精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第二学期高二年级英语学科4月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科4月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. North American Odyssey (艰苦的跋涉) Dave Freeman loves sports and exploration, and he wanted to teach students about the wonders of exploration and wilderness travel. However, it’s impossible to take so many students on trips. So he had an idea-he ____1____ (go) on adventure trips to explore different places, and share his experience with students through the Internet, the result of ____2____ was the Wilderness Classroom. Since then, Dave and his wife Amy have been exploring different parts of the world, and teaching students about the outdoors. One of their most ____3____ (call) trips was this journey to get people ____4____ (protect) North America’s waterways and wild places. At the same time, they wanted to teach elementary and middle school students about these wild areas ____5____ geography, history, wildlife, and so on. The journey across North America began on April 22, 2010-Earth Day. The Minnesotan couple began paddling their kayaks (划皮划艇) north out of Seattle, with the next three years ____6____ (spend) kayaking, canoeing, dogsledding, and backpacking up the Inside Passage, across the Northwest Territories, through the Great Lakes, and down the east coast of the United States. ____7____ the journey was going on, about 85,000 students tracked Dave and Amy’s progress. They made the Wilderness Classroom interactive and fun for these students. Every Monday during the trip, they posted an online update. They also posted videos every week. Students could help Dave and Amy make decisions about the trip ____8____ doing surveys-they could suggest routes the couple should take. The couple were also able to interact with the kids at schools along the way. Over the three years of the project, they met around 25,000 students. For Dave, who has been working as a guide for nearly 20 years, “teaching kids when they’re young that these places exist is a first stepping stone for getting people outside, understanding ____9____ important these places are.” On April 4, 2013, Dave and Amy finally paddled into Key West, Florida, ____10____ (complete) their North American Odyssey. But they haven’t been resting since then. They have been going on other adventures, continuing to teach students about exciting places outside the classroom. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. committed B. deliberately C. divided D. dizzying E. lesson F. overtaking G. philosophy H. reasonably I. standards J. striving K. values Learning from the past Why do we never seem to learn from the lessons of the past? The actions of others could point the way for us, but we seem either to forget these lessons or ____11____ misinterpret them — or knowing them, simply fail to act on them. Because of the economic boom in an Asian country, its government has become worried in recent years about selfishness ____12____ society. Many people have been saying for some time that the traditional ____13____ of harmony, respect, and hard work have been lost. So a few years ago, the government focused attention again on the teachings of an ancient philosopher. Before the 1990s, the philosopher’s idea had not been fashionable, but now, in a country which is currently developing at a(n) ____14____ speed, it offers a sense of stability and order. The philosopher’s saying that nowadays sums up the government’s ____15____ is “harmonious society.” Sometimes it is difficult to learn from the past because the “teacher” sets such high ____16____ . This is certainly the case with Nelson Mandela, who promoted reconciliation (和解) to two sides in South Africa who hated each other deeply. Mandela had always been ____17____ to peace, and while he was living in prison, he became determined that reconciliation was the only way to unite his ____18____ country. All those ____19____ for peace know that in the long term they will have to begin this dialogue. Yet few are able to follow the example set by Mandela because it requires such a high degree of unselfishness. It seems that following this suggestion — not to be selfish — may be the hardest ____20____ of all for people to learn. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Economists tend to be big fans of education, which is perhaps not surprising given how much of it they consume and how well their textbooks can do. Alfred Marshall, writing in 1873, hoped that education would help ____21____ the “distinction between workingmen and gentlemen”. Gary Becker of the University of Chicago reimagined education as an ____22____ in “human capital” that would earn a return in the market. But economists can also be extremely ____23____ about schooling. The theory of signalling compares many educational certificates to peacock’s tails: costly encumbrances (累赘), ____24____ only as noticeable proof that their owners are intellectually strong enough to bear them. And in “The Social Limits to Growth”, a book published in 1976, Fred Hirsch pointed out that education is often “positional” in nature. What ____25____ is not only how much you have, but whether you have more than the next person. For many students it is not enough merely to acquire a good education. They must obtain a better education than the people____26____ them in the queue for sought-after jobs. Positional goods are, by their nature, in strictly ____27____ supply. Everyone can in principle live in a good neighbourhood, attend a good school, and work in a good job. But logic ____28____ says that not everyone can enjoy the nicest neighbourhoods, best schools or most decent jobs. An unhappy ____29____ is that one family’s expenses on schooling raises the bar for everyone else. Families are drawn, often unconsciously, into educational arms races. They spend money and time on after school tutoring or extracurricular activities in the expectation that it will improve their child’s ____30____ in the queue for advancement. But they quickly discover that everyone else is doing the same, leaving them in the same position as before. They are in fact worse off, ____31____ the costs and frustration caused. “If everyone stands on tiptoe, no one sees better.” Hirsch noted. And their feet also ____32____. The arms race is notably less than ____33____ in parts of Europe. In Norway and Sweden parents show little demand for tutoring. And overeducation is less common in Germany and other countries that sort children early into academic or vocational schools, with little ____34____ between the two, according to a study by Valentina Di Stasio of Utrecht University together with Thijs Bol and Herman Vande Werfhorst of the University of Amsterdam. Vocational schools are supposed to teach what employers want employees to know. That may limit the scope for certification inflation (通货膨账). For better or worse, they also remove large numbers of the students from the race for more ____35____ achievements. 21. A. identify B. increase C. neglect D. erase 22. A. interest B. advantage C. investment D. experiment 23. A. critical B. curious C. realistic D. optimistic 24. A. famous B. useful C. available D. dismissed 25. A. matters B. happens C. follows D. changes 26. A. depending on B. looking after C. turning to D. competing with 27. A. limited B. fixed C. endless D. actual 28. A. unwillingly B. softly C. sadly D. daily 29. A. relationship B. demonstration C. solution D. consequence 30. A. performance B. position C. balance D. efficiency 31. A. because of B. in spite of C. by means of D. in case of 32. A. sank B. hurt C. moved D. crossed 33. A. final B. intense C. open D. adequate 34. A. agreement B. distance C. difference D. mobility 35. A. technical B. cultural C. academic D. vocational Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Almost half a million young oak (橡树) trees have been saved after The Times revealed they were due to be destroyed because of delays in government help to create more woodland. A tree nursery said in March that it had been unable to find buyers for the one and two-year-old seedlings of England’s national tree. Maelor Forest Nurseries near Wrexham spent two years looking after 500,000 seedlings, expecting a great increase in demand after government promises to increase tree planting. Demand failed to materialize and the company said it planned to destroy the trees, partly blaming difficulties land owners faced in obtaining subsidies to fund the work. After The Times reported on the plan, dozens of charities, community groups and individuals all over the country got in touch with Maelor to ask if they could help. “The nursery discounted the price per tree from 35 — 40 pence to 20 pence and sold nearly all of the 500,000 it had been planning to destroy. Thanks largely to the article in The Times only a small percentage had to be destroyed,” said Mike Harvey, Maelor’s managing director. “We are delighted that these oak saplings (幼树) have found good homes. We were frustrated at the prospect of having to destroy plants which we had spent two years growing only to find they were being left without a future for reasons beyond our control.” Mr Harvey said the largest order, for 30,000 oaks, had come from Extinction Rebellion Rewilding, an offshoot of the climate change campaign group. It launched a campaign called Save the Oaks which raised £10,000 through a crowdfunding appeal to purchase and plant trees that had been due to be destroyed. Jethro Gauld, one of the organisers of the planting in Cambridgeshire, said, “We wanted to do something to prevent such a massive waste of saplings and help create a good news story to benefit local people and wildlife. ” Natasha Somers, a volunteer for Save the Oaks, said, “The support we’ve seen shows how a community can come together in difficult times. It’s clear that people want to act for a better future, one where humanity and nature are connected.” 36. The underlined word ‘subsidies’ is closest in meaning to ‘________’. A. equipment B. technical support C. confidence D. financial aid 37. What had Maelor Forest Nurseries planned to do before The Times reported on their plan? A. To reduce the price of the seedlings. B. To ruin the trees it had taken care of. C. To wait for government help to arrive. D. To count the number of oak trees in Britain. 38. What happened to the 500,000 saplings at last? A. Most of them were sold out. B. Most of them were thrown away. C. They were replanted to Cambridgeshire. D. They were donated to a campaign group. 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. A prospective approach to planting. B. A nationwide effort to save oak trees. C. A tree nursery devoted to preserving endangered trees. D. A species of trees that are threatened with extinction. （B） Most people regard multitasking as a desirable skill: doing several tasks at the same time seems efficient. However, psychological researches have proved that heavy multitasking does not improve productivity; on the contrary, it lowers people’s work efficiency. Human brains are not designed for true multitasking. What we usually call multitasking is actually task switching: the brain rapidly jumps back and forth between different assignments. Every time you shift your attention from one task to another, your brain has to spend extra mental energy to refocus. This frequent shifting creates mental fatigue. People who habitually multitask are more likely to make mistakes and take longer time to finish their work. Some people believe they are gifted multitaskers and can handle multiple jobs perfectly. But controlled experiments show that heavy multitaskers perform worse than average people even on single tasks. They are more easily distracted by irrelevant information. Their ability to filter useless information is weakened. This does not mean people should never handle more than one thing. Light multitasking such as listening to light music while doing housework is acceptable, since one task requires very little mental resources. But for complex, high cognitive load work like studying, writing or data analysis, people should focus on one single task at a time. The concept of deep work comes from these findings. Deep work means focusing fully on one complex task for a long uninterrupted period. It requires people to cut off distractions like social media notifications. Deep work can greatly improve quality and efficiency of high level mental work. 40. According to the passage, what is real multitasking for human brains? A. Finishing multiple tasks at the same time. B. Quickly jumping from one task to another. C. Doing physical and mental work together. D. Separating big tasks into several small ones. 41. What will happen to frequent heavy multitaskers? A. They can finish complex tasks in shorter time. B. They become better at sorting out useful information. C. They tend to get distracted easily and make more errors. D. They can greatly improve their general intelligence. 42. Which of the following belongs to deep work activity? A. Chatting online while doing homework. B. Listening to pop songs while tidying rooms. C. Writing an essay without any message pop-ups. D. Watching videos while reading news articles. （C） Draw a line across a page, and write on it what you had for dinner yesterday and what you plan to eat tomorrow. If you come from pretty much any European country, you no doubt wrote last night’s meal to the left of tomorrow night’s because we construct mental timelines to represent and reason about time, and most people in the West think of the past as on the left, and the future as on the right. Arnaud Saj at the University of Geneva and his colleagues wondered whether the ability to create a mental timeline is a necessary part of reasoning about events in time. They found seven Europeans with left hemisphere neglect, which means they have damage to parts of the right side of their brain, limiting their ability to detect, identify and interact with objects in the left-hand side of space. They may eat from only the right side of a plate or shave just the right side of their face. The team also found seven volunteers who had damage to the right side of their brain but didn’t have hemispatial neglect, and seven people with undamaged brains. All the volunteers took part in memory tests. First, they learned about a fictional man called David. They were shown pictures of what David liked to eat 10 years ago, and what he might like to eat in 10 years’ time. Participants were then shown drawings of 10 of David’s favourite foods, plus four food items they hadn’t seen before. Participants had to say whether it was a food that David liked in the past or might like in the future. The tests were repeated with items in David’s apartment. People with hemispatial neglect could remember just as many items as the other two groups of volunteers. However, of these items, significantly fewer were from David’s past than his future. They were also more likely to make mistakes about items when they were from the past. In other words, people with hemispatial neglect have trouble imagining the left side of their timeline, and consequently assign past events to the future. It would be interesting to see whether people with neglect of the right space have trouble with events that are supposed to happen in the future, says Saj, but these kinds of symptoms are rare since the brain areas that represent space are predominantly in the right side. Together these results suggest that the ability to represent space in the mind’s eye is vital to our ability to remember and reason about events that occur along that timeline. “It gives us an understanding of the representation of time in humans,” says Saj. His team will now investigate how people with spatial neglect represent their own understanding of space and time. “They get bored less than others in hospital because the time seems to pass more quickly to them,” he says. Saj’s team will test whether these people experience a compression of “personal time”. 43. People with left hemisphere neglect are most likely to ________. A. use their left hands more often than right hands B. start reading from the right side of the page C. ignore numbers on the left side of a clock D. shave just the left side of the face 44. What does Arnaud Saj imply about people with right hemisphere neglect? A. Their understanding of time is different from others. B. They are likely to assign the future events to the past. C. They have little trouble reasoning about events in time. D. Their ability to represent space has been greatly affected. 45. The word “compression” (in the last paragraph) is closest in meaning to ________. A. saving B. dividing C. forgetting D. shortening 46. What can be concluded from the passage? A. Past may well be very vague if your right side of the brain is faulty. B. Right hemisphere neglect is a rare condition among people from the West. C. The brain areas that help understand space and time are close to each other. D. The ability to remember time has something to do with where you are from. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Gyms that profit most from the January rush Every year, like clockwork, many people go through the same routine. On December 26th and January 1st, as the fog of cheese, chocolate oranges and champagne lifts, regret creeps（悄悄出现）in. Online searches for “get fit” and “lose weight” increase.____47____“Intent typically takes seven to 14 days to turn into reality,” notes Humphrey Cobbold, chief executive of Pure Gym, Britain’s largest gym chain. So this week will be one of the busiest for the gym industry globally. Many gym recruits（新成员）will have their new sportswear on for high-intensity interval training. In the basement of Another Space, a club near London’s Leicester Square, music pumps and light flash as a trainer shouts instructions to a group of mostly young women. They are pushed through bursts of burpees, handclap push-ups and various kick and punches at boxing bags. The training is murderous.____48____Such high-end gym can charge up to eight times as much as low-cost ones, based on two visits a week over a year. They are at one end of a fitness market.____49____America’s market leader, Planet Fitness, promises “the best value on the planet”, and has over 10 million members; its shares rose in 2017. One in seven people in Britain is a gym member, and 35% of private memberships are low-cost, up from 14% in 2013, according to Leisure DB, a data firm. Mid-range clubs, meanwhile, have fared less well. Virgin Active recently sold its less luxurious facilities in Britain to avoid being squished（压扁）in the middle. Pure Gym expects soon to reach 1 million members. Part of its appeal is that, unlike traditional gyms, members are not bound by a long contract. “We have taken a £500 decision and turned it into a £20 decision,” says Mr Cobbold.____50____Most new joiners do not plan to spend much money. But gyms proper on non-attendance. According to IHRSA, an industry body based in Boston, fewer than half of gym members in America hit the treadmill（跑步机）at least twice a week—until the exercise cycle begins anew the following January. A. There will be other ripple effects（连锁反应）, too. B. That will be good news for some gym goers because many will soon suffer a second round of regret. C. However, the club’s luxurious changing rooms and bars relieve some of the pain. D. Health clubs of all shapes and sizes stand ready to respond. E. Spending on fashion items also increases around the time of joining a gym. F. At the other are budget gyms, which have accounted for the big part of gym growth in recent years. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Role of the Modern Zoo Initially seen purely as centres of entertainment, zoos were often heavily criticised in society for keeping animals captive. Nowadays, however, zoos have a lot more to offer than perhaps some people realise. Good zoos have changed their focus and are now responding to environmental problems, such as the decline in wildlife and loss of their living space. Indeed, scientists believe that a third of all animal and plant species on Earth risk extinction within this century. The modern zoo, therefore, has developed dramatically as a major force in conserving biodiversity, that is, the large variety of animal species worldwide. Zoos linked with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums participate in Species Survival Plan Programmes, which involve captive breeding, reintroduction programmes and public education to ensure the survival of many of the planet’s threatened and endangered species. Captive breeding is the process of breeding animals outside their natural environment in restricted conditions such as farms, zoos or other closed areas. It is a method used to increase the populations of endangered species, in order to prevent extinction. One of the main challenges facing captive breeding programmes, however,is maintaining genetic diversity. Zoo staff are fully trained in this area, and manage the programmes carefully to ensure genetic variation. Another way in which zoos protect endangered species is through reintroduction programmes. These programmes release animals that have been in the zoo back into their natural living spaces. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, many zoos now concentrate on educating the public, particularly the younger generation. These zoos educate millions of visitors each year about endangered species and related conservation issues. Visiting the zoo not only raises money for conserving projects, but also reminds individuals about environmental issues. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 你多久给你的手机充一次电？（charge）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________________ 53. 三天后，我们找到了这起车祸唯一的目击证人。（take）(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 54. 重要的不是教会学生一些技能，而是让他们具备应对变化的能力。(not...but...) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 55. 每一位受访者都对这部动画片的细节如数家珍，可见其影响力。(which) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在一份英语报纸上读到一篇关于网络时代人际交往的文章，文章作者认为社交网站虽然拓宽了人们的交友网络，但也使得人和人之间的交流不够深入。写一封邮件给该报纸的“读者来信”专栏，表达你对这一观点的看法，内容须包括：你是否赞同作者的这一观点； 你的理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科4月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. North American Odyssey (艰苦的跋涉) Dave Freeman loves sports and exploration, and he wanted to teach students about the wonders of exploration and wilderness travel. However, it’s impossible to take so many students on trips. So he had an idea-he ____1____ (go) on adventure trips to explore different places, and share his experience with students through the Internet, the result of ____2____ was the Wilderness Classroom. Since then, Dave and his wife Amy have been exploring different parts of the world, and teaching students about the outdoors. One of their most ____3____ (call) trips was this journey to get people ____4____ (protect) North America’s waterways and wild places. At the same time, they wanted to teach elementary and middle school students about these wild areas ____5____ geography, history, wildlife, and so on. The journey across North America began on April 22, 2010-Earth Day. The Minnesotan couple began paddling their kayaks (划皮划艇) north out of Seattle, with the next three years ____6____ (spend) kayaking, canoeing, dogsledding, and backpacking up the Inside Passage, across the Northwest Territories, through the Great Lakes, and down the east coast of the United States. ____7____ the journey was going on, about 85,000 students tracked Dave and Amy’s progress. They made the Wilderness Classroom interactive and fun for these students. Every Monday during the trip, they posted an online update. They also posted videos every week. Students could help Dave and Amy make decisions about the trip ____8____ doing surveys-they could suggest routes the couple should take. The couple were also able to interact with the kids at schools along the way. Over the three years of the project, they met around 25,000 students. For Dave, who has been working as a guide for nearly 20 years, “teaching kids when they’re young that these places exist is a first stepping stone for getting people outside, understanding ____9____ important these places are.” On April 4, 2013, Dave and Amy finally paddled into Key West, Florida, ____10____ (complete) their North American Odyssey. But they haven’t been resting since then. They have been going on other adventures, continuing to teach students about exciting places outside the classroom. 【答案】1. would go 2. which 3. called 4. to protect 5. including##like 6. spent 7. While 8. by##through 9. how 10. completing 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了戴夫和妻子埃米为了让学生了解野外探索的相关知识，开启北美探险之旅，通过网络分享经历打造“荒野教室”，带动学生关注自然、学习地理历史等相关知识的故事。 【1题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：所以他想到了一个主意——他将开启冒险之旅探索不同的地方，通过互联网和学生分享他的经历，这个想法的成果就是荒野教室。前文的had an idea是一般过去时，此处表示在过去的想法中将要发生的动作，属于过去将来时，结构为would+动词原形。 【2题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：所以他想到了一个主意——他将开启冒险之旅探索不同的地方，通过互联网和学生分享他的经历，这个想法的成果就是荒野教室。此处是“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个主句描述的整件事，指物，介词of后只能用关系代词which。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他们最广为人知的行程之一就是这次旨在号召人们保护北美的水道和野生区域的旅程。此处修饰名词trips，需要过去分词called，作定语，为被动关系。 【4题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他们最广为人知的行程之一就是这次旨在号召人们保护北美的水道和野生区域的旅程。固定搭配get sb. to do sth.表示“让某人做某事”，此处需要用不定式作宾语补足语。 【5题详解】 考查介词。句意：同时，他们希望向小学和初中学生介绍这些荒野地区，包括地理、历史、野生动物等方面的知识。此处表示包含用介词including，或表示列举用介词like。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这对明尼苏达夫妇从西雅图出发向北划皮划艇，接下来的三年时间都用来划皮划艇、乘独木舟、驾狗拉雪橇以及沿着内湾航道徒步旅行。此处是“with+宾语+宾语补足语”的复合结构，three years和动词spend之间是被动关系，表示时间被花费，需要用过去分词作补足语。 【7题详解】 考查连词。句意：在旅程进行的过程中，大约有8.5万名学生追踪戴夫和埃米的行程。此处引导时间状语从句，表示“在……期间”，从句动作是延续性的，可以用while。首字母大写。 【8题详解】 考查介词。句意：学生们可以通过做调查的方式帮助戴夫和埃米做关于旅行的决定——他们可以给这对夫妇建议应该走的路线。此处表示“通过（某种方式）”，填入介词by或through，后接动名词doing surveys作方式状语。 【9题详解】 考查感叹句。句意：在孩子们还小的时候就教会他们这些地方是存在的，这是让人们走到户外、了解这些地方有多重要的第一步。此处是感叹句作宾语从句，修饰形容词important，需要用how来引导，表示“多么”。 【10题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：2013年4月4日，戴夫和埃米最终划进了佛罗里达州的基韦斯特，完成了他们的北美艰苦跋涉之旅。此处作伴随状语，主语Dave and Amy和动词complete之间是主动关系，需要用现在分词形式。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. committed B. deliberately C. divided D. dizzying E. lesson F. overtaking G. philosophy H. reasonably I. standards J. striving K. values Learning from the past Why do we never seem to learn from the lessons of the past? The actions of others could point the way for us, but we seem either to forget these lessons or ____11____ misinterpret them — or knowing them, simply fail to act on them. Because of the economic boom in an Asian country, its government has become worried in recent years about selfishness ____12____ society. Many people have been saying for some time that the traditional ____13____ of harmony, respect, and hard work have been lost. So a few years ago, the government focused attention again on the teachings of an ancient philosopher. Before the 1990s, the philosopher’s idea had not been fashionable, but now, in a country which is currently developing at a(n) ____14____ speed, it offers a sense of stability and order. The philosopher’s saying that nowadays sums up the government’s ____15____ is “harmonious society.” Sometimes it is difficult to learn from the past because the “teacher” sets such high ____16____ . This is certainly the case with Nelson Mandela, who promoted reconciliation (和解) to two sides in South Africa who hated each other deeply. Mandela had always been ____17____ to peace, and while he was living in prison, he became determined that reconciliation was the only way to unite his ____18____ country. All those ____19____ for peace know that in the long term they will have to begin this dialogue. Yet few are able to follow the example set by Mandela because it requires such a high degree of unselfishness. It seems that following this suggestion — not to be selfish — may be the hardest ____20____ of all for people to learn. 【答案】11. B 12. F 13. K 14. D 15. G 16. I 17. A 18. C 19. J 20. E 【解析】 【导语】文章探讨了人们往往难以吸取历史教训这一现象，介绍某国重拾古代哲人的思想，倡导和谐，并以曼德拉推动和解为例，说明摒弃自私、追求和平是最难学习的一课。 【11题详解】 考查副词。句意：他人的行为本可以为我们指明方向，但我们似乎要么忘记这些教训，要么故意曲解它们——即便知晓，也不去付诸行动。空处修饰动词misinterpret，应用副词，结合or knowing them, simply fail to act on them可知，此处指故意曲解教训，deliberately表示“故意地”，符合句意。 【12题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：由于一个亚洲国家的经济繁荣，该国政府近年来一直担忧自私正在侵蚀社会。空处作介词about的宾语，且空后有名词，应用动名词形式，结合 its government has become worried可知，此处指政府担忧不正之风充斥社会，overtaking表示“（不良情绪、风气等）压倒，充斥，泛滥”，符合句意。 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：长期以来很多人都说，和谐、尊重和勤奋这些传统价值观已经丢失了。形容词traditional后应接名词，结合harmony, respect, and hard work可知，此处指传统价值观，values表示“价值观”，符合句意。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：在20世纪90年代之前，这位哲人的思想并不流行，但如今，在这个正以惊人速度发展的国家，它提供了一种稳定与秩序感。空处修饰名词speed，应用形容词，结合Before the 1990s, the philosopher’s idea had not been fashionable和表示转折的but可知，此处指该思想以前不流行，但现在以惊人的速度发展，dizzying表示“令人眩晕的，极快的”，符合语境。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：如今，这位哲人的那句能够概括该国政府理念的名言是“和谐社会”。名词所有格government’s后应用名词，根据harmonious society可知，此处指那位哲人的理念，philosophy表示“理念，宗旨”，符合句意。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：有时候向过去学习很难，因为这位“老师”设定了很高的标准。空处前面有形容词high修饰，应用名词，结合下文This is certainly the case with Nelson Mandela, who promoted reconciliation (和解) to two sides in South Africa who hated each other deeply.可知，此处指“老师”设定了普通人难以企及的高标准，standards表示“标准”，符合句意。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：曼德拉一直致力于和平，在狱中时，他下定决心：和解是统一他这个分裂国家的唯一途径。结合常识可知，曼德拉致力于和平，be committed to是固定搭配，意为“致力于”，符合句意。 【18题详解】 考查形容词。句意：曼德拉一直致力于和平，在狱中时，他下定决心：和解是统一他这个分裂国家的唯一途径。空处修饰名词country，应用形容词，结合to unite可知，此处指统已分裂的国家，divided表示“分裂的”，符合语境。 【19题详解】 考查动词。句意：所有那些为和平奋斗的人都知道，长远来看他们必须开启这场对话。空处作后置定语，修饰代词those，结合上文曼德拉的例子可知，此处指为和平奋斗的人，现在分词striving表示“奋斗，努力”，与those构成主动关系，符合语法和语境。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：看来遵循这个建议——不要自私——或许是所有人最难学习的一课。空前有形容词最高级the hardest，应用名词，lesson表示“教训，课程”，符合语境，与文章开头“Why do we never seem to learn from the lessons of the past”首尾呼应。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Economists tend to be big fans of education, which is perhaps not surprising given how much of it they consume and how well their textbooks can do. Alfred Marshall, writing in 1873, hoped that education would help ____21____ the “distinction between workingmen and gentlemen”. Gary Becker of the University of Chicago reimagined education as an ____22____ in “human capital” that would earn a return in the market. But economists can also be extremely ____23____ about schooling. The theory of signalling compares many educational certificates to peacock’s tails: costly encumbrances (累赘), ____24____ only as noticeable proof that their owners are intellectually strong enough to bear them. And in “The Social Limits to Growth”, a book published in 1976, Fred Hirsch pointed out that education is often “positional” in nature. What ____25____ is not only how much you have, but whether you have more than the next person. For many students it is not enough merely to acquire a good education. They must obtain a better education than the people____26____ them in the queue for sought-after jobs. Positional goods are, by their nature, in strictly ____27____ supply. Everyone can in principle live in a good neighbourhood, attend a good school, and work in a good job. But logic ____28____ says that not everyone can enjoy the nicest neighbourhoods, best schools or most decent jobs. An unhappy ____29____ is that one family’s expenses on schooling raises the bar for everyone else. Families are drawn, often unconsciously, into educational arms races. They spend money and time on after school tutoring or extracurricular activities in the expectation that it will improve their child’s ____30____ in the queue for advancement. But they quickly discover that everyone else is doing the same, leaving them in the same position as before. They are in fact worse off, ____31____ the costs and frustration caused. “If everyone stands on tiptoe, no one sees better.” Hirsch noted. And their feet also ____32____. The arms race is notably less than ____33____ in parts of Europe. In Norway and Sweden parents show little demand for tutoring. And overeducation is less common in Germany and other countries that sort children early into academic or vocational schools, with little ____34____ between the two, according to a study by Valentina Di Stasio of Utrecht University together with Thijs Bol and Herman Vande Werfhorst of the University of Amsterdam. Vocational schools are supposed to teach what employers want employees to know. That may limit the scope for certification inflation (通货膨账). For better or worse, they also remove large numbers of the students from the race for more ____35____ achievements. 21. A. identify B. increase C. neglect D. erase 22. A. interest B. advantage C. investment D. experiment 23. A. critical B. curious C. realistic D. optimistic 24. A. famous B. useful C. available D. dismissed 25. A. matters B. happens C. follows D. changes 26. A. depending on B. looking after C. turning to D. competing with 27. A. limited B. fixed C. endless D. actual 28. A. unwillingly B. softly C. sadly D. daily 29. A. relationship B. demonstration C. solution D. consequence 30. A. performance B. position C. balance D. efficiency 31. A. because of B. in spite of C. by means of D. in case of 32. A. sank B. hurt C. moved D. crossed 33. A. final B. intense C. open D. adequate 34. A. agreement B. distance C. difference D. mobility 35. A. technical B. cultural C. academic D. vocational 【答案】21. D 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. A 32. B 33. B 34. D 35. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要说明了经济学家对教育褒贬并存，地位性教育催生教育军备竞赛，大家投入却难以领先；欧洲部分国家分流职教，降低了这场竞争的激烈程度。 【21题详解】 考查动词。句意：阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔在1873年撰文，希望教育有助于消除“工人与绅士之间的差别”。A. identify识别；B. increase增加；C. neglect忽视；D. erase消除。根据下文“the “distinction between workingmen and gentlemen””以及常识可知，教育用来消除阶层差别。 【22题详解】 考查名词。句意：芝加哥大学的加里·贝克尔把教育重新定义为对“人力资本”的一项投资，它会在市场上获得回报。A. interest兴趣；B. advantage优势；C. investment投资；D. experiment实验。根据下文“earn a return”可知，可以获得回报说明教育是投资。 【23题详解】 考查形容词。句意：但经济学家对学校教育也可能极具批判性。A. critical批判的；B. curious好奇的；C. realistic现实的；D. optimistic乐观的。根据上文“Gary Becker of the University of Chicago reimagined education as an ____ in “human capital” that would earn a return in the market.”以及But表转折，上文说经济学家推崇教育，此处转折表示也会批判教育。 【24题详解】 考查形容词。句意：信号理论将很多学历证书比作孔雀的尾羽：代价高昂的累赘，其作用仅仅是一个醒目的证明——证书持有者智力足够出众，能够承受这份负担。A. famous著名的；B. useful有用的；C. available可获得的；D. dismissed被摒弃的。根据下文“only as noticeable proof that their owners are intellectually strong enough to bear them”可知，学历这个累赘仅在起到证明作用时才有用。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：重要的不只是你拥有多少，而是你是否比别人拥有得更多。A. matters要紧；B. happens发生；C. follows跟随；D. changes改变。根据下文“is not only how much you have, but whether you have more than the next person”可知，重要的不只是你拥有多少，what matters表示“重要的是”。 【26题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：他们必须拿到比求职队列里和自己竞争的人更好的教育。A. depending on依靠；B. looking after照顾；C. turning to求助于；D. competing with与……竞争。根据下文“in the queue for sought-after jobs”可知，找热门工作时大家互相竞争。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：地位性商品本质上供给十分有限。A. limited有限的；B. fixed固定的；C. endless无尽的；D. actual真实的。根据下文“not everyone can enjoy the nicest neighbourhoods, best schools or most decent jobs”可知，下文提到不是所有人都能拥有最好资源，说明供给有限。 【28题详解】 考查副词。句意：但令人遗憾的是，逻辑告诉我们，不是每个人都能住进最好的社区、上最好的学校或是获得体面的工作。A. unwillingly不情愿地；B. softly轻柔地；C. sadly令人遗憾地；D. daily每日地。根据下文“not everyone can enjoy the nicest neighbourhoods, best schools or most decent jobs”可知，不是每个人都能住进最好的社区、上最好的学校或是获得体面的工作，这是一个无奈、遗憾的事实。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：一个令人不快的后果就是，一个家庭在教育上的支出抬高了所有人的门槛。A. relationship关系；B. demonstration证明；C. solution解决办法；D. consequence后果。根据下文“one family’s expenses, on schooling raises the bar for everyone else”可知，后面是这件事带来的结果。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：他们花钱花时间在课外辅导或者课外活动上，指望这能提升孩子在晋升竞争队列里的位次。A. performance表现；B. position位置，位次；C. balance平衡；D. efficiency效率。根据上文“in the queue for sought-after jobs”可知，此处指竞争队列里的位置。 【31题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：事实上他们境况更糟，因为要承担这些成本以及随之而来的挫败感。A. because of因为；B. in spite of尽管；C. by means of借助；D. in case of万一。下文“the costs and frustration caused”是境况变差的原因。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：而且他们的脚也会疼。A. sank下沉；B. hurt疼痛；C. moved移动；D. crossed交叉。根据上文“If everyone stands on tiptoe, no one sees better.”可知，踮脚久了脚会疼。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这场军备竞赛在欧洲部分地区明显没有那么激烈。A. final最终的；B. intense激烈的；C. open开放的；D. adequate足够的。根据下文“In Norway and Sweden parents show little demand for tutoring.”可知，下文提到挪威瑞典家长很少补课，说明教育竞赛不激烈。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：乌得勒支大学的瓦伦蒂娜·迪·斯塔西奥等人的研究表明，德国以及其他早早把学生分到学术路线或职业路线学校、两类学校之间流动性很小的国家，过度教育现象没那么普遍。A. agreement协议；B. distance距离；C. difference差别；D. mobility流动性。根据上文“And overeducation is less common in Germany and other countries that sort children early into academic or vocational schools”可知，学生分流后很难在学术、职教两条路线之间转换。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：无论好坏，这也把大量学生从争夺更多学术成就的竞赛里剥离出来。A. technical技术的；B. cultural文化的；C. academic学术的；D. vocational职业的。根据上文“And overeducation is less common in Germany and other countries that sort children early into academic or vocational schools”可知，前面区分学术学校和职业学校，这里是学术成就。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Almost half a million young oak (橡树) trees have been saved after The Times revealed they were due to be destroyed because of delays in government help to create more woodland. A tree nursery said in March that it had been unable to find buyers for the one and two-year-old seedlings of England’s national tree. Maelor Forest Nurseries near Wrexham spent two years looking after 500,000 seedlings, expecting a great increase in demand after government promises to increase tree planting. Demand failed to materialize and the company said it planned to destroy the trees, partly blaming difficulties land owners faced in obtaining subsidies to fund the work. After The Times reported on the plan, dozens of charities, community groups and individuals all over the country got in touch with Maelor to ask if they could help. “The nursery discounted the price per tree from 35 — 40 pence to 20 pence and sold nearly all of the 500,000 it had been planning to destroy. Thanks largely to the article in The Times only a small percentage had to be destroyed,” said Mike Harvey, Maelor’s managing director. “We are delighted that these oak saplings (幼树) have found good homes. We were frustrated at the prospect of having to destroy plants which we had spent two years growing only to find they were being left without a future for reasons beyond our control.” Mr Harvey said the largest order, for 30,000 oaks, had come from Extinction Rebellion Rewilding, an offshoot of the climate change campaign group. It launched a campaign called Save the Oaks which raised £10,000 through a crowdfunding appeal to purchase and plant trees that had been due to be destroyed. Jethro Gauld, one of the organisers of the planting in Cambridgeshire, said, “We wanted to do something to prevent such a massive waste of saplings and help create a good news story to benefit local people and wildlife. ” Natasha Somers, a volunteer for Save the Oaks, said, “The support we’ve seen shows how a community can come together in difficult times. It’s clear that people want to act for a better future, one where humanity and nature are connected.” 36. The underlined word ‘subsidies’ is closest in meaning to ‘________’. A. equipment B. technical support C. confidence D. financial aid 37. What had Maelor Forest Nurseries planned to do before The Times reported on their plan? A. To reduce the price of the seedlings. B. To ruin the trees it had taken care of. C. To wait for government help to arrive. D. To count the number of oak trees in Britain. 38. What happened to the 500,000 saplings at last? A. Most of them were sold out. B. Most of them were thrown away. C. They were replanted to Cambridgeshire. D. They were donated to a campaign group. 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. A prospective approach to planting. B. A nationwide effort to save oak trees. C. A tree nursery devoted to preserving endangered trees. D. A species of trees that are threatened with extinction. 【答案】36. D 37. B 38. A 39. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇新闻稿。文章讲述通过《泰晤士报》报道，全国各组织一起努力拯救了50万棵橡树苗的故事。 【36题详解】 词句猜测题。由文章第四段“Demand failed to materialize and the company said it planned to destroy the trees, partly blaming difficulties land owners faced in obtaining subsidies to fund the work.(需求未能实现，该公司表示计划摧毁这些树木，部分原因是土地所有者在获得 来资助这项工作方面面临困难)”中fund the work可推知，这里指获得“资金帮助”来资助这项工作，所以猜测subsidies表“资金帮助”的意思。故选D项。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第四段“Demand failed to materialize and the company said it planned to destroy the trees, partly blaming difficulties land owners faced in obtaining subsidies to fund the work.(需求未能实现，该公司表示计划摧毁这些树木，部分原因是土地所有者在获得资助方面面临困难)”可知，在《泰晤士报》报道他们的计划之前，Maelor森林苗圃计划毁掉它照顾过的树木。故选B项。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第六段““The nursery discounted the price per tree from 35 — 40 pence to 20 pence and sold nearly all of the 500,000 it had been planning to destroy. Thanks largely to the article in The Times only a small percentage had to be destroyed,” said Mike Harvey, Maelor’s managing director.(“苗圃将每棵树的价格从35-40便士降至20便士，并几乎卖掉了它计划摧毁的50万棵树。这在很大程度上要归功于《泰晤士报》的文章，只有一小部分被销毁。”Maelor的董事总经理迈克·哈维（Mike Harvey）说)”可知，50万棵树苗中的大部分都卖完了。故选A项。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。由文章第一段“Almost half a million young oak (橡树) trees have been saved after The Times revealed they were due to be destroyed because of delays in government help to create more woodland.(《泰晤士报》透露，由于政府在帮助创造更多林地方面的延误，近50万棵年轻的橡树将被摧毁，此后这些橡树得以幸存)”、第五段“After The Times reported on the plan, dozens of charities, community groups and individuals all over the country got in touch with Maelor to ask if they could help.(在《泰晤士报》报道了该计划后，全国各地的数十家慈善机构、社区团体和个人与Maelor联系，询问他们是否可以提供帮助)”以及上下文可知，文章主要讲通过《泰晤士报》报道，全国各组织一起努力拯救了50万棵橡树苗的故事。所以B项A nationwide effort to save oak trees.(全国范围内拯救橡树的努力)符合语境。故选B项。 （B） Most people regard multitasking as a desirable skill: doing several tasks at the same time seems efficient. However, psychological researches have proved that heavy multitasking does not improve productivity; on the contrary, it lowers people’s work efficiency. Human brains are not designed for true multitasking. What we usually call multitasking is actually task switching: the brain rapidly jumps back and forth between different assignments. Every time you shift your attention from one task to another, your brain has to spend extra mental energy to refocus. This frequent shifting creates mental fatigue. People who habitually multitask are more likely to make mistakes and take longer time to finish their work. Some people believe they are gifted multitaskers and can handle multiple jobs perfectly. But controlled experiments show that heavy multitaskers perform worse than average people even on single tasks. They are more easily distracted by irrelevant information. Their ability to filter useless information is weakened. This does not mean people should never handle more than one thing. Light multitasking such as listening to light music while doing housework is acceptable, since one task requires very little mental resources. But for complex, high cognitive load work like studying, writing or data analysis, people should focus on one single task at a time. The concept of deep work comes from these findings. Deep work means focusing fully on one complex task for a long uninterrupted period. It requires people to cut off distractions like social media notifications. Deep work can greatly improve quality and efficiency of high level mental work. 40. According to the passage, what is real multitasking for human brains? A. Finishing multiple tasks at the same time. B. Quickly jumping from one task to another. C. Doing physical and mental work together. D. Separating big tasks into several small ones. 41. What will happen to frequent heavy multitaskers? A. They can finish complex tasks in shorter time. B. They become better at sorting out useful information. C. They tend to get distracted easily and make more errors. D. They can greatly improve their general intelligence. 42. Which of the following belongs to deep work activity? A. Chatting online while doing homework. B. Listening to pop songs while tidying rooms. C. Writing an essay without any message pop-ups. D. Watching videos while reading news articles. 【答案】40. B 41. C 42. C 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍人脑无法真正同时处理多项任务，频繁重度多任务处理降低效率，深度工作更适合高认知任务。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Human brains are not designed for true multitasking. What we usually call multitasking is actually task switching: the brain rapidly jumps back and forth between different assignments. (人类大脑并非为真正的多任务处理而生。我们通常所说的多任务处理实际上是任务切换：大脑在不同任务之间快速来回跳转。)”可知，对人脑而言，我们口中所谓的多任务本质就是在不同任务间快速切换。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This frequent shifting creates mental fatigue. People who habitually multitask are more likely to make mistakes and take longer time to finish their work.(这种频繁切换会造成精神疲劳。习惯同时处理多项任务的人更容易犯错，并且需要更长时间完成工作。)”以及“They are more easily distracted by irrelevant information. Their ability to filter useless information is weakened.(他们更容易被无关信息干扰，过滤无用信息的能力变弱。)”可知，经常重度多任务处理的人容易分心、更容易出错。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Deep work means focusing fully on one complex task for a long uninterrupted period. It requires people to cut off distractions like social media notifications.(深度工作指长时间不间断地全身心投入一项复杂任务。它要求人们隔绝社交媒体通知这类干扰。)”可知，深度工作需要专心、不受消息弹窗打扰，“写文章，没有任何消息弹窗”符合该定义。 （C） Draw a line across a page, and write on it what you had for dinner yesterday and what you plan to eat tomorrow. If you come from pretty much any European country, you no doubt wrote last night’s meal to the left of tomorrow night’s because we construct mental timelines to represent and reason about time, and most people in the West think of the past as on the left, and the future as on the right. Arnaud Saj at the University of Geneva and his colleagues wondered whether the ability to create a mental timeline is a necessary part of reasoning about events in time. They found seven Europeans with left hemisphere neglect, which means they have damage to parts of the right side of their brain, limiting their ability to detect, identify and interact with objects in the left-hand side of space. They may eat from only the right side of a plate or shave just the right side of their face. The team also found seven volunteers who had damage to the right side of their brain but didn’t have hemispatial neglect, and seven people with undamaged brains. All the volunteers took part in memory tests. First, they learned about a fictional man called David. They were shown pictures of what David liked to eat 10 years ago, and what he might like to eat in 10 years’ time. Participants were then shown drawings of 10 of David’s favourite foods, plus four food items they hadn’t seen before. Participants had to say whether it was a food that David liked in the past or might like in the future. The tests were repeated with items in David’s apartment. People with hemispatial neglect could remember just as many items as the other two groups of volunteers. However, of these items, significantly fewer were from David’s past than his future. They were also more likely to make mistakes about items when they were from the past. In other words, people with hemispatial neglect have trouble imagining the left side of their timeline, and consequently assign past events to the future. It would be interesting to see whether people with neglect of the right space have trouble with events that are supposed to happen in the future, says Saj, but these kinds of symptoms are rare since the brain areas that represent space are predominantly in the right side. Together these results suggest that the ability to represent space in the mind’s eye is vital to our ability to remember and reason about events that occur along that timeline. “It gives us an understanding of the representation of time in humans,” says Saj. His team will now investigate how people with spatial neglect represent their own understanding of space and time. “They get bored less than others in hospital because the time seems to pass more quickly to them,” he says. Saj’s team will test whether these people experience a compression of “personal time”. 43. People with left hemisphere neglect are most likely to ________. A. use their left hands more often than right hands B. start reading from the right side of the page C. ignore numbers on the left side of a clock D. shave just the left side of the face 44. What does Arnaud Saj imply about people with right hemisphere neglect? A. Their understanding of time is different from others. B. They are likely to assign the future events to the past. C. They have little trouble reasoning about events in time. D. Their ability to represent space has been greatly affected. 45. The word “compression” (in the last paragraph) is closest in meaning to ________. A. saving B. dividing C. forgetting D. shortening 46. What can be concluded from the passage? A. Past may well be very vague if your right side of the brain is faulty. B. Right hemisphere neglect is a rare condition among people from the West. C. The brain areas that help understand space and time are close to each other. D. The ability to remember time has something to do with where you are from. 【答案】43. C 44. C 45. D 46. A 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍日内瓦大学Arnaud Saj团队的神经科学研究，证明人类对时间的理解与大脑的空间表征能力深度绑定。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“They found seven Europeans with left hemisphere neglect, which means they have damage to parts of the right side of their brain, limiting their ability to detect, identify and interact with objects in the left-hand side of space.(他们找到了七名患有左脑忽视症的欧洲人，这意味着他们的大脑右半球受损，导致他们难以察觉、识别并与空间左侧物体进行互动。)”可知，患有左侧空间忽视症的人最有可能忽略时钟左侧的数字。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“It would be interesting to see whether people with neglect of the right space have trouble with events that are supposed to happen in the future, says Saj, but these kinds of symptoms are rare since the brain areas that represent space are predominantly in the right side.(萨吉表示：“探究右侧空间忽视症患者是否在处理未来事件方面存在障碍会很有意思”，但这类症状较为罕见，因为负责空间表征的大脑区域主要位于大脑右侧。”)”可知，右空间忽视病例极少，目前没有证据表明他们处理时间事件有困难。 【45题详解】 词句猜测题。根据最后一段“They get bored less than others in hospital because the time seems to pass more quickly to them(他们在医院里比其他人更不容易感到无聊，因为对他们来说时间似乎过得更快)”可知，这类病人感觉时间过得更快，所以他的团队要测试他们是否存在个人时间的缩短，compression的意思是“缩短”，和shortening意思相近。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“People with hemispatial neglect could remember just as many items as the other two groups of volunteers. However, of these items, significantly fewer were from David’s past than his future. They were also more likely to make mistakes about items when they were from the past. In other words, people with hemispatial neglect have trouble imagining the left side of their timeline, and consequently assign past events to the future.(患有半侧空间忽视症的受试者记住的条目数量，和另外两组志愿者一样多。但在这些记忆内容当中，来自戴维 “过去” 的条目远少于来自他“未来”的条目。当条目内容属于过去时，他们也更容易出错。换句话说，半侧空间忽视症患者很难构想时间线的左侧，因此会把过去的事件归到未来里。)”结合这类患者是大脑右侧受损的描述。可知，右脑受损时，人们对过去的感知和记忆会变得非常模糊。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Gyms that profit most from the January rush Every year, like clockwork, many people go through the same routine. On December 26th and January 1st, as the fog of cheese, chocolate oranges and champagne lifts, regret creeps（悄悄出现）in. Online searches for “get fit” and “lose weight” increase.____47____“Intent typically takes seven to 14 days to turn into reality,” notes Humphrey Cobbold, chief executive of Pure Gym, Britain’s largest gym chain. So this week will be one of the busiest for the gym industry globally. Many gym recruits（新成员）will have their new sportswear on for high-intensity interval training. In the basement of Another Space, a club near London’s Leicester Square, music pumps and light flash as a trainer shouts instructions to a group of mostly young women. They are pushed through bursts of burpees, handclap push-ups and various kick and punches at boxing bags. The training is murderous.____48____Such high-end gym can charge up to eight times as much as low-cost ones, based on two visits a week over a year. They are at one end of a fitness market.____49____America’s market leader, Planet Fitness, promises “the best value on the planet”, and has over 10 million members; its shares rose in 2017. One in seven people in Britain is a gym member, and 35% of private memberships are low-cost, up from 14% in 2013, according to Leisure DB, a data firm. Mid-range clubs, meanwhile, have fared less well. Virgin Active recently sold its less luxurious facilities in Britain to avoid being squished（压扁）in the middle. Pure Gym expects soon to reach 1 million members. Part of its appeal is that, unlike traditional gyms, members are not bound by a long contract. “We have taken a £500 decision and turned it into a £20 decision,” says Mr Cobbold.____50____Most new joiners do not plan to spend much money. But gyms proper on non-attendance. According to IHRSA, an industry body based in Boston, fewer than half of gym members in America hit the treadmill（跑步机）at least twice a week—until the exercise cycle begins anew the following January. A. There will be other ripple effects（连锁反应）, too. B. That will be good news for some gym goers because many will soon suffer a second round of regret. C. However, the club’s luxurious changing rooms and bars relieve some of the pain. D. Health clubs of all shapes and sizes stand ready to respond. E. Spending on fashion items also increases around the time of joining a gym. F. At the other are budget gyms, which have accounted for the big part of gym growth in recent years. 【答案】47. D 48. C 49. F 50. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。本文主要分析了面对大众减肥健身的需求，从1月份的健身热潮中获利最多的健身房。 【47题详解】 根据上文“Online searches for “get fit” and “lose weight” increase.（在线搜索“健身”和“减肥”的次数增加。）”及下文“So this week will be one of the busiest for the gym industry globally.（因此，本周将是全球健身业最繁忙的一周。）”可知，空格处需要说明健身俱乐部面对大众减肥健身的需求要做出反应。D项“Health clubs of all shapes and sizes stand ready to respond. （因此，本周将是全球健身业最繁忙的一周。）”承上启下，符合文意。故选D。 【48题详解】 根据下文“Such high-end gym can charge up to eight times as much as low-cost ones（这种高端健身房的收费可能是低成本健身房的八倍）”中“Such high-end gym”是关键词，说明上文要提到这种高端健身房。C项“However, the club’s luxurious changing rooms and bars relieve some of the pain. （然而，俱乐部的豪华更衣室和酒吧减轻了一些痛苦。）”中luxurious（豪华的）说明这种健身房的高端。此外，该选项与上文“The training is murderous.（这种训练很残酷。）”构成转折关系。故选C。 【49题详解】 上文“They are at one end of a fitness market.（他们是健身市场的一端。）”及下文“One in seven people in Britain is a gym member, and 35% of private memberships are low-cost, up from 14% in 2013, according to Leisure DB, a data firm. Mid-range clubs, meanwhile, have fared less well. Virgin Active recently sold its less luxurious facilities in Britain to avoid being squished（压扁）in the middle.（数据公司休闲数据库（Leisure DB）的数据显示，英国七分之一的人是健身房会员，35%的私人会员是低价会员，高于2013年的14%。与此同时，中档俱乐部的表现也不太好。Virgin Active最近在英国出售了不太豪华的设施，以避免被挤在中间。）”可知，上文介绍了高端健身房，空格后通过数据说明低价会员的市场占比，下文又提到“中档俱乐部被挤在中间”，故空格处要引出处于另一端的健身房，即廉价健身房或低端健身房。F项“At the other are budget gyms, which have accounted for the big part of gym growth in recent years.（另一端是廉价健身房，近年来在健身房的增长中占了很大一部分。）”符合文意。故选F。 【50题详解】 根据上文““We have taken a £500 decision and turned it into a £20 decision,” says Mr Cobbold.（科伯德表示：“我们已经做出了一个500英镑的决定，并将其变成了一个20英镑的决定。”）”及下文“Most new joiners do not plan to spend much money.（大多数新加入者不打算花很多钱。）”可知，将500英镑的决定变成了一个20英镑的决定是一个好消息。B项“That will be good news for some gym goers because many will soon suffer a second round of regret. （这对一些去健身房的人来说是个好消息，因为很多人很快就会遭受第二轮的遗憾。）”符合文意。故选B。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Role of the Modern Zoo Initially seen purely as centres of entertainment, zoos were often heavily criticised in society for keeping animals captive. Nowadays, however, zoos have a lot more to offer than perhaps some people realise. Good zoos have changed their focus and are now responding to environmental problems, such as the decline in wildlife and loss of their living space. Indeed, scientists believe that a third of all animal and plant species on Earth risk extinction within this century. The modern zoo, therefore, has developed dramatically as a major force in conserving biodiversity, that is, the large variety of animal species worldwide. Zoos linked with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums participate in Species Survival Plan Programmes, which involve captive breeding, reintroduction programmes and public education to ensure the survival of many of the planet’s threatened and endangered species. Captive breeding is the process of breeding animals outside their natural environment in restricted conditions such as farms, zoos or other closed areas. It is a method used to increase the populations of endangered species, in order to prevent extinction. One of the main challenges facing captive breeding programmes, however,is maintaining genetic diversity. Zoo staff are fully trained in this area, and manage the programmes carefully to ensure genetic variation. Another way in which zoos protect endangered species is through reintroduction programmes. These programmes release animals that have been in the zoo back into their natural living spaces. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, many zoos now concentrate on educating the public, particularly the younger generation. These zoos educate millions of visitors each year about endangered species and related conservation issues. Visiting the zoo not only raises money for conserving projects, but also reminds individuals about environmental issues. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文： Now zoos play more roles than just conserving wildlife. First, thanks to fully trained staff, they use captive breeding, keeping animals outside their natural living space, to protect endangered animals and keep the variety of wildlife. Secondly, they help animals back to their natural environment through reintroduction programmes. Lastly, they also help educate people about animals and the environment. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍现代动物园不再只用于娱乐，转而致力于生物多样性保护，借助多种项目保护濒危物种，同时开展公众环保教育。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Initially seen purely as centres of entertainment, zoos were often heavily criticised in society for keeping animals captive. ②Good zoos have changed their focus and are now responding to environmental problems, such as the decline in wildlife and loss of their living space ③Zoos linked with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums participate in Species Survival Plan Programmes, which involve captive breeding, reintroduction programmes and public education to ensure the survival of many of the planet’s threatened and endangered species. ④One of the main challenges facing captive breeding programmes, however,is maintaining genetic diversity. ⑤Another way in which zoos protect endangered species is through reintroduction programmes. ⑥Finally, and perhaps most significantly, many zoos now concentrate on educating the public, particularly the younger generation. 2. 缜密构思 将①②点作为总起，点明现代动物园角色转变；将③④点整合为圈养繁育项目及其目标与难题对策；将⑤点单独说明野化放归项目；将⑥点总结动物园的科普教育作用。 3. 遣词造句 Now zoos play more roles than just conserving wildlife. First, thanks to fully trained staff, they use captive breeding, keeping animals outside their natural living space, to protect endangered animals and keep the variety of wildlife. Secondly, they help animals back to their natural environment through reintroduction programmes. Lastly, they also help educate people about animals and the environment. 【点睛】[高分句型 1] Now zoos play more roles than just conserving wildlife.（使用比较级结构点明主题） [高分句型 2] First, thanks to fully trained staff, they use captive breeding, keeping animals outside their natural living space, to protect endangered animals and keep the variety of wildlife.（使用现在分词短语作状语） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 你多久给你的手机充一次电？（charge）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】How often do you charge your mobile phone? 【解析】 【详解】根据句意，该句询问的是日常习惯，全句使用一般现在时；表示“多久一次”为疑问词组How often，置于句首，首字母需大写；表示“给……充电”为动词charge，主语为you，所以需借助助动词do构成疑问句语序；表示“你的手机”为your mobile phone作宾语。 53. 三天后，我们找到了这起车祸唯一的目击证人。（take）(汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It took us three days to find the only witness to this car accident. 【解析】 【详解】“花费某人多长时间做某事”表达为题干提示词take的固定句型It takes sb. + 时间段 + to do sth.，其中it为形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式短语，句子描述的是过去发生的事实，应用一般过去时took；表示“我们”用代词us；“找到”用动词find，置于不定式符号to后用动词原形；“唯一的目击证人”表达为the only witness to this car accident，witness后接介词to是表“某事件的目击者”的固定搭配。 54. 重要的不是教会学生一些技能，而是让他们具备应对变化的能力。(not...but...) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】What matters is not to teach students some skills but to equip them with the ability to deal with changes. 【解析】 【详解】“重要的……”用主语从句What matters表示，使用一般现在时阐述客观道理，“是”用系动词is表示，“不是……而是……”用not...but...表示，“教会学生一些技能”用不定式短语to teach students some skills放在not后作表语，“是让他们具备应对变化的能力”用不定式短语放在but后作表语，和前面不定式保持对称，“让他们具备”用固定搭配equip them with表示，“能力”用名词the ability作with的宾语，“应对变化”用不定式to deal with changes作后置定语修饰the ability。 55. 每一位受访者都对这部动画片的细节如数家珍，可见其影响力。(which) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Every interviewee was very familiar with the details of the cartoon, which showed its great influence. 【解析】 【详解】“每一位受访者”用名词短语Every interviewee作主语，“对……如数家珍”，即“对……熟悉”用固定搭配be familiar with作谓语部分，描述已经发生的情况用一般过去时，be动词用was，“这部动画片的细节”用名词短语the details of the cartoon作介词with的宾语，which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整件事，在从句中作主语，“可见”用动词show作从句谓语，时态和主句保持一致用一般过去时showed，“其影响力”暗示“影响力极大”用名词短语its great influence作从句的宾语。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在一份英语报纸上读到一篇关于网络时代人际交往的文章，文章作者认为社交网站虽然拓宽了人们的交友网络，但也使得人和人之间的交流不够深入。写一封邮件给该报纸的“读者来信”专栏，表达你对这一观点的看法，内容须包括：你是否赞同作者的这一观点； 你的理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文： Dear Editor, I am writing in response to your recent article about interpersonal communication in the digital age. Though I recognize the author’s worries, I only partly agree, for social networking sites are a double-edged sword. For one thing, online communication often lacks depth and closeness. Digital convenience results in shallow interactions, with emojis taking the place of sincere emotional sharing. Staying connected online all the time may surprisingly make people emotionally distant from each other. For another, social media brings great advantages. It breaks geographic limits and helps us keep long-distance relationships easily. Besides, people with special interests can find peer groups they can hardly meet offline. Actually, we should not blame technology itself. What matters is our way of using it. We need a healthy balance: make use of social media to enrich our world and spare enough time for valuable face-to-face talks. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生给报社专栏写邮件，针对网络时代人际交往的文章发表自己对相关观点的看法并陈述理由，本篇范文采用部分赞同的角度创作。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 担忧：worry → anxiety 导致：result in → lead to/bring about 真诚的：sincere → genuine 利用：make use of → take advantage of 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：We need a healthy balance: make use of social media to enrich our world and spare enough time for valuable face-to-face talks. 拓展句：What we need is a healthy balance, where we make use of social media to enrich our world and spare enough time for valuable face-to-face talks. 【点睛】【高分句型 1】Though I recognize the author’s worries, I only partly agree, for social networking sites are a double-edged sword.(运用了though引导让步状语从句和for引导的原因状语从句) 【高分句型 2】What matters is our way of using it.(运用了what引导主语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $