Unit 2 课时4 Grammar（分层作业）英语新教材译林版九年级下册

Unit 2 Great people 课时4 Grammar 分层作业 A组 巩固过关 C组 思维拔高 B组 能力进阶 拓展 链接中考 ( 一、定义：短语动词由 “动词 + 副词”“动词 + 介词” 或 “动词 + 副词 + 介词” 构成，整体含义通常无法从单个单词的字面意思直接推断，需结合语境理解或专门记忆。 二、三大构成类型 动词 + 介词：及物用法，后必须接宾语；宾语一律放在介词之后，不可拆分。例：go through many difficulties 动词 + 副词：分两类 不及物：后不接宾语。例：The rocket took off. 及物：后可接宾语；名词宾语可放在副词前后，代词宾语必须放在动词和副词中间。例：build up knowledge = build knowledge up；build it up（正确），build up it（错误） 动词 + 副词 + 介词：及物用法，后必须接宾语；一律不可拆分。例：look back on his career 三、及物性分类 不及物短语动词：无宾语。例：pass away, show up, take off 及物短语动词：必须接宾语。例：learn about, turn to, look into 四、可分性规则 可拆分：仅 “动词 + 副词” 型及物短语动词符合；代词宾语必须放中间。 不可拆分：“动词 + 介词” 型、“动词 + 副词 + 介词” 型均不可拆分，宾语始终位于介词之后。 五、课本核心短语动词汇总 go through, pass away, live on, look back on, catch up with, take off, show up, learn about, turn to, build up, come up with, look into, come across, look forward to, set out, care for, keep on, work out, calm down, hand in, let sb down, look up, put off, think of, set the stage for, take on ) 一、单词默写 ( 6 / 6 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. ________ adj. 首要的；领先的 2. ________ n. 贡献 3. ________ n. 一代人；代 4. ________ n. 任务；使命 5. ________ adv. 自豪地；骄傲地 6. ________ v. 授予；给以荣誉 7. ________ n. 发现；发觉 8. ________ adj. 个人的；私人的 二、词组默写 1. 经历，遭受 _______________________ 2. 去世 _______________________ 3. 回顾；回忆 _______________________ 4. 为…… 铺平道路 _______________________ 5. 追上，赶上 _______________________ 6. 想出；提出 _______________________ 7. 上交 _______________________ 8. 让某人失望 _______________________ 三、根据要求完成句子 1. 经历重重困难后，这位科学家终于回到了祖国。 After ________ many difficulties, the scientist finally returned to his motherland. 2. 这位伟人于 2009 年逝世，但他的精神将永远流传。 The great man ________ in 2009, but his spirit will ________ on forever. 3. 我们可以借助语境推断短语动词的含义。 We can ________ the meaning of phrasal verbs from the ________. 4. 当宾语是人称代词时，通常要放在可拆分短语动词的中间。 When the object is a personal pronoun, it should usually be placed ________ the phrasal verb. 5. 我们都期待着参观中国空间站。 We are all ________ ________ visiting China's space station. 一、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A Young Aerospace Engineer Li Wei is a young engineer who works in China's space programme. When he was a child, he often 1. ________ (look up at) the stars in the night sky and dreamed of exploring space. In college, he chose to study aerospace engineering and 2. ________ (go through) thousands of hours of hard training and experiments. Last year, Li Wei 3. ________ (take on) a key task in a new carrier rocket project. He and his team 4. ________ (come up with) many creative solutions to technical problems. Their continuous efforts 5. ________ (set the stage for) the successful launch of the rocket last month. 二、选词填空 从方框中选择合适的单词，并用其适当形式填入短文空白处，每个单词限用一次。 A. work out B. put off C. care for D. keep on E. give up A TCM Researcher Zhang Lan is a researcher studying traditional Chinese herbal medicine. She never 1. ________ even when her experiments fail again and again. She 2. ________ studying ancient medical books to find useful herbal formulas. Once, her team had to 3. ________ a field trip to the mountain because of heavy rain, but they didn't waste time. They stayed in the lab and tried to 4. ________ the best way to extract the effective ingredients from herbs. Zhang Lan says she will always 5. ________ the development of traditional Chinese medicine and help more people in need. 一、完形填空 The Young Botanist When Lin Yue was a little girl, she loved walking in the forest with her grandpa. He would point out different plants and tell her their names and uses. Gradually, Lin Yue developed a strong 1 in plants and decided to become a botanist. In college, Lin Yue studied botany and worked very hard. She 2 most of her spare time in the school garden, observing plants and recording their growth. Her teachers often said she was the most 3 student in her grade. After graduation, Lin Yue 4 a research team studying drought-resistant plants. Their goal was to find plants that can grow in dry areas and help improve the local environment. The work was not easy. They had to walk through deserts and 5 all kinds of difficulties. Once, their team got lost in the desert during a field research. The water was running out and the sun was shining 6 . Everyone felt tired and worried, but Lin Yue stayed calm. She 7 the knowledge she had learned and found a small oasis with water. After five years of hard work, Lin Yue and her team finally 8 a new type of drought-resistant grass. This grass can grow with very little water and help hold the soil. Their achievement has 9 many local farmers to plant this grass and improve their living conditions. Lin Yue says she will 10 working on plant research. "Plants are silent friends of humans," she says. "I want to learn more about them and help make our planet greener." 1. A. interest B. habit C. secret D. pride 2. A. wasted B. spent C. saved D. shared 3. A. humorous B. careless C. hard-working D. outgoing 4. A. left B. avoided C. missed D. joined 5. A. go through B. put off C. hand in D. take off 6. A. slowly B. brightly C. suddenly D. quietly 7. A. looked up B. cared for C. thought of D. turned to 8. A. discovered B. invented C. borrowed D. produced 9. A. allowed B. encouraged C. ordered D. promised 10. A. keep on B. give up C. turn to D. look for 二、阅读理解 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 The Ancient Chinese Armillary Sphere For thousands of years, Chinese people have been watching the sky and studying the movement of stars and planets. One of the greatest inventions in ancient Chinese astronomy is the armillary sphere (浑天仪). The armillary sphere is a model of the sky made of metal rings. It shows the positions of stars, the sun, the moon and the planets. The earliest armillary sphere in China was made more than 2,000 years ago in the Han Dynasty. Later, Zhang Heng, a great scientist of the Eastern Han Dynasty, improved it and made it more accurate. Zhang Heng's armillary sphere had several layers of rings. Each ring stood for a different part of the sky, such as the equator and the ecliptic. People could turn the rings to find out where a star was at a certain time. What's more, Zhang Heng connected the armillary sphere with a water-powered system. The water flow made the sphere turn slowly, just like the real sky. This was a wonderful invention at that time. The armillary sphere was not just a tool for watching stars. It also helped people make calendars. Ancient Chinese farmers depended on calendars to decide when to plant and harvest crops. By studying the movement of the sun through the armillary sphere, astronomers could work out the exact time of solar terms, which were very important for farming. Today, the armillary sphere is no longer used for astronomical research. Modern telescopes and satellites have taken its place. However, it is still a symbol of ancient Chinese wisdom and scientific spirit. Many museums in China display copies of the armillary sphere for visitors to learn about ancient Chinese science and technology. Studying ancient inventions like the armillary sphere helps us understand the creativity of ancient Chinese people. It also shows that curiosity and hard work can lead to great discoveries. 1. What was the armillary sphere mainly used for in ancient times? A. Recording weather changes B. Studying the movement of celestial bodies C. Storing water for farming D. Making metal tools 2. Who improved the armillary sphere and added a water-powered system? A. Zhang Heng B. Bi Sheng C. Cai Lun D. Zu Chongzhi 3. The underlined word "ecliptic" probably means "______" in Chinese. A. 赤道 B. 地平线 C. 子午线 D. 黄道 4. Which of the following is NOT true about the armillary sphere? A. It was made of several layers of metal rings. B. It helped ancient people make calendars for farming. C. It is still widely used for astronomical research today. D. It stands for ancient Chinese scientific wisdom. 5. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The life story of the great scientist Zhang Heng B. The history and value of the armillary sphere C. The development of modern astronomy in China D. Different ancient inventions around the world 三、首字母填空 根据短文内容及首字母提示，填写所缺单词，使短文意思完整。 Wetland Parks: Green Lungs of the City In recent years, more and more wetland parks have been built in Chinese cities. These parks are not just beautiful places for people to relax; they also play an important e 1 role in the city's ecosystem. Wetlands are often called the "kidneys of the earth". They can p 2 water and make it clean. When rainwater runs through the wetland, plants and soil in the wetland take in dirty things and p 3 the water before it goes into rivers or underground. This helps improve the water quality of the whole city. Besides, wetlands can help c 4 the climate. The water and plants in wetlands can make the air cooler in summer and w 5 in winter. They can also reduce the heat island effect in crowded cities. Wetland parks are also perfect h 6 for many wild animals and plants. Different kinds of birds, fish and insects live there. Some rare birds even s 7 the winter in these wetlands. For city people, especially children, wetlands are great places to get c 8 to nature and learn about different plants and animals. What's more, wetlands can prevent floods. They can hold lots of water during heavy rains and r 9 the risk of flooding in the city. In this way, they protect people's homes and safety. Nowadays, many cities are taking action to protect and build more wetland parks. Everyone can do something to help, such as not throwing rubbish in wetlands and p 10 more plants there. Small actions can make a big difference to our city's environment. 一、完形填空 （2025・江苏南京中考） 请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 According to several recent surveys, some people fear public speaking more than anything else. 1 , this fear can be overcome (克服) with two simple methods: practice and using positive (正面的) energy from the audience. Practicing for a speech is essential. 2 the task of writing the speech is complete, speakers must practice, practice, practice. The more times they practice the speech, the more 3 they are discussing the topic. Using 4 such as mirrors or video recordings as they practice can show speakers what they look and sound like to the audience. Video is particularly helpful as it can be 5 many times, with the presenters focusing (集中) on one part at a time. Another 6 of dealing with public speaking fears is using the audience's positive energy. Speakers need to remember that the audience wants them to 7 . Something as basic as a small nod or a smile from a member of the audience should give 8 to the presenters behind the podium. While it is easy for nervous speakers to focus only on getting through the presentation, using the audience's 9 will (意愿) help much in making a speech better. All in all, these two strategies are sure to help with fear of public speaking. With proper practice and audience empathy (共鸣), it is 10 to overcome the fear of public speaking and deliver a successful speech. So there is no need to fear public speaking any more. 1. A. Luckily B. Suddenly C. Sadly D. Terribly 2. A. Unless B. After C. Until D. Before 3. A. nervous B. scared C. comfortable D. difficult 4. A. objects B. activities C. signs D. instructions 5. A. found B. sold C. cleared D. watched 6. A. cause B. problem C. way D. purpose 7. A. surprise B. scream C. suppose D. succeed 8. A. confidence B. challenge C. humour D. service 9. A. poor B. good C. weak D. free 10. A. necessary B. important C. interesting D. possible 二、信息还原 （2025・江苏苏州中考） 请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Have you ever looked closely at the paper money from different countries? You will see more than numbers and colours. You will discover pictures of rivers, mountains, buildings and famous people. 1 They are like small lessons in culture, history and nature. Paper money isn’t just for spending—it’s also for learning. Let’s start with China. 2 On the 20 yuan note (纸币), there is the Lijiang River in Guilin, with green mountains rising from calm waters. 3 On the 5 yuan note, you’ll find Mount Tai, one of the most famous mountains in China. A large number of poems were written in praise of it. 4 Switzerland’s notes include mountains, rivers, and even wind patterns (图案)! Canada’s have snowy landscapes and maple (枫树) leaves. These days, many people use phones or cards as a way to pay. 5 But paper money still has its value—not only in money, but in meaning. You can hold it, look at it, and learn from it. It can be a tiny museum in your pocket. So next time you hold your paper money, take a second look. A. It’s fast and easy to pay in this way. B. Paper money carries rich cultural information. C. Different countries put different things on their notes. D. The 100 yuan note shows the Great Hall of the People. E. Many people prefer paper money to other payment methods. F. Every Chinese banknote has a famous natural or cultural site on the back. G. Paper money has been used in China for thousands of years. $ Unit 2 Great people 课时4 Grammar 分层作业 参考答案 一、单词默写 1. leading 2. contribution 3. generation 4. mission 5. proudly 6. honour 7. discovery 8. personal 二、词组默写 1. go through 2. pass away 3. look back on 4. set the stage for 5. catch up with 6. come up with 7. hand in 8. let sb down 三、 根据要求完成句子 1. going through 2. passed away; live 3. work out; context 4. in the middle of 5. looking forward to 一、语法填空 1. looked up at 2. went through 3. took on 4. came up with 5. set the stage for 二、选词填空 1. E 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. C 一、完形填空 1. A 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.A 二、阅读理解 1. B 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B 三、首字母填空 1. environmental 2. purify 3. clean 4. control 5. warmer 6. homes 7. spend 8. close 9. reduce 10. planting 一、完形填空 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.D 二、信息还原 1. B 2.F 3.D 4.C 5.A ( 1 / 6 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $Unit 2 Great people 课时4 Grammar 分层作业 A组 巩固过关 C组 思维拔高 B组 能力进阶 拓展 链接中考 ( 一、定义：短语动词由 “动词 + 副词”“动词 + 介词” 或 “动词 + 副词 + 介词” 构成，整体含义通常无法从单个单词的字面意思直接推断，需结合语境理解或专门记忆。 二、三大构成类型 动词 + 介词：及物用法，后必须接宾语；宾语一律放在介词之后，不可拆分。例：go through many difficulties 动词 + 副词：分两类 不及物：后不接宾语。例：The rocket took off. 及物：后可接宾语；名词宾语可放在副词前后，代词宾语必须放在动词和副词中间。例：build up knowledge = build knowledge up；build it up（正确），build up it（错误） 动词 + 副词 + 介词：及物用法，后必须接宾语；一律不可拆分。例：look back on his career 三、及物性分类 不及物短语动词：无宾语。例：pass away, show up, take off 及物短语动词：必须接宾语。例：learn about, turn to, look into 四、可分性规则 可拆分：仅 “动词 + 副词” 型及物短语动词符合；代词宾语必须放中间。 不可拆分：“动词 + 介词” 型、“动词 + 副词 + 介词” 型均不可拆分，宾语始终位于介词之后。 五、课本核心短语动词汇总 go through, pass away, live on, look back on, catch up with, take off, show up, learn about, turn to, build up, come up with, look into, come across, look forward to, set out, care for, keep on, work out, calm down, hand in, let sb down, look up, put off, think of, set the stage for, take on ) 一、单词默写 ( 6 / 6 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. ________ adj. 首要的；领先的 2. ________ n. 贡献 3. ________ n. 一代人；代 4. ________ n. 任务；使命 5. ________ adv. 自豪地；骄傲地 6. ________ v. 授予；给以荣誉 7. ________ n. 发现；发觉 8. ________ adj. 个人的；私人的 【答案】1. leading 2. contribution 3. generation 4. mission 5. proudly 6. honour 7. discovery 8. personal 二、词组默写 1. 经历，遭受 _______________________ 2. 去世 _______________________ 3. 回顾；回忆 _______________________ 4. 为…… 铺平道路 _______________________ 5. 追上，赶上 _______________________ 6. 想出；提出 _______________________ 7. 上交 _______________________ 8. 让某人失望 _______________________ 【答案】1. go through 2. pass away 3. look back on 4. set the stage for 5. catch up with 6. come up with 7. hand in 8. let sb down 三、根据要求完成句子 1. 经历重重困难后，这位科学家终于回到了祖国。 After ________ many difficulties, the scientist finally returned to his motherland. 【答案】going through 【解析】after 为介词，后接动词的动名词形式；go through 是 “动词 + 介词” 型短语动词，意为 “经历，遭受”，符合句意。 2. 这位伟人于 2009 年逝世，但他的精神将永远流传。 The great man ________ in 2009, but his spirit will ________ on forever. 【答案】passed away; live 【解析】pass away 意为 “去世”，根据时间状语 in 2009 可知用一般过去时，pass 的过去式为 passed；live on 意为 “继续存在，流传”，will 后接动词原形。 3. 我们可以借助语境推断短语动词的含义。 We can ________ the meaning of phrasal verbs from the ________. 【答案】infer; context 【解析】infer 为动词，意为 “推断”，情态动词 can 后接动词原形；context 为名词，意为 “语境”，符合 “借助语境推断含义” 的表述。 4. 当宾语是人称代词时，通常要放在可拆分短语动词的中间。 When the object is a personal pronoun, it should usually be placed ________ the phrasal verb. 【答案】in the middle of 【解析】in the middle of 为固定短语，意为 “在…… 中间”，对应可拆分短语动词 “代词宾语放中间” 的语法规则。 5. 我们都期待着参观中国空间站。 We are all ________ ________ visiting China's space station. 【答案】looking forward to 【解析】look forward to 为固定短语动词，意为 “期待”，后接动名词；句中 are 提示为现在进行时，look 用现在分词形式 looking。 一、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A Young Aerospace Engineer Li Wei is a young engineer who works in China's space programme. When he was a child, he often 1. ________ (look up at) the stars in the night sky and dreamed of exploring space. In college, he chose to study aerospace engineering and 2. ________ (go through) thousands of hours of hard training and experiments. Last year, Li Wei 3. ________ (take on) a key task in a new carrier rocket project. He and his team 4. ________ (come up with) many creative solutions to technical problems. Their continuous efforts 5. ________ (set the stage for) the successful launch of the rocket last month. 【答案】 1. looked up at 2. went through 3. took on 4. came up with 5. set the stage for 【解析】 本文讲述了年轻航天工程师李伟的成长与工作经历，展现了中国航天人的奋斗精神，全文以一般过去时为主叙事。 1. 句意：小时候，他经常抬头仰望夜空中的星星，梦想着探索太空。 解析：根据时间状语 When he was a child 可知用一般过去时，look 的过去式为 looked；look up at 意为 “抬头仰望”。 2. 句意：大学期间，他选择学习航空航天工程，经受了数千小时的艰苦训练与实验。 解析：and 连接并列谓语，前半句 chose 为一般过去时，此处也用一般过去时；go through 意为 “经历，经受”，go 的过去式为 went。 3. 句意：去年，李伟承担了一个新型运载火箭项目的关键任务。 解析：根据时间状语 Last year 可知用一般过去时；take on 意为 “承担（工作、任务）”，take 的过去式为 took。 4. 句意：他和团队想出了很多创造性的技术问题解决方案。 解析：叙事发生在过去，用一般过去时；come up with 意为 “想出，提出”，come 的过去式为 came。 5. 句意：他们持续的努力为上个月火箭的成功发射铺平了道路。 解析：根据时间状语 last month 可知用一般过去时；set the stage for 意为 “为…… 铺平道路”，set 的过去式仍为 set。 二、选词填空 从方框中选择合适的单词，并用其适当形式填入短文空白处，每个单词限用一次。 A. work out B. put off C. care for D. keep on E. give up A TCM Researcher Zhang Lan is a researcher studying traditional Chinese herbal medicine. She never 1. ________ even when her experiments fail again and again. She 2. ________ studying ancient medical books to find useful herbal formulas. Once, her team had to 3. ________ a field trip to the mountain because of heavy rain, but they didn't waste time. They stayed in the lab and tried to 4. ________ the best way to extract the effective ingredients from herbs. Zhang Lan says she will always 5. ________ the development of traditional Chinese medicine and help more people in need. 【答案】 1. E 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. C 【解析】 本文介绍了中医药研究员张兰的科研日常，体现了她坚持不懈、深耕传统医药研究的精神。 1. 句意：即使实验一次次失败，她也从不放弃。 解析：give up 意为 “放弃”，主语 she 为第三人称单数，一般现在时动词用第三人称单数形式 gives up，对应选项 E。 2. 句意：她持续钻研古代医书，寻找有效的草药配方。 解析：keep on doing sth. 意为 “持续做某事”，主语 she 为第三人称单数，一般现在时动词用 keeps on，对应选项 D。 3. 句意：有一次，因为大雨，她的团队不得不推迟进山实地考察。 解析：put off 意为 “推迟”，had to 后接动词原形，对应选项 B。 4. 句意：他们待在实验室里，努力找出提取草药有效成分的最佳方法。 解析：work out 意为 “想出，弄清楚”，try to 后接动词原形，对应选项 A。 5. 句意：张兰说她会一直关注中医药的发展，帮助更多有需要的人。 解析：care for 意为 “关心，关注”，will 后接动词原形，对应选项 C。 一、完形填空 The Young Botanist When Lin Yue was a little girl, she loved walking in the forest with her grandpa. He would point out different plants and tell her their names and uses. Gradually, Lin Yue developed a strong 1 in plants and decided to become a botanist. In college, Lin Yue studied botany and worked very hard. She 2 most of her spare time in the school garden, observing plants and recording their growth. Her teachers often said she was the most 3 student in her grade. After graduation, Lin Yue 4 a research team studying drought-resistant plants. Their goal was to find plants that can grow in dry areas and help improve the local environment. The work was not easy. They had to walk through deserts and 5 all kinds of difficulties. Once, their team got lost in the desert during a field research. The water was running out and the sun was shining 6 . Everyone felt tired and worried, but Lin Yue stayed calm. She 7 the knowledge she had learned and found a small oasis with water. After five years of hard work, Lin Yue and her team finally 8 a new type of drought-resistant grass. This grass can grow with very little water and help hold the soil. Their achievement has 9 many local farmers to plant this grass and improve their living conditions. Lin Yue says she will 10 working on plant research. "Plants are silent friends of humans," she says. "I want to learn more about them and help make our planet greener." 1. A. interest B. habit C. secret D. pride 2. A. wasted B. spent C. saved D. shared 3. A. humorous B. careless C. hard-working D. outgoing 4. A. left B. avoided C. missed D. joined 5. A. go through B. put off C. hand in D. take off 6. A. slowly B. brightly C. suddenly D. quietly 7. A. looked up B. cared for C. thought of D. turned to 8. A. discovered B. invented C. borrowed D. produced 9. A. allowed B. encouraged C. ordered D. promised 10. A. keep on B. give up C. turn to D. look for 【答案】 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. A 【解析】 本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了植物学家林玥从小对植物产生兴趣，大学刻苦学习，毕业后投身耐旱植物研究，在沙漠中克服重重困难，最终发现新型耐旱草种、改善当地环境的故事，赞扬了科研工作者的坚守与探索精神。 1. 句意：渐渐地，林玥对植物产生了浓厚的兴趣，决定成为一名植物学家。 解析：develop an interest in 为固定搭配，意为 “对…… 产生兴趣”，契合后文 “成为植物学家” 的志向，故选 A。 2. 句意：她把大部分业余时间都花在学校花园里，观察植物、记录它们的生长情况。 解析：spend time (in) doing sth. 为固定句型，意为 “花费时间做某事”，符合语境，故选 B。 3. 句意：她的老师常说她是年级里最勤奋的学生。 解析：前文提到林玥学习刻苦、花大量时间观察植物，hard-working 意为 “勤奋的”，符合人物特点，故选 C。 4. 句意：毕业后，林玥加入了一个研究耐旱植物的团队。 解析：join a team 为固定搭配，意为 “加入团队”，契合开启科研工作的语境，故选 D。 5. 句意：他们不得不穿越沙漠，经历各种各样的困难。 解析：go through 意为 “经历（困难、磨难）”，符合科研工作遭遇困境的语境；put off 推迟，hand in 上交，take off 起飞 / 脱下，均不符合句意，故选 A。 6. 句意：水快要用完了，阳光也晒得很强烈。 解析：brightly 意为 “明亮地、强烈地”，可用来形容阳光炽烈，契合沙漠的环境特点，故选 B。 7. 句意：她想起了自己学过的知识，找到了一片有水的小绿洲。 解析：think of 意为 “想起，想到”，符合危急关头调动所学知识的情境；look up 查阅，care for 关心，turn to 求助于，均不符合语境，故选 C。 8. 句意：经过五年的努力，林玥和团队终于发现了一种新型耐旱草。 解析：植物是自然界原本存在的，discover 意为 “发现（已存在的事物）”，符合科研语境；invent 指发明创造新事物，不符合逻辑，故选 A。 9. 句意：他们的成果鼓励了很多当地农民种植这种草，改善了生活条件。 解析：encourage sb. to do sth. 意为 “鼓励某人做某事”，契合科研成果带动农民生产的语境，故选 B。 10. 句意：林玥说她会继续从事植物研究。 解析：keep on doing sth. 意为 “继续做某事”，契合人物坚持科研的志向；give up 放弃，turn to 求助，look for 寻找，均不符合句意，故选 A。 二、阅读理解 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 The Ancient Chinese Armillary Sphere For thousands of years, Chinese people have been watching the sky and studying the movement of stars and planets. One of the greatest inventions in ancient Chinese astronomy is the armillary sphere (浑天仪). The armillary sphere is a model of the sky made of metal rings. It shows the positions of stars, the sun, the moon and the planets. The earliest armillary sphere in China was made more than 2,000 years ago in the Han Dynasty. Later, Zhang Heng, a great scientist of the Eastern Han Dynasty, improved it and made it more accurate. Zhang Heng's armillary sphere had several layers of rings. Each ring stood for a different part of the sky, such as the equator and the ecliptic. People could turn the rings to find out where a star was at a certain time. What's more, Zhang Heng connected the armillary sphere with a water-powered system. The water flow made the sphere turn slowly, just like the real sky. This was a wonderful invention at that time. The armillary sphere was not just a tool for watching stars. It also helped people make calendars. Ancient Chinese farmers depended on calendars to decide when to plant and harvest crops. By studying the movement of the sun through the armillary sphere, astronomers could work out the exact time of solar terms, which were very important for farming. Today, the armillary sphere is no longer used for astronomical research. Modern telescopes and satellites have taken its place. However, it is still a symbol of ancient Chinese wisdom and scientific spirit. Many museums in China display copies of the armillary sphere for visitors to learn about ancient Chinese science and technology. Studying ancient inventions like the armillary sphere helps us understand the creativity of ancient Chinese people. It also shows that curiosity and hard work can lead to great discoveries. 1. What was the armillary sphere mainly used for in ancient times? A. Recording weather changes B. Studying the movement of celestial bodies C. Storing water for farming D. Making metal tools 2. Who improved the armillary sphere and added a water-powered system? A. Zhang Heng B. Bi Sheng C. Cai Lun D. Zu Chongzhi 3. The underlined word "ecliptic" probably means "______" in Chinese. A. 赤道 B. 地平线 C. 子午线 D. 黄道 4. Which of the following is NOT true about the armillary sphere? A. It was made of several layers of metal rings. B. It helped ancient people make calendars for farming. C. It is still widely used for astronomical research today. D. It stands for ancient Chinese scientific wisdom. 5. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The life story of the great scientist Zhang Heng B. The history and value of the armillary sphere C. The development of modern astronomy in China D. Different ancient inventions around the world 【答案】 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国古代天文发明浑天仪的历史起源、结构原理、功用价值以及其文化象征意义，展现了中国古代的科学智慧。 1. 细节理解题。 解析：根据第一段 “Chinese people have been watching the sky and studying the movement of stars and planets. One of the greatest inventions... is the armillary sphere” 可知，浑天仪主要用于研究天体运行，故选 B。 2. 细节理解题。 解析：根据第二段 “Zhang Heng, a great scientist of the Eastern Han Dynasty, improved it” 以及第三段 “Zhang Heng connected the armillary sphere with a water-powered system” 可知，是张衡改进了浑天仪并加入水力驱动系统，故选 A。 3. 词义猜测题。 解析：根据前文 “each ring stood for a different part of the sky, such as the equator and the ecliptic” 可知，ecliptic 与 equator（赤道）并列，都是天文术语，结合常识可知 ecliptic 意为 “黄道”，是天球上的重要轨道概念，故选 D。 4. 细节判断题。 解析：根据第五段 “Today, the armillary sphere is no longer used for astronomical research” 可知，如今浑天仪已不再广泛用于天文研究，C 项表述错误；A、B、D 三项均能在原文找到对应依据，故选 C。 5. 主旨大意题。 解析：全文围绕浑天仪展开，依次介绍了它的历史起源、结构改进、古代功用与当代文化价值，核心是讲述浑天仪的历史与价值，故选 B。 三、首字母填空 根据短文内容及首字母提示，填写所缺单词，使短文意思完整。 Wetland Parks: Green Lungs of the City In recent years, more and more wetland parks have been built in Chinese cities. These parks are not just beautiful places for people to relax; they also play an important e 1 role in the city's ecosystem. Wetlands are often called the "kidneys of the earth". They can p 2 water and make it clean. When rainwater runs through the wetland, plants and soil in the wetland take in dirty things and p 3 the water before it goes into rivers or underground. This helps improve the water quality of the whole city. Besides, wetlands can help c 4 the climate. The water and plants in wetlands can make the air cooler in summer and w 5 in winter. They can also reduce the heat island effect in crowded cities. Wetland parks are also perfect h 6 for many wild animals and plants. Different kinds of birds, fish and insects live there. Some rare birds even s 7 the winter in these wetlands. For city people, especially children, wetlands are great places to get c 8 to nature and learn about different plants and animals. What's more, wetlands can prevent floods. They can hold lots of water during heavy rains and r 9 the risk of flooding in the city. In this way, they protect people's homes and safety. Nowadays, many cities are taking action to protect and build more wetland parks. Everyone can do something to help, such as not throwing rubbish in wetlands and p 10 more plants there. Small actions can make a big difference to our city's environment. 【答案】 1. ecological 2. purify 3. process 4. cool 5. warmer 6. habitats 7. spend 8. close 9. reduce 10. planting 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了湿地公园的生态价值，从净化水质、调节气候、提供生物栖息地、防洪减灾等方面阐述了湿地对城市生态系统的重要作用，呼吁人们保护湿地环境。 1. 句意：这些公园不只是人们休闲的好去处，还在城市生态系统中发挥着重要的生态作用。 解析：结合首字母 e 与后文 ecosystem 可知，填 ecological，意为 “生态的”，修饰名词 role。 2. 句意：它们可以净化水，让水变得洁净。 解析：结合首字母 p 与 “make it clean” 可知，填 purify，意为 “净化”，情态动词 can 后接动词原形。 3. 句意：雨水流经湿地时，湿地里的植物和土壤会吸收污物，在水流入河流或地下之前对其进行处理。 解析：结合首字母 p 与语境可知，填 process，意为 “处理，加工”，与 take in 并列，用动词原形。 4. 句意：此外，湿地有助于调节气候。 解析：结合首字母 c 与后文 “make the air cooler” 可知，填 cool，意为 “使变凉、调节”，help 后接动词原形。 5. 句意：湿地里的水和植物能让夏天的空气更凉爽，冬天的空气更温暖。 解析：结合首字母 w 与前文 cooler 的并列对比关系可知，填 warmer，意为 “更温暖的”，用比较级。 6. 句意：湿地公园也是很多野生动植物的理想栖息地。 解析：结合首字母 h 与 “wild animals and plants” 可知，填 habitats，意为 “栖息地”，用复数表泛指。 7. 句意：一些珍稀鸟类甚至会在这些湿地过冬。 解析：结合首字母 w 与 “the winter” 可知，填 spend，意为 “度过”，主语为复数，一般现在时用动词原形。 8. 句意：对城市居民，尤其是孩子来说，湿地是亲近自然、了解动植物的好地方。 解析：get close to 为固定搭配，意为 “亲近、靠近”，结合首字母 c 可知填 close。 9. 句意：它们可以在暴雨时储存大量水分，降低城市发生洪灾的风险。 解析：结合首字母 r 与 “risk” 可知，填 reduce，意为 “降低，减少”，与 hold 并列，用动词原形。 10. 句意：每个人都可以出一份力，比如不在湿地乱扔垃圾、多种植植物。 解析：结合首字母 p 与 “plants” 可知，填 planting；such as 后接动名词，与 throwing 并列，故用 planting。 一、完形填空 （2025・江苏南京中考） 请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 According to several recent surveys, some people fear public speaking more than anything else. 1 , this fear can be overcome (克服) with two simple methods: practice and using positive (正面的) energy from the audience. Practicing for a speech is essential. 2 the task of writing the speech is complete, speakers must practice, practice, practice. The more times they practice the speech, the more 3 they are discussing the topic. Using 4 such as mirrors or video recordings as they practice can show speakers what they look and sound like to the audience. Video is particularly helpful as it can be 5 many times, with the presenters focusing (集中) on one part at a time. Another 6 of dealing with public speaking fears is using the audience's positive energy. Speakers need to remember that the audience wants them to 7 . Something as basic as a small nod or a smile from a member of the audience should give 8 to the presenters behind the podium. While it is easy for nervous speakers to focus only on getting through the presentation, using the audience's 9 will (意愿) help much in making a speech better. All in all, these two strategies are sure to help with fear of public speaking. With proper practice and audience empathy (共鸣), it is 10 to overcome the fear of public speaking and deliver a successful speech. So there is no need to fear public speaking any more. 1. A. Luckily B. Suddenly C. Sadly D. Terribly 2. A. Unless B. After C. Until D. Before 3. A. nervous B. scared C. comfortable D. difficult 4. A. objects B. activities C. signs D. instructions 5. A. found B. sold C. cleared D. watched 6. A. cause B. problem C. way D. purpose 7. A. surprise B. scream C. suppose D. succeed 8. A. confidence B. challenge C. humour D. service 9. A. poor B. good C. weak D. free 10. A. necessary B. important C. interesting D. possible 【答案】 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. D 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了克服公开演讲恐惧的两种方法 —— 反复练习和借助听众的正向反馈，帮助读者建立演讲信心。 1. 句意：幸运的是，这种恐惧可以通过两种简单的方法克服：练习和利用听众的正向能量。 解析：前文提到很多人最怕公开演讲，后文说有方法可以克服，这是一件幸运的事，luckily 意为 “幸运的是”，契合语境，故选 A。 2. 句意：写演讲稿的任务完成之后，演讲者必须反复练习。 解析：练习发生在写稿完成之后，after 意为 “在…… 之后”，引导时间状语从句，符合逻辑，故选 B。 3. 句意：他们练习的次数越多，讨论这个话题时就越从容。 解析：the more...the more... 句型，结合语境，多练习会让人更放松自如，comfortable 意为 “自在的，从容的”，故选 C。 4. 句意：练习时使用镜子、录像这类物品，可以让演讲者看到自己在听众眼中的状态。 解析：mirrors 和 video recordings 都属于物品，object 意为 “物品，物件”，符合分类，故选 A。 5. 句意：录像尤其有用，因为它可以反复观看，演讲者可以一次只关注一个部分。 解析：录像的特点是可以反复观看，watch 意为 “观看”，符合语境，故选 D。 6. 句意：另一个克服演讲恐惧的方法是利用听众的正向能量。 解析：前文讲了第一种方法 “练习”，此处讲第二种方法，way 意为 “方法，方式”，故选 C。 7. 句意：演讲者需要记住，听众是希望他们成功的。 解析：结合常识，听众通常期待演讲顺利、演讲者成功，succeed 意为 “成功”，符合语境，故选 D。 8. 句意：听众一个点头、一个微笑这样简单的举动，都能给讲台后的演讲者带来信心。 解析：听众的正向反馈会给演讲者增添信心，confidence 意为 “信心”，契合语境，故选 A。 9. 句意：紧张的演讲者很容易只专注于完成演讲，但利用听众的善意会大大提升演讲效果。 解析：前文提到听众的正向能量、点头微笑，都是听众的善意，good will 意为 “善意，良好的意愿”，故选 B。 10. 句意：通过恰当的练习和听众的共鸣，克服公开演讲的恐惧、完成一场成功的演讲是有可能的。 解析：文章主旨是介绍克服恐惧的方法，说明做到这件事是可行的，possible 意为 “可能的”，故选 D。 二、信息还原 （2025・江苏苏州中考） 请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Have you ever looked closely at the paper money from different countries? You will see more than numbers and colours. You will discover pictures of rivers, mountains, buildings and famous people. 1 They are like small lessons in culture, history and nature. Paper money isn’t just for spending—it’s also for learning. Let’s start with China. 2 On the 20 yuan note (纸币), there is the Lijiang River in Guilin, with green mountains rising from calm waters. 3 On the 5 yuan note, you’ll find Mount Tai, one of the most famous mountains in China. A large number of poems were written in praise of it. 4 Switzerland’s notes include mountains, rivers, and even wind patterns (图案)! Canada’s have snowy landscapes and maple (枫树) leaves. These days, many people use phones or cards as a way to pay. 5 But paper money still has its value—not only in money, but in meaning. You can hold it, look at it, and learn from it. It can be a tiny museum in your pocket. So next time you hold your paper money, take a second look. A. It’s fast and easy to pay in this way. B. Paper money carries rich cultural information. C. Different countries put different things on their notes. D. The 100 yuan note shows the Great Hall of the People. E. Many people prefer paper money to other payment methods. F. Every Chinese banknote has a famous natural or cultural site on the back. G. Paper money has been used in China for thousands of years. 【答案】 1. B 2. F 3. D 4. C 5. A 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了不同国家纸币上的图案设计承载着各自的文化、历史与自然内涵，指出纸币除支付功能外，还具备文化学习价值。 1. 解析：前句提到纸币上印有河流、山脉、建筑与名人等图案，后句将纸币比作文化、历史与自然的小型课堂。B 项 “纸币承载着丰富的文化信息” 承接上文的图案内容，点明其文化属性，自然引出后文的比喻，衔接通顺。 2. 解析：本段开启对中国纸币的介绍，后文具体举例 20 元、5 元纸币的背面景观。F 项 “每张人民币背面都有一处著名的自然或文化景观” 总领全段，点明中国纸币的设计特点，引出下文的举例说明。 3. 解析：前句介绍 20 元纸币的桂林山水景观，后句介绍 5 元纸币的泰山景观。D 项 “100 元纸币展示了人民大会堂” 补充了另一面额纸币的人文景观，作为举例内容支撑段首的总起句，符合段落的举例逻辑。 4. 解析：前文介绍了中国纸币的设计，后文转而介绍瑞士、加拿大等国的纸币特点。C 项 “不同的国家在纸币上印有不同的内容” 起到承上启下的过渡作用，自然从中国延伸到其他国家。 5. 解析：前句提到如今很多人使用手机或银行卡支付，后句用 but 转折强调纸币仍有独特价值。A 项 “这种支付方式快捷又方便” 点明电子支付的优势，与后文形成转折逻辑，语义连贯。 $