精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年第二学期高二年级英语学科4月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2025学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科4月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Mirror Neurons (神经元) Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently it’s ___1___ we have mirror neurons in our brains. ___2___ (put) simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate it, ___3___ we actually perform the same action or not. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes ___4___ (far): mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people. Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas ___5___ relate to our ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences ___6___ (listen) to (for example: “The hand took hold of the ball”), the same mirror neurons were triggered (触发) as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball). Any problems with mirror neurons ___7___ well result in problems with behavior. Much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. However, it ___8___ (not know) exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders. Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with even more information ___9___ (concern) how humans behave and interact. Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent for neuroscience of ____10____ Einstein’s theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does — well, perhaps you’ll understand why. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. chairs B. competitors C. contributes D. decline E. emit F. licensed G. limit H. paralleled I. record J. symbol K. worthless Kangaroos in Australia Across Australia’s most populous state, at least 5 million kangaroos are thought to have died terrible deaths since one of the country’s worst droughts (干旱) began nearly four years ago. The crisis has urged calls for changes to how Australia manages a national ___11___. Surveys indicate Australia has more than 40 million kangaroos, nearly twice the number of humans. That marks a(n) ___12___ of about 16 million in recent years, largely due to drought. Rangelands in eastern Australia, home to millions of kangaroos, have just had their driest three-year period on ___13___. On a recent drive, Geoff Wise, a veterinarian (兽医) from Dubbo, says he spotted a kangaroo dead of hunger or thirst or killed by a passing vehicle roughly every 200 metres. Mr Wise ___14___ a body that recently held a conference about managing the kangaroo population. State governments allow “commercial harvesting” of four kangaroo species for meat and fur. The kangaroo industry ___15___ about $170 million a year to Australia’s economy. George Wilson of the Australian National University says it could be more if farmers could see kangaroos as livestock (家畜), not as ___16___ for the grass and water consumed by cattle and sheep. Expanding the industry this way would bring better controls over kangaroos’ welfare, and help the environment. Kangaroos can survive on just 1.5 litres of water a day. They ___17___ far less methane, a greenhouse gas. And their meat has less fat and more protein. The states typically permit ___18___ professionals to kill up to 15% of the total kangaroo population. Last year, for instance, the ___19___ across the four states with the biggest number of kangaroos was set at 7 million. But for some time, the kangaroo hunters have used only some of their quotas (定额), sometimes killing just 3.5% of the population. That is because demand for kangaroo meat and fur has been falling. A campaign by animal-rights activists urged California, once a big market, to stop imports three years ago. Mr Wilson says this has made skins “____20____”, without bringing any improvement in kangaroo welfare. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Basic research, driven by curiosity, freedom and imagination, provides the groundwork for all applied research and technology. And just as we have to break the endless cycle of Band-Aid fixes to roads and rails, long-term investments in ___21___ are vital. Curiosity-driven basic research has brought truly ___22___ transformations, such as the rapid growth of computer-based intelligence and the discovery of the genetic basis of life. It also ___23___ new tools and techniques that spread throughout society, such as the World Wide Web, originally developed for physicists to cultivate scientific cooperation. It ___24___ the sharpest minds on the toughest challenges, and its products are widely used by industry and society. No one can exclusively capture its rewards — it is a truly ___25___ good. The path from basic research to applications is not one-directional and linear, but rather it is complex and ___26___. The ___27___ technologies enable even more fundamental discoveries, such as quantum mechanics, which has led to computer chips and other inventions that are responsible for a significant part of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). To ___28___ the full potential of human intellect and imagination, we need to balance short-term expectations with long-term investment. Just as a financial expert would never ___29___ giving up a retirement fund to enrich an already sufficient checking account, we need to advocate for a balanced portfolio (投资组合) of short- and long-term research initiatives. ____30____, driven by decreasing funding, against a background of economic uncertainty, and ever shortening time cycles, research is becoming ____31____ directed toward short-term goals that may address current problems but miss out on huge advances in the long term. It is human to ____32____ necessities in times of stress. But investing in basic research, just like saving for retirement, is a prerequisite (先决条件) for ____33____ welfare, innovation and societal progress. Long-term investments in basic research are crucial and lead to an even higher goal: the global ____34____ of accepting the scientific culture of accuracy, truth seeking, critical questioning and dialogue, healthy skepticism, ____35____ for facts and uncertainties, and wonder at the richness of nature and the human spirit. 21. A. construction B. imagination C. knowledge D. freedom 22. A. revolutionary B. synthetic C. biological D. social 23. A. depends on B. consists of C. conflicts with D. leads to 24. A. trains B. questions C. congratulates D. enlightens 25. A. lasting B. temporary C. public D. personal 26. A. careful B. pointless C. direct D. cyclic 27. A. resulting B. surprising C. remaining D. disappointing 28. A. add to B. take up C. set about D. tap into 29. A. postpone B. recommend C. escape D. confess 30. A. Besides B. Namely C. Therefore D. However 31. A. necessarily B. dangerously C. successfully D. mutually 32. A. talk about B. focus on C. point at D. carry out 33. A. ensuring B. considering C. cutting D. reforming 34. A. issues B. benefits C. crisis D. economy 35. A. respect B. fitness C. requirement D. context Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Doug Allan films wild animals in cold places. His perfect temperature, he says, is -18°C. Allan trained as a marine biologist and commercial diver. Diving was his first passion, where he learned about survival in cold places. His big break came when a TV crew turned up in Antarctica, where Allan was working, to film a wildlife documentary. ‘I ended up taking the crew to different places, and after 48 hours I realised that being a wildlife cameraman had all the things I love: travel, adventure, underwater.’ He is now a top cameraman and has worked on many major TV wildlife series. ‘My value is field experience in cold conditions. I have a feel for it. I have spent so much time on sea ice it now feels like crossing the street. I do get cold toes but the poles are healthy places. There are no diseases or mosquitoes.’ Wildlife filming, Allan says, is full of great successes, but also failures and embarrassments. Once, he was in the Orkneys to film kittiwakes. Unfortunately he could not identify which birds they were. When Allan recently got permission to film sequences (一组镜头) for a major TV series in Kong Karls Land, a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, he did not expect an easy assignment. It is a world of polar bears and is strictly off limits to all but the most fearless or foolish. Usually -32°C in April, the wind is strong and keeping cameras in the deep snow is a nightmare. After walking five or more hours a day and watching polar bear dens (巢穴) in the snow slopes for 23 days, however, Allan had seen just one mother bear and her baby. By day 24, though, he says, he was living in bear world, at bear speed, with bear senses. ‘We find a new hole and wait. We try every means to stay warm. Five hours of watching and then with no warning at all I catch a glimpse (瞥见) so brief that I almost miss it. But the camera’s locked on the hole on full zoom and my eye’s very quickly on the viewfinder. Nothing for a couple of seconds and then an unmistakable black nose. Nose grows bigger to become full head and in less than a minute she has her front legs out and is resting on the snow in front of the hole. She’s looking at me but she’s not bothered. I’ve just taken a close-up, thinking this can’t get much better... when she sets off on a long slide down the slope. I’d swear it’s partly in sheer pleasure,’ he recalls, adding that two baby bears then appeared at the den entrances. ‘Clearly it’s their first view of the world... It’s show time on the slopes and we have front-row seats.’ 36. What do we learn about Allan in the first paragraph? A. He trained as a diver in order to become a wildlife cameraman. B. Becoming a cameraman suited the interests he already had. C. Finding work as a cameraman allowed him to remain in Antarctica. D. He was given the chance to work as a cameraman by a TV crew he met. 37. Why does Allan compare spending time on sea ice to crossing the street? A. It is an ordinary occurrence for him. B. He thinks it presents a similar level of danger. C. He has learnt to approach it in the same way. D. It requires skills that can be used in winter conditions. 38. When Allan had been on Kong Karls Land for a while, he began to ________. A. be more hopeful that one bear would lead him to others B. feel a deep understanding of how polar bears lived C. get used to the terrible conditions for filming D. stop worrying about the dangers he was facing 39. What feeling does Allan describe in the last paragraph? A. Panic when he nearly fails to film a fantastic sequence. B. Concern that he has disturbed an adult female with her young. C. Amazement at being lucky enough to capture some great shots. D. Delight at being able to move around after waiting quietly for ages. (B) Flexibility Flexitime helps to maintain a work-life balance. Flexitime is a scheme where an organisation offers its employees the opportunity of a flexible working hours arrangement. How does flexitime work? Essentially, your organisation will agree standard or core hours that must be worked by employees as well as flexible working hours where employees can come and go as they please. For example, you might agree to: Arrive for work between 07:30-10:00 (flexitime). Guarantee to be there between 10:00-12:00 (core time). Take your lunch break between 12:00-14:00 (flexible lunch hour). Guarantee to be there from 14:00-16:00 (core time). Leave between 16:00-19:30 (flexitime). The hours you work between these times are credited to you. In effect, you set up a time bank with your employer. An employee is obliged to work the basic core hours and has the flexibility to clock in/out during the other hours. Most schemes allow you a credit or debit margin, often of about 10 hours. For example, if you work a 35-hour week, then over four weeks, you will “owe” your employer 140 hours. These four weeks are your “accounting period”; if you work more than 140 hours in four weeks then you will be in credit, and if you work fewer hours then you will owe time to your employer. If you go beyond your credit margin, into surplus, you may have to give up your extra hours; if you go beyond your debit margin, into debt, you may be disciplined or lose pay. One of the best-liked features of flexitime is flexileave. You can turn your credit hours into time off. Depending on the scheme you are in, this might be one or two half days a month or one full day, or you may be able to add days to your holiday entitlement. What are the advantages for employees? Flexitime offers several advantages for employees: it allows them to schedule their travel time to avoid congestion; to bank extra hours for leisure or personal activities; and to deal with personal matters without having to take time off. Parents can also schedule their working day so that they can pick up young children. In addition, flexitime reduces absenteeism, reduces stress and exhaustion, and helps employees stay focused. It increases morale and improves employee satisfaction and productivity. For employers, flexitime helps keep and attract new employees. Visits to the doctor or dentist during the working day are made in the employee’s own time. It also makes it easier to measure attendance, because employers pay only for time in attendance, and late arrival caused by traffic congestion, delayed trains and similar problems is at the employee’s expense. Finally, flexitime provides an incentive for employees to complete tasks rather than carry them over to the next day, since extra hours worked count towards the final target. 40. According to how flexitime works, which of the following statements is true? A. You must work over ten hours a day. B. You can’t be absent during core hours. C. You can clock out any time as you please. D. You mustn’t arrive later than your employer. 41. Your company’s scheme requires you work a 35-hour week and allows you a credit or debit margin of 10 hours. Suppose you worked 155 hours in the past four weeks, then how many hours could be turned into time off? A. 35. B. 15. C. 10. D. 5. 42. Which of the following is an advantage of flexitime? A. Employees have more time to travel around. B. Employees will be paid more for their work. C. There will be fewer unnecessary overtime hours. D. There will be fewer visits to doctors at work hours. (C) Why is productivity growth low if information technology is advancing rapidly? A heated topic in the 1980s and early 1990s, this question has in recent years again become one of the hottest in economics. Its importance has grown as techies have become convinced that machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) will soon put many workers out of work (Bill Gates has called for a robot tax and Elon Musk for a universal basic income). A lot of economists think that a huge increase in productivity that would leave millions unemployed is unlikely soon, if at all. Yet this year’s meeting of the American Economic Association showed they are taking the tech believes seriously. Recent history seems to support productivity pessimism (悲观). From 1995 to 2004 output per hour worked grew at an annual average pace of 2.5%; from 2004 to 2016 the pace was just 1%. Elsewhere in the G7 group of rich countries, the pace has been slower still. An obvious explanation is that the financial crisis of 2007-08 led firms to delay productivity-promoting investment. Not so, say John Fernald, of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and co-authors, who estimate that in America the slow-down began in 2006. Productivity has stagnated despite increasing research spending. This supports the popular idea that fewer transformative technologies are left to be discovered. Others take the opposed view. A presentation by Erik Brynjolfsson of MIT pointed to recent sharp gains in machines’ ability to recognise patterns. They can, for instance, outperform humans at recognising most images — crucial to the technology behind driverless cars — and match doctors’ accuracy in diagnosing skin cancer. Mr Brynjolfsson and his co-authors forecast that such advances will eventually lead to a widespread re-organisation of jobs, affecting high- and low-skilled workers alike. Productivity pessimism remains common among official forecasters, but more academics are trying to understand how automation may affect the economy. In a series of papers, Daron Acemoglu of MIT and Pascual Restrepo of Boston University present new theoretical models of innovation. They propose that technological progress be divided into two categories: the sort that replaces labour with machines; and that which creates new, more complex tasks for humans. The first, automation, pushes down wages and employment. The second, the creation of new tasks, can restore workers’ fortunes. Historically, the authors argue, the two types of innovation seem to have been in balance, encouraged by market forces. If automation leads to a labour glut (供应过剩), wages fall, reducing the returns to further automation, so firms find new, more productive ways to put people to work instead. As a result, previous predictions of technology-related joblessness have proved mostly wrong. 43. Bill Gates and Elon Musk are mentioned in the passage in order to ______. A. support some economists’ view of productivity pessimism B. illustrate that techies worry about joblessness related to technology C. give examples of tech believers who think robots should be limited D. propose that a new taxation system should be set up in the digital age 44. The word “stagnated” (in paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ______. A. kept falling B. continued leaping C. stopped progressing D. quitted working 45. The “opposite view” (in paragraph 3) refers to the opinion that ______. A. people should be optimistic about our job opportunities B. fundamental advancements can still occur in technologies C. low-skilled workers will be more affected by high-skilled ones D. transformative technologies will have a negative effect on productivity 46. Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo are most likely to agree with ______. A. technological progresses will cause more problems than expected B. the two types of innovation prove to be impossible to keep in balance C. we needn’t worry about the unemployment associated with technology D. automation will lead to a labour glut and then leave people out of work Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Sustainable Communities In the past decade the construction and retrofitting (改造) of individual homes to reduce energy and water use has grown explosively. ___47___ Sharing resources and infrastructure (基础设施) could reduce waste, and retrofitting poor or moderate-income neighborhoods could also bring cost savings and modern technology to people who would typically lack such opportunities. One such example is the Oakland EcoBlock project, which I lead at the University of California, Berkeley. It is a multidisciplinary attempt involving urban designers, engineers, social scientists and policy experts from city, state and federal governments, academia, private industry, nonprofits and grassroots organizations. The program, which has been planned in great detail but has not yet begun construction, will retrofit 30 to 40 old homes in a lower- to middle-income neighborhood near California’s famous Golden Gate Bridge. ___48___ We expect to rapidly get back the money spent on infrastructure with savings from operating expenses while ensuring residents’ long-term comfort and security. To bring in renewable power, we will install some devices on buildings throughout the area and send the energy to a smart microgrid (微电网). Extra solar energy will be stored via flywheels housed in a communal building. The residents will also share electric cars, which will have access to more than two dozen local charging stations. ___49___ The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that as much as 50 percent of California’s home water consumption goes towards gardening. ___50___ The recycled water will go to lawns and gardens. We will collect rainwater and deliver it to toilets and washers and install efficient fixtures and taps. Our estimates suggest that the EcoBlock’s system-level redesign will cut demand for water by up to 70 percent. The Oakland EcoBlock project will provide local construction jobs and help revitalize a community. If it is as successful as we predict, it could serve as a model of sustainability that can be copied elsewhere in the world. A. Treated water, meanwhile, will be made drinkable again. B. We will treat and reuse wastewater from toilets as well as gray water sent down drains and released by washing machines. C. Yet applying green construction to multiple buildings at once may be an even better idea. D. These measures should reduce annual electricity consumption by more than half and bring carbon emissions to zero. E. It aims to apply existing technology to dramatically reduce fuel and water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. F. More than a quarter of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions emanate from residences. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Understanding Stress Stress — the way a person responds to changes and difficult situations — is a common experience that people all over the world share. In fact, most people have stressful experiences every day. However, research shows that people experience more stress today than they did in the past. Forty-eight percent of people in the United States report that they feel more stressed today than they did five years ago. In addition, most doctor visits in the world (three out of five) happen because of problems related to stress. Scientists and health workers are interested in this subject because high stress levels have serious consequences that can affect people’s health and daily lives. Too much stress — or stress that continues for a long time — can cause serious physical and emotional problems. These problems include trouble sleeping, sickness, and pain. Heart disease and even cancer probably result from stress. Moreover, people under stress are in more danger of having an accident at work or while driving, and they might start bad habits more easily such as smoking or eating too much. It is important to point out that stress is not always bad, however; actually, today’s busy lifestyles cause two kinds of stress — eustress and distress. Eustress is the effect of positive events that cause a change in a person’s life. Eustress provides the amount of stress that is just right for a person to grow, to stay energetic, and to feel happy with life. For instance, getting married is a happy life event for most people. However, getting married is also a big change, so it causes stress. Distress, on the other hand, is the effect of bad or difficult experiences. Problems with money, school, or relationships are common causes of distress in modern life. Distress can cause serious health and emotional problems, but eustress can actually improve a person’s well-being. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 毫无疑问，充分的准备会增加你成功的机会。(chance) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 53. 看到学生们全身心投入项目，老师感到很欣慰。(absorb) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 54. 无论困难多么大，他总是设法履行自己的承诺。(means) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 55. 直到老师指出，我才意识到这个方案的缺陷。(Not until) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在学校英语报上看到一个主题为“Time Capsule”的征文，你对此很感兴趣。写一篇文章，内容需包括： (1)你计划将什么物品放入“时间胶囊”； (2)你的理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2025学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科4月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Mirror Neurons (神经元) Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently it’s ___1___ we have mirror neurons in our brains. ___2___ (put) simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate it, ___3___ we actually perform the same action or not. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes ___4___ (far): mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people. Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas ___5___ relate to our ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences ___6___ (listen) to (for example: “The hand took hold of the ball”), the same mirror neurons were triggered (触发) as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball). Any problems with mirror neurons ___7___ well result in problems with behavior. Much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. However, it ___8___ (not know) exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders. Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with even more information ___9___ (concern) how humans behave and interact. Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent for neuroscience of ____10____ Einstein’s theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does — well, perhaps you’ll understand why. 【答案】1. because 2. Put 3. whether 4. further 5. which##that 6. to listen 7. may 8. is not known 9. concerning 10. what 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍大脑镜像神经元这一现象。 【1题详解】 考查表语从句。句意：好吧，很显然，这是因为我们大脑中存在镜像神经元。上文“Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself?”列举看见别人打哈欠自己也打哈欠、身处人群忍不住跟着笑的现象，本句用来解释该现象产生的缘由，because引导表语从句，说明原因。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：简单来说，镜像神经元的存在表明，每当我们看见别人做某件事，我们的大脑就会模仿这一行为，无论我们实际上是否做出相同的动作。put simply是固定评注性状语结构，意为“简单说来”，使用过去分词Put，放在句首，对下文内容进行概括说明。 【3题详解】 考查让步状语从句。句意：同上。结合下文“or not”可知，此处为whether…or not固定搭配，含义为“无论是否”，引导让步状语从句。 【4题详解】 考查副词比较级。句意：但是该观点意义更加深远：镜像神经元似乎不仅能解释肢体动作，还向我们说明我们理解他人的方式存在生物学基础。根据下文“mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people”可知，此处语义上存在递进，go further固定表达，意为“更进一步”。 【5题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：镜像神经元无疑遍布我们大脑各处，但尤其集中在和我们语言运用能力、理解他人感受能力相关的脑区。本空引导定语从句，先行词是areas，指事物，定语从句缺少主语，因此用关系代词which或that引导从句。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：一组研究人员发现，如果他们让人们听一些句子（例如：“手抓住了球”），被触发的镜像神经元和实际做出该动作（本例中即实际抓住球）时是一样的。固定结构give sb. sth. to do，不定式to listen作后置定语，修饰前面名词sentences，表示将要做的动作，逻辑主语是人。 【7题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：镜像神经元一旦出现任何问题，很可能会引发行为方面的问题。may well为固定短语，意为“很可能”，用来表示推测，引出镜像神经元异常带来的潜在后果。 【8题详解】 考查时态和语态。句意：然而，这些发现究竟如何帮助找到社交障碍的治疗方法尚不为人所知。it作形式主语，指代后面的从句；it与know构成被动关系，文章为客观科普，使用否定的一般现在时的被动语态is not known。 【9题详解】 考查介词。句意：有关镜像神经元的研究似乎为我们提供更多关于人类行为方式、交往方式的信息。concerning此处作介词，意思是“关于”，后跟宾语，介词短语用来修饰名词information。 【10题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：事实上，最终它对于神经科学的意义，或许就如同爱因斯坦的相对论对于物理学的意义。本句核心结构是A be the equivalent of B，意为“A相当于B”，of后为宾语从句，was后缺少表语，用what表达“……的事物/东西”。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. chairs B. competitors C. contributes D. decline E. emit F. licensed G. limit H. paralleled I. record J. symbol K. worthless Kangaroos in Australia Across Australia’s most populous state, at least 5 million kangaroos are thought to have died terrible deaths since one of the country’s worst droughts (干旱) began nearly four years ago. The crisis has urged calls for changes to how Australia manages a national ___11___. Surveys indicate Australia has more than 40 million kangaroos, nearly twice the number of humans. That marks a(n) ___12___ of about 16 million in recent years, largely due to drought. Rangelands in eastern Australia, home to millions of kangaroos, have just had their driest three-year period on ___13___. On a recent drive, Geoff Wise, a veterinarian (兽医) from Dubbo, says he spotted a kangaroo dead of hunger or thirst or killed by a passing vehicle roughly every 200 metres. Mr Wise ___14___ a body that recently held a conference about managing the kangaroo population. State governments allow “commercial harvesting” of four kangaroo species for meat and fur. The kangaroo industry ___15___ about $170 million a year to Australia’s economy. George Wilson of the Australian National University says it could be more if farmers could see kangaroos as livestock (家畜), not as ___16___ for the grass and water consumed by cattle and sheep. Expanding the industry this way would bring better controls over kangaroos’ welfare, and help the environment. Kangaroos can survive on just 1.5 litres of water a day. They ___17___ far less methane, a greenhouse gas. And their meat has less fat and more protein. The states typically permit ___18___ professionals to kill up to 15% of the total kangaroo population. Last year, for instance, the ___19___ across the four states with the biggest number of kangaroos was set at 7 million. But for some time, the kangaroo hunters have used only some of their quotas (定额), sometimes killing just 3.5% of the population. That is because demand for kangaroo meat and fur has been falling. A campaign by animal-rights activists urged California, once a big market, to stop imports three years ago. Mr Wilson says this has made skins “____20____”, without bringing any improvement in kangaroo welfare. 【答案】11. J 12. D 13. I 14. A 15. C 16. B 17. E 18. F 19. G 20. K 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍澳大利亚遭遇严重干旱，大量袋鼠死亡，引发社会对于袋鼠种群管理的讨论，同时介绍袋鼠商业捕猎产业的经济、环保优势，以及受动物保护运动冲击后皮毛市场受挫的现状。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：这场危机促使人们呼吁改变澳大利亚管理这一国家象征的方式。根据上文“at least 5 million kangaroos are thought to have died terrible deaths since one of the country’s worst droughts (干旱) began nearly four years ago”可知，干旱造成袋鼠大量死亡，袋鼠作为澳大利亚标志性动物，这场危机引发对该物种管理方式的反思。symbol(象征)符合语境。 【12题详解】 考查名词。句意：这表明近年来大约减少了1600万，主要是干旱造成的。根据上文“at least 5 million kangaroos are thought to have died terrible deaths since one of the country’s worst droughts (干旱) began nearly four years ago”可知，干旱造成袋鼠死亡，种群数量下降。decline(下降，减少)符合文意。 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：数百万袋鼠的栖息地——澳大利亚东部牧场，刚刚经历了有记录以来最干旱的三年。根据本句中“driest three‑year period”可知，此处是和过往记载的数据作对比，固定搭配on record表示“有记录以来”。 【14题详解】 考查动词。句意：怀斯先生在一个团体中担任主席，该团体近期举办了一场有关袋鼠种群管理的会议。根据下文“a body that recently held a conference about managing the kangaroo population”可知，Wise先生担任主席角色，chair(担任主席，主持)符合题意；主语Mr Wise为单数，谓语用第三人称单数chairs。 【15题详解】 考查动词。句意：袋鼠产业每年为澳大利亚经济贡献约1.7亿美元。根据本句“about $170 million a year to Australia’s economy”可知，此处在表达产业对经济的作用、贡献，固定搭配contribute…to…意为“为……贡献”，主语industry是单数，使用contributes。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：澳大利亚国立大学的乔治·威尔逊表示，如果农民将袋鼠视作家畜，而不是与牛羊争夺水草的竞争对手，该产业的收益还能更高。根据下文“for the grass and water consumed by cattle and sheep”可知，袋鼠会和牛羊争夺水草资源，是彼此的竞争者。competitors(竞争者)符合语境。 【17题详解】 考查动词。句意：它们排放的温室气体甲烷要少得多。根据下文“methane, a greenhouse gas”可知，此处表达袋鼠释放这种气体，emit表示“排放(气体)”。 【18题详解】 考查形容词。句意：各州一般允许持证的专业人员捕杀最多占袋鼠总数量15%的袋鼠。根据后文“professionals to kill up to 15% of the total kangaroo population”并结合常识可知，商业捕猎需要资质许可，licensed意为“有执照的、持证的”，作定语修饰professionals。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：例如去年，袋鼠数量最多的四个州设定的捕杀限额为700万只。根据下文“set at 7 million”和“But for some time, the kangaroo hunters have used only some of their quotas (定额)”可知，quotas(定额)为本处线索，对应官方设定捕杀数量上限（700万只），limit(限额)符合句意。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：威尔逊先生表示，这让袋鼠皮变得一文不值，却没有改善袋鼠的福利。根据上文“A campaign by animal-rights activists urged California, once a big market, to stop imports three years ago.”可知，海外主要市场关闭，袋鼠皮毛失去销路，因此变得没有价值，worthless(无价值的)作宾语补足语。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Basic research, driven by curiosity, freedom and imagination, provides the groundwork for all applied research and technology. And just as we have to break the endless cycle of Band-Aid fixes to roads and rails, long-term investments in ___21___ are vital. Curiosity-driven basic research has brought truly ___22___ transformations, such as the rapid growth of computer-based intelligence and the discovery of the genetic basis of life. It also ___23___ new tools and techniques that spread throughout society, such as the World Wide Web, originally developed for physicists to cultivate scientific cooperation. It ___24___ the sharpest minds on the toughest challenges, and its products are widely used by industry and society. No one can exclusively capture its rewards — it is a truly ___25___ good. The path from basic research to applications is not one-directional and linear, but rather it is complex and ___26___. The ___27___ technologies enable even more fundamental discoveries, such as quantum mechanics, which has led to computer chips and other inventions that are responsible for a significant part of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). To ___28___ the full potential of human intellect and imagination, we need to balance short-term expectations with long-term investment. Just as a financial expert would never ___29___ giving up a retirement fund to enrich an already sufficient checking account, we need to advocate for a balanced portfolio (投资组合) of short- and long-term research initiatives. ____30____, driven by decreasing funding, against a background of economic uncertainty, and ever shortening time cycles, research is becoming ____31____ directed toward short-term goals that may address current problems but miss out on huge advances in the long term. It is human to ____32____ necessities in times of stress. But investing in basic research, just like saving for retirement, is a prerequisite (先决条件) for ____33____ welfare, innovation and societal progress. Long-term investments in basic research are crucial and lead to an even higher goal: the global ____34____ of accepting the scientific culture of accuracy, truth seeking, critical questioning and dialogue, healthy skepticism, ____35____ for facts and uncertainties, and wonder at the richness of nature and the human spirit. 21. A. construction B. imagination C. knowledge D. freedom 22. A. revolutionary B. synthetic C. biological D. social 23. A. depends on B. consists of C. conflicts with D. leads to 24. A. trains B. questions C. congratulates D. enlightens 25. A. lasting B. temporary C. public D. personal 26. A. careful B. pointless C. direct D. cyclic 27. A. resulting B. surprising C. remaining D. disappointing 28. A. add to B. take up C. set about D. tap into 29. A. postpone B. recommend C. escape D. confess 30. A. Besides B. Namely C. Therefore D. However 31. A. necessarily B. dangerously C. successfully D. mutually 32. A. talk about B. focus on C. point at D. carry out 33. A. ensuring B. considering C. cutting D. reforming 34. A. issues B. benefits C. crisis D. economy 35. A. respect B. fitness C. requirement D. context 【答案】21. C 22. A 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. B 30. D 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. A 【解析】 【导语】本文论述了好奇心驱动的基础研究的重大价值，并讲述了受经费等现实因素影响，如今研究危险地偏向短期目标，呼吁兼顾短期需求与对基础研究的长期投入，以此保障社会福祉并收获科学文化带来的全球益处。 【21题详解】 考查名词。句意：正如我们必须打破道路和铁路权宜修补的恶性循环一样，对知识的长期投入至关重要。A. construction建造；B. imagination想象力；C. knowledge知识；D. freedom自由。根据上文“Basic research, driven by curiosity, freedom and imagination, provides the groundwork for all applied research and technology.”可知，基础研究为所有应用研究和技术提供基础，它产出知识，因此需要对知识进行长期投入。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。句意：由好奇心驱动的基础研究带来了真正革命性的变革，例如基于计算机的智能飞速发展以及生命遗传基础的发现。A. revolutionary革命性的；B. synthetic合成的；C. biological生物的；D. social社会的。根据下文“such as the rapid growth of computer-based intelligence and the discovery of the genetic basis of life”可知，基于计算机的智能飞速发展、生命遗传基础的发现，举例均属于颠覆性重大改变。 【23题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：它还催生在全社会普及的全新工具与技术，例如万维网，最初是为物理学家促进科研合作而开发。A. depends on依靠；B. consists of由……组成；C. conflicts with与……冲突；D. leads to导致，催生。根据下文“new tools and techniques that spread throughout society, such as the World Wide Web”可知，万维网是基础研究带来的产物，即基础研究催生新技术。 【24题详解】 考查动词。句意：它培养顶尖人才去攻克最棘手的难题，它的成果被工业界与社会广泛使用。A. trains培养，训练；B. questions质疑；C. congratulates祝贺；D. enlightens启发。根据本句宾语“the sharpest minds”可知，基础研究可以训练、培养科研领域优秀人才。 【25题详解】 考查形容词。句意：没有人能够独占它的回报——它是真正的公共产品。A. lasting持久的；B. temporary暂时的；C. public公共的；D. personal个人的。根据上文“No one can exclusively capture its rewards”可知，成果不为个体独有，属于公共产物。 【26题详解】 考查形容词。句意：从基础研究到应用的路径不是单向、线性的，而是复杂且循环的。A. careful仔细的；B. pointless无意义的；C. direct直接的；D. cyclic循环的。根据but前的“The path from basic research to applications is not one-directional and linear”可知，空格填入与“单向、线性”相反含义的词，即循环往复。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：由此产生的技术能够促成甚至更多根本性发现，例如量子力学，它衍生出计算机芯片以及其他对美国GDP贡献巨大的发明。A. resulting由此产生的，作为结果的；B. surprising令人惊讶的；C. remaining剩余的；D. disappointing令人失望的。根据第一段中“Basic research, driven by curiosity, freedom and imagination, provides the groundwork for all applied research and technology.”可知，基础研究产出技术，这些由此而生的技术又带来新的科学发现。 【28题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：为了发掘人类智力与想象力的全部潜能，我们需要平衡短期预期与长期投入。A. add to增添；B. take up占据，从事；C. set about着手；D. tap into发掘。根据后文“the full potential of human intellect and imagination”可知，此处表示发掘潜能。 【29题详解】 考查动词。句意：就像金融专家绝不会建议放弃养老基金去充实本就充足的支票账户，我们要倡导兼顾短期和长期研究计划的平衡投资组合。A. postpone推迟；B. recommend建议；C. escape逃避；D. confess坦白。根据上文“Just as a financial expert would never”和下文错误做法“giving up a retirement fund to enrich an already sufficient checking account”可知，专家不会提出此种错误建议。 【30题详解】 考查副词。句意：然而，受资金缩减、经济形势不确定、研究周期不断缩短的驱动，研究正危险地朝着短期目标倾斜：这类目标或许能解决当下的问题，却会错失长期维度下的巨大进步。A. Besides此外；B. Namely也就是；C. Therefore因此；D. However然而。上文“we need to advocate for a balanced portfolio (投资组合) of short-and long-term research initiatives”提出要倡导长短研究平衡的投资组合，下文“research is becoming _____ directed toward short-term goals that may address current problems but miss out on huge advances in the long term.”描述现实中失衡的状况，上下文构成转折关系。 【31题详解】 考查副词。句意：然而，受资金缩减、经济形势不确定、研究周期不断缩短的驱动，研究正危险地朝着短期目标倾斜：这类目标或许能解决当下的问题，却会错失长期维度下的巨大进步。A. necessarily必要地；B. dangerously危险地；C. successfully成功地；D. mutually相互地。根据下文“that may address current problems but miss out on huge advances in the long term”可知，该发展趋势存在隐患，是危险的。 【32题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：身处压力时期，人类会聚焦于必需品。A. talk about谈论；B. focus on聚焦于；C. point at指向；D. carry out执行。根据下文“necessities in times of stress”，在压力困境之下，人们会优先把注意力放在刚需事物上。 【33题详解】 考查动词。句意：但是对基础研究的投入，如同为退休储蓄，是保障社会福祉、创新与社会进步的先决条件。A. ensuring保障；B. considering考虑；C. cutting削减；D. reforming改革。根据后文“welfare, innovation and societal progress”可知，投入基础研究的作用是保障社会福祉、创新与社会进步这些社会发展要素。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：对基础研究的长期投入至关重要，还能达成更高目标：让全球都受益于接纳科学文化——这种文化崇尚精准、求真、批判性质疑与对话、合理的怀疑精神、尊重事实与不确定性、惊叹于自然与人类精神的丰富。A. issues问题；B. benefits益处；C. crisis危机；D. economy经济。根据后文“accepting the scientific culture of accuracy, truth seeking, critical questioning and dialogue, healthy skepticism, _____ for facts and uncertainties, and wonder at the richness of nature and the human spirit”可知，接纳拥有诸多特质的科学文化会给全球带来诸多好处。 【35题详解】 考查名词。句意：对基础研究的长期投入至关重要，还能达成更高目标：让全球都受益于接纳科学文化——这种文化崇尚精准、求真、批判性质疑与对话、合理的怀疑精神、尊重事实与不确定性、惊叹于自然与人类精神的丰富。A. respect尊重；B. fitness健康；C. requirement要求；D. context语境。根据空后“for facts and uncertainties”可知，此处指对待事实和不确定性应抱持尊重的态度。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Doug Allan films wild animals in cold places. His perfect temperature, he says, is -18°C. Allan trained as a marine biologist and commercial diver. Diving was his first passion, where he learned about survival in cold places. His big break came when a TV crew turned up in Antarctica, where Allan was working, to film a wildlife documentary. ‘I ended up taking the crew to different places, and after 48 hours I realised that being a wildlife cameraman had all the things I love: travel, adventure, underwater.’ He is now a top cameraman and has worked on many major TV wildlife series. ‘My value is field experience in cold conditions. I have a feel for it. I have spent so much time on sea ice it now feels like crossing the street. I do get cold toes but the poles are healthy places. There are no diseases or mosquitoes.’ Wildlife filming, Allan says, is full of great successes, but also failures and embarrassments. Once, he was in the Orkneys to film kittiwakes. Unfortunately he could not identify which birds they were. When Allan recently got permission to film sequences (一组镜头) for a major TV series in Kong Karls Land, a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, he did not expect an easy assignment. It is a world of polar bears and is strictly off limits to all but the most fearless or foolish. Usually -32°C in April, the wind is strong and keeping cameras in the deep snow is a nightmare. After walking five or more hours a day and watching polar bear dens (巢穴) in the snow slopes for 23 days, however, Allan had seen just one mother bear and her baby. By day 24, though, he says, he was living in bear world, at bear speed, with bear senses. ‘We find a new hole and wait. We try every means to stay warm. Five hours of watching and then with no warning at all I catch a glimpse (瞥见) so brief that I almost miss it. But the camera’s locked on the hole on full zoom and my eye’s very quickly on the viewfinder. Nothing for a couple of seconds and then an unmistakable black nose. Nose grows bigger to become full head and in less than a minute she has her front legs out and is resting on the snow in front of the hole. She’s looking at me but she’s not bothered. I’ve just taken a close-up, thinking this can’t get much better... when she sets off on a long slide down the slope. I’d swear it’s partly in sheer pleasure,’ he recalls, adding that two baby bears then appeared at the den entrances. ‘Clearly it’s their first view of the world... It’s show time on the slopes and we have front-row seats.’ 36. What do we learn about Allan in the first paragraph? A. He trained as a diver in order to become a wildlife cameraman. B. Becoming a cameraman suited the interests he already had. C. Finding work as a cameraman allowed him to remain in Antarctica. D. He was given the chance to work as a cameraman by a TV crew he met. 37. Why does Allan compare spending time on sea ice to crossing the street? A. It is an ordinary occurrence for him. B. He thinks it presents a similar level of danger. C. He has learnt to approach it in the same way. D. It requires skills that can be used in winter conditions. 38. When Allan had been on Kong Karls Land for a while, he began to ________. A. be more hopeful that one bear would lead him to others B. feel a deep understanding of how polar bears lived C. get used to the terrible conditions for filming D. stop worrying about the dangers he was facing 39. What feeling does Allan describe in the last paragraph? A. Panic when he nearly fails to film a fantastic sequence. B. Concern that he has disturbed an adult female with her young. C. Amazement at being lucky enough to capture some great shots. D. Delight at being able to move around after waiting quietly for ages. 【答案】36. B 37. A 38. B 39. C 【解析】 【导语】​本文讲述了野生动物摄影师Doug Allan常年在寒冷地区拍摄野生动物，介绍了他的从业经历、在极地的拍摄感受以及一次在北冰洋岛屿上成功拍到北极熊出洞的难忘经历。​ 【36题详解】 ​细节理解题。根据第一段“I ended up taking the crew to different places, and after 48 hours I realised that being a wildlife cameraman had all the things I love: travel, adventure, underwater.(最后我带着摄制组去往不同地方，48小时后我意识到，野生动物摄影师这份工作包含了我热爱的一切：旅行、冒险、水下探索。)”可知，成为摄影师契合他原本就拥有的爱好。​ 【37题详解】 ​细节理解题。根据第二段“I have spent so much time on sea ice it now feels like crossing the street.(我在海冰上待了太久，现在走在上面就像过马路一样。)”可知，对他来说在海冰上活动已经是一件平常的事。​ 【38题详解】 ​细节理解题。根据第四段“By day 24, though, he says, he was living in bear world, at bear speed, with bear senses.(不过到第24天，他说，他融入了北极熊的世界，跟上北极熊的节奏，拥有了感知北极熊的敏锐度。)”可知，一段时间之后，他开始深入理解北极熊的生存方式。​ 【39题详解】 ​推理判断题。根据最后一段“I’ve just taken a close-up, thinking this can’t get much better... ‘Clearly it’s their first view of the world... It’s show time on the slopes and we have front-row seats.’(我刚拍完特写，心想画面已经再好不过了……显然这是小熊第一次看见这个世界……山坡上的精彩时刻开始了，我们坐拥前排绝佳机位。)” 可知，他为自己有幸捕捉到精彩镜头而惊叹。 (B) Flexibility Flexitime helps to maintain a work-life balance. Flexitime is a scheme where an organisation offers its employees the opportunity of a flexible working hours arrangement. How does flexitime work? Essentially, your organisation will agree standard or core hours that must be worked by employees as well as flexible working hours where employees can come and go as they please. For example, you might agree to: Arrive for work between 07:30-10:00 (flexitime). Guarantee to be there between 10:00-12:00 (core time). Take your lunch break between 12:00-14:00 (flexible lunch hour). Guarantee to be there from 14:00-16:00 (core time). Leave between 16:00-19:30 (flexitime). The hours you work between these times are credited to you. In effect, you set up a time bank with your employer. An employee is obliged to work the basic core hours and has the flexibility to clock in/out during the other hours. Most schemes allow you a credit or debit margin, often of about 10 hours. For example, if you work a 35-hour week, then over four weeks, you will “owe” your employer 140 hours. These four weeks are your “accounting period”; if you work more than 140 hours in four weeks then you will be in credit, and if you work fewer hours then you will owe time to your employer. If you go beyond your credit margin, into surplus, you may have to give up your extra hours; if you go beyond your debit margin, into debt, you may be disciplined or lose pay. One of the best-liked features of flexitime is flexileave. You can turn your credit hours into time off. Depending on the scheme you are in, this might be one or two half days a month or one full day, or you may be able to add days to your holiday entitlement. What are the advantages for employees? Flexitime offers several advantages for employees: it allows them to schedule their travel time to avoid congestion; to bank extra hours for leisure or personal activities; and to deal with personal matters without having to take time off. Parents can also schedule their working day so that they can pick up young children. In addition, flexitime reduces absenteeism, reduces stress and exhaustion, and helps employees stay focused. It increases morale and improves employee satisfaction and productivity. For employers, flexitime helps keep and attract new employees. Visits to the doctor or dentist during the working day are made in the employee’s own time. It also makes it easier to measure attendance, because employers pay only for time in attendance, and late arrival caused by traffic congestion, delayed trains and similar problems is at the employee’s expense. Finally, flexitime provides an incentive for employees to complete tasks rather than carry them over to the next day, since extra hours worked count towards the final target. 40. According to how flexitime works, which of the following statements is true? A. You must work over ten hours a day. B. You can’t be absent during core hours. C. You can clock out any time as you please. D. You mustn’t arrive later than your employer. 41. Your company’s scheme requires you work a 35-hour week and allows you a credit or debit margin of 10 hours. Suppose you worked 155 hours in the past four weeks, then how many hours could be turned into time off? A. 35. B. 15. C. 10. D. 5. 42. Which of the following is an advantage of flexitime? A. Employees have more time to travel around. B. Employees will be paid more for their work. C. There will be fewer unnecessary overtime hours. D. There will be fewer visits to doctors at work hours. 【答案】40. B 41. C 42. C 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍弹性工时制度，讲解它的运行模式、时间账户核算规则、弹性休假，以及对于员工以及雇主两方的诸多好处。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Essentially, your organisation will agree standard or core hours that must be worked by employees as well as flexible working hours where employees can come and go as they please.(本质上，你的组织会约定员工必须在岗的标准/核心工作时间，以及员工可自由上下班的弹性工作时间)”可知，核心时间内员工必须在岗，不能缺席。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Most schemes allow you a credit or debit margin, often of about 10 hours. For example, if you work a 35-hour week, then over four weeks, you will “owe” your employer 140 hours.(大多数方案允许大约10小时的盈余或亏欠额度。例如，如果你每周工作35小时，那么四周内需为雇主完成140小时工作量)”可知，四周实际工作155小时，超出标准（140小时）15小时，但盈余上限为10小时，因此最多10小时可以折算休假。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Finally, flexitime provides an incentive for employees to complete tasks rather than carry them over to the next day, since extra hours worked count towards the final target.(最后，弹性工时激励员工当日完成任务，不把工作拖到次日，因为加班时长会计入时间账户)”可知，不必要的加班会变少。 (C) Why is productivity growth low if information technology is advancing rapidly? A heated topic in the 1980s and early 1990s, this question has in recent years again become one of the hottest in economics. Its importance has grown as techies have become convinced that machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) will soon put many workers out of work (Bill Gates has called for a robot tax and Elon Musk for a universal basic income). A lot of economists think that a huge increase in productivity that would leave millions unemployed is unlikely soon, if at all. Yet this year’s meeting of the American Economic Association showed they are taking the tech believes seriously. Recent history seems to support productivity pessimism (悲观). From 1995 to 2004 output per hour worked grew at an annual average pace of 2.5%; from 2004 to 2016 the pace was just 1%. Elsewhere in the G7 group of rich countries, the pace has been slower still. An obvious explanation is that the financial crisis of 2007-08 led firms to delay productivity-promoting investment. Not so, say John Fernald, of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and co-authors, who estimate that in America the slow-down began in 2006. Productivity has stagnated despite increasing research spending. This supports the popular idea that fewer transformative technologies are left to be discovered. Others take the opposed view. A presentation by Erik Brynjolfsson of MIT pointed to recent sharp gains in machines’ ability to recognise patterns. They can, for instance, outperform humans at recognising most images — crucial to the technology behind driverless cars — and match doctors’ accuracy in diagnosing skin cancer. Mr Brynjolfsson and his co-authors forecast that such advances will eventually lead to a widespread re-organisation of jobs, affecting high- and low-skilled workers alike. Productivity pessimism remains common among official forecasters, but more academics are trying to understand how automation may affect the economy. In a series of papers, Daron Acemoglu of MIT and Pascual Restrepo of Boston University present new theoretical models of innovation. They propose that technological progress be divided into two categories: the sort that replaces labour with machines; and that which creates new, more complex tasks for humans. The first, automation, pushes down wages and employment. The second, the creation of new tasks, can restore workers’ fortunes. Historically, the authors argue, the two types of innovation seem to have been in balance, encouraged by market forces. If automation leads to a labour glut (供应过剩), wages fall, reducing the returns to further automation, so firms find new, more productive ways to put people to work instead. As a result, previous predictions of technology-related joblessness have proved mostly wrong. 43. Bill Gates and Elon Musk are mentioned in the passage in order to ______. A. support some economists’ view of productivity pessimism B. illustrate that techies worry about joblessness related to technology C. give examples of tech believers who think robots should be limited D. propose that a new taxation system should be set up in the digital age 44. The word “stagnated” (in paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ______. A. kept falling B. continued leaping C. stopped progressing D. quitted working 45. The “opposite view” (in paragraph 3) refers to the opinion that ______. A. people should be optimistic about our job opportunities B. fundamental advancements can still occur in technologies C. low-skilled workers will be more affected by high-skilled ones D. transformative technologies will have a negative effect on productivity 46. Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo are most likely to agree with ______. A. technological progresses will cause more problems than expected B. the two types of innovation prove to be impossible to keep in balance C. we needn’t worry about the unemployment associated with technology D. automation will lead to a labour glut and then leave people out of work 【答案】43. B 44. C 45. B 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文探讨信息技术飞速发展但生产率增长却低迷的经济学热点问题。文中介绍生产率悲观论及其依据，同时呈现对立观点；还介绍两类技术创新理论：替代劳动力的自动化技术与为人类创造新型负责任务的技术，历史上二者大致平衡，因此不必过度担忧技术带来的失业问题。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Its importance has grown as techies have become convinced that machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) will soon put many workers out of work (Bill Gates has called for a robot tax and Elon Musk for a universal basic income).(随着技术从业者确信机器学习和人工智能（AI）很快会让许多工人失业（比尔·盖茨呼吁征收机器人税，埃隆·马斯克提倡全民基本收入），该问题愈发重要)”可知，举二人例子是为说明科技从业者担忧技术引发失业问题。 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“From 1995 to 2004 output per hour worked grew at an annual average pace of 2.5%; from 2004 to 2016 the pace was just 1%.(1995年至2004年每小时产出年均增长2.5%；2004年至2016年增速仅1%)”和“Productivity has stagnated despite increasing research spending.(尽管科研支出增加，生产率却stagnated)”可知，生产率增长缓慢，陷入停滞。stagnated表示“停滞”，与stopped progressing(停止发展)词义接近。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“This supports the popular idea that fewer transformative technologies are left to be discovered.(这支撑一种流行看法：可供发掘的变革性技术已经变少)”以及第三段“Others take the opposed view. A presentation by Erik Brynjolfsson of MIT pointed to recent sharp gains in machines’ ability to recognise patterns.(另一些人持相反观点。麻省理工学院的埃里克·布林约尔弗森在一次演讲中指出，最近机器识别模式的能力有了显著提高)”可知，与“可供发掘的变革性技术变少”相反的观点是重大的技术进步仍然可以发生，比如机器识别模式显著提高这种技术性突破。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Historically, the authors argue, the two types of innovation seem to have been in balance...As a result, previous predictions of technology-related joblessness have proved mostly wrong.(作者们提出，从历史来看，两类创新似乎一直处于平衡状态……结果证明，过去对于技术造成失业的预测大多是错误的)”可知，他们认为不必担忧技术带来的失业问题。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Sustainable Communities In the past decade the construction and retrofitting (改造) of individual homes to reduce energy and water use has grown explosively. ___47___ Sharing resources and infrastructure (基础设施) could reduce waste, and retrofitting poor or moderate-income neighborhoods could also bring cost savings and modern technology to people who would typically lack such opportunities. One such example is the Oakland EcoBlock project, which I lead at the University of California, Berkeley. It is a multidisciplinary attempt involving urban designers, engineers, social scientists and policy experts from city, state and federal governments, academia, private industry, nonprofits and grassroots organizations. The program, which has been planned in great detail but has not yet begun construction, will retrofit 30 to 40 old homes in a lower- to middle-income neighborhood near California’s famous Golden Gate Bridge. ___48___ We expect to rapidly get back the money spent on infrastructure with savings from operating expenses while ensuring residents’ long-term comfort and security. To bring in renewable power, we will install some devices on buildings throughout the area and send the energy to a smart microgrid (微电网). Extra solar energy will be stored via flywheels housed in a communal building. The residents will also share electric cars, which will have access to more than two dozen local charging stations. ___49___ The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that as much as 50 percent of California’s home water consumption goes towards gardening. ___50___ The recycled water will go to lawns and gardens. We will collect rainwater and deliver it to toilets and washers and install efficient fixtures and taps. Our estimates suggest that the EcoBlock’s system-level redesign will cut demand for water by up to 70 percent. The Oakland EcoBlock project will provide local construction jobs and help revitalize a community. If it is as successful as we predict, it could serve as a model of sustainability that can be copied elsewhere in the world. A. Treated water, meanwhile, will be made drinkable again. B. We will treat and reuse wastewater from toilets as well as gray water sent down drains and released by washing machines. C. Yet applying green construction to multiple buildings at once may be an even better idea. D. These measures should reduce annual electricity consumption by more than half and bring carbon emissions to zero. E. It aims to apply existing technology to dramatically reduce fuel and water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. F. More than a quarter of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions emanate from residences. 【答案】47. C 48. E 49. D 50. B 【解析】 【导语】本文以奥克兰生态街区（Oakland EcoBlock）项目为例，介绍该项目改造中低收入社区旧房，通过多种举措实现节能节水、降低碳排放，该项目有望成为可全球推广的可持续范本。 【47题详解】 根据上文“In the past decade the construction and retrofitting (改造) of individual homes to reduce energy and water use has grown explosively.(在过去十年，为降低能耗与水耗而开展的单户住宅建设和改造迅猛发展)”以及下文“Sharing resources and infrastructure (基础设施) could reduce waste, and retrofitting poor or moderate-income neighborhoods could also bring cost savings and modern technology to people who would typically lack such opportunities.(共享资源与基础设施能够减少浪费，针对中低收入社区的改造工程还能为通常缺少这类机会的人群带去成本节约与现代技术)”可知，前文讲单个住宅建造与改造，后文转向整片社区改造，前后存在转折递进关系。C选项“Yet applying green construction to multiple buildings at once may be an even better idea.(然而，同时对多栋建筑实施绿色改造或许是更好的思路)”承上启下。 【48题详解】 根据上文“The program, which has been planned in great detail but has not yet begun construction, will retrofit 30 to 40 old homes in a lower- to middle-income neighborhood near California’s famous Golden Gate Bridge.(该项目已完成详尽规划但尚未动工，将对加州著名金门大桥附近一处中低收入社区内的30至40栋老旧住宅进行改造)”以及下文“We expect to rapidly get back the money spent on infrastructure with savings from operating expenses while ensuring residents’ long-term comfort and security.(我们期待依靠运营开支的节省，快速收回投入基础设施的资金，同时保障居民长期舒适与安全)”可知，空格处介绍项目目标。E选项“It aims to apply existing technology to dramatically reduce fuel and water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.(它旨在运用现有技术，大幅减少燃料、水消耗以及温室气体排放)”衔接上下文，It指上文的The program，dramatically reduce fuel and water consumption与下文savings from operating expenses相呼应。 【49题详解】 根据上文“To bring in renewable power, we will install some devices on buildings throughout the area and send the energy to a smart microgrid (微电网). Extra solar energy will be stored via flywheels housed in a communal building. The residents will also share electric cars, which will have access to more than two dozen local charging stations.(为引入可再生能源，我们将在整个片区的建筑上安装一些设备，把能源输送至智能微电网。多余的太阳能将储存在公共建筑内配置的飞轮装置中。居民还将共享电动汽车，可以使用20多个本地充电站充电)”可知，上文讲述了引入可再生能源、飞轮储存多余太阳能、居民共享电动汽车，此处总结以上电力相关举措带来的成效。D选项“These measures should reduce annual electricity consumption by more than half and bring carbon emissions to zero.(这些举措有望将年耗电量降低一半以上，并实现碳排放归零)”对前文电力改造措施进行总结。 【50题详解】 根据下文“The recycled water will go to lawns and gardens. We will collect rainwater and deliver it to toilets and washers and install efficient fixtures and taps.(再生水将供给草坪与花园使用。我们还会收集雨水，将其输送至马桶与洗衣机，同时安装高效固定设施与水龙头)”可知，下文围绕水资源回收再利用展开，空处应和再生水、雨水有关。B选项“We will treat and reuse wastewater from toilets as well as gray water sent down drains and released by washing machines.(我们将处理并再利用马桶污水以及排水管流出、洗衣机排出的灰水)”引出后文水循环利用的具体安排。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Understanding Stress Stress — the way a person responds to changes and difficult situations — is a common experience that people all over the world share. In fact, most people have stressful experiences every day. However, research shows that people experience more stress today than they did in the past. Forty-eight percent of people in the United States report that they feel more stressed today than they did five years ago. In addition, most doctor visits in the world (three out of five) happen because of problems related to stress. Scientists and health workers are interested in this subject because high stress levels have serious consequences that can affect people’s health and daily lives. Too much stress — or stress that continues for a long time — can cause serious physical and emotional problems. These problems include trouble sleeping, sickness, and pain. Heart disease and even cancer probably result from stress. Moreover, people under stress are in more danger of having an accident at work or while driving, and they might start bad habits more easily such as smoking or eating too much. It is important to point out that stress is not always bad, however; actually, today’s busy lifestyles cause two kinds of stress — eustress and distress. Eustress is the effect of positive events that cause a change in a person’s life. Eustress provides the amount of stress that is just right for a person to grow, to stay energetic, and to feel happy with life. For instance, getting married is a happy life event for most people. However, getting married is also a big change, so it causes stress. Distress, on the other hand, is the effect of bad or difficult experiences. Problems with money, school, or relationships are common causes of distress in modern life. Distress can cause serious health and emotional problems, but eustress can actually improve a person’s well-being. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Stress, a common problem in modern society, is experienced more today than in the past. Experiencing too much stress or for too long a time may cause physical or mental problems. However, there are two kinds of stress. Eustress is the kind that will give people positive motivation while distress will affect people negatively. 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍压力是全球普遍的经历，如今人们承受的压力比过去更大，高压力会危害健康与日常生活，同时压力分为良性压力和恶性压力，前者带来积极作用，后者会造成身心伤害。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Stress — the way a person responds to changes and difficult situations — is a common experience that people all over the world share. In fact, most people have stressful experiences every day. However, research shows that people experience more stress today than they did in the past. ②Too much stress — or stress that continues for a long time — can cause serious physical and emotional problems. ③It is important to point out that stress is not always bad, however; actually, today’s busy lifestyles cause two kinds of stress — eustress and distress. ④Eustress is the effect of positive events that cause a change in a person’s life. ⑤Distress, on the other hand, is the effect of bad or difficult experiences. ⑥Distress can cause serious health and emotional problems, but eustress can actually improve a person’s well-being. 2. 缜密构思 将要点①、②进行重组，将要点③、④、⑤、⑥进行整合。 3. 遣词造句 ①Stress is a common experience, yet people suffer more stress nowadays than before. ②Long‑term or excessive stress may bring about physical and mental troubles. ③There exist two types of stress: eustress and distress. ④Eustress from positive events benefits people while distress from bad ones affects people negatively. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Experiencing too much stress or for too long a time may cause physical or mental problems. (使用了动名词作主语) 【高分句型2】Eustress is the kind that will give people positive motivation while distress will affect people negatively. (使用了that引导定语从句、while连接前后句子表示对比) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 毫无疑问，充分的准备会增加你成功的机会。(chance) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】There is no doubt that adequate preparation will increase your chances of success. 【解析】 【详解】“毫无疑问”用固定句型there is no doubt that，表述的是当下作出判断后，后续会发生的客观正向结果，主句用一般现在时，that引导同位语从句，解释说明doubt的具体内容；“充分的准备”表达为adequate preparation，作从句主语；“会增加”表达为will increase，使用一般将来时描述尚未发生的预期结果；“你成功的机会”表达为your chances of success，作宾语。 53. 看到学生们全身心投入项目，老师感到很欣慰。(absorb) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The teacher was pleased to see the students absorbed in the project. 【解析】 【详解】主句“老师感到很欣慰”，译为The teacher was pleased to do sth.，不定式作状语，see表达“看见”，“ 全身心投入”表达为be absorbed in，absorb常以过去分词形式表示“全神贯注的、投入的”，此处作see的宾语补足语，省略be动词直接用absorbed in，“项目”译为the project。句子描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时。 54. 无论困难多么大，他总是设法履行自己的承诺。(means) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】No matter how great the difficulties are, he always finds means to fulfill his promise. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和提示词可知，本题考查让步状语从句、一般现在时（表惯常行为）及指定名词means的固定搭配。“无论困难多么大”表达为No matter how great the difficulties are，no matter how引导让步状语从句，“总是”表达为always，“设法”可理解为“找到方法做某事”，结合给定提示词means，表达为find means to do sth.，“履行自己的承诺”表达为fulfill his promise，用不定式作状语；句子描述主语一贯的行事特点，用一般现在时，主语he为第三人称单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 55. 直到老师指出，我才意识到这个方案的缺陷。(Not until) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Not until the teacher pointed it out did I realize the flaw in the plan. 【解析】 【详解】根据汉语提示和提示词，整句描述过去已经发生的事件，主从句均使用一般过去时。句子使用Not until引导的时间状语从句的倒装结构及一般过去时。“直到……才……”固定表达为not...until...，.Not until置于句首，.需遵循部分倒装规则，从句保持正常陈述语序，主句将助动词did提至主语I之前，实义动词用原形；主语the teacher“老师”；“指出”表达为point out；“意识到”译为realize；“这个方案的缺陷”表达为the flaw in the plan。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在学校英语报上看到一个主题为“Time Capsule”的征文，你对此很感兴趣。写一篇文章，内容需包括： (1)你计划将什么物品放入“时间胶囊”； (2)你的理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Lately, the concept of “time capsule” has been a hot topic, arousing a heated discussion about what to put in it. Personally, what I most want to put in it is my old photographs. Initially, with the booming modern technology, electronic photos have gradually replaced paper ones and the old photo-taken mode is becoming less and less common. Even so, paper photos surpass electronic ones in quality and value in my heart. When I touch them, it is as if recalling the scenes at those moments, which makes memories clearer and deeper. This is one of the reasons why I want to save the old photos. Moreover, some of my old photos have disappeared, including my kindergarten and primary school graduation photos. Although these precious memories are still in my mind, with the passage of time I will gradually forget the names and appearances of my classmates. It is a shame that these old photos, the only tool I can use to recall memories, have been lost. Therefore I sincerely hope to print the photos I take now and put them in the time capsule so that years later I can still look back and recall my youth. Last but not least, some old photos record people and things that will never come back. I’m always keeping a photo of my grandfather and me. Now grandpa is not alive and the old house was torn down, however, this photo retains my last memory about grandpa and the old house. If I put it in the time capsule, wait until my children grow up, then my children’s children grow up, I can tell them who he was, where it was. It is not only the bond of affection, but a kind of communication across time, which is the meaning of the time capsule. The time capsule can be the memory of the past, the reflection of the present, and the expectation of the future. We can save many memories with the help of modern technology, but what is more important is cherishing the present life and the precious time with the people around. 【解析】 【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生以“Time Capsule”为主题写一篇文章。 【详解】1.词汇积累 首先：first of all→initially 想要做某事：would like to do sth→want to do sth 回顾：review→look back 珍惜，重视：cherish→value 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Now grandpa is not alive and the old house was torn down, however, this photo retains my last memory about grandpa and the old house. 拓展句：Since now grandpa is not alive and the old house was torn down, this photo retains my last memory about grandpa and the old house. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Personally, what I most want to put in it is my old photographs. (运用了what引导主语从句) [高分句型2] When I touch them, it is as if recalling the scenes at those moments, which makes memories clearer and deeper. (运用了which引导非限制性定语从句和when引导时间状语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $