精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年第二学期高二年级英语学科6月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2025学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科6月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. What Can One City Do? People around the world are concerned about global warming and are talking about ways to stop it. The city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the United States, is doing more than just talking. Cambridge wants to become a world leader in energy-efficient buildings. Today, Naema Omar is improving her 80-year-old house in Cambridge. To keep the heat inside in the winter, she is filling the space inside the walls with insulation (绝缘). Insulation is usually made from chemicals, but in her house, she is using ____1____ new-insulation made from recycled blue jeans and other clothes. She has also put in a new type of light called an LED lamp ____2____ uses only a tiny amount of electricity. The lightbulbs in it last for 20 to 30 years before needing ____3____ (change). But eco-friendly insulation and lighting are much ____4____ (expensive) than the usual kind, and many people in Cambridge can’t afford them. A group called Cambridge Energy Alliance (CEA) ____5____ (work) to solve this problem. They want to help every resident and business in the city conserve energy. People can ask the group to come and look at ____6____ they can make their house or office building eco-friendly. The CEA then makes them a plan to save 15 to 30 percent on heating, gas, water, and electricity. Then the group help people borrow money to pay for the improvements. The money that people save ____7____ being more efficient should be enough to pay back the loan. It was ten years ago ____8____ the city of Cambridge decided to try to reduce its carbon emissions. More than 80 percent of the carbon dioxide ____9____ (produce) in Cambridge comes from buildings--not from cars. If the program is successful, it will not only save a lot of energy but also make new jobs for local people. Workers _____10_____ (need) to put in insulation, install better doors and windows, and make other energy improvements on buildings. The CEA hopes that their program will be an example for other cities. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. analysed B. approached C. banknotes D. detect E. infancy F. optimistic G. pathway H. release I. stirring J. spending K. subconscious The Smell For many years large supermarkets have been encouraging us to spend money by pumping the smell of freshly-baked bread into their stores. Now Dale Air, a leading firm of aroma consultants (香味顾问), has been ____11____ by Barclay’s Bank to develop suitable artificial smells for their banks. Researchers have suggested that surrounding customers with the ‘smell of money’ will encourage them to feel relaxed and ____12____ and give them added confidence in the bank’s security and professionalism. But before a smell can be manufactured and introduced into banks’ air conditioning systems it must be identified and chemically ____13____, and this has proved to be difficult. The problem is that banknotes and coins tend to pick up the smell of their surroundings. So cash that has been sitting in a cash register at a fish stand will smell of fish, and ____14____ used to pay for meals in restaurants will tend to smell of food. It may be a challenge, but aroma experts have little doubt that the use of artificial smells can be an effective form of ____15____ advertising. Lunn Poly, a British travel company, introduced the smell of coconuts into its travel agencies and saw a big increase in ____16____ by holiday makers. Many cafes now have electric dispensers that ____17____ the smell of freshly roasted coffee near their entrances, encouraging customers to come in and have a drink or snack. “The sense of smell is probably the most basic of all human senses,” explains researcher Jim O’Riordan. “There is a direct ____18____ from the nose to the brain.” It is certainly true that most people find certain smells ____19____ memories and feelings in a way that few other stimulants can match. It is a phenomenon marketing consultants have long recognised, but until recently have been unable to use. “We’ve made great progress but the technology of smell production is still in its _____20_____,” says O’Riordan. “Who knows where it will take us.” II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Teenagers are paradoxical (自相矛盾的). That’s a mild way of saying something that parents often express with considerably ___21___ language. But the paradox is scientific as well as personal. In adolescence, ___22___ and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything get to take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and obedient children become rebellious teenage ___23___. A new study published in the journal Child Development by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues ___24___ that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time, scientists and policy makers ___25___ the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of ___26___ as well as risk. The researchers studied “prosocial (亲社会的)” and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. The participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend, or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late. Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then ___27___ as you grow older. But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same ___28___ holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like ___29___ helping a friend. Most significantly, there was a positive correlation (相关性) between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop ___30___. Is there some common factor that ___31___ these apparently conflicting developments? One idea is that teenage behavior is related to what researchers call “reward sensitivity”. Decision-making always involves ___32___ rewards and risks, benefits and costs. “Reward sensitivity” measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk. Teenagers are particularly ___33___ to social rewards like winning the game or impressing a new friend. Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we ___34___. Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the ___35___ of getting up off the couch. 21. A. plainer B. stronger C. more different D. more complex 22. A. careless B. promising C. emotional D. helpless 23. A. risk-takers B. trouble-shooters C. decision-makers D. care-providers 24. A. demands B. questions C. suggests D. denies 25. A. concentrated on B. fought against C. came across D. looked over 26. A. matter B. opportunity C. danger D. consideration 27. A. moves on B. dies out C. sets off D. fades away 28. A. behavior B. study C. pattern D. report 29. A. unconsciously B. unwillingly C. unselfishly D. unthoroughly 30. A. separately B. together C. straight D. randomly 31. A. explores B. foresees C. influences D. underlies 32. A. balancing B. discovering C. forgetting D. exchanging 33. A. attached B. committed C. sensitive D. similar 34. A. age B. grow C. leave D. stay 35. A. chance B. effort C. risk D. habit Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Judging by the historic record, we’ve been fascinated by our reflections for a long time. Some of the earliest human-made mirrors date to 6200 B. C. in Turkey. But even back then, mirrors were largely used to assess how beautiful we were. Egyptians paintings and carvings show the upper classes combing their hair and applying thick red, green, yellow and black cosmetics in front of mirrors. Mirrors were associated from early on with vanity (虚荣). Through the middle ages, the technology for mirrors was simple: Fashioned from blown glass, they were usually small and often convex (凸面的). In the Renaissance, Italians began developing techniques for making flatter glass, and in 1507 hit upon a way of covering the back of the glass with mercury and tin to produce clear mirrors. This new technology was wonderful, but so expensive that nobles sometimes sold property just to afford one. In the 16th and 17th centuries, mirror making was so costly that it required the investment of half of France’s GDP. By the time the Renaissance was in full flower, wealthy noblemen could get large mirrors in which they could see their entire body at a glance. It was a transformative sight. The historian Ian Mortimer believes that mirror were central in developing the modern sense of the individual. “Mankind,” says Mortimer, became “a valid topic of study in his own right.” As the playwright and novelist Louis-Sebastien Mercler noted in the1780s, wealthy young men would look “ at four mirrors at once to see themselves”. In 1715, the essayist Richard Steele observed groups of people visiting a London mirror shop, where “ they will certainly be well pleased, for they will have unavoidable opportunities of seeing what they most like.... I mean their own dear selves.” Many others thought nothing of all this self-regard. In the early years of America, “ mirrors were considered, within American society, a kind of luxury that was somewhat shameful. “says Josiah McElheny, a Brooklyn-based artist who works with mirrors. Some countries leveled taxes on large mirrors. America’s mirror taxes were so high that if a furniture maker wished to create a full-body-sized reflection without going bankrupt (破产), he had to assemble it from several smaller mirrors. It wasn’t until the last decades of the 19th century that the industrial world could finally make big mirrors cheaply. Production exploded and mirrors quickly passed from luxurious products for the rich to everyday devices that were affordable among an emerging middle class. In 1897, Sears Roebuck advertised ten-inch-square mirrors for only 50 cents apiece and said: “No house is complete without a number of small mirrors which are handy in so many rooms.” 36. Which of the following statements is true of the mirrors in the Renaissance? A. They were rather small in size. B. They were unaffordable to most people. C. They were mostly manufactured in Italy. D. They were no longer associated with vanity. 37. According to Ian Mortimer, what change did mirrors bring about? A. Humans started to think of themselves as an individual. B. More and more mirrors shops sprang up all over Europe. C. Novelists began to write about people’s love for mirrors. D. People cared about their appearance for the first time. 38. In the early years of America, mirrors ________________. A. brought their makers much profit B. were regarded as something meaningless C. were mostly assembled from small pieces D. caused many furniture makers to go bankrupt 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. The transformative sight of mirrors. B. The varying enthusiasm for mirrors. C. The historic development of mirrors. D. The change in people’s attitudes to mirrors. （B） A Case Against the Clock We’re so busy. We schedule and make full use of our time, squeezing all the efficiency we can out of each day. Time management, we believe, is the solution to our busyness: if we could organize our time better, we’d be less busy, happier, and more effective. Is this really the case? ①________ Research shows that if you increase people’s awareness of time — by placing a big clock in front of them — they do more stuff. (Think about how much work you get done on the day before vacation.) It makes sense that by getting more done, we’d feel more in control. More than that, it’s one of the great fantasies of time management: If you get more organized, you will get on top. However, that works only in a finite (有限的) world. We haven’t lived in that world for quite a while. In our infinite world, we will never be able to get on top of everything. When we complete more tasks, more take their place — send more e-mails, get more replies. ②________ As we seek to maximize our time, we slice and dice it into ever-smaller parts. But when we divide our attention among a thousand mini activities, we prevent ourselves from engaging deeply or thinking properly. Conversations with friends are disemboweled with frequent “productive” glances at the inbox; our ability to think is decimated by the distraction of the ping and the ring. We maintain a state of chaotic mental activity that is the opposite of the best psychological state of flow, where attention is allowed to sink into an activity without distraction, where we bring our thoughts, actions, and goals into perfect synchronicity (同步). Flow doesn’t happen in a short period of time but in a long duration of attention. ③________ Effectiveness comes from two core factors: prioritization and achievement. When we prioritize well, we choose to do the right things, not just the obvious things. Yet a strong time awareness makes us prioritize the urgent and immediate rather than the important and strategic. Research by Microsoft, for example, suggests that 77 percent of U.K. workers feel they have had a productive day if they have emptied their inbox. It horrifies me to see the number of blogs and books that focus on getting to an empty inbox or zero tasks, as if either achievement were worthwhile. No business or life was changed by an empty inbox. 40. What is the main idea of the passage? A. We should make full use of time. B. It is not easy to schedule our time. C. Time management is not all that good. D. We should learn how to organize our time. 41. Choose three sentences from the following sentences (a-d) that best fit the blanks in the passage. a. Your Efficiency Matters b. You’re Less Effective c. Your Attention Suffers d. You Just Get Busier A. 1:a;2:b;3:c B. 1:a;2:c;3:d C. 1:d;2:b;3:a D. 1:d;2:c;3:b 42. Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A. We can never get everything done. B. We should forget about the state of flow. C. It’s important to deal with urgent tasks first. D. It’s wise to divide a big task into mini activities. （C） Imagine a world in which your life is filled with intelligent advertisements. Jaron Lanier, who was an adviser on “Minority Report”, asci- fi film, worries that this could be the future. A few platform firms, he fears, will control what consumers see and hear and other companies will have to use some of their profits (by buying ads) to gain access to them. That may sound ridiculous, but it is increasingly what investors are banking on. The total market value of a basket of a dozen American firms that depend on ad revenue, or are designing their strategies around it, has risen by 126% over the past five years. The part of America’s economy that is ad- centric has become systematically important, with a market value that is larger than the banking industry. The huge sums being bet on advertising raise a question: how much of it can America take?A back- of- the- envelope calculation by Schumpeter suggests that stock prices currently imply that American advertising revenues will rise from 1% of GDP today, to as much as 1.8% of GDP by 2027-a massive-mp. Since 1980 the average has been 1.3%, according to Jonathan Barnard of Zenith, a media agency, and in the past few years the advertising market relative to GDP has been shrinking. There are reasons why it might go on, points out Bob Norman of Group M, another media agency. In the old days advertisers in Time magazine or on billboards in Times Square were what only giant firms could afford. But tech platforms have done a brilliant job of persuading smaller companies to spend money targeting customers. Adverts could become even more effective at identifying customers and attracting them to spend money, using data that have been gathered to anticipate their needs. As commerce shifts online, firms will cut back on conventional marketing, freeing up budgets to spend more on digital ads. Yet there is a logical limit to the size of the advertising market: the irritation factor, or how much consumers can absorb without being put off. The golden rule used to be that ads could comprise no more than 33-50% of TV or radio programming, or of a magazine’s pages, says Rishad Tobacco wala, of Publicis, an advertising firm. The digital world is already showing signs of saturation. More people are using ad- blocking software. Tech brands that avoid bombarding(狂轰滥炸) customers with ads, such as Apple and Netflix, are wildly popular. 43. What can be learned from paragraph 2? A. Some decisions that investors make are ridiculous. B. Investors are optimistic about intelligent advertising. C. The banking industry itself has been shrinking greatly. D. More American firms devote themselves to advertising. 44. According to Bob Norman, why might American advertising revenues account for a larger part of GDP? A. Conventional marketing is losing its appeal. B. Giant firms will spend much more on advertising. C. Advertising will be available to more and more firms. D. Customers are becoming more willing to spend money. 45. By “The digital world is already showing signs of saturation”( paragraph 6), the writer means that________. A. ad- blocking software needs to be used more widely B. customers can hardly skip a website filled with advertisement C. the digital world is not as advanced as commonly thought D. the online advertising market may have reached its limit 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. The limits of intelligent advertising. B. The prospects of intelligent advertising. C. The advantages of intelligent advertising. D. The dominance of intelligent advertising. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A Unified Theory of Corned Beef “Corn” is supposed to refer to large crystals of salt and thus “corned” beef is salt beef. ____47____ In the US, corned beef is a brisket-a big piece of strongly flavoured cow muscle. There is probably no experience as exciting to the food lover as standing in the queue of a Manhattan restaurant and watching a counterman cut wafer-thin slices off a huge chunk of corned beef. ____48____ In 1847, German scientist Baron Justus von Liebig invented a way of processing cheap beef with which he hoped to feed the masses of the industrial revolution. It was made by salting beef, boiling it and breaking it up into small chips, then setting it in its own fat. A group of businesspeople began making the stuff in Fray Bentos, in Uruguay, where the beef was cheap, and began supplying it as military rations. The French called it boeuf bouilli or “boiled beef”, which the British army named Bully Beef. It was “corned beef” all right, just like the American stuff, but only in the way that diamonds and charcoal (木炭) are both carbon. Yet here’s the odd truth. ____49____ Of course, it’s the very role model of processed food and yet there’s something engaging about it, from the way it stands there on a plate, waiting to be sliced, to the way it breaks under the fork as you push it hard into hot potatoes. Above all, it’s still there, on the shelves, like it has been through every national disaster since its invention. This isn’t simply some rosy nonsense. ____50____ They have tasted it and found it good. So good indeed that it continues to outlive any food craze. A. Almost nothing could be more different from British corned beef. B. Those with more morals than greed, perhaps, have developed patterns of exclusion. C. But then things get complicated. D. We’re going to have to question a lot of attitudes towards buying and eating food. E. I love English corned beef with a passion entirely equal to the “original”. F. What was originally designed as a technical solution to starvation has been tested by the world’s largest focus group: ordinary shoppers. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Obesity: Should We Compare It to Smoking? Controversy brings wide reach and media attention. Cancer Research UK (CRUK) has attracted plenty, with its new ads featuring images of old-fashioned cigarette packets with the simple message ‘obesity is a cause of cancer too’. However, this new campaign may be doing more harm than good. Smoking and obesity are fundamentally different: smoking is a behaviour (something people do) while obesity is a physical outcome (a measurement of body mass). At an individual level, the most effective way to reduce smoking-related cancers is to stop smoking. This very approach doesn’t suit obesity. People can’t just stop eating. Besides, body weight and size are influenced by many different factors both at a personal level (genetics, psychology) and a societal level (built environment, government policies). For instance, some people are born to have a higher body mass and be more resistant to weight loss than others. This means societal factors affect some people more than others and weight management isn’t the same for everybody. Regardless, the sight of these cigarette-style posters encourages people to associate smoking with obesity, in particular, that obesity is the result of irresponsibility. The simple fact is that neither smoking nor obesity are merely outcomes of people making bad choices. In this way, this campaign encourages weight discrimination. Smoking is considered to be unfairly damaging the health of others, through passive smoking-the same cannot be said for obesity. However, as the media debate has shown, this comparison creates an unfriendly environment for people of higher weights. So how could the CRUK campaign be improved? The CRUK campaign should educate the public about how inequality, unemployment and lack of food industry regulation increase the risk of cancer, and encourage people to support social change. Rather than increasing unfriendliness towards people of higher weights, CRUK should bring people together in a call for positive action. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这里储存的电可供一个家庭不间断地使用近20年。(use)（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 53. 无论是企业，还是个人，都能感受到这座城市的热情与开放。（Both）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 54. 这部话剧力求给现场观众带来不同于读小说或看电影的体验。(effort) （汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 55. 弹窗广告对人们及时接收信息有一定帮助，但海量的弹窗会影响大家的上网冲浪体验，对人们造成困扰。(helpful) （汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校英语报正在进行主题为“Person of the Year”的征文，推选一名在过去一年里为学校做出重要贡献的教职工或学生。你有意参加，写一篇文章，内容须包括： 1) 简单介绍你准备推选的人选； 2) 具体描述她 / 他在过去一年里为学校做出的贡献。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2025学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科6月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. What Can One City Do? People around the world are concerned about global warming and are talking about ways to stop it. The city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the United States, is doing more than just talking. Cambridge wants to become a world leader in energy-efficient buildings. Today, Naema Omar is improving her 80-year-old house in Cambridge. To keep the heat inside in the winter, she is filling the space inside the walls with insulation (绝缘). Insulation is usually made from chemicals, but in her house, she is using ____1____ new-insulation made from recycled blue jeans and other clothes. She has also put in a new type of light called an LED lamp ____2____ uses only a tiny amount of electricity. The lightbulbs in it last for 20 to 30 years before needing ____3____ (change). But eco-friendly insulation and lighting are much ____4____ (expensive) than the usual kind, and many people in Cambridge can’t afford them. A group called Cambridge Energy Alliance (CEA) ____5____ (work) to solve this problem. They want to help every resident and business in the city conserve energy. People can ask the group to come and look at ____6____ they can make their house or office building eco-friendly. The CEA then makes them a plan to save 15 to 30 percent on heating, gas, water, and electricity. Then the group help people borrow money to pay for the improvements. The money that people save ____7____ being more efficient should be enough to pay back the loan. It was ten years ago ____8____ the city of Cambridge decided to try to reduce its carbon emissions. More than 80 percent of the carbon dioxide ____9____ (produce) in Cambridge comes from buildings--not from cars. If the program is successful, it will not only save a lot of energy but also make new jobs for local people. Workers _____10_____ (need) to put in insulation, install better doors and windows, and make other energy improvements on buildings. The CEA hopes that their program will be an example for other cities. 【答案】1. something 2. that##which 3. to be changed 4. more expensive 5. are working 6. how 7. by 8. that 9. produced 10. will be needed 【解析】 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了美国剑桥市推行建筑节能减碳项目，CEA组织提供方案与贷款支持居民改造房屋，该项目有望节能、创造就业，为其他城市提供借鉴。 【1题详解】 考查代词。句意：通隔热材料通常由化学材料制成，但在她的房子里，她在用一种新型材料 —— 由回收的蓝色牛仔裤和其他衣物制成的隔热层。根据句意可知，此处为不定代词something 表示“某种新材料”，后面形容词new修饰不定代词，后置；符合语境。 【2题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：此外，她还安装了一种新型LED灯，这种灯仅消耗极少的电力。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是 LED lamp（物），从句缺少主语，用关系代词which或 that引导，作从句主语。 【3题详解】 考查动词不定式的被动语态。句意：这些灯泡使用寿命可达20到30年，之后才需要更换。所给词为动词change；物作主语时，此处为need to be done，意为“需要被……”，符合语境。 【4题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：但是，环保的隔热材料和照明设备比普通的要贵得多，剑桥的许多人都负担不起。所给词为形容词expensive；句中有than提示比较级，much修饰比较级，expensive的比较级为more expensive。 【5题详解】 考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：一个名为“剑桥能源联盟”（CEA）的团体正致力于解决这一问题。CEA 是一个group，后文用 They指代，视作一群人，强调这个组织的成员们正在着手解决问题，用现在进行时are working。 【6题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：人们可以邀请该团体前来评估，看看如何让自己的住宅或办公楼变得更加环保。设空处引导宾语从句，从句主谓完整，缺少方式状语，用 how引导，表“如何”。 【7题详解】 考查介词。句意：人们通过提高能源使用效率所节省的资金，应足以偿还贷款。根据句意可知，此处为介词by后接动名词短语，表示“通过…… 方式”，符合句意逻辑。 【8题详解】 考查强调句型。句意：十年前，剑桥市决定尝试减少碳排放。此处为强调句型“It was + 被强调部分 + that + 其他”，此处强调时间状语ten years ago，that不可省略。 【9题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：剑桥80%以上的二氧化碳排放来自建筑物，而不是汽车。此处为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰carbon dioxide，carbon dioxide和produce为被动关系，所以为过去分词形式。 【10题详解】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：工人将被需要安装隔热材料，安装更好的门窗，并对建筑物进行其他能源改进。结合句意可知，工人将会被需要，所以为将来时被动will be needed。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. analysed B. approached C. banknotes D. detect E. infancy F. optimistic G. pathway H. release I. stirring J. spending K. subconscious The Smell For many years large supermarkets have been encouraging us to spend money by pumping the smell of freshly-baked bread into their stores. Now Dale Air, a leading firm of aroma consultants (香味顾问), has been ____11____ by Barclay’s Bank to develop suitable artificial smells for their banks. Researchers have suggested that surrounding customers with the ‘smell of money’ will encourage them to feel relaxed and ____12____ and give them added confidence in the bank’s security and professionalism. But before a smell can be manufactured and introduced into banks’ air conditioning systems it must be identified and chemically ____13____, and this has proved to be difficult. The problem is that banknotes and coins tend to pick up the smell of their surroundings. So cash that has been sitting in a cash register at a fish stand will smell of fish, and ____14____ used to pay for meals in restaurants will tend to smell of food. It may be a challenge, but aroma experts have little doubt that the use of artificial smells can be an effective form of ____15____ advertising. Lunn Poly, a British travel company, introduced the smell of coconuts into its travel agencies and saw a big increase in ____16____ by holiday makers. Many cafes now have electric dispensers that ____17____ the smell of freshly roasted coffee near their entrances, encouraging customers to come in and have a drink or snack. “The sense of smell is probably the most basic of all human senses,” explains researcher Jim O’Riordan. “There is a direct ____18____ from the nose to the brain.” It is certainly true that most people find certain smells ____19____ memories and feelings in a way that few other stimulants can match. It is a phenomenon marketing consultants have long recognised, but until recently have been unable to use. “We’ve made great progress but the technology of smell production is still in its _____20_____,” says O’Riordan. “Who knows where it will take us.” 【答案】11. B 12. F 13. A 14. C 15. K 16. J 17. H 18. G 19. I 20. E 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍商家利用气味开展营销，银行尝试打造“钱的气味”吸引顾客，气味生成技术目前仍处在起步阶段。 【11题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：如今知名香味顾问公司Dale Air已经被巴克莱银行接洽，为银行研发合适的人造气味。本句为现在完成时被动语态，根据后文银行委托该公司研发气味可知，此处表示“接洽”，用approached。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：研究人员表示，让顾客置身于“钱的气味”中，会让他们感到放松、乐观，并且对银行的安保和专业度更有信心。空处和relaxed并列作表语，用形容词，根据语境表达积极的心理状态可知，此处表示“乐观的”，用optimistic。 【13题详解】 考查动词语态。句意：但一种气味在被制造出来并装入银行空调系统之前，必须先被识别并进行化学分析，事实证明这一点很难。and连接并列的被动结构，根据chemically以及研发气味的流程可知，此处表示“分析”，用analysed。 【14题详解】 考查名词。句意：所以放在鱼摊收银机里的现金会有鱼腥味，而用来在餐馆买单的纸币往往带有食物的味道。空处在句中作主语，用名词，根据前文banknotes and coins以及cash的语境可知，此处表示“纸币”，用banknotes。 【15题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这或许是一项挑战，但香味专家毫不怀疑，人造气味可以成为一种有效的潜意识广告形式。空处修饰名词advertising，用形容词，根据气味潜移默化影响人的消费行为可知，此处表示“潜意识的”，用subconscious。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：英国旅游公司Lunn Poly在门店里释放椰子香气，发现度假者的消费额大幅上涨。空处位于介词in后，用名词，根据气味营销带动消费的语境可知，此处表示“消费”，用spending。 【17题详解】 考查动词。句意：很多咖啡馆现在配有电动散发装置，会在门口释放新鲜烘焙咖啡的香气，吸引顾客进店吃喝。定语从句主语dispensers为复数，从句缺少谓语动词，根据装置散发出香气可知，此处表示“释放”，用release。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：鼻子和大脑之间存在一条直接通路。空前有不定冠词a和形容词direct，用名词，根据嗅觉信号传递的原理可知，此处表示“通路”，用pathway。 【19题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：的确，大多数人会发现某些气味能够唤起记忆与情绪，很少有其他刺激物能做到这点。固定结构find sth. doing，根据气味勾起回忆的语境可知，此处表示“唤起”，用stirring。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：奥里奥丹说：“我们已经取得很大进展，但气味生成技术仍处于起步阶段。”空处位于形容词性物主代词its后，用名词，in its infancy为固定搭配，此处表示“初期”，用infancy。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Teenagers are paradoxical (自相矛盾的). That’s a mild way of saying something that parents often express with considerably ___21___ language. But the paradox is scientific as well as personal. In adolescence, ___22___ and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything get to take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and obedient children become rebellious teenage ___23___. A new study published in the journal Child Development by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues ___24___ that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time, scientists and policy makers ___25___ the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of ___26___ as well as risk. The researchers studied “prosocial (亲社会的)” and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. The participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend, or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late. Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then ___27___ as you grow older. But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same ___28___ holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like ___29___ helping a friend. Most significantly, there was a positive correlation (相关性) between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop ___30___. Is there some common factor that ___31___ these apparently conflicting developments? One idea is that teenage behavior is related to what researchers call “reward sensitivity”. Decision-making always involves ___32___ rewards and risks, benefits and costs. “Reward sensitivity” measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk. Teenagers are particularly ___33___ to social rewards like winning the game or impressing a new friend. Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we ___34___. Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the ___35___ of getting up off the couch. 21. A. plainer B. stronger C. more different D. more complex 22. A. careless B. promising C. emotional D. helpless 23. A. risk-takers B. trouble-shooters C. decision-makers D. care-providers 24. A. demands B. questions C. suggests D. denies 25. A. concentrated on B. fought against C. came across D. looked over 26. A. matter B. opportunity C. danger D. consideration 27. A. moves on B. dies out C. sets off D. fades away 28. A. behavior B. study C. pattern D. report 29. A. unconsciously B. unwillingly C. unselfishly D. unthoroughly 30. A. separately B. together C. straight D. randomly 31. A. explores B. foresees C. influences D. underlies 32. A. balancing B. discovering C. forgetting D. exchanging 33. A. attached B. committed C. sensitive D. similar 34. A. age B. grow C. leave D. stay 35. A. chance B. effort C. risk D. habit 【答案】21. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. C 30. B 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. A 35. B 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了青少年兼具亲社会善意与叛逆冒险的两面，二者同步发展，这和青少年较高的奖励敏感性有关，该特质会随年龄增长减弱。 【21题详解】 考查形容词。句意：那是一种委婉的说法，父母们表达这件事时往往语气要强烈得多。A. plainer更朴素的；B. stronger更强烈的；C. more different更不同的；D. more complex更复杂的。根据前文“Teenagers are paradoxical (自相矛盾的). That’s a mild way of saying something”以及语境可知，此处指父母们表达这件事时往往语气要强烈得多，mild“温和的”和stronger形成对比，stronger贴合语境。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。句意：青春期，无助且依赖他人、几乎事事依靠成年人的孩子开始学会照顾自己、互相帮助。A. careless粗心的；B. promising有前途的；C. emotional情绪化的；D. helpless无助的。根据后文“and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything”以及语境可知，此处指青春期的孩子无助且依赖他人，helpless和dependent语义呼应。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：与此同时，曾经开朗顺从的孩子变成爱冒险的青少年。A. risk-takers冒险者；B. trouble-shooters故障排查员；C. decision-makers决策者；D. care-providers照料者。根据后文“the positive and negative sides of teenagers”以及最后一段“risk-taking”可知，曾经开朗顺从的孩子变成爱冒险的青少年。 【24题详解】 考查动词。句意：莱顿大学的Eveline Crone及其同事在《儿童发展》期刊上发表的一项新研究表明，青少年身上积极和消极的一面相伴而生。A. demands要求；B. questions质疑；C. suggests表明；D. denies否认。根据后文“the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand”研究内容可知，研究是得出结论、表明观点。 【25题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：长期以来，科学家和政策制定者一直专注于这样一种观点：青少年是一个需要解决的问题。A. concentrated on专注于；B. fought against对抗；C. came across偶然遇见；D. looked over检查。根据后文“The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of 　 　 as well as risk”可知，新旧观点形成对比，此处指过去人们专注于“青少年是问题”这个看法。 【26题详解】 考查名词。句意：这项新研究强调，青春期既是充满风险的时期，也是充满机遇的时期。A. matter事情；B. opportunity机遇；C. danger危险；D. consideration考虑。根据后文“as well as risk”以及语境可知，此处指青春期是充满风险和机遇的时期，opportunity和risk构成正反对照。 【27题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：其他研究表明，叛逆行为在进入青少年阶段会增多，然后随着年龄增长慢慢消退。A. moves on继续前进；B. dies out灭绝；C. sets off出发；D. fades away逐渐消退。根据前文“rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager”以及语境可知，此处指随着年龄增长叛逆慢慢消退，increases与fades away形成对比。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：但这项新研究有趣地发现，亲社会行为也呈现出相同的规律。A. behavior行为；B. study研究；C. pattern模式，规律；D. report报告。根据前文“rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then 　 　 as you grow older.”描述叛逆行为随年龄变化的趋势可知，这里指亲社会行为也有一样的变化模式，有相同的规律。 【29题详解】 考查副词。句意：比起年幼的孩子或者成年人，青少年更有可能报告自己做出无私帮助朋友这类事情。A. unconsciously无意识地；B. unwillingly不情愿地；C. unselfishly无私地；D. unthoroughly不彻底地。根据前一段“altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend”可知，此处指做出无私帮助朋友这类事情，unselfishly和altruistic“利他的”呼应。 【30题详解】 考查副词。句意：青春期好的一面和坏的一面似乎是同步发展的。A. separately分开地；B. together一起；C. straight直接地；D. randomly随意地。根据前文“there was a positive correlation (相关性) between prosociality and rebelliousness”以及语境可知，此处指两类行为正相关，一起发展。 【31题详解】 考查动词。句意：是否存在某种共同的因素，构成这些看似矛盾发展特征的底层原因？A. explores探索；B. foresees预见；C. influences影响；D. underlies是……的基础，构成……的根本原因。根据后文介绍“reward sensitivity”这个底层因素可知，此处指构成这些特征的底层原因，underlies贴合语境。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：做决策总要权衡回报与风险、收益与代价。A. balancing权衡；B. discovering发现；C. forgetting忘记；D. exchanging交换。根据后文“how much reward it takes to outweigh risk”可知，此处指决策需要平衡利弊。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：青少年对社交奖励格外敏感，比如赢得比赛或是给新朋友留下深刻印象。A. attached依恋的；B. committed坚定的；C. sensitive敏感的；D. similar相似的。根据前文“reward sensitivity”以及语境可知，此处指青少年对社交奖励格外敏感，sensitive是原词复现。 【34题详解】 考查动词。句意：和亲社会行为、冒险行为一样，奖励敏感性在青春期上升，然后随着我们变老再次下降。A. age变老；B. grow成长；C. leave离开；D. stay停留。根据后文“when you hit 30”可知，这里指随着年龄增长变老。 【35题详解】 考查名词。句意：不知为何，到了你30岁的时候，派对上那些新鲜刺激的可能性，似乎已经抵不上从沙发上起身所要付出的精力。A. chance机会；B. effort精力，付出；C. risk风险；D. habit习惯。根据后文“getting up off the couch”以及语境可知，起身是需要付出精力的。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Judging by the historic record, we’ve been fascinated by our reflections for a long time. Some of the earliest human-made mirrors date to 6200 B. C. in Turkey. But even back then, mirrors were largely used to assess how beautiful we were. Egyptians paintings and carvings show the upper classes combing their hair and applying thick red, green, yellow and black cosmetics in front of mirrors. Mirrors were associated from early on with vanity (虚荣). Through the middle ages, the technology for mirrors was simple: Fashioned from blown glass, they were usually small and often convex (凸面的). In the Renaissance, Italians began developing techniques for making flatter glass, and in 1507 hit upon a way of covering the back of the glass with mercury and tin to produce clear mirrors. This new technology was wonderful, but so expensive that nobles sometimes sold property just to afford one. In the 16th and 17th centuries, mirror making was so costly that it required the investment of half of France’s GDP. By the time the Renaissance was in full flower, wealthy noblemen could get large mirrors in which they could see their entire body at a glance. It was a transformative sight. The historian Ian Mortimer believes that mirror were central in developing the modern sense of the individual. “Mankind,” says Mortimer, became “a valid topic of study in his own right.” As the playwright and novelist Louis-Sebastien Mercler noted in the1780s, wealthy young men would look “ at four mirrors at once to see themselves”. In 1715, the essayist Richard Steele observed groups of people visiting a London mirror shop, where “ they will certainly be well pleased, for they will have unavoidable opportunities of seeing what they most like.... I mean their own dear selves.” Many others thought nothing of all this self-regard. In the early years of America, “ mirrors were considered, within American society, a kind of luxury that was somewhat shameful. “says Josiah McElheny, a Brooklyn-based artist who works with mirrors. Some countries leveled taxes on large mirrors. America’s mirror taxes were so high that if a furniture maker wished to create a full-body-sized reflection without going bankrupt (破产), he had to assemble it from several smaller mirrors. It wasn’t until the last decades of the 19th century that the industrial world could finally make big mirrors cheaply. Production exploded and mirrors quickly passed from luxurious products for the rich to everyday devices that were affordable among an emerging middle class. In 1897, Sears Roebuck advertised ten-inch-square mirrors for only 50 cents apiece and said: “No house is complete without a number of small mirrors which are handy in so many rooms.” 36. Which of the following statements is true of the mirrors in the Renaissance? A. They were rather small in size. B. They were unaffordable to most people. C. They were mostly manufactured in Italy. D. They were no longer associated with vanity. 37. According to Ian Mortimer, what change did mirrors bring about? A. Humans started to think of themselves as an individual. B. More and more mirrors shops sprang up all over Europe. C. Novelists began to write about people’s love for mirrors. D. People cared about their appearance for the first time. 38. In the early years of America, mirrors ________________. A. brought their makers much profit B. were regarded as something meaningless C. were mostly assembled from small pieces D. caused many furniture makers to go bankrupt 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. The transformative sight of mirrors. B. The varying enthusiasm for mirrors. C. The historic development of mirrors. D. The change in people’s attitudes to mirrors. 【答案】36. B 37. A 38. B 39. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了镜子从早期到19世纪末的历史发展，包括不同时期镜子的特点、制作技术、价格以及人们对镜子的态度等。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“In the Renaissance, Italians began developing techniques for making flatter glass, and in 1507 hit upon a way of covering the back of the glass with mercury and tin to produce clear mirrors. This new technology was wonderful, but so expensive that nobles sometimes sold property just to afford one. (在文艺复兴时期，意大利人开始研究制作更扁平的玻璃的技术，1507年，他们偶然发现了一种用水银和锡覆盖玻璃背面的方法，以制作出透明的镜子。这项新技术很棒，但非常昂贵，以至于贵族们有时会卖掉财产来买一面镜子)”可知，文艺复兴时期镜子非常昂贵，大多数人都买不起。故选B项。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“The historian Ian Mortimer believes that mirror were central in developing the modern sense of the individual. “Mankind,” says Mortimer, became “a valid topic of study in his own right.”(历史学家伊恩·莫蒂默认为，镜子在培养现代个人意识方面起着核心作用。莫蒂默说：“人类本身成为了一个有价值的研究课题。”)”可知，镜子在培养现代个人意识方面起着核心作用，使人类开始将自己视为一个个体。故选A项。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中“In the early years of America, “mirrors were considered, within American society, a kind of luxury that was somewhat shameful,” says Josiah McElheny, a Brooklyn-based artist who works with mirrors.”(在美国早期，“镜子在美国社会被认为是一种有点可耻的奢侈品，”布鲁克林的镜子艺术家Josiah McElheny说)可知，在美国早期，人们认为镜子是可耻的奢侈品，由此推知，当时美国人认为镜子毫无意义，不值得花那么多钱。故选B项。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段中提到“Some of the earliest human made mirrors date to 6200 B. C. in Turkey. (一些最早的人造镜子可以追溯到公元前6200年的土耳其)”，接着第三段中讲述了中世纪“Through the middle ages, the technology for mirrors was simple: Fashioned from blown glass, they were usually small and often convex (凸面的). (在中世纪，镜子的制作技术很简单：由吹制玻璃制成，通常很小，而且常常是凸面的)”和文艺复兴时期“In the Renaissance, Italians began developing techniques for making flatter glass, and in 1507 hit upon a way of covering the back of the glass with mercury and tin to produce clear mirrors. (在文艺复兴时期，意大利人开始开发制作更平整玻璃的技术，并在1507年偶然发现了一种用汞和锡覆盖玻璃背面来制作清晰镜子的方法)”，然后在第五段中讲述美国早期“In the early years of America, “mirrors were considered, within American society, a kind of luxury that was somewhat shameful. (在美国早期，在美国社会中，镜子被认为是一种有点可耻的奢侈品)”，最后在第六段提到“It wasn’t until the last decades of the 19th century that the industrial world could finally make big mirrors cheaply. (直到19世纪最后几十年，工业界才终于能够廉价地制造大镜子)”，这些内容都围绕着镜子的历史发展展开。所以文章主要讲的是镜子的历史发展。故选C项。 （B） A Case Against the Clock We’re so busy. We schedule and make full use of our time, squeezing all the efficiency we can out of each day. Time management, we believe, is the solution to our busyness: if we could organize our time better, we’d be less busy, happier, and more effective. Is this really the case? ①________ Research shows that if you increase people’s awareness of time — by placing a big clock in front of them — they do more stuff. (Think about how much work you get done on the day before vacation.) It makes sense that by getting more done, we’d feel more in control. More than that, it’s one of the great fantasies of time management: If you get more organized, you will get on top. However, that works only in a finite (有限的) world. We haven’t lived in that world for quite a while. In our infinite world, we will never be able to get on top of everything. When we complete more tasks, more take their place — send more e-mails, get more replies. ②________ As we seek to maximize our time, we slice and dice it into ever-smaller parts. But when we divide our attention among a thousand mini activities, we prevent ourselves from engaging deeply or thinking properly. Conversations with friends are disemboweled with frequent “productive” glances at the inbox; our ability to think is decimated by the distraction of the ping and the ring. We maintain a state of chaotic mental activity that is the opposite of the best psychological state of flow, where attention is allowed to sink into an activity without distraction, where we bring our thoughts, actions, and goals into perfect synchronicity (同步). Flow doesn’t happen in a short period of time but in a long duration of attention. ③________ Effectiveness comes from two core factors: prioritization and achievement. When we prioritize well, we choose to do the right things, not just the obvious things. Yet a strong time awareness makes us prioritize the urgent and immediate rather than the important and strategic. Research by Microsoft, for example, suggests that 77 percent of U.K. workers feel they have had a productive day if they have emptied their inbox. It horrifies me to see the number of blogs and books that focus on getting to an empty inbox or zero tasks, as if either achievement were worthwhile. No business or life was changed by an empty inbox. 40. What is the main idea of the passage? A. We should make full use of time. B. It is not easy to schedule our time. C. Time management is not all that good. D. We should learn how to organize our time. 41. Choose three sentences from the following sentences (a-d) that best fit the blanks in the passage. a. Your Efficiency Matters b. You’re Less Effective c. Your Attention Suffers d. You Just Get Busier A. 1:a;2:b;3:c B. 1:a;2:c;3:d C. 1:d;2:b;3:a D. 1:d;2:c;3:b 42. Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A. We can never get everything done. B. We should forget about the state of flow. C. It’s important to deal with urgent tasks first. D. It’s wise to divide a big task into mini activities. 【答案】40. C 41. D 42. A 【解析】 【导语】本文主要讲述了大众普遍将时间管理视为解决忙碌的良方，但文章通过分析指出，过度强化时间意识、一味追求效率反而会加剧忙碌状态、分散注意力、削弱深度思考能力，最终降低实际做事效能，真正的高效源于分清事务主次与实现核心目标。 【40题详解】 主旨大意题。第一段中的“Time management, we believe, is the solution to our busyness: if we could organize our time better, we’d be less busy, happier, and more effective. Is this really the case?(我们认为时间管理是解决忙碌的办法：如果我们可以更好地规划时间，我们就不会那么忙碌，会更快乐，效率也会更高。但事实真的如此吗？)”是本文主旨句，后文围绕它介绍了过度追求时间管理产生的诸多弊端，驳斥了时间管理能够从根本上解决忙碌问题的认知。由此可知，本文主要阐述了时间管理并非全然有益。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据①空后的“Research shows that if you increase people’s awareness of time — by placing a big clock in front of them — they do more stuff.(研究表明，如果你增强人们对时间的意识——比如在他们面前放一个大钟——他们就会做更多的事。)”可知，时间管理带来的只是“做更多事”，人只会更加忙碌，①对应d。根据②空后的“But when we divide our attention among a thousand mini activities, we prevent ourselves from engaging deeply or thinking properly.(但当我们把注意力分散到无数细碎的小事上时，我们就无法深度投入，也无法好好思考。)”可知，被切碎的时间损害的是人的注意力，②对应c。根据③空前的“Flow doesn’t happen in a short period of time but in a long duration of attention.(心流不会在短时间内产生，而是需要长时间的专注。)”可知，注意力被分散后便无法进入心流，实际做事的效果随之下降，③对应b。因此，三个小标题的正确排序为d;c;b。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In our infinite world, we will never be able to get on top of everything.(在这个任务无穷无尽的世界里，我们永远无法处理完所有事情。)”可知，这是作者直接表达的看法，在事务源源不断的现实环境中，我们永远不可能完成所有事情。 （C） Imagine a world in which your life is filled with intelligent advertisements. Jaron Lanier, who was an adviser on “Minority Report”, asci- fi film, worries that this could be the future. A few platform firms, he fears, will control what consumers see and hear and other companies will have to use some of their profits (by buying ads) to gain access to them. That may sound ridiculous, but it is increasingly what investors are banking on. The total market value of a basket of a dozen American firms that depend on ad revenue, or are designing their strategies around it, has risen by 126% over the past five years. The part of America’s economy that is ad- centric has become systematically important, with a market value that is larger than the banking industry. The huge sums being bet on advertising raise a question: how much of it can America take?A back- of- the- envelope calculation by Schumpeter suggests that stock prices currently imply that American advertising revenues will rise from 1% of GDP today, to as much as 1.8% of GDP by 2027-a massive-mp. Since 1980 the average has been 1.3%, according to Jonathan Barnard of Zenith, a media agency, and in the past few years the advertising market relative to GDP has been shrinking. There are reasons why it might go on, points out Bob Norman of Group M, another media agency. In the old days advertisers in Time magazine or on billboards in Times Square were what only giant firms could afford. But tech platforms have done a brilliant job of persuading smaller companies to spend money targeting customers. Adverts could become even more effective at identifying customers and attracting them to spend money, using data that have been gathered to anticipate their needs. As commerce shifts online, firms will cut back on conventional marketing, freeing up budgets to spend more on digital ads. Yet there is a logical limit to the size of the advertising market: the irritation factor, or how much consumers can absorb without being put off. The golden rule used to be that ads could comprise no more than 33-50% of TV or radio programming, or of a magazine’s pages, says Rishad Tobacco wala, of Publicis, an advertising firm. The digital world is already showing signs of saturation. More people are using ad- blocking software. Tech brands that avoid bombarding(狂轰滥炸) customers with ads, such as Apple and Netflix, are wildly popular. 43. What can be learned from paragraph 2? A. Some decisions that investors make are ridiculous. B. Investors are optimistic about intelligent advertising. C. The banking industry itself has been shrinking greatly. D. More American firms devote themselves to advertising. 44. According to Bob Norman, why might American advertising revenues account for a larger part of GDP? A. Conventional marketing is losing its appeal. B. Giant firms will spend much more on advertising. C. Advertising will be available to more and more firms. D. Customers are becoming more willing to spend money. 45. By “The digital world is already showing signs of saturation”( paragraph 6), the writer means that________. A. ad- blocking software needs to be used more widely B. customers can hardly skip a website filled with advertisement C. the digital world is not as advanced as commonly thought D. the online advertising market may have reached its limit 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. The limits of intelligent advertising. B. The prospects of intelligent advertising. C. The advantages of intelligent advertising. D. The dominance of intelligent advertising. 【答案】43. B 44. C 45. D 46. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要探讨了智能广告相关的情况，包括投资者对其的态度、广告收入在 GDP 中占比的变化趋势、广告市场规模的限制因素等，重点阐述了智能广告面临的一些限制。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段内容“The total market value of a basket of a dozen American firms that depend on ad revenue, or are designing their strategies around it, has risen by 126% over the past five years. The part of America’s economy that is ad - centric has become systematically important, with a market value that is larger than the banking industry.(一打依赖广告收入或围绕广告收入设计战略的美国公司的总市值在过去五年中增长了126%。美国以广告为中心的经济部分已变得具有系统重要性，其市值大于银行业。)”可以推断出，投资者对智能广告持乐观态度，因为相关公司市值增长且广告部分在经济中的重要性提升，故选B项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“Bob Norman of Group M, another media agency. In the old days advertisers in Time magazine or on billboards in Times Square were what only giant firms could afford. But tech platforms have done a brilliant job of persuading smaller companies to spend money targeting customers.( Group M 的鲍勃·诺曼（Bob Norman）是另一家媒体机构的代表。过去，只有在《时代》杂志或时代广场的广告牌上投放广告，才是大公司才负担得起的宣传方式。但科技平台在说服小公司花钱进行精准客户营销方面做得非常出色。)”可知，由于科技平台的作用，更多的公司可以进行广告投放，这可能使美国广告收入在GDP中占比更大。故选C项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据前文“Yet there is a logical limit to the size of the advertising market: the irritation factor, or how much consumers can absorb without being put off.(然而，广告市场的规模存在一个合理的限制：刺激性因素，即消费者在不被厌烦的情况下能接受多少广告。)”以及本句“The digital world is already showing signs of saturation.(数字世界已经显示出饱和的迹象。)”可知，作者认为广告市场的规模存在一个消费者在不被厌烦的情况下能接受多少广告的限制，可推理出作者认为在线广告市场可能已经达到了极限，故选D项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Imagine a world in which your life is filled with intelligent advertisements. Jaron Lanier, who was an adviser on “Minority Report”, asci- fi film, worries that this could be the future.(想象一下，你的生活充满了智能广告的世界。科幻电影《少数派报告》的顾问雅龙·拉尼尔担心这可能会成为未来)”及最后一段“Yet there is a logical limit to the size of the advertising market: the irritation factor, or how much consumers can absorb without being put off. The digital world is already showing signs of saturation.(然而，广告市场的大小有一个合理的限度：刺激因素，或者消费者在不反感的情况下能接受多少广告。数字世界已经显示出饱和的迹象)”可知，文章主要介绍了智能广告的局限性。故选A项。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A Unified Theory of Corned Beef “Corn” is supposed to refer to large crystals of salt and thus “corned” beef is salt beef. ____47____ In the US, corned beef is a brisket-a big piece of strongly flavoured cow muscle. There is probably no experience as exciting to the food lover as standing in the queue of a Manhattan restaurant and watching a counterman cut wafer-thin slices off a huge chunk of corned beef. ____48____ In 1847, German scientist Baron Justus von Liebig invented a way of processing cheap beef with which he hoped to feed the masses of the industrial revolution. It was made by salting beef, boiling it and breaking it up into small chips, then setting it in its own fat. A group of businesspeople began making the stuff in Fray Bentos, in Uruguay, where the beef was cheap, and began supplying it as military rations. The French called it boeuf bouilli or “boiled beef”, which the British army named Bully Beef. It was “corned beef” all right, just like the American stuff, but only in the way that diamonds and charcoal (木炭) are both carbon. Yet here’s the odd truth. ____49____ Of course, it’s the very role model of processed food and yet there’s something engaging about it, from the way it stands there on a plate, waiting to be sliced, to the way it breaks under the fork as you push it hard into hot potatoes. Above all, it’s still there, on the shelves, like it has been through every national disaster since its invention. This isn’t simply some rosy nonsense. ____50____ They have tasted it and found it good. So good indeed that it continues to outlive any food craze. A. Almost nothing could be more different from British corned beef. B. Those with more morals than greed, perhaps, have developed patterns of exclusion. C. But then things get complicated. D. We’re going to have to question a lot of attitudes towards buying and eating food. E. I love English corned beef with a passion entirely equal to the “original”. F. What was originally designed as a technical solution to starvation has been tested by the world’s largest focus group: ordinary shoppers. 【答案】47. C 48. A 49. E 50. F 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍咸牛肉名称由来，对比英美咸牛肉差异，讲述罐头咸牛肉起源，说明这款饥荒救急食品历经大众检验，至今仍受欢迎。 【47题详解】 根据上文““Corn” is supposed to refer to large crystals of salt and thus “corned” beef is salt beef.(“Corn”本指大颗粒盐，因此“corned” beef 就是盐腌牛肉)”以及后文“In the US, corned beef is a brisket-a big piece of strongly flavoured cow muscle. There is probably no experience as exciting to the food lover as standing in the queue of a Manhattan restaurant and watching a counterman cut wafer-thin slices off a huge chunk of corned beef.(在美国，咸牛肉指牛胸肉 —— 一大块味道浓郁的牛肌肉。对于美食爱好者而言，几乎没有什么体验能比得上在曼哈顿餐厅排队，看着柜台师傅从一大块咸牛肉上切下薄如纸片的肉片)”可知，上文提及corned beef的名称来源是盐腌牛肉，空后转而介绍美国的咸牛肉品类，语义出现转折过渡，C选项“但随后事情变得复杂。”可承接上文基础定义，引出后续不同地区的品类差异，符合语境。 【48题详解】 根据上文“In the US, corned beef is a brisket — a big piece of strongly flavoured cow muscle. There is probably no experience as exciting to the food lover as standing in the queue of a Manhattan restaurant and watching a counterman cut wafer-thin slices off a huge chunk of corned beef.(在美国，咸牛肉指牛胸肉 —— 一大块味道浓郁的牛肌肉。对于美食爱好者而言，几乎没有什么体验能比得上在曼哈顿餐厅排队，看着柜台师傅从一大块咸牛肉上切下薄如纸片的肉片)”以及后文“In 1847, German scientist Baron Justus von Liebig invented a way of processing cheap beef with which he hoped to feed the masses of the industrial revolution.(1847 年，德国科学家尤斯图斯·冯·李比希男爵发明了一种加工廉价牛肉的方法，希望以此养活工业革命中的大批民众)”可知，上文介绍美国厚切brisket制成的咸牛肉，空后开始介绍1847年起源的另一种工业化咸牛肉（英国咸牛肉的前身），A选项“几乎没有什么比英国咸牛肉（后文介绍的工业化咸牛肉）和它（美国咸牛肉）差异更大了。”承接美国咸牛肉的描述，引出下文另一种品类，逻辑通顺。 【49题详解】 根据上文“Yet here’s the odd truth.(然而有个奇特的事实)”以及后文“Of course, it’s the very role model of processed food and yet there’s something engaging about it, from the way it stands there on a plate, waiting to be sliced, to the way it breaks under the fork as you push it hard into hot potatoes. Above all, it’s still there, on the shelves, like it has been through every national disaster since its invention. This isn’t simply some rosy nonsense.(诚然，它是加工食品的典型代表，但它自有迷人之处：静静摆在盘中等待切片，用力戳进热土豆时会被叉子戳碎。最重要的是，它至今仍摆在货架上，自发明以来熬过了一次次国家危机。这并非美化的空话)”可知，上文点出存在看似奇怪的事实，空后转而描述这种加工咸牛肉的独特吸引力，E选项“我热爱英国咸牛肉，这份热情完全不亚于‘原版’美国咸牛肉。”可引出下文对英国咸牛肉好感的具体阐述，衔接自然。 【50题详解】 根据上文“Above all, it’s still there, on the shelves, like it has been through every national disaster since its invention. This isn’t simply some rosy nonsense.(最重要的是，它至今仍摆在货架上，自发明以来熬过了一次次国家危机。这并非美化的空话)”以及后文“They have tasted it and found it good. So good indeed that it continues to outlive any food craze.(他们品尝过，发现它味道不错。味道好到足以熬过所有昙花一现的美食热潮)”可知，上文提及这不是盲目追捧，空后提到“他们尝过并发现它很美味，热度超过所有饮食风潮”，F选项“这个最初为解决饥荒设计的技术方案，已经经过了世界上最大的调研群体——普通购物者的检验。”中的普通购物者对应后文的“他们”，逻辑呼应。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Obesity: Should We Compare It to Smoking? Controversy brings wide reach and media attention. Cancer Research UK (CRUK) has attracted plenty, with its new ads featuring images of old-fashioned cigarette packets with the simple message ‘obesity is a cause of cancer too’. However, this new campaign may be doing more harm than good. Smoking and obesity are fundamentally different: smoking is a behaviour (something people do) while obesity is a physical outcome (a measurement of body mass). At an individual level, the most effective way to reduce smoking-related cancers is to stop smoking. This very approach doesn’t suit obesity. People can’t just stop eating. Besides, body weight and size are influenced by many different factors both at a personal level (genetics, psychology) and a societal level (built environment, government policies). For instance, some people are born to have a higher body mass and be more resistant to weight loss than others. This means societal factors affect some people more than others and weight management isn’t the same for everybody. Regardless, the sight of these cigarette-style posters encourages people to associate smoking with obesity, in particular, that obesity is the result of irresponsibility. The simple fact is that neither smoking nor obesity are merely outcomes of people making bad choices. In this way, this campaign encourages weight discrimination. Smoking is considered to be unfairly damaging the health of others, through passive smoking-the same cannot be said for obesity. However, as the media debate has shown, this comparison creates an unfriendly environment for people of higher weights. So how could the CRUK campaign be improved? The CRUK campaign should educate the public about how inequality, unemployment and lack of food industry regulation increase the risk of cancer, and encourage people to support social change. Rather than increasing unfriendliness towards people of higher weights, CRUK should bring people together in a call for positive action. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 CRUK launched an ad comparing obesity to smoking, which may do more harm than good. Smoking is a behaviour, but obesity is a physical outcome shaped by personal and societal factors, so weight management differs for everybody. The campaign associates obesity with irresponsibility and encourages weight discrimination. CRUK should, instead, focus on educating about societal factors and promoting positive action. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了英国癌症研究中心（CRUK）把肥胖类比吸烟来宣传肥胖致癌的广告活动，指出该类比并不恰当，体重受多种个人与社会因素影响，该宣传会引发体重歧视，并建议宣传应转向科普社会因素、倡导积极的社会变革。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①CRUK launched an ad campaign comparing obesity to smoking to show obesity can cause cancer, yet it may be doing more harm than good. ②Smoking is a behaviour while obesity is a physical outcome. ③Body weight is influenced by many personal factors and societal factors, so weight management isn’t the same for everybody. ④The cigarette-style posters encourage people to associate smoking with obesity and imply that obesity is the result of irresponsibility, which encourages weight discrimination and creates an unfriendly environment for people of higher weights. ⑤CRUK should educate the public about how inequality, unemployment and lack of food industry regulation increase cancer risk, and bring people together in a call for positive action. 2.缜密构思 将要点①单独引出，点明CRUK的广告弊大于利；将要点②和③整合，阐明吸烟和肥胖存在本质差异；将要点④概括广告会造成不良后果；将要点⑤提出改进宣传的建议。 3.遣词造句 CRUK launched an ad comparing obesity to smoking, which may do more harm than good. Smoking is a behaviour, but obesity is a physical outcome shaped by personal and societal factors, so weight management differs for everybody. The campaign associates obesity with irresponsibility and encourages weight discrimination. 【点睛】[高分句型1] CRUK launched an ad comparing obesity to smoking, which may do more harm than good. (运用which引导的非限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] Smoking is a behaviour, but obesity is a physical outcome shaped by personal and societal factors, so weight management differs for everybody. (运用了过去分词shaped作后置定语) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这里储存的电可供一个家庭不间断地使用近20年。(use)（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The electricity stored here can be continuously used by a family for nearly two decades. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意，该句描述的是客观事实，全句使用一般现在时；表示“这里储存的电”为主语，其中“电”为electricity，“储存的”作后置定语修饰electricity，electricity与store之间为被动关系，所以使用过去分词stored，“这里”为here，所以主语译为The electricity stored here；表示“可供……使用”为can be used，此处使用情态动词的被动语态；表示“不间断地”为continuously，作状语修饰动词used；表示“被一个家庭”为by a family；表示“近20年”为for nearly two decades，作时间状语。 53. 无论是企业，还是个人，都能感受到这座城市的热情与开放。（Both）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Both enterprises and individuals can feel the enthusiasm and openness of this city. 【解析】 【详解】根据题干给出的提示词Both可知，“无论是……还是……”用固定搭配Both...and...，表示两者都涵盖的范围；“企业”表达为可数名词复数enterprises，表泛指；“个人”表达为可数名词复数individuals，表泛指；“能”用情态动词can；“感受到”用感官系动词feel；“热情与开放”表达为抽象名词短语enthusiasm and openness；“这座城市的”表达为the...of this city。本句表述的是客观存在的普遍感受，使用一般现在时，主语由Both...and...连接两个并列复数名词，情态动词can后接动词原形，符合英文表达习惯。 54. 这部话剧力求给现场观众带来不同于读小说或看电影的体验。(effort) （汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】This stage play is making great efforts to bring the live audience a different experience from reading a novel or watching a movie. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意，该句描述的是这部话剧目前正在努力呈现的效果，全句使用现在进行时；表示“这部话剧”为This stage play作主语，位于句首，首字母需大写；表示“力求”为make efforts to do sth.，此处使用进行时态并加上形容词great表示“极力/力求”，主语This stage play为第三人称单数，所以谓语动词译为is making；表示“给现场观众带来不同于读小说或看电影的体验”为目的状语，使用动词不定式to bring；其中“给某人带来某物”为bring sb. sth.，“现场观众”为the live audience，“体验”为experience，“不同于读小说或看电影的”作后置定语修饰experience，“不同”为different，与介词from搭配，后跟动名词作宾语，“读小说”为reading a novel，“看电影”为watching a movie，所以不定式部分译为to bring the live audience a different experience from reading a novel or watching a movie。 55. 弹窗广告对人们及时接收信息有一定帮助，但海量的弹窗会影响大家的上网冲浪体验，对人们造成困扰。(helpful) （汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Pop-up ads are helpful to a certain extent in enabling people to receive information in time, but too many pop-ups will affect their experience of surfing online and cause them trouble. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意，该句包含转折关系，前半句描述客观事实使用一般现在时，后半句描述将会产生的影响使用一般将来时；表示“弹窗广告”为Pop-up ads作主语，位于句首，首字母需大写；表示“对……有一定帮助”为be helpful to a certain extent in doing sth.，主语为复数，be动词使用are，表示“一定”理解为“一定程度上”为to a certain extent ，所以前半句谓语部分译为are helpful to a certain extent in；表示“使人们能够及时接收信息”为enable people to receive information in time，作介词in的宾语，需使用动名词形式enabling；表示“但”为连词but，连接两个并列分句；表示“海量的弹窗”为too many pop-ups作后半句主语；表示“会影响大家的上网冲浪体验”为will affect their experience of surfing online，其中“上网冲浪”为surf online，作介词of的宾语需使用动名词形式surfing；表示“对人们造成困扰”为cause them trouble，与affect并列作谓语，所以使用动词原形cause。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校英语报正在进行主题为“Person of the Year”的征文，推选一名在过去一年里为学校做出重要贡献的教职工或学生。你有意参加，写一篇文章，内容须包括： 1) 简单介绍你准备推选的人选； 2) 具体描述她 / 他在过去一年里为学校做出的贡献。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文 I am honored to nominate our devoted physics teacher Ms. Zhang for the “Person of the Year” award. Her devotion and contributions make her well qualified for this honor. Ms. Zhang has taught in our school for over ten years. In the past year, her influence stood out. With creative teaching and care, she aroused students’ interest in physics and turned this difficult subject easy and fun. She launched many activities. She set up the “Physics Wizards Club”, offering weekly workshops, experiments and debates to develop students’ curiosity and critical thinking. Besides, she led our first Science Fair, encouraging students of all grades to display their projects. Her guidance helped us build confidence and improve academically. Ms. Zhang sets a good example for us. Her continuous efforts deserve the award, which represents excellence, inspiration and selfless service. 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生写一篇文章，简单介绍你准备推选的人选以及具体描述她/他在过去一年里为学校做出的贡献。 【详解】1.词汇积累 激发：arouse → stimulate 建立：set up → establish 发起：launch → start off 卓越：excellence → distinction 2.句式拓展 句型转换 原句：Besides, she led our first Science Fair, encouraging students of all grades to display their projects. 拓展句：Not only did she lead our first Science Fair, but she also encouraged students of all grades to display their projects. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Besides, she led our first Science Fair, encouraging students of all grades to display their projects.（运用了现在分词作状语） 【高分句型2】Her continuous efforts deserve the award, which represents excellence, inspiration and selfless service.（运用了which引导非限制性定语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $