2027届高三英语二轮复习专项 阅读理解D篇议论文（五）

新高三英语 二轮复习专项｜阅读理解D篇 议论文 话题预览（外刊时文） Passage 1（生物类）话题：植物地下真菌网络的跨植株预警机制 Passage 2（环境类）话题：生物发光浮游生物助力海洋污染实时监测 Passage 3（科技类）话题：柔性电子皮肤助力智能假肢触觉感知升级 Passage 4（心理类）话题：积极幻想与现实乐观的差异化心理影响 Passage 1（生物类）话题：植物地下真菌网络的跨植株预警机制 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 In traditional biological cognition, plants are passive life forms that lack active communication and self-protection awareness. They are considered unable to send early warnings or share survival information with neighboring individuals. However, latest botanical research has overturned this long-held opinion and discovered a hidden underground communication system existing in most forest and farmland plants. All green plants can form symbiotic relationships with tiny soil fungi. These thread-like fungal filaments wrap tightly around plant roots and build a widespread connection network named the wood wide web. Plants deliver excess sugar produced by photosynthesis to feed the fungi, while the fungi absorb underground minerals and water to support plant growth. This mutually beneficial partnership lays a solid foundation for information transmission. When a single plant is attacked by insect pests or harmful bacteria, it will release special defensive chemicals into the fungal network. These chemical signals spread rapidly to surrounding healthy plants through underground channels. Receiving the warning information, unaffected plants will instantly activate internal defense systems and accumulate protective substances in advance to resist potential invasion. Scientists designed strict contrast experiments to rule out air-borne signal interference. The final data confirmed that the communication completely relies on underground fungal transmission rather than above-ground gas diffusion. This breakthrough finding not only enriches people’s understanding of plant intelligence, but also provides innovative green solutions for modern ecological agriculture to reduce pesticide dependence. 1. What can we learn about the wood wide web? A. It depends on air transmission to work. B. It is built based on win-win symbiosis. C. It exists only in artificial farmland plants. D. It helps plants speed up photosynthesis. 2. The underlined word “activate” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______. A. shut down B. give away C. start up D. take over 3. What can be inferred from the strict experiments? A. Plants have independent nervous systems. B. Air signals assist plants in resisting pests. C. Fungal networks serve as plant warning channels. D. Healthy plants never suffer from bacterial invasion. 4. What is the author’s attitude towards the new finding? A. Supportive B. Doubtful C. Uncertain D. Negative Passage 2（环境类）话题：生物发光浮游生物助力海洋污染实时监测 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 For decades, ocean environmental monitoring mainly depends on manual sampling and professional chemical testing in laboratories. This traditional method is accurate but time-consuming, costly and unable to achieve continuous real-time observation of remote sea areas. In recent years, marine ecologists have developed a creative monitoring method based on natural bioluminescence of marine plankton. Bioluminescence is a natural biological phenomenon where specific marine plankton emit soft blue light during normal metabolic activities. Under clean seawater conditions, these plankton maintain stable cell activity and continuous luminous performance. Nevertheless, once exposed to microplastics, heavy metals or other organic pollutants, their internal metabolic functions will be severely inhibited, leading to obvious decline in luminous intensity. Researchers can judge the degree of seawater pollution by precisely measuring the brightness changes of plankton luminescence. Compared with traditional detection equipment, this biological monitoring technology requires no expensive precision instruments and can realize long-term unattended monitoring in isolated coastal waters and open oceans. However, the new method has unavoidable limitations. Natural factors including water temperature, salinity and nutrient concentration will also affect plankton’s luminous state. Researchers need to establish complete natural change databases to distinguish natural fluctuations from pollution-induced changes. Though unable to replace standard chemical testing, this creative biological method provides an efficient early-warning approach for global marine environmental protection. 1. What is the disadvantage of traditional ocean monitoring? A. It cannot guarantee detection accuracy. B. It is too simple for laboratory research. C. It costs much time and economic resources. D. It can observe sea areas continuously. 2. Why do pollutants affect plankton’s light emission? A. They change the color of clean seawater. B. They destroy plankton’s normal metabolism. C. They absorb blue light in the deep ocean. D. They increase nutrient concentration rapidly. 3. The underlined word “inhibited” in Paragraph 2 means ______. A. restricted B. improved C. protected D. rewarded 4. What does the new monitoring technology bring to marine protection? A. It totally replaces chemical testing methods. B. It eliminates all ocean pollutants in open seas. C. It stabilizes temperature of global seawater. D. It offers an effective early-warning solution. Passage 3（科技类）话题：柔性电子皮肤助力智能假肢触觉感知升级 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Traditional artificial limbs have helped countless disabled people restore basic limb movement abilities over the past decades. However, these mechanical devices have a fatal functional defect: they can only passively execute movement commands sent by the human brain, without any ability to sense external physical information such as pressure, texture and temperature. This shortcoming makes many daily delicate tasks extremely risky for prosthesis users. To solve this technical bottleneck, scientific researchers have developed flexible electronic skin, also known as e-skin. Made of ultra-thin, stretchable and highly sensitive sensor materials, this innovative bionic skin can be perfectly attached to the surface of artificial limbs. When touching objects, the sensors can instantly convert external physical stimulation into identifiable electrical signals and transmit them to the human nervous system. In multiple practical tests, users equipped with upgraded e-skin prostheses successfully distinguished rough and smooth surfaces, identified cold and hot objects, and grasped fragile items stably without causing damage. This great breakthrough greatly improves users’ safety and independence in daily life. At present, the technology still faces minor challenges. The signal transmission system is relatively bulky and consumes large power, limiting its long-term wearable application. Researchers are committed to miniaturizing equipment and reducing energy consumption. In the future, mature e-skin technology will not only optimize prosthetic equipment, but also be widely applied in service robots to realize safer human-machine interaction. 1. What is the major weakness of traditional artificial limbs? A. They are too heavy for long-time wearing. B. They fail to sense external physical stimuli. C. They may cause harm to users’ bodies. D. They cannot receive brain movement orders. 2. What is the working principle of flexible e-skin? A. It repairs damaged human nervous systems directly. B. It controls human brain commands automatically. C. It turns physical stimulation into electrical signals. D. It changes the temperature of surrounding objects. 3. The underlined word “fragile” in Paragraph 3 is closest to ______. A. solid B. precious C. ordinary D. breakable 4. What can we infer about e-skin technology from the text? A. It has been fully mature and widely used. B. It still needs further technical optimization. C. It is only suitable for disabled prosthesis users. D. It will completely replace traditional robotic skin. Passage 4（心理类）话题：积极幻想与现实乐观的差异化心理影响 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 In modern self-improvement education, people are constantly encouraged to hold positive attitudes and imagine perfect future outcomes. Most people believe that frequent positive fantasy can motivate individuals to work harder and realize life goals. However, latest psychological research has proved that blind positive fantasy is quite different from realistic optimism and may even hinder personal progress. Positive fantasy refers to the unrealistic imagination of ideal results without considering practical difficulties. When people repeatedly immerse themselves in perfect future pictures, their brains will obtain false sense of satisfaction and achievement in advance. This premature mental reward will greatly reduce individuals’ internal drive to make real efforts, resulting in procrastination and low efficiency in goal implementation. On the contrary, realistic optimism is a healthy positive mindset. People with this mindset keep confident about future goals, meanwhile they clearly recognize existing difficulties, risks and challenges. They tend to make detailed practical plans, adjust strategies timely and stick to continuous hard work when facing setbacks. Researchers stressed that positive imagination is not completely negative. Appropriate and rational positive thinking can relieve anxiety, inspire creativity and adjust negative emotions. The core of self-growth is not abandoning fantasy, but combining positive expectation with down-to-earth action. Only balanced cognition can bring steady and long-term progress. 1. What do most people think of positive fantasy? A. It prevents people from making progress. B. It helps people predict future risks. C. It can inspire people to pursue goals. D. It equals realistic positive optimism. 2. Why does blind positive fantasy weaken people’s motivation? A. It brings premature mental satisfaction. B. It makes people aware of real challenges. C. It causes serious emotional anxiety. D. It offers practical action guidance. 3. The underlined word “hinder” in Paragraph 1 means ______. A. promote B. block C. influence D. witness 4. What is the best title for the text? A. The Advantages of Positive Fantasy B. How to Avoid Negative Emotions C. Realistic Optimism Counts More D. The Balanced Cognition of Positivity 详细参考答案与解析 Passage 1：1.B 2.C 3.C 4.A Passage 2：1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D Passage 3：1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B Passage 4：1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D Passage 1 1. 答案：B 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph 2：This mutually beneficial partnership lays a solid foundation for information transmission. 【解析】文中提到植物供给糖，真菌提供矿物质和水分，二者互惠共生，地下网络正是建立在这种双赢共生关系之上，和B选项表述一致。 A选项错误。原文第四段说明信号依靠地下真菌传导，而不是空气传播，和原文信息直接相反。C选项错误。第一段提到该系统存在于most forest and farmland plants，不只是人工农田，“only”一词表述绝对，属于典型绝对化干扰项。D选项错误。文中没有提及该网络能够加快光合作用速度，属于无中生有。 2. 答案：C 【题型】词义猜测题 【原文定位】Paragraph 3：Receiving the warning information, unaffected plants will instantly activate internal defense systems… 【解析】本句句意：收到预警后，未受侵害的植物会立刻启动自身防御系统。activate意为“激活，启动”，和start up同义。 A. shut down（关闭），语义相反；B. give away（赠送；泄露），放入句中不通顺D. take over（接管），不符合本句语境。 3. 答案：C 【题型】推理判断题 【原文定位】Paragraph 4：Scientists designed strict contrast experiments to rule out air-borne signal interference. The final data confirmed that the communication completely relies on underground fungal transmission… 【解析】科学家设置对照实验，排除空气作为传播媒介，由此可以合理推断：真菌网络就是植株间传递预警信号的通道，对应C。 A选项错误。原文只是说明植物可以化学信号交流，并没有说植物拥有和动物一样的神经系统，过度推断。B选项错误。实验目的就是排除空气信号，证明空气并不参与这种预警传递，与原文相反。D选项错误。“never suffer”表述过于绝对，实验只能证明预警可以提前启动防御，不能保证永远不受细菌侵害。 4. 答案：A 【题型】观点态度题 【原文定位】Paragraph 4：This breakthrough finding not only enriches people’s understanding of plant intelligence, but also provides innovative green solutions… 【解析】作者用了breakthrough（重大突破）、innovative（创新性的）这类褒义词汇，可见作者对这项新发现持支持、肯定的态度，选A Supportive。 B Doubtful（怀疑的）、C Uncertain（不确定的）、D Negative（否定消极的），都和作者用词的感情色彩不符。 Passage 2 1. 答案：C 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph 1：This traditional method is accurate but time-consuming, costly and unable to achieve continuous real-time observation of remote sea areas. 【解析】原句说明传统检测方式虽然准确，但是耗时、成本高昂，对应C：耗费大量时间和财力。 A选项错误。原文明确说了traditional method is accurate，“无法保证准确性”和原文相反。B选项错误。文中没有提到传统方法操作简单，属于无中生有。D选项错误。原文写的是不能持续观测，D表述和原文直接相反。 2. 答案：B 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph 2：…once exposed to microplastics, heavy metals or other organic pollutants, their internal metabolic functions will be severely inhibited, leading to obvious decline in luminous intensity. 【解析】污染物抑制浮游生物正常代谢，代谢活动受损之后，发光强度下降，B选项表述与此一致。 A错误：不是改变海水颜色；C错误：污染物不会吸收蓝光；D错误：文中没有提到污染物快速增加营养盐，属于主观臆造信息。 3. 答案：A 【题型】词义猜测题 【原文定位】Paragraph 2：…their internal metabolic functions will be severely inhibited, leading to obvious decline in luminous intensity. 【解析】inhibit 意思是“抑制，阻碍”，和restricted（受到限制）同义。代谢活动受到抑制，所以发光变弱。 B improved（改善，提升）语义相反；C protected（保护）逻辑不通；D rewarded（回报）完全不符合语境。 4. 答案：D 【题型】推理判断题 【原文定位】Paragraph 4：Though unable to replace standard chemical testing, this creative biological method provides an efficient early-warning approach for global marine environmental protection. 【解析】该新技术不能替代传统化学检测，但可以作为高效的早期预警手段，和D表述一致。 A错误：原文明确说明不能完全替代；B错误：“消除全部海洋污染物”夸大效果，属于过度绝对；C错误：全文和海水温度稳定无关，无中生有。 Passage 3 1. 答案：B 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph 1：However, these mechanical devices have a fatal functional defect: they can only passively execute movement commands sent by the human brain, without any ability to sense external physical information… 【解析】老式假肢只能执行大脑发出的移动指令，无法感知压力、质地、温度等外界刺激，对应B。 A错误：原文没有提到假肢太重，属于无中生有；C错误：文中没有提到假肢会伤害使用者；D错误：原文说明假肢可以接收大脑指令，D和原文相反。 2. 答案：C 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph 2：When touching objects, the sensors can instantly convert external physical stimulation into identifiable electrical signals and transmit them to the human nervous system. 【解析】电子皮肤的原理：接触物体，传感器把外界物理刺激转化成电信号，C和原文完全对应。 A错误：电子皮肤不能直接修复受损神经；B错误：它不能自主控制大脑指令；D错误：无法改变物体周围温度，属于编造信息。 3. 答案：D 【题型】词义猜测题 【原文定位】Paragraph 3：…grasped fragile items stably without causing damage. 【解析】句意：稳稳抓住物品，而不弄坏。由此推断 fragile = 易碎的，等同于breakable。 A solid（坚固的），意思相反；B precious（珍贵的），不一定易碎；C ordinary（普通的），和是否容易破损无关。 4. 答案：B 【题型】推理判断题 【原文定位】Paragraph 4：At present, the technology still faces minor challenges. The signal transmission system is relatively bulky and consumes large power… Researchers are committed to miniaturizing equipment and reducing energy consumption. 【解析】这项技术目前还存在缺陷，科研人员仍在优化，由此推出：该技术还需要进一步优化升级，选B。 A错误：还没有完全成熟、大规模推广；C错误：后文提到未来还可以用于服务机器人，说明不只是供假肢使用；D错误：文中没有说会彻底取代传统仿生皮肤，表述绝对。 Passage 4 1. 答案：C 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph 1：Most people believe that frequent positive fantasy can motivate individuals to work harder and realize life goals. 【解析】大众普遍的看法：积极幻想能够激励人们努力追求目标，对应C。 A是科研新结论，不是大众普遍看法；B错误，原文没有提到积极幻想帮助预判风险；D错误，文章开篇就区分二者，说明大多数人其实混淆了，但并不等于二者本身就是一回事。 2. 答案：A 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph 2：When people repeatedly immerse themselves in perfect future pictures, their brains will obtain false sense of satisfaction and achievement in advance. This premature mental reward will greatly reduce individuals’ internal drive… 【解析】一味幻想理想结果，大脑提前获得满足感，这种提前到来的心理满足，削弱行动动力，对应A。 B错误：意识到困难是realistic optimism（现实乐观）的特点，不是积极幻想；C错误：原文没有说幻想会引发焦虑；D错误：积极幻想不会提供可行行动方案，属于干扰信息。 3. 答案：B 【题型】词义猜测题 【原文定位】Paragraph 1：…blind positive fantasy is quite different from realistic optimism and may even hinder personal progress. 【解析】句意：盲目积极幻想不同于现实乐观，甚至有可能阻碍个人进步。hinder = block（阻碍）。 A promote（促进），语义相反；C influence（影响）是中性词，程度不准确；D witness（见证），放入句子语义不通。 4. 答案：D 【题型】主旨大意/标题题 4. 答案：D 【题型】主旨大意/标题题 【原文定位】Paragraph 4：Researchers stressed that positive imagination is not completely negative… The core of self-growth is not abandoning fantasy, but combining positive expectation with down-to-earth action. Only balanced cognition can bring steady and long-term progress. 【解析】文章辩证探讨两种心态：一方面指出盲目积极幻想存在弊端，另一方面也没有全盘否定积极想象。文章最终提出核心观点：自我成长的关键在于兼顾积极期待与务实行动，保持对积极心态的平衡认知，D选项高度概括全文主旨。 A选项片面。文章不是重点介绍积极幻想的好处，还重点阐述了盲目幻想的危害。 B选项偏离主题，全文没有围绕“如何避免负面情绪”展开。 C选项干扰性强。文章只是区分积极幻想与现实乐观两种心理状态，并未对比二者的重要程度，没有表达“现实乐观比积极幻想更重要”，该选项属于过度比较、片面概括，排除。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $