’s kind of ridiculous that despite all of us coming in so many different shapes and sizes, we’re ____14____ with small, medium and large,” says Matt Hornbuckle, co-founder of Stantt, a New Jersey-based firm that manufactures men’s shirts to fit 70 sets of body measurements. To arrive at these, Hornbuckle hired another company to analyse 200,000 measurements of men’s bodies, looking for correlations. It found that three numbers—chest size, waist and sleeve length-are enough to predict which of those 70 ____15____ would best fit someone. Stantt’s first shirts, priced at $98, will ship in May. The company’s recent Kickstarter campaign raised $120,000 and collected pre-orders for around 1000 shirts—a sign, Hornbuckle says, that customers are eager for ____16____. “The retail store itself, and how they operate, is becoming out of date,” he says. Another start-up, Arden reed, based in New York, wants to take this ____17____ approach a step further with its suits. Six months ago, the company began sizing customers using a remodelled truck equipped with a 3D body scanner. It has 14 Kinect sensors that record around 1.5 million body contour (外形，轮廓) points in a process lasting10 minutes. The readings are turned into measurements for the ____18____ to be outsourced to producers, and customers receive their suit six weeks later for between $500 and $1500. They can order more in the same size online. The scanner has ____19____ to Boston and Washington DC, and will make its first appearance in Miami this year. “The truck concept allows us not to be ____20____ to a store,” says Carlos Solorio, Arden Reed’s co-founder. Stantt and Arden Reed now want to expand their range to include women’s clothing. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Economists tend to be big fans of education, which is perhaps not surprising given how much of it they consume and how well their textbooks can do. Alfred Marshall, writing in 1873, hoped that education would help ____21____ the “distinction between workingmen and gentlemen”. Gary Becker of the University of Chicago reimagined education as an ____22____ in “human capital” that would earn a return in the market. But economists can also be extremely ____23____ about schooling. The theory of signalling compares many educational certificates to peacock’s tails: costly encumbrances (累赘), ____24____ only as noticeable proof that their owners are intellectually strong enough to bear them. And in “The Social Limits to Growth”, a book published in 1976, Fred Hirsch pointed out that education is often “positional” in nature. What ____25____ is not only how much you have, but whether you have more than the next person. For many students it is not enough merely to acquire a good education. They must obtain a better education than the people____26____ them in the queue for sought-after jobs. Positional goods are, by their nature, in strictly ____27____ supply. Everyone can in principle live in a good neighbourhood, attend a good school, and work in a good job. But logic ____28____ says that not everyone can enjoy the nicest neighbourhoods, best schools or most decent jobs. An unhappy ____29____ is that one family’s expenses on schooling raises the bar for everyone else. Families are drawn, often unconsciously, into educational arms races. They spend money and time on after school tutoring or extracurricular activities in the expectation that it will improve their child’s ____30____ in the queue for advancement. But they quickly discover that everyone else is doing the same, leaving them in the same position as before. They are in fact worse off, ____31____ the costs and frustration caused. “If everyone stands on tiptoe, no one sees better.” Hirsch noted. And their feet also ____32____. The arms race is notably less than ____33____ in parts of Europe. In Norway and Sweden parents show little demand for tutoring. And overeducation is less common in Germany and other countries that sort children early into academic or vocational schools, with little ____34____ between the two, according to a study by Valentina Di Stasio of Utrecht University together with Thijs Bol and Herman Vande Werfhorst of the University of Amsterdam. Vocational schools are supposed to teach what employers want employees to know. That may limit the scope for certification inflation (通货膨账). For better or worse, they also remove large numbers of the students from the race for more ____35____ achievements. 21. A. identify B. increase C. neglect D. erase 22. A. interest B. advantage C. investment D. experiment 23. A. critical B. curious C. realistic D. optimistic 24. A. famous B. useful C. available D. dismissed 25. A. matters B. happens C. follows D. changes 26. A. depending on B. looking after C. turning to D. competing with 27. A. limited B. fixed C. endless D. actual 28. A. unwillingly B. softly C. sadly D. daily 29. A. relationship B. demonstration C. solution D. consequence 30. A. performance B. position C. balance D. efficiency 31. A. because of B. in spite of C. by means of D. in case of 32. A. sank B. hurt C. moved D. crossed 33. A. final B. intense C. open D. adequate 34. A. agreement B. distance C. difference D. mobility 35. A. technical B. cultural C. academic D. vocational Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） There are still many things that Peter Cooke would like to try his hand at--paper-making and feather-work are on his list. For the moment though, he will stick to the skill that he has been delighted to perfect over the past ten years: making delicate and unusual objects out of shells. “Tell me if I am boring you,” he says, as he leads me round his apartment showing me his work. There is a fine line between being a bore and being an enthusiast, but Cooke need not worry: he fits into the latter category, helped both by his charm and by the beauty of the things he makes. He points to a pair of shell-covered ornaments (装饰品) above a fireplace. “I shan’t be at all bothered if people don’t buy them because I have got so used to them, and to me they’re adorable. I never meant to sell my work commercially. Some friends came to see me about five years ago and said, ‘You must have an exhibition--people ought to see these. We’ll talk to a man who owns an art gallery’”. The result was an exhibition in London, at which 70 per cent of the objects were sold. His second exhibition opened at the gallery yesterday. Considering the enormous prices that the pieces command—around $2,000 for the ornament—an empty space above the fireplace would seem a small sacrifice for Cooke to make. There are 86 pieces in the exhibition, with prices starting at £225 for a shell--flower in a crystal vase. Cooke insists that he has nothing to do with the prices and is cheerily open about their level: he claims there is nobody else in the world who produces work like his, and, as the gallery-owner told him, “Well, you’re going to stop one day and everybody will want your pieces because there won’t be any more.” Cooke has created his own method and uses materials as and when he finds them. He uses the cardboard sent back with laundered shirts for his flower bases, a nameless glue bought from a sail-maker (‘If it runs out, I don’t know what I will do!’) and washing-up liquid to wash the shells. “I have an idea of what I want to do and it just does itself,” he says of his working method, yet the attention to detail, colour gradations and symmetry (对称) he achieves look far from accidental. 36. What can be learned about Peter Cooke from the first paragraph? A. He has produced objects with different materials. B. He was praised for his shell objects many years ago. C. He hopes to work with other materials in the future. D. He has written about his love for shell objects. 37. When looking round his apartment, the writer ________. A. is attracted by Cooke’s personality B. realizes he finds Cooke’s work boring C. feels uncertain about giving Cooke his opinion D. senses that Cooke wants his products to be admired 38. The “small sacrifice” in paragraph 3 refers to________. A. the loss of Cooke’s ornaments B. the display of Cooke’s ornaments C. the cost of keeping Cooke’s ornaments D. the space required to store Cooke’s ornaments 39. When talking about the artist’s working method, the writer implies that Cooke ________. A. is unaware of the unique quality his work has B. accepts that he sometimes makes mistakes C. undervalues the materials that he uses D. underrates his creative contribution （B） Can you imagine being a student at university before computers appeared? Before the technological revolution in the 1980s, if you didn’t want to write by hand you had a typewriter. Curious about the history of the typewriter? Although the first writing machines were built in the 14th century, they varied in size and shape; some were as large as pianos! The first typewriter was patented in England in 1714, but typewriters as we know them didn’t actually kick off as manufactured products until the late 1800s. So how does it work? First, you need keys to press. When you press a key, it makes another lever called the type hammer move up towards the paper. The type hammer has the metal bar with the letters attached to it at the end. Just before the letter hits the paper, a piece of cloth with ink on it called the ribbon moves upwards between the type and the paper. The letter then appears in ink on the piece of paper. When you take your finger off the key, a spring makes the hammer move back to where it was before. At the same time, the carriage, which is the cylinder-shaped (圆柱状的) part at the top where the paper is held, moves to the left. You can therefore continue to write the word that you want. When the carriage gets to the end of a line, you hear a bell. When you hear the bell, you press the carriage return lever on the left-hand side of the typewriter, which moves the paper up, so that you can continue writing on a new line. *lever: a long bar that you use to lift or move something by pressing one end 40. Which of the following statements is true regarding the history of the typewriter? A. The typewriters were mostly as big as pianos in the 1300s. B. The year of 1980 marked the beginning of its decline. C. Its mass production didn’t start until the late 1800s. D. The first one was invented in the year of 1714. 41. What is the function of the ribbon in a typewriter? A. To transfer ink onto the paper. B. To move the carriage to the left. C. To hold the paper in the correct position. D. To protect the type hammer from damage. 42. What does the bell indicate? A. You have run out of ink. B. You need to start a new line. C. You need to re-load the paper. D. You have a problem with the carriage. （C） Company analysts, once among the most promising professionals in the stockmarket, are being culled. New European rules, with the catchy name of MiFID2, have just dealt analysts another blow. A study by Greenwich Associates estimates that the budget for the research they perform may drop by 20% this year. In their best days in the late 1980s and early 1990s, analysts could make or break corporate reputations. A “buy” or “sell” recommendation from the leading two or three analysts in an industry could move a share price substantially. Fund managers, and many financial journalists, relied on analysts to spot those companies that were rising, and those where the accounts revealed signs of trouble. And the best analysts were very well paid. But that golden age was built on certain foundations. Analysts were well paid because they worked for the big investment banks. But those big banks made money not just by helping investors to trade but also by advising companies on new issues. In such circumstances, there was a bargain that analysts would be positive about a company’s prospects. If they were not, the chief executive might take his business elsewhere. Over time, there were far more “buy” recommendations than “sell” suggestions. This looked less like analysis than marketing. A second problem came in the 2000s as regulators cracked down on the way that companies released news to the market. Information could no longer be selectively released to favoured analysts. Meanwhile, those “Sherlock-like” analysts who liked to spot trends through independent company visits faced difficulties. Everything came to depend on the profits guidance issued by companies for the next quarter or year. And analysts dared not let their forecasts be too far from what the companies suggested. The result was that finance had created a poorly functioning market-one that was oversupplied with analysts who mostly offered the same product. Why, then, did it survive at all? The traditional way that investors rewarded banks for good research was not to pay for it directly, but to convey securities (有价证券) trades their way. This system created two conflict-of-interest questions. Were fund managers trading more than they needed to just to pay for their research? And were they getting the best terms available when they did that trade? In both cases, the client (客户), not the fund manager, was in effect paying for the service. Under the new MiFID rules, banks will not be allowed to combine research with other products. Fund managers will have to pay for it separately. As a result, they are expected to be much more selective. This recalls Dr Johnson’s response when Boswell asked whether the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland was worth seeing. The great man replied: ”Worth seeing, yes; but not worth going to see. “The suspicion is that, for many fund managers, the work of analysis is “worth having, but not worth paying to have.” 43. The word “culled” (in paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to . A. dismissed B. promoted C. investigated D. required 44. It can be inferred from the passage that the writer thinks company analysts’ analysis should have been more . A. positive B. neutral C. understandable D. abstract 45. What problem did company analysts meet with in the 2000s? A. Companies provide them with incomplete news. B. They lost their exclusive access to certain information. C. Companies’ profits guidance were unavailable to them. D. They found themselves in a poorly functioning market. 46. Which of the following is a possible consequence of the new MiFID rules? A. Fewer clients will be willing to pay to see the analysis results. B. Analysts’ research will have to be combined with certain products. C. Company analysts will have to pay for their research by themselves. D. Fund managers will be cautious while choosing what analysis to do. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Tea for Two Times the Price There is so little Turks agree on these days that even settling on the country’s national drink is hard. Secularists pick raki, a wine best had with baked fish and music. Religious conservatives, including President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, insist on a milky and non-alcoholic drink called ayran. ____47____ An average Turk gets through about 3.5kg of tea every year, or almost four glasses a day, ahead of every other country including Britain, India, China and Russia. Turkey is also the world’s sixth-biggest producer of the leaf. No one has ever entered a house or a government office in Turkey without being offered a glass. (Cups are for coffee, or for tourists.) Now change is taking place in an ancient industry. The government is offering subsidies (补贴) to tea farmers who go organic, hoping that foreigners will then pay more for Turkish tea. ____48____ At one of the company’s factories near Rize, a drab city bordered on one side by the sea and by mountains covered in green carpets of tea on the other, the manager, Koksal Kasapoglu, says the policy has already worked. Organic production at Caykur has shot up from under 100 acres a decade ago to about 10,000 today, about 5% of the total area under cultivation, he says. Some people owe the popularity of tea in Turkey largely to price. ____49____ Many Turks chose the new drink over coffee, which they had been drinking for centuries, but which had become hard to afford. ____50____ Partly because organically grown tea requires more land to produce the same amount of crop, it costs roughly twice as much as the standard kind. Taxpayers’ cash can no doubt persuade many farmers to go organic. But with the economy declining, convincing Turkish tea-drinkers to buy the stuff will be harder. A. What if Turks can afford organic tea? B. A good thing, then, that there is tea, around which all can unite. C. In the second half of the 19th century, when tea arrived in the Ottoman empire, the economy was in decline. D. Price is just as important today. E. Tea wasn’t Turks’ favourite until recently. F. The state tea company, Caykur, the country’s largest producer, will turn entirely to organic farming by 2025. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Tough Breaks The year 2020 was a fairly tough year. It did not help that many employees were unable to enjoy a normal holiday, or had to change their plans. Two weeks in Spain might be replaced by a wet week in Cornwall, marked by an attempt to eat a pizza on the beach in the face of a sudden storm. Many people are left with unused annual leave. Some of them are lucky that their employers are willing to let them carry over a couple of weeks. However, not all companies can afford to be so kind. The more vital the worker, the more likely they will have been to be asked to postpone their annual leave. This may leave employers with headaches in the coming year as workers catch up before their unused holiday is lost. Brian Kropp of Gartner, a consultancy, expects to see the lion’s share of staff shortages to land in the first half of 2021. Unlike their European peers, American and Japanese workers seem to give in to social pressure: the fear that taking vacation reflects a lack of commitment to their job. Many American states also allow companies to impose a “use it or lose it” policy, under which they can insist employees cannot carry over unused leave into the following year. That may have prompted a lot of workers to take an extended Christmas break to avoid the loss of their precious allowance. Still, wise employers may want to allow a little flexibility after what has been an extraordinarily difficult year. It is no good forcing people to turn up for work if, in the process, you cause permanent damage to their well-being. Indeed, the evidence seems to suggest that workers put in extra effort in 2020, with those working from home adding an extra hour to their work day. They avoided the trouble of travelling but also lost the clear separation of work from home life, which probably added to stress. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 她投入了大量的时间和精力来帮助这些无家可归的孩子们。（devote）(汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 53. 两到三天的短途游正成为旅游新趋势。(last) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 54. 这家老字号茶庄挂出了“新茶上市”的招牌，吸引了不少顾客。(put up) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 55. 当时，家中并无私人电话，写信是老友间互通有无的重要途径。(way) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报正在进行主题为“My Summer Vacation”的征文，你对此很感兴趣，决定写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1）详细叙述在今年暑假里对你而言最有意义的一件事情； 2）你在这一件事情中的收获。 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $