Unit 4 History and Traditions 外刊拓展提升（多题型专练）英语人教版必修第二册

Unit 4 History and Traditions 外刊拓展提升（多题型专练） 练·能力培优拔高 培优提升篇 Passage 1（广西河池市2025-2026学年春季学期高二年级期末测试英语试卷） Modern humans — also known as Homo sapiens — began in Africa hundreds of thousands of years ago and later started spreading to Europe, Asia and other places. Scientists believe they met and mated with Neanderthals. The mixing of these groups had a major influence on humans’ genetic code. However, scientists don’t know exactly when or how the two groups interacted. But two new studies provide some additional details about the timing of this contact. One group examined genetic material from three female and three male Homo sapiens individuals who lived around 45,000 years ago. That research involved the oldest genes from Homo sapiens ever examined, or sequenced (测定序列) . Some of the genes came from bones found in a cave in the central German village of Ranis. Other material came from a woman believed to have lived at around the same time in a cave in what is now the Czech Republic. Researchers estimated the period of mixing between Neanderthals and humans at about 49,000 to 45,000 years ago. The findings were recently published in Nature. A second group examined genetic material from 300 present-day and ancient Homo sapiens. This included 59 individuals who lived between 2,000 and 45,000 years ago. That study, published in the journal Science, estimated the period of mixing at about 50,500 to 43,500 years ago. The scientists said their new findings on the mixing and mating of the groups suggested the activities happened a little more recently than thought in the past. They believe the contact continued over many generations. The team noted it is difficult to know the exact nature of the interactions between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals based on the examined data. The researchers also could not confirm exactly where the mixing and mating happened. However, they believe it was most likely somewhere in the Middle East. The researchers noted most modern humans still have genetic material from Neanderthals that accounts for an estimated one to two percent of their DNA. They said modern-day genetic traits linked to skin colour, hair colour and even nose shape can relate back to the Neanderthals. Our genetic makeup also includes links to another group of human ancestors called Denisovans. 1. Where did Homo sapiens originate from? A．Africa. B．Germany. C．The Middle East. D．The current Czech Republic. 2. What do the two new studies have in common? A．Researchers used the same genetic material. B．They discover the exact time and location of the contact. C．Their conclusions have no reliable basis. D．Researchers have used ancient genes to learn more details. 3. How does the author develop Paragraphs 5~6? A．In order of space. B．By listing numbers. C．By showing examples. D．In order of importance. 4. What does the underlined word “traits” in the last paragraph mean? A．Characteristics. B．Differences. C．Changes. D．Codes. 【答案】 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 【导语】 本文主要介绍了两项新研究，探究智人与尼安德特人基因交融的时间、过程以及该交融对现代人类基因产生的深远影响。 【详解】 【小题1】细节理解题。根据文章第一段 “Modern humans — also known as Homo sapiens — began in Africa hundreds of thousands of years ago and later started spreading to Europe, Asia and other places.(现代人类，也就是智人，数十万年前起源于非洲，之后开始扩散到欧洲、亚洲和其他地区)” 可知，智人起源于非洲。 【小题2】细节理解题。由文章第三段 “One group examined genetic material from three female and three male Homo sapiens individuals who lived around 45,000 years ago.(第一组研究检测了生活在4.5万年前的三名女性和三名男性智人的基因物质)” 以及第六段 “A second group examined genetic material from 300 present-day and ancient Homo sapiens. This included 59 individuals who lived between 2,000 and 45,000 years ago.(第二组研究检测了300名现代和古代智人的基因物质。其中包括生活在2000年至4.5万年前的59人)” 可知，两项研究都利用古人类基因样本，进一步探究人类与尼安德特人交融的细节。 【小题3】推理判断题。文章第五段出现数据 “49,000 to 45,000 years ago”，第六段出现数据 “300” “59” “2,000 and 45,000 years ago” “50, 500 to 43, 500 years ago”，可知，作者通过大量具体数字介绍两项研究的样本数量与推测时间，由此可推理出作者通过列数字的方式展开第五、六段。 【小题4】词句猜测题。根据最后一段 “They said modern-day genetic traits linked to skin colour, hair colour and even nose shape can relate back to the Neanderthals.(与肤色、发色甚至鼻型相关的现代基因特征都可以追溯到尼安德特人)” 可知，肤色、发色、鼻型都属于人体的外在特征，由此判断traits意为 “特征、特点”，与characteristics同义。 Passage 2 For decades, the story of Rapa Nui — also known as Easter Island — has served as a powerful warning. The popular belief was that the island’s ancient society collapsed (衰败) because its people used up all their natural resources. They cut down every tree, it was said, to transport the famous stone statues called moai, and in doing so destroyed their own environment. This idea became a symbol of human foolishness. But new research is now challenging this long-held saying. Archaeologist (考古学家) Mike Pitts, author of the cover story in Natural History magazine, argues that the evidence tells a very different story. According to Pitts, when the first European explorers arrived in the 1720s, they described an island rich in gardens and grasslands. The people were healthy, and their society was functioning well. There was no sign of a civilization that had destroyed itself through poor management. “The traditional story of Rapa Nui is powerful, but it may not be true,” Pitts writes. “The evidence suggests that the people of Rapa Nui managed their resources wisely for centuries.” So what caused the society to fall? As Pitts put it, the problems came not from inside, but from outside. Contact with Europeans brought new diseases, violence, and the taking of people as slaves. These external forces, not bad decisions by the islanders themselves, were the main cause of the society’s collapse. Pitts’ work raises an important question: How often do we accept dramatic stories without questioning the evidence? The traditional story of Rapa Nui was repeated for so long that it became accepted as fact. But science requires us to keep asking questions, to examine old beliefs, and to be open to new evidence — even when it challenges what we thought we knew. As the author concludes, “Sometimes the most interesting discoveries are not about finding something new — they’re old things viewed from a different light.” 1. What do we know about the popular belief of Easter Island’s collapse? A．It is regarded as a sign of human stupidity. B．It proves ancient islanders valued environmental protection. C．It shows stone statues brought great wealth to the island. D．It warns people against building too many monuments. 2. What does the new research suggest about the islanders? A．They were unconcerned about the environment. B．They kept in touch with the outside world. C．They made reasonable use of resources for ages. D．Their society stopped functioning in the 1720s. 3. What’s Pitts’s attitude towards questioning old stories? A．Supportive. B．Doubtful. C．Unclear. D．Opposed. 4. What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To judge islanders’ behaviors. B．To describe Rapa Nui islands. C．To show how societies were built. D．To make readers rethink a story. 【答案】 A 2. C 3. A 4. D 【导语】文章主要驳斥了复活节岛因资源枯竭而崩溃的旧论，揭示其衰败实为外族入侵所致。 【详解】 【小题1】细节理解题。根据第一段中 “This idea became a symbol of human foolishness.(这一观点成了人类愚蠢的象征)” 可知，关于复活节岛崩溃的流行观点被视为人类愚蠢的标志。 【小题2】细节理解题。根据第二段中 “The evidence suggests that the people of Rapa Nui managed their resources wisely for centuries.(证据表明，拉帕努伊人数百年来一直明智地管理着他们的资源)” 可知，新研究表明岛民长期合理利用资源。 【小题3】推理判断题。根据最后一段中 “But science requires us to keep asking questions, to examine old beliefs, and to be open to new evidence — even when it challenges what we thought we knew. As the author concludes, “Sometimes the most interesting discoveries are not about finding something new — they’ re old things viewed from a different light.”(但科学要求我们不断提出问题，审视旧有的信念，并对新证据保持开放态度——即使这些证据挑战了我们曾以为已知的知识。正如作者所总结的：“有时最有趣的发现并非在于发现什么新事物，而是在以不同视角重新看待那些早已存在的东西。”)” 可知，皮茨支持质疑旧有故事。 【小题4】推理判断题。根据最后一段中 “Pitts’ work raises an important question: How often do we accept dramatic stories without questioning the evidence?(皮茨的研究提出了一个重要问题：我们有多少次在未质疑证据的情况下就接受了那些耸人听闻的故事？)” 并结合全文对新旧观点的对比可知，作者旨在促使读者重新审视关于复活节岛的传统故事。 Passage 3（2025陕西咸阳期中） During the International Labour Day holiday, tourist attractions that offered ancient Chinese or guofeng experiences attracted a lot of people, some of whom wore traditional clothing and makeup to enhance the pleasure of their experiences. Qujiang New District in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, attracted tourists with a new attraction on the theme of the TV series The Longest Day in Chang'an. It offered visitors a chance to “travel back in time” and experience a day of the life of people living in the Tang Dynasty. Xi'an, known as Chang'an back then, was the capital. The World Rural Tourism Town in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, held a cultural festival with a silk and Song Dynasty theme. During the first three days of the holiday, the place received nearly 30,000 visits, which put it into an online list of the 10 most popular Huzhou attractions. The Jizhouyao scenic area in Jiangxi Province held a tourism festival with a Song Dynasty theme. Tourists, wearing period costumes and makeup, tried their hand at touhu—throwing arrows into wine pitchers and tasted Yonghe Tofu, one of the top 10 Jiangxi dishes. Now more and more tourists are increasingly looking for comfortable and safe tourism products that benefit both the environment and people's health. For tourism businesses, it's important to highlight the cultural elements of their products by drawing inspiration from traditional Chinese culture. Hotels also utilized the guofeng craze to feed the growing love for traditional Chinese culture. A guofeng hotel provided replica(仿制品) costumes from online games based on the Chinese classic Journey to the West, which the guests could try on for photos. 1.Why did Qujiang New District attract tourists? A.For its delicious food. B.For its geographical location. C.For its beautiful scenery. D.For its themed tourist attraction. 2.What did the World Rural Tourism Town and the Jizhouyao scenic area have in common? A.They were popular online. B.They offered traditional costumes. C.They shared the Song Dynasty theme. D.They were famous for local snacks. 3.What does the underlined word “utilized” in the last paragraph mean? A.Take advantage of. B.Be responsible for. C.Look after. D.Give up. 4.In which column of a newspaper can you read the passage? A.Sports. B.Travel. C.Education. D.Geography. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 【详解】 1.D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Qujiang New District in Xi'an...with a new attraction on the theme of the TV series The Longest Day in Chang'an.”可知,曲江新区以电视剧《长安十二时辰》为主题的景点吸引了游客。故选D。 2.C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The World Rural Tourism Town...with a silk and Song Dynasty theme.”和第四段中的“The Jizhouyao scenic area...with a Song Dynasty theme.”可知,两个旅游地的主题都和宋朝有关。故选C。 3.A 词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“A guofeng hotel provided replica costumes from online games based on the Chinese classic Journey to the West, which the guests could try on for photos.”可知,酒店也利用了古风热潮来满足人们对中国传统文化的日益增长的热爱。由此推测,画线词“utilized”意为“利用”,与A项意思一致。故选A。 4.B 推理判断题。通读全文可知,文章主要讲述了国际劳动节假期期间,多个旅游景点通过提供中国式古风体验吸引了大量游客。因此,文章与旅游相关,应该会出现在报纸的旅游专栏中。故选B。 Passage 4（重庆市第八中学校2025-2026学年高一下学期期末英语试题） Edinburgh Castle stands on top of an ancient volcano,     1    , (watch) over the city of Edinburgh for centuries. As one of the most famous castles in the world, it offers     2     unique chat with the past. Visitors can access its rich history through guided tours and online resources. The     3     (early) data about the castle dates back to the 12th century. Over the years, it     4     (serve) as a royal home, a military base, and a prison. The walls here have confirmed both victory and loss. Today, the castle is a symbol of Scottish culture and a collection of stories waiting     5     (explore). Inside, the Great Hall still functions as a place     6     events are held. Through interactive     7     (display) visitors can connect with the past in a personal way. One of the most popular sights is the Stone of Destiny, an ancient item connected to Scotland's kings. Every year, the castle becomes the heart of the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo, a festival of music and dance. People from around the world join the     8     (celebrate), enjoying the atmosphere and traditional performances. Whether you experience it in person     9     stream a performance online, Edinburgh Castle offers a journey into a world of history and tradition.       10    many, the visit is not just a tour but a chance to value the traditions which shape our identity. 【答案】 watching 2. a 3. earliest 4. has served 5. to be explored 6. where 7. displays 8. celebration 9. or 10. For 【导语】 本文介绍了爱丁堡城堡的历史、文化意义及现代活动，强调其作为苏格兰传统象征，为游客提供历史与传统的独特体验。 【详解】 【小题1】考查非谓语动词。句意：爱丁堡城堡矗立在一座古老的火山顶上，几个世纪以来一直俯瞰着爱丁堡市。句中已有谓语动词stands，此处应填非谓语动词。逻辑主语Edinburgh Castle与watch之间为主动关系，表示伴随状态，故填现在分词watching。 【小题2】考查冠词。句意：作为世界上最著名的城堡之一，它提供了一次与过去独特的对话。chat在此处作可数名词，表示“一次交谈/对话”，且unique的发音以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词a。 【小题3】考查形容词。句意：关于这座城堡最早的数据可以追溯到12世纪。根据句意及后面的dates back to the 12th century可知，此处表示“最早的”，应使用early的最高级形式earliest，且最高级前需加定冠词the。 【小题4】考查动词时态。句意：多年来，它曾作为皇家住所、军事基地和监狱。根据时间状语Over the years可知，句子强调从过去一直持续到现在的动作或状态对现在造成的影响，应用现在完成时。主语it为单数，助动词用has，故用has served。 【小题5】考查非谓语动词。句意：如今，这座城堡是苏格兰文化的象征，也是一本等待着被探索的故事集。固定搭配wait to do sth.意为“等待做某事”，逻辑主语stories与动词explore之间是被动关系，故填不定式的被动形式to be explored。 【小题6】考查定语从句。句意：在里面，大厅仍然作为一个举办活动的场所发挥作用。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是place，从句events are held结构完整，且表示“在这个场所举办活动”，故填关系副词where。 【小题7】考查名词。句意：通过互动展示，游客可以以一种个人的方式与过去建立联系。display在此处作可数名词，意为“展示”，此处泛指各种互动展示，故使用复数形式displays作宾语。 【小题8】考查名词。句意：来自世界各地的人们加入了这场庆祝活动，享受这种氛围和传统表演。设空处作join的宾语，应使用celebrate的名词形式celebration。 【小题9】考查连词。句意：无论你是亲自体验还是在线观看表演，爱丁堡城堡都提供了一段进入历史和传统世界的旅程。句中构成固定短语whether…or…意为“无论……还是……”。 【小题10】考查介词。句意：对许多人来说，这次参观不仅是一次旅行，更是一个珍视塑造我们认同感的传统的机会。此处表示“对许多人来说”应使用介词for，表示“对……来说”，且该空位位于句首需大写首字母，应用For。 Passage 5（江苏南通市海门中学2025-2026学年高二下学期第二次月考英语试卷） Yongle Dadian is the world’s     1     (large) known encyclopedia (百科全书). It was compiled (编纂) during the Ming dynasty by thousands of Chinese scholars     2     the direction of Emperor Yongle. Containing 22,937 “juan” or sections, in 11,095 volumes, the work was designed to include everything ever written at that time on the Confucian classics, history, philosophy, and the arts and sciences. However, only about 400 volumes of the manuscript copy survive today. Around 800 “juan”     3    (publish) as photo-offset copies to date. The encyclopedia’s physical appearance differed from     4     of any other Chinese encyclopedia of the time. It was larger in size and made of special paper. The use of red ink for titles and authors confirmed that the volumes were of royal origin. Each volume was protected by a hard cover     5    (wrap) in yellow silk. Unlike other encyclopedias, this one was not arranged by subject,     6    by “Hongwu Zhengyun”, a system in which characters are ordered phonetically.     7     printing had already been invented long before the Ming dynasty, Yongle Dadian was written     8    (entire) by hand. Each entry was a compilation of     9    (exist) literature. Yongle Dadian represents the accumulated knowledge of the Chinese nation over thousands of years and has become     10     important symbol of Chinese culture. 【答案】 1. largest 2. under 3. have been published 4. that 5. wrapped 6. but 7. Although/Though/While 8. entirely 9. existing/existent 10. an 【导语】 主要介绍《永乐大典》的编纂背景、版式体例、编排特点、成书形式以及它所承载的中华文化价值。 【详解】 【小题1】考查形容词最高级。句意：《永乐大典》是目前已知世界上规模最大的百科全书。根据范围the world’s可知，此处使用形容词最高级，large的最高级为largest。 【小题2】考查介词。句意：它于明代由数千名中国学者在永乐皇帝的主持下编纂而成。此处为固定搭配under the direction of，意为“在……的指导/主持下”，所以此处为介词under。 【小题3】考查动词时态和语态。句意：迄今为止，大约八百卷已经以影印本的形式出版。此处为谓语动词，根据时间状语to date可知，要用现在完成时，其结构为“have/has + 过去分词”；主语Around 800 “juan”与publish之间为被动关系，且主语为复数，所以谓语动词为have been published。 【小题4】考查代词。句意：这部百科全书的外观形制与当时其他任何中国百科全书都不相同。此处为同类异物特指，上文physical appearance为单数，为避免重复，此处用代词that，相当于the physical appearance。 【小题5】考查非谓语动词。句意：每一卷都配有黄色丝绸包裹的硬质封皮。此处为非谓语动词作后置定语，wrap与逻辑主语a hard cover之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词wrapped。 【小题6】考查连词。句意：和其他百科全书不同，这部典籍不以学科分类，而是依照《洪武正韵》编排，该体系按照字音排列文字。此处为固定搭配not…but…，意为“不是……而是……”，所以用并列连词but。 【小题7】考查连词。句意：尽管印刷术早在明代之前就已经发明，《永乐大典》全部依靠手抄完成。此处引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然、尽管”，所以此处为although/though/while，位于句首，首字母大写。 【小题8】考查副词。句意：尽管印刷术早在明代之前就已经发明，《永乐大典》全部依靠手抄完成。此处修饰动词written，需要副词作状语，entire对应的副词为entirely。 【小题9】考查形容词。句意：每一条目都是对现存文献的汇编。此处修饰名词literature，需要形容词作定语，exist对应的形容词为existing/existent，意为“现存的”。 【小题10】考查冠词。句意：《永乐大典》凝聚中华民族数千年积累的知识，已经成为中华文化一个重要的象征。symbol为可数名词单数，空前无限定词，结合句意，此处表示“一个重要的象征”，为泛指，且important是以元音音素开头的单词，所以用不定冠词an。 Passage 6 Many people are confused by different names     1     (refer) to the UK, including England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Figuring out the differences between them     2     (be) of great help for us to learn about British history. In the 16th century, Wales was joined to the Kingdom of England. Later in the 18th century, Scotland was added to the union     3     (create) Great Britain. The Kingdom of Ireland joined afterwards, but the southern part of Ireland broke away in the 20th century,     4     brought about the full name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The four countries within the UK share the same currency and national flag known     5     the Union Jack. They,     6    , still differ greatly in law, education and national sports teams, making the UK culturally diverse. The UK has a long and amazing history.     7     (surround) by the sea, it was influenced by several groups from ancient times. The Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings and Normans ruled the country one after another. The Normans in particular brought French words into English and made major     8     (change) to the legal system. Walking through its various historic sites and museums, you will find     9     perfect mix of ancient traditions and modern culture. Undoubtedly, the UK is an     10     (attract) destination full of history and charm. 【答案】 1. referring 2. is 3. to create 4. which 5. as 6. however 7. Surrounded 8. changes 9. a 10. attractive 【导语】 文章主要介绍英国不同名称的由来、组成差异以及悠久多元的发展历史。 【详解】 【小题1】考查非谓语动词。句意：许多人对指代英国的不同名称感到困惑，包括英格兰、大不列颠和联合王国。本空修饰名词names，refer to与names之间是主动关系，故用现在分词形式referring。 【小题2】考查主谓一致。句意：弄清楚它们之间的区别对我们了解英国历史有很大帮助。主语为“Figuring out the differences between them”这个动名词短语，本句描述一般事实，时态用一般现在时，be动词用is。 【小题3】考查非谓语动词。句意：18世纪后期，苏格兰并入联合王国，大不列颠王国就此形成。此处作目的状语，用不定式to create。 【小题4】考查定语从句。句意：爱尔兰王国随后加入，但爱尔兰南部在20世纪脱离，这带来了大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的全名。本空引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个主句，关系词在从句中作主语，故用which。 【小题5】考查介词。句意：英国这四个国家使用相同的货币和国旗，被称为Union Jack。known as为固定搭配，意为“被称为”。 【小题6】考查副词。句意：然而，它们在法律、教育和国家运动队方面仍然存在很大差异，这使得英国文化多元。本空位于两个逗号之间，表示转折关系，用however。 【小题7】考查非谓语动词。句意：被大海环绕，它自古以来受到多个群体的影响。本空在句中作状语，主语it（英国）与surround之间是被动关系，用过去分词surrounded。 【小题8】考查名词复数。句意：诺曼人尤其将法语词汇带入英语，并对法律体系做出了重大改变。本空作宾语，前有major修饰，表示不止一个变化，用复数形式changes。 【小题9】考查冠词。句意：漫步在其各种历史遗址和博物馆中，你会发现古老传统与现代文化的完美融合。此处泛指“一种完美的融合”，perfect为辅音音素开头的单词，用不定冠词a。 【小题10】考查形容词。句意：毫无疑问，英国是一个充满历史和魅力的迷人目的地。本空修饰名词destination，用形容词形式attractive，作定语。 迁移应用篇 一、单句语法填空 1.The long speech really made the girl feel (puzzle). 2.When it comes to dealing with students, teachers will try different ___________(approach) , as they each are unique and have different personalities. 3.The young man gave his life in (defend) of his country. 4. “Can I have a try?” the girl asked (eager). 5.There is a lot of (evident) showing that she is guilty. 6.It is a great (achieve) for such a young player. 7.It was very kind of the boy to tell us the exact (locate) of the newly-built railway station, so it only took us a few minutes to find it. 8.The book provides a (fascinate) glimpse into the life of the ancient Egyptians.. 9.Her daughter had made a (strike) achievement in that field. 10.The nose is one of our (sense) organs. 11.Joe is the suitable person to be in charge ________ customer complaints, because he has great patience. 12.You can’t imagine the influence the accident had her. 13.When arriving at the bus stop , he found it already _________(crowd) with people who hurried to go to work and school. 14.She spent her weekend organizing the files, __________(ensure) everything would be easy to find later. 15.When he woke up, he found himself (surround) by some children. 16.The bike (belong) to Mike was repaired last night. 17.He decided to visit the countryside (dot) with small villages. 18.I would like my room (paint) white. 19.The villagers had many trees (plant) last year. 20.There are a few mistakes in your article. You’d better get them (correct). 21.The news that a storm was on the way made us (alarm). 22.We should take some measures to protect the (endanger) animals. 23.Several girls stood at the gate, (greet) us warmly. 24.With so much work (fill) his mind, he couldn’t sleep well. 25.The character (create) by the writer was very attractive. 26.The painting (lose) in the flood was valuable. 【答案】 1.puzzled 2.approaches 3.defence 4. eagerly 5.evidence 6.achievement 7.location 8.fascinating 9.striking 10.sensory 11. of 12.on 13. crowded 14.ensuring 15. surrounded 16.belonging 17. dotted 18.painted 19.planted 20.corrected 21.alarmed 22.endangered 23.greeting 24. filling 25. created 26. lost 【详解】 1. puzzled 考查形容词。feel 为系动词，后接形容词作表语；修饰人 the girl 用 - ed 形容词 puzzled（感到困惑的）。 2. approaches 考查名词复数。different（不同的）后接可数名词复数，approach 表 “方法”，复数为 approaches。 3. defence 考查名词。固定搭配 in defence of 保卫；defend 动词→defence 名词。 4. eagerly 考查副词。修饰动词 asked 要用副词，eager 形容词→eagerly 副词（急切地）。 5. evidence 考查不可数名词。a lot of 后可接不可数名词；evident 形容词→evidence 名词（证据），无复数。 6. achievement 考查名词。不定冠词 a 后接单数名词；achieve 动词→achievement 名词（成就）。 7. location 考查名词。exact（精确的）修饰名词；locate 动词→location 名词（位置）。 8. fascinating 考查形容词。修饰事物 glimpse 用 - ing 形容词 fascinating（极具吸引力的）。 9. striking 考查形容词。修饰名词 achievement，striking 意为 “显著的、惊人的”。 10. sensory 考查形容词。修饰名词 organs，sense 名词→sensory 形容词（感官的）；sensory organs 感官器官。 11. of 考查固定搭配。in charge of 负责、主管。 12. on 考查固定搭配。have an influence on sb./sth. 对…… 产生影响。 13. crowded 考查形容词作宾语补足语。固定搭配 be crowded with 挤满；find sth. + adj. 发现某物处于某种状态。 14. ensuring 考查现在分词作伴随状语。主语 she 与 ensure 是主动关系，用现在分词表自然而然的结果。 15. surrounded 考查过去分词作宾补。himself 和 surround 是被动关系（他被孩子们围住），find sb. done 发现某人被……。 16. belonging 考查现在分词作后置定语。belong to 无被动，the bike 与 belong 是主动关系，用 belonging。 17. dotted 考查过去分词作后置定语。be dotted with 遍布、点缀；countryside 和 dot 为被动，故用 dotted。 18. painted 考查非谓语。固定搭配 would like sth. done 想要某物被……；room 和 paint 被动，填 painted。 19. planted 考查 have sth. done 结构，表示 “让别人做某事”；trees 和 plant 被动，填 planted。 20. corrected 考查 get sth. done 让某事被处理；them（mistakes）与 correct 被动，填 corrected。 21. alarmed 考查形容词作宾补。修饰人 us，-ed 形容词 alarmed（惊慌的）。 22. endangered 考查形容词修饰名词。endangered animals 濒危动物。 23. greeting 考查现在分词作伴随状语。girls 与 greet 主动，站在门口同时热情迎接我们。 24. filling 考查 with 复合结构。work 与 fill 是主动关系，with sth. doing 某物充满……。 25. created 考查过去分词后置定语。character 与 create 被动（人物被作者塑造），填 created。 26. lost 考查过去分词后置定语。painting 与 lose 被动（画在洪水中丢失），lost 表丢失的状态。 二、应用文写作 假如你是李华,你的美国笔友Billy今年暑假要来你所在的城市——杭州旅游。请根据以下提示,给他写一封电子邮件, 介绍一下杭州的基本情况。 1.地理位置: 中国东部; 2.名胜之地: 西湖; 3.休闲: 划船,漫步,在草坪上野餐; 4.变化: 高楼大厦。 注意: 1.写作词数应为80个左右; 2.请按如下格式在相应位置作答。 Dear Billy, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua Dear Billy,  I am very glad to know that you will come to my city—Hangzhou this summer vacation.Now I’m writing to tell you something about it. Hangzhou lies in the east of China.It is famous for the beautiful West Lake,which has a long history with a love story.During holidays or weekends,people like going boating on the lake,walking in the woods or sitting on the lawn to have a picnic.Great changes have taken place in Hangzhou during the past few years,with plenty of high buildings going up.That landscape is so striking that lots of tourists from home and abroad come to visit it every year. Looking forward to your visiting Hangzhou soon. Yours, Li Hua   【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文（电子邮件），要求李华向美国笔友介绍杭州，涵盖地理位置、景点、休闲活动、城市变化四项要点，词数要求80词左右。 1.词汇积累 地理位置：lie in 位于 因……闻名：be famous for → be well-known for 野餐：have a picnic 发生巨大变化：great changes have taken place 大量的：plenty of → a mass of 国内外：home and abroad → at home and overseas 2.句式拓展 原句：Hangzhou lies in the east of China. It is famous for the beautiful West Lake. 拓展句：Located in the east of China, Hangzhou is famous for the beautiful West Lake.（非谓语开头，简化句式，提升文采） 原句：Great changes have taken place in Hangzhou during the past few years, with plenty of high buildings going up. 拓展句：Great changes have taken place in Hangzhou in recent years, where numerous high-rise buildings have sprung up. 3.【点睛】高分句型 1. Hangzhou lies in the east of China.It is famous for the beautiful West Lake,which has a long history with a love story. （which引导非限制性定语从句，补充介绍西湖，是高考英语高频加分句型） 2. Great changes have taken place in Hangzhou during the past few years,with plenty of high buildings going up. （with复合结构作伴随状语，描述城市面貌变化，避免简单句堆砌） 3. That landscape is so striking that lots of tourists from home and abroad come to visit it every year. （so…that…结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”） 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $Unit 4 History and Traditions 外刊拓展提升（多题型专练） 识·单元要点概览 读·外刊拓展阅读 （来源：investopedia.com） Understanding Culture Shock: Stages and Strategies to Overcome It Cultural adaptation challenges or culture shock occur when individuals face the unfamiliar norms and behaviors of a new environment. What Is Culture Shock? Culture shock happens when people experience uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety as they adjust to a new culture when they move abroad or study in another country. It often follows stages: the honeymoon phase of excitement, frustration from differences, gradual adaptation, and acceptance. While it can be challenging, overcoming culture shock can help people grow and develop a deeper appreciation for new cultures. Insight into the Culture Shock Experience Culture shock occurs when an individual leaves the comfort of their home and familiar surroundings and moves to an unfamiliar environment. The adjustment period can be fairly intense, particularly if the two locations are completely different, such as going from a small rural area to a large metropolis or moving to another country. People can also experience culture shock when moving from one place to another within the same country. Typically, no single event causes culture shock, nor does it occur suddenly or without reason. Instead, it gradually builds from a series of incidents, and culture shock can be difficult to identify while struggling with it. The feeling is particularly intense at the beginning and can be tough to overcome. It’s important to remember that the cultural adjustment usually dissipates over time as a person becomes more familiar with a place, the people, customs, food, and language. As a result, navigation of surroundings gets easier, friends are made, and everything becomes more comfortable. 【全文翻译】 理解文化冲击：阶段与克服策略 当个人面对新环境中不熟悉的规范和行为时，就会面临文化适应挑战，也就是我们常说的“文化冲击”。 什么是文化冲击？ 当人们搬到国外或在其他国家留学，努力适应新文化时，往往会经历不确定、困惑或焦虑，这就是文化冲击。它通常会经历几个阶段：最初充满兴奋感的“蜜月期”、因文化差异而产生的“挫折期”、逐渐适应的“过渡期”，以及最终的“接受期”。虽然这个过程充满挑战，但克服文化冲击能帮助人们获得成长，并对新文化产生更深刻的欣赏与认同。 深入了解文化冲击体验 当一个人离开舒适的家和熟悉的环境，进入一个陌生的环境时，就会发生文化冲击。适应期可能会相当难熬，尤其是当两个地方截然不同（例如从偏远的乡村搬到大都市，或者移居到另一个国家）时。此外， 即使是在同一个国家内从一个地方搬到另一个地方，人们也同样可能经历文化冲击。 通常，没有任何单一事件会引发文化冲击，它也不会毫无征兆地突然发生。相反，它是由一系列事件逐渐累积而成的，而且在人们深陷其中、苦苦挣扎时，往往很难察觉到这就是文化冲击。 这种感觉在初期尤为强烈，很难克服。但重要的是要记住，随着一个人对当地的环境、居民、风俗、饮食和语言越来越熟悉，这种文化上的不适感通常会随着时间的推移而逐渐消散。结果就是，认路变得更容易了，结交到了新朋友，一切也都变得更加舒适自然了。 【核心词汇】 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 ① culture shock n. 文化冲击；文化休克 ② adaptation n. 适应；改编 ③ norm n. 规范；准则 ④ unfamiliar adj. 不熟悉的；陌生的 ⑤ uncertainty n. 不确定性；不确定感 ⑥ anxiety n. 焦虑；忧虑 ⑦ phase n. 阶段；时期 ⑧ frustration n. 挫折；沮丧 ⑨ gradual adj. 逐渐的；渐进的 ⑩ acceptance n. 接受；认可 ⑪ appreciation n. 欣赏；感激 ⑫ metropolis n. 大都市 ⑬ adjustment n. 调整；适应 ⑭ intense adj. 强烈的；剧烈的 ⑮ surroundings n. 环境；周围的事物 ⑯ dissipate v. 消散；消失 ⑰ customs n. 风俗；习俗 ⑱ navigation n. 导航；认路 ⑲ comfort n. 舒适；安逸 ⑳ identify v. 识别；认出 【长难句分析】 1. Culture shock happens when people experience uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety as they adjust to a new culture when they move abroad or study in another country. 句意：当人们搬到国外或在其他国家留学，努力适应新文化时，往往会经历不确定、困惑或焦虑，这就是文化冲击。 分析：本句中Culture shock是主语，happens是谓语；when people experience uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety是when引导的时间状语从句，作happens的时间状语；as they adjust to a new culture是as引导的时间状语从句，嵌套在when从句中，修饰experience这个动作；when they move abroad or study in another country是when引导的时间状语从句，进一步修饰adjust这个动作。 2. It often follows stages: the honeymoon phase of excitement, frustration from differences, gradual adaptation, and acceptance. 句意：它通常会经历几个阶段：最初充满兴奋感的“蜜月期”、因文化差异而产生的“挫折期”、逐渐适应的“过渡期”，以及最终的“接受期”。 分析：本句中It是主语，often follows是谓语，stages是宾语；冒号后面的内容（the honeymoon phase of excitement, frustration from differences, gradual adaptation, and acceptance）是四个并列的名词短语，作为stages的同位语，对其进行具体的举例和解释说明；其中of excitement和from differences都是介词短语作后置定语，分别修饰honeymoon phase和frustration。 3. Typically, no single event causes culture shock, nor does it occur suddenly or without reason. 句意：通常，没有任何单一事件会引发文化冲击，它也不会毫无征兆地突然发生。 分析：本句是由nor连接的并列句；前半句中Typically是副词作状语，no single event是主语，causes是谓语，culture shock是宾语；后半句nor does it occur suddenly or without reason使用了部分倒装结构（助动词does提前），it指代culture shock，occur是谓语，suddenly or without reason是并列的方式状语修饰occur。 练·能力培优拔高 培优提升篇 Passage 1（广西河池市2025-2026学年春季学期高二年级期末测试英语试卷） Modern humans — also known as Homo sapiens — began in Africa hundreds of thousands of years ago and later started spreading to Europe, Asia and other places. Scientists believe they met and mated with Neanderthals. The mixing of these groups had a major influence on humans’ genetic code. However, scientists don’t know exactly when or how the two groups interacted. But two new studies provide some additional details about the timing of this contact. One group examined genetic material from three female and three male Homo sapiens individuals who lived around 45,000 years ago. That research involved the oldest genes from Homo sapiens ever examined, or sequenced (测定序列) . Some of the genes came from bones found in a cave in the central German village of Ranis. Other material came from a woman believed to have lived at around the same time in a cave in what is now the Czech Republic. Researchers estimated the period of mixing between Neanderthals and humans at about 49,000 to 45,000 years ago. The findings were recently published in Nature. A second group examined genetic material from 300 present-day and ancient Homo sapiens. This included 59 individuals who lived between 2,000 and 45,000 years ago. That study, published in the journal Science, estimated the period of mixing at about 50,500 to 43,500 years ago. The scientists said their new findings on the mixing and mating of the groups suggested the activities happened a little more recently than thought in the past. They believe the contact continued over many generations. The team noted it is difficult to know the exact nature of the interactions between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals based on the examined data. The researchers also could not confirm exactly where the mixing and mating happened. However, they believe it was most likely somewhere in the Middle East. The researchers noted most modern humans still have genetic material from Neanderthals that accounts for an estimated one to two percent of their DNA. They said modern-day genetic traits linked to skin colour, hair colour and even nose shape can relate back to the Neanderthals. Our genetic makeup also includes links to another group of human ancestors called Denisovans. 1. Where did Homo sapiens originate from? A．Africa. B．Germany. C．The Middle East. D．The current Czech Republic. 2. What do the two new studies have in common? A．Researchers used the same genetic material. B．They discover the exact time and location of the contact. C．Their conclusions have no reliable basis. D．Researchers have used ancient genes to learn more details. 3. How does the author develop Paragraphs 5~6? A．In order of space. B．By listing numbers. C．By showing examples. D．In order of importance. 4. What does the underlined word “traits” in the last paragraph mean? A．Characteristics. B．Differences. C．Changes. D．Codes. Passage 2 For decades, the story of Rapa Nui — also known as Easter Island — has served as a powerful warning. The popular belief was that the island’s ancient society collapsed (衰败) because its people used up all their natural resources. They cut down every tree, it was said, to transport the famous stone statues called moai, and in doing so destroyed their own environment. This idea became a symbol of human foolishness. But new research is now challenging this long-held saying. Archaeologist (考古学家) Mike Pitts, author of the cover story in Natural History magazine, argues that the evidence tells a very different story. According to Pitts, when the first European explorers arrived in the 1720s, they described an island rich in gardens and grasslands. The people were healthy, and their society was functioning well. There was no sign of a civilization that had destroyed itself through poor management. “The traditional story of Rapa Nui is powerful, but it may not be true,” Pitts writes. “The evidence suggests that the people of Rapa Nui managed their resources wisely for centuries.” So what caused the society to fall? As Pitts put it, the problems came not from inside, but from outside. Contact with Europeans brought new diseases, violence, and the taking of people as slaves. These external forces, not bad decisions by the islanders themselves, were the main cause of the society’s collapse. Pitts’ work raises an important question: How often do we accept dramatic stories without questioning the evidence? The traditional story of Rapa Nui was repeated for so long that it became accepted as fact. But science requires us to keep asking questions, to examine old beliefs, and to be open to new evidence — even when it challenges what we thought we knew. As the author concludes, “Sometimes the most interesting discoveries are not about finding something new — they’re old things viewed from a different light.” 1. What do we know about the popular belief of Easter Island’s collapse? A．It is regarded as a sign of human stupidity. B．It proves ancient islanders valued environmental protection. C．It shows stone statues brought great wealth to the island. D．It warns people against building too many monuments. 2. What does the new research suggest about the islanders? A．They were unconcerned about the environment. B．They kept in touch with the outside world. C．They made reasonable use of resources for ages. D．Their society stopped functioning in the 1720s. 3. What’s Pitts’s attitude towards questioning old stories? A．Supportive. B．Doubtful. C．Unclear. D．Opposed. 4. What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To judge islanders’ behaviors. B．To describe Rapa Nui islands. C．To show how societies were built. D．To make readers rethink a story. Passage 3（2025陕西咸阳期中） During the International Labour Day holiday, tourist attractions that offered ancient Chinese or guofeng experiences attracted a lot of people, some of whom wore traditional clothing and makeup to enhance the pleasure of their experiences. Qujiang New District in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, attracted tourists with a new attraction on the theme of the TV series The Longest Day in Chang'an. It offered visitors a chance to “travel back in time” and experience a day of the life of people living in the Tang Dynasty. Xi'an, known as Chang'an back then, was the capital. The World Rural Tourism Town in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, held a cultural festival with a silk and Song Dynasty theme. During the first three days of the holiday, the place received nearly 30,000 visits, which put it into an online list of the 10 most popular Huzhou attractions. The Jizhouyao scenic area in Jiangxi Province held a tourism festival with a Song Dynasty theme. Tourists, wearing period costumes and makeup, tried their hand at touhu—throwing arrows into wine pitchers and tasted Yonghe Tofu, one of the top 10 Jiangxi dishes. Now more and more tourists are increasingly looking for comfortable and safe tourism products that benefit both the environment and people's health. For tourism businesses, it's important to highlight the cultural elements of their products by drawing inspiration from traditional Chinese culture. Hotels also utilized the guofeng craze to feed the growing love for traditional Chinese culture. A guofeng hotel provided replica(仿制品) costumes from online games based on the Chinese classic Journey to the West, which the guests could try on for photos. 1.Why did Qujiang New District attract tourists? A.For its delicious food. B.For its geographical location. C.For its beautiful scenery. D.For its themed tourist attraction. 2.What did the World Rural Tourism Town and the Jizhouyao scenic area have in common? A.They were popular online. B.They offered traditional costumes. C.They shared the Song Dynasty theme. D.They were famous for local snacks. 3.What does the underlined word “utilized” in the last paragraph mean? A.Take advantage of. B.Be responsible for. C.Look after. D.Give up. 4.In which column of a newspaper can you read the passage? A.Sports. B.Travel. C.Education. D.Geography. Passage 4（重庆市第八中学校2025-2026学年高一下学期期末英语试题） Edinburgh Castle stands on top of an ancient volcano,     1    , (watch) over the city of Edinburgh for centuries. As one of the most famous castles in the world, it offers     2     unique chat with the past. Visitors can access its rich history through guided tours and online resources. The     3     (early) data about the castle dates back to the 12th century. Over the years, it     4     (serve) as a royal home, a military base, and a prison. The walls here have confirmed both victory and loss. Today, the castle is a symbol of Scottish culture and a collection of stories waiting     5     (explore). Inside, the Great Hall still functions as a place     6     events are held. Through interactive     7     (display) visitors can connect with the past in a personal way. One of the most popular sights is the Stone of Destiny, an ancient item connected to Scotland's kings. Every year, the castle becomes the heart of the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo, a festival of music and dance. People from around the world join the     8     (celebrate), enjoying the atmosphere and traditional performances. Whether you experience it in person     9     stream a performance online, Edinburgh Castle offers a journey into a world of history and tradition.       10    many, the visit is not just a tour but a chance to value the traditions which shape our identity. Passage 5（江苏南通市海门中学2025-2026学年高二下学期第二次月考英语试卷） Yongle Dadian is the world’s     1     (large) known encyclopedia (百科全书). It was compiled (编纂) during the Ming dynasty by thousands of Chinese scholars     2     the direction of Emperor Yongle. Containing 22,937 “juan” or sections, in 11,095 volumes, the work was designed to include everything ever written at that time on the Confucian classics, history, philosophy, and the arts and sciences. However, only about 400 volumes of the manuscript copy survive today. Around 800 “juan”     3    (publish) as photo-offset copies to date. The encyclopedia’s physical appearance differed from     4     of any other Chinese encyclopedia of the time. It was larger in size and made of special paper. The use of red ink for titles and authors confirmed that the volumes were of royal origin. Each volume was protected by a hard cover     5    (wrap) in yellow silk. Unlike other encyclopedias, this one was not arranged by subject,     6    by “Hongwu Zhengyun”, a system in which characters are ordered phonetically.     7     printing had already been invented long before the Ming dynasty, Yongle Dadian was written     8    (entire) by hand. Each entry was a compilation of     9    (exist) literature. Yongle Dadian represents the accumulated knowledge of the Chinese nation over thousands of years and has become     10     important symbol of Chinese culture. Passage 6 Many people are confused by different names     1     (refer) to the UK, including England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Figuring out the differences between them     2     (be) of great help for us to learn about British history. In the 16th century, Wales was joined to the Kingdom of England. Later in the 18th century, Scotland was added to the union     3     (create) Great Britain. The Kingdom of Ireland joined afterwards, but the southern part of Ireland broke away in the 20th century,     4     brought about the full name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The four countries within the UK share the same currency and national flag known     5     the Union Jack. They,     6    , still differ greatly in law, education and national sports teams, making the UK culturally diverse. The UK has a long and amazing history.     7     (surround) by the sea, it was influenced by several groups from ancient times. The Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings and Normans ruled the country one after another. The Normans in particular brought French words into English and made major     8     (change) to the legal system. Walking through its various historic sites and museums, you will find     9     perfect mix of ancient traditions and modern culture. Undoubtedly, the UK is an     10     (attract) destination full of history and charm. 迁移应用篇 一、单句语法填空 1.The long speech really made the girl feel (puzzle). 2.When it comes to dealing with students, teachers will try different ___________(approach) , as they each are unique and have different personalities. 3.The young man gave his life in (defend) of his country. 4. “Can I have a try?” the girl asked (eager). 5.There is a lot of (evident) showing that she is guilty. 6.It is a great (achieve) for such a young player. 7.It was very kind of the boy to tell us the exact (locate) of the newly-built railway station, so it only took us a few minutes to find it. 8.The book provides a (fascinate) glimpse into the life of the ancient Egyptians.. 9.Her daughter had made a (strike) achievement in that field. 10.The nose is one of our (sense) organs. 11.Joe is the suitable person to be in charge ________ customer complaints, because he has great patience. 12.You can’t imagine the influence the accident had her. 13.When arriving at the bus stop , he found it already _________(crowd) with people who hurried to go to work and school. 14.She spent her weekend organizing the files, __________(ensure) everything would be easy to find later. 15.When he woke up, he found himself (surround) by some children. 16.The bike (belong) to Mike was repaired last night. 17.He decided to visit the countryside (dot) with small villages. 18.I would like my room (paint) white. 19.The villagers had many trees (plant) last year. 20.There are a few mistakes in your article. You’d better get them (correct). 21.The news that a storm was on the way made us (alarm). 22.We should take some measures to protect the (endanger) animals. 23.Several girls stood at the gate, (greet) us warmly. 24.With so much work (fill) his mind, he couldn’t sleep well. 25.The character (create) by the writer was very attractive. 26.The painting (lose) in the flood was valuable. 二、应用文写作 假如你是李华,你的美国笔友Billy今年暑假要来你所在的城市——杭州旅游。请根据以下提示,给他写一封电子邮件, 介绍一下杭州的基本情况。 1.地理位置: 中国东部; 2.名胜之地: 西湖; 3.休闲: 划船,漫步,在草坪上野餐; 4.变化: 高楼大厦。 注意: 1.写作词数应为80个左右; 2.请按如下格式在相应位置作答。 Dear Billy, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua $ Unit 4 History and Traditions 外刊拓展提升（多题型专练） 练·能力培优拔高 培优提升篇 Passage 1（广西河池市2025-2026学年春季学期高二年级期末测试英语试卷） 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A Passage 2 1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D Passage 3（2025陕西咸阳期中） 1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B Passage 4（重庆市第八中学校2025-2026学年高一下学期期末英语试题） 1. watching 2. a 3. earliest 4. has served 5. to be explored 6. where 7. displays 8. celebration 9. or 10. For Passage 5（江苏南通市海门中学2025-2026学年高二下学期第二次月考英语试卷） 1. largest 2. under 3. have been published 4. that 5. wrapped 6. but 7. Although/Though/While 8. entirely 9. existing/existent 10. an Passage 6 1. referring 2. is 3. to create 4. which 5. as 6. however 7. Surrounded 8. changes 9. a 10. attractive 迁移应用篇 一、单句语法填空 1.puzzled 2.approaches 3.defence 4. eagerly 5.evidence 6.achievement 7.location 8.fascinating 9.striking 10.sensory 11. of 12.on 13. crowded 14.ensuring 15. surrounded 16.belonging 17. dotted 18.painted 19.planted 20.corrected 21.alarmed 22.endangered 23.greeting 24. filling 25. created 26. lost 二、应用文写作 Dear Billy,  I am very glad to know that you will come to my city—Hangzhou this summer vacation.Now I’m writing to tell you something about it. Hangzhou lies in the east of China.It is famous for the beautiful West Lake,which has a long history with a love story.During holidays or weekends,people like going boating on the lake,walking in the woods or sitting on the lawn to have a picnic.Great changes have taken place in Hangzhou during the past few years,with plenty of high buildings going up.That landscape is so striking that lots of tourists from home and abroad come to visit it every year. Looking forward to your visiting Hangzhou soon. Yours, Li Hua 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $