专题13 定语从句（复习讲义）（全国通用）2027年春季高考英语

专题 定语从句 目录 一、 考试要求 2 二、 命题分析 2 知识网络梳理 2 核心考点精讲 3 考点一：关系代词的用法 3 考点二：关系代词的that的典型用法 4 考点三：关系副词作的用法 5 考点四：介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 6 考点五：as与which引导的定语从句 7 考点六：定语从句中的主谓一致 8 实战精练 9 一、 单句语法填空 9 二、 语法填空 10 考试要求 定语从句是高考英语语法的核心考点之一，贯穿语法填空、完形填空及书面表达三大题型。主要用于修饰主句中的名词或代词（即先行词），分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。核心考查关系词的精准选择、从句成分的判断、特殊句型的应用三大能力。关系代词与关系副词用法区别、介词+关系代词的介词确定、非限制性定语从句与并列句辨析等易错点是关键，需要通过成分分析及语境匹配的逻辑，实现从语法规则记忆到解题能力的迁移。 命题分析 关系代词辨析 that/which/who/whose等关系代词的选择、只用 that的情况 2027年大概率考 that与which 的辨析及whose在从句中的考查。 关系副词应用 when/where/why 的选择、抽象地点先行词 2027年可能考where表抽象地点 介词 + 关系代词 介词的确定（动词搭配 / 先行词搭配）、of which/whom 的用法 2027年可能考介词+ which/whom 非限制性定语从句 as/which的区别、与并列句的辨析 2027年可能考as与which的误用 特殊先行词 way的三种引导方式、reason的从句引导词 2027年可能考way后的定语从句引导词的用法 定语从句与其他从句辨析 与主语从句、同位语从句、强调句的区别 2027年可能考 that 的从句类型判断 定语从句概述 定语从句：在主从复合句中，修饰限定某一名词或代词的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，在句中作定语，故又称为形容词性从句。 先行词：指被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，通常为名词（如人、物、地点、时间等），也可以是整个主句的内容。 关系词：引导定语从句，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或状语，同时替代先行词。根据其用法分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系代词 先行词 在从句中的作用 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语 关系副词：when, where, why 关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词 地点状语 why 原因名词 原因状语 分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉后句意不完整，无逗号。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不密切，是一种补充说明，删除后不影响整个意思的表达，一般用逗号分开。 This is the school where I studied ten years ago.（无逗号，限制性定语从句） He bought a house, whose roof was painted red.（有逗号，非限制性定语从句） 分割型定语从句：指先行词与定语从句之间被其他成分（如谓语动词、介词短语等）隔开的结构。这种分隔是为了避免句子头重脚轻原则（将较长成分置于句尾）。 The days (are gone)when we had to rely on manual labor. He is the only person (in the company)who can solve this problem. · 考点一：关系代词的用法 先行词 关系代词 在从句中作成分 示例 人 who 主语（不可省略） Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.任何违反规则的人都会受到惩罚。 whom 宾语（限制性定语从句中可省略，非限制性定语从句及介词后中不可省略） The girl whom you saw at the party is a famous singer.（whom引导限制性定语从句） 你在派对上看到的那个女孩是位著名歌手。 The author, whom the students admire, gave a speech.（whom引导非限制性定语从句） 那位受学生钦佩的作家做了演讲。 that 主语 / 宾语（宾语可省略） The boy that helped me is Tom.（帮我的男孩是汤姆。） whose 定语（表 “…… 的”） Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful? 你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？ 物 which 主语 / 宾语（限制性定语从句宾语可省略，非限制性定语从句及介词后不可省略） You should select the option which best suits your requirements. 你要挑选最符合你需求的选项。 The book, which I read last night, is extremely captivating. 我昨晚读的那本书特别吸引人。 that 主语 / 宾语（宾语可省略） I've done everything that I can to help you. 我已尽我所能帮助你。 whose 定语（表 “…… 的”） The house whose window is broken is mine.（窗户破了的房子是我的。） 考点二：关系代词that典型用法 1.先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, few, none等不定代词时。 I've done everything that I can to help you. 我已尽我所能帮助你。 2.先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。 This is the first book that I bought with my own money.这是我用自己钱买的第一本书。 She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.她是我见过最美的女孩。 3.先行词被all, only, very, no 等限定词修饰时。 He is the only person that can solve this problem. 他是唯一能解决这个问题的人。 This is the very house that I grew up in. 这正是我长大的房子。 4.先行词中既为人又为表示物的名词时。 They talked about the people and things that they remembered. 他们谈论了记得的人和事。 5.主句以 who/which 开头的疑问句为了避免重复时。 Who is the man that is standing over there? 站在那边的人是谁？ Which is the book that you want? 哪本是你想要的书？ 6.当先行词是the way在句中作方式状语时，后面用that或者in which或者省略that。 The way in which he handled the situation impressed me.他处理情况的方式给我留下了深刻印象。 The way (that) he handled the situation impressed me.他处理情况的方式给我留下了深刻印象。 .【警告】注意关系代词that作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。 The book (that) I read last night was fascinating. 我昨晚读的书很精彩。 【警告】注意that不能用于非限制性定语从句，前边有逗号为标志。 He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.他又迟到了，这次这让他的老师非常生气。 【巩固训练】 1 This is the girl ____________ helped me with my English. 2. I have read all the books ____________ you lent me. 3. The man ____________ car was stolen called the police immediately. 4．I like the writers and their works _________ you mentioned the other day. 5．The concert hall has the most wonderful atmosphere _________can make the audience fully immersed in the music. 6．Festivals are occasions_________ allow us to forget about our work for a little while. 7．The reason _________ he explained at the meeting was not reasonable at all. 8．You may not control all the events _________ happen to you, but you can decide not to be reduced by them. · 考点三：关系副词when,where ,why引导的定语从句 1. when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状语。其先行词是具体时间名词，如day, month, year；还可以是抽象名词，如age, stay, occasion等。 Do you remember the day when we first met? 你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？（定语从句是主谓结构，不缺少宾语） There are occasions when one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。（先行词occasions是典型时间名词） ★易错提醒： 当 time 表示“次数”时，用 that 引导从句（可省略）；当 time 表示“时间”时，用 when 引导从句。 This is the first time that I’ve heard this song. I’ll never forget the time when we worked together in the village. 2. where用作关系副词，在定语从句作地点状语。注意定语从句可能是主谓结构或主谓宾结构。其先行词既可以是具体地点名词，如school, museum, centre；还可以是抽象名词，如point, case, situation, stage, race, position, job等（热点，须牢记）。 This is the hospital where my sister used to work. (the hospital是先行词，where是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语。) The shop where I bought this shirt is not far from here. 我买这件衬衫的商店离这里不远。（定语从句是主谓宾结构，不缺少宾语） There are many cases where this rule doesn’t apply. 在许多情况下，这条规则不适用。（先行词cases是抽象地点） 3. why用作关系副词，在定语从句作原因状语。why还可以用于The reason why…is that…句型。注意如果定语从句谓语动词是及物动词，则应用关系代词。 The reason why he is late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。（关系词在从句中作状语） The reason that he gave for being late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他给出迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。（关系词在从句中作宾语） 【巩固训练】 1.（2023全国甲卷）“There was once a town in the heart of America, _________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with is surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables. 2.（2021天津卷）In the spring, a season ________ we are learning new rhythms of life，many of us find comfort in the natural world. 3.（2021天津卷）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands _________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors. 4.（2020全国I卷）Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot __________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 5．We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, __________ my grandparents and some relatives live. 6．Attending the charity event was an occasion __________I realized the importance of giving back to the community. · 考点四：介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 · 核心知识点梳理 介词的确定方法 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句，关系代词只能用 which（指物）或 whom（指人），介词的选择有 3 种逻辑。 1.根据定语从句中谓语动词的固定搭配。 He is the man with whom I worked.（work with sb.） This is the book about which we talked yesterday.（talk about sth） The girl to whom you wrote is my sister.（write to sb.） 2.根据先行词的固定搭配。 This is the school in which I studied.（in the school） I bought a house for which I paid a lot of money.（pay money for sth） He has a friend from whom he borrowed a car.（borrow from sb） 3.根据句子的逻辑意义。 He was late, for which he apologized.（for表示原因） They visited a village, beyond which there was a mountain.（beyond表示方位：“在…… 之外”） 4.特殊结构：名词/数词+ of+which/whom。 He has three children, two of whom are doctors. There are 50 students in the class, most of whom are boys. I have many books, some of which are English novels. 【巩固训练】 1. Do you remember the day __________ __________ we first met? 2. Do you remember the month __________ __________ we first met? 3. This is the skirt __________ __________ she paid $100. 4. This is the skirt __________ __________ she spent $100. 5. This is my English teacher, __________ __________ I’ve learned a lot. 6. This is my English teacher, __________ __________ help I couldn’t have made such rapid progress. · 考点五：as与which引导的定语从句 1. as引导限制性定语从句的用法 as用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句，表示“正如、就像”，从句中多含有see, know, expect, tell, report等动词。as作从句的主语、宾语或表语，as不可省略，用于such…as…, so…as…, the same…as…句型。 Don’t trust such people as praise you to your face.不要相信当面表扬你的这种人。 They have never read so many books as I read last year. 他们从来都没有读过像我去年读过的那些书。 【易错提醒1】the same…as…强调“和……是同一类”；the same…that…强调“和……是同一个”。 This is the same dictionary as I lost yesterday. 这本词典和我昨天丢的那本一样。（不是同一本词典） He is the same boy that helped me yesterday. 他是昨天帮过我的那个男孩。（指同一个男孩） 【易错提醒2】so…that…, such…that…引导结果状语从句，that只起连接作用不作句子成分。 She is such a kind girl that many students like her. 她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。(状语从句是完整的，前面的that只起引导作用，不作成分。) She is such a kind girl as many students like. 她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。(定语从句缺少宾语，前面的as代替先行词girl，作宾语。) 2. which引导代指主句的用法 which从句只能位于主句之后，当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时，只能用which。 3.位置对比: 例1. As is often the case, he is late again.他又迟到了，这是常见的情况。 例2. Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。 例3. The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved in the past two months正如报告中所表明的，城市空气质量在过去的两个月里已经得到改善。 例4. He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。 4.意义对比：as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中： as anybody can see “正如人人都能看到的那样”；as is well known＝as is known to all “众所周知”； as we had expected “正如我们所预料的那样”； as often happens “正如经常发生的那样”； as is often the case “正如经常发生的那样”； as has been said before “如上所述”； as is mentioned above “正如上面提到的”； which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。 He opposed the idea, as could be expected.不出所料，他反对这个意见。 【巩固训练】 1.（2023全国甲卷）Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, _________Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”. 2．After reading this novel, we were all impressed by such integrity _________was shown by the leading character. 3.The teacher asked such a difficult question _________ no one could answer. 4.Last week our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem _________ none of us worked it out. 5. The Great Wall is such a famous tourist attraction _________ draws millions of people every year. 6. _________the book mentions, you had better not do such things _________ you are unsure about. 考点六：定语从句中的主谓一致用法 1．定语从句先行词作主语，that/which/who从句谓语动词和主语保持一致。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.任何人不能完成指定的任务，都应受到批评。 Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.凡是想去长城的人在这里签名。 2．定语从句先行词是one of…结构，从句谓语用复数；先行词是the only /very one of…，从句谓语用单数。 He is one of the students who have read the book. 他是看过这本书的学生中的一位。 She is the only one of the girls who knows English. 她是那些女孩中唯一一位懂英语的。 【巩固训练】 1.If you look at all sides of the situation, you’ll find probably a solution that ___________ everyone. 2. She is the only one of the girls in our class who ___________ (win) the prize so far. 3. The children, each of whom ___________ (own) a toy car, are playing happily. 4. The problems which ___________ (cause) by pollution require immediate attention. 5. This is one of the best novels that ___________ (publish) this year. 一、单句语法填空 一、单项语法填空 1．He often recalls his childhood, ___________he lived with his grandparents in the countryside. 2．The concert hall has the most wonderful atmosphere___________ can make the audience fully immersed in the music. 3．CISAR brings help and hope to those___________ lives are changed by natural disasters. 4．The author ___________ whom all of us are familiar will visit our company. 5．In a word, we reached a point___________ we wish to enjoy and understand literature. 6．Asians ___________ diets are like Westerners’ experience more disease and weight problems. 7．The reason ___________ we should reduce plastic use is that it significantly reduces pollution and protects marine life. 8．She often reminds herself of the good days ___________they spent together working out the problem in the distant rural area. 9．It’s the only Thai restaurant ___________ ranks among the top 10 of the world’s 50 best restaurants list. 10．The app uses AR to transform the way ___________ visitors interact with the park’s wildlife. 11．The students benefiting most from college are those ___________ are totally engaged in academic life. 12．I don’t think the number of the people to ___________ this happens is very large. 13．It is a comment on society and on the nature of people through the tale of a man ___________ life is changed by an act of forgiveness. 14．From his travelling diary, we all know that there is such a beautiful place ___________ he has described to us.） 15．Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem___________ none of us worked out. 16．Close friends are those who you can really depend on and with ___________ you have the deepest relationships. 17．Written Chinese has also become an important means ___________China’s present is connected with its past. 18．The scientist, with ___________ I worked on the project, will attend the international conference next month. 19．The novel, ___________ main character is a young detective, has won the annual literature award. 20．The cafeteria, ___________ students gather to enjoy meals and socialize with friends, often becomes the heart of the school community. 二、语法填空 华为“韬定律”颠覆芯片行业规则 In May 2026, Huawei unveiled 1 original principle for industrial development in Shanghai: the Tau (τ) Scaling Law. For over five decades, Moore's Law 2 (guide) the development of the global semiconductor industry. Engineers use geometric scaling (几何缩微) to shrink chips and hold more components, a method that has 3 (significant) advanced electronic devices. Today, however, this model hits physical and economic limits. Transistors(晶体管) are nearly the size of atoms, and further downsizing leads to technical difficulties and higher costs. With its benefits 4 (fade), the industry is searching for new innovations for the post-Moore's Law era. Tau (τ), a Greek letter, denotes the time constant (时间常数) in circuit theory(电路理论). It is defined 5 the formula τ= R×C, 6 Ris resistance (电阻) and C is capacitance (电容). This value shows how long electronic signals travel and change state in a circuit. A smaller Tau reading means a faster 7 more efficient chip. Representing a major shift in industry ideas, the Tau Scaling Law turns from pure geometric scaling to time scaling. 8 (support) by Huawei's core technology Logic Folding (逻辑折叠), this method optimizes circuit designs and signal paths across the whole system. Chips thus work faster and consume 9 (little) power, without heavy 10 (depend) on top-tier manufacturing technologies. The new principle provides a practical technical approach for the post-Moore's Law semiconductor industry. 【精炼1】（2026·江苏苏州·三模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 China’s space station, Tiangong, has become a platform for international scientific cooperation, attracting researchers from around the world. Since its 1 (complete) in 2022, Tiangong has hosted a series of scientific experiments and 2 (welcome) astronauts from different countries to work on board. Recently, a team of scientists from China and Italy has launched a joint experiment on Tiangong. The experiment, 3 focuses on space medicine, aims to study 4 long-term space travel affects the human body. This research will provide valuable data 5 future space exploration missions, including trips to the moon and Mars. The Chinese government has always been committed to 6 (promote) international cooperation in space. It has signed cooperation agreements with more than 40 countries and regions, making Tiangong a 7 (share) platform for global scientific progress. Many young scientists are also encouraged to participate in space research, which helps to train 8 next generation of space experts. Astronauts on Tiangong have also carried out a variety of public science activities, helping people around the world learn more about space exploration. These activities have inspired many young people 9 (pursue) careers in science and technology. With the continuous development of China’s space program, Tiangong will continue to play an important role in promoting international scientific cooperation 10 advancing human knowledge of space. 【精炼2】（2026·全国·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 After years of sitting for long hours at the office, Wang Guiqin is starting to feel 1 (energy) once more. Upon retirement, the Beijing native joined a group of similarly-aged people to play a traditional Asian game 2 participants use only their feet and body (no hands are allowed) to keep a jianzi in the air. But it’s not only elderly who are playing the game in the streets and courtyards of China. Jianzi competitions are slowly cropping up all over China, with three-player matches featuring players leaping and kicking the jianzi growing in 4 (popular). The game 5 (date) back to the Western Han Dynasty, more than 2,000 years ago, and is believed 6 (evolve) from cuju, a game that has similarities to soccer. The elegant jianzi also lends itself to a sort of artistic performance, in which a single kicker uses a series of complicated movements to keep the jianzi staying in the air. The first-ever national competition in China for jianzi kicking 7 (hold) in 1933. It was not until the 1980s that people adapted the game 8 shuttlecock (毽球) competitions. In 1987, China established the Chinese Shuttlecock Association, 9 later on the International Shuttlecock Federation (ISF) was created. In 2010, China hosted the 6th ISF World Shuttlecock Championships. Athletes from 14 countries and regions participated, with China and Vietnam 10 (dominate) most of the events. 【精炼3】（2026·四川遂宁·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Mortise and tenon (榫卯) craft is a classic traditional Chinese wood structure technique, with which craftsmen can connect wood pieces tightly together without any nails, screws 1 glue. It has a history of over thousands of years, listed as intangible cultural heritage. It is the core 2 (wise) of ancient Chinese carpentry and architectural craftsmanship.The protruding part of the wood 3 (call) the tenon, and the sunken groove is the mortise. They perfectly interlock with each other, forming a stable, flexible and durable structure. 4 makes people amazed is that this special connection can even withstand natural disasters like earthquakes to some extent. Widely 5 (apply) in ancient Chinese palaces, temples, traditional furniture and wooden buildings, mortise and tenon 6 (show) the philosophy of harmony between man and nature. As is known to all, the Forbidden City’s entire wooden structure relies 7 mortise-and-tenon joints. It 8 (full) reflects the ancient Chinese people’s extraordinary creativity and ingenuity. Today, this time-honored craft is still inherited and promoted, serving as an important symbol of Chinese traditional culture and intangible cultural heritage. The government is encouraging old craftsmen to teach young learners. Many designers use mortise and tenon in modern furniture, 9 (combine) tradition with fashion. This ancient skill is still of great use in our daily life. We should realize 10 (it) value and try our best to protect it. It is indeed a treasure which deserves forever protection. 【精炼4】（2026·黑龙江哈尔滨·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The term “hand-crafted” (or “shou cuo” in Chinese) has evolved from a gaming term into a powerful new economic trend. In the past, creating a successful mobile app or a complex machine 1 (require) a large team and a massive fund. Today, thanks to artificial intelligence, individuals and “one-person companies” are building creative products from their own homes. These “hand-crafters” use AI coding tools to turn unique ideas into reality quickly and 2 a very low cost. For example, a popular safety app for people living alone was developed by just three young people in a month, with 3 budget of only 1,000 yuan. This trend is not limited to software. In the manufacturing sector, 4 (enthusiast) are “hand-crafting” everything from high-altitude rockets to small airplanes. The “hand-crafted economy” thrives on a blend of personal creativity, mature supply chains, 5 AI assistance. To support this, local governments in cities like Qingdao have launched platforms to assist individual AI entrepreneurs in 6 (ready) accessing data and technology. Experts believe that these micro-innovations serve as a vital supplement to the traditional job market, offering a new starting point for “slash youth” 7 possess digital skills, and pursue flexible, diverse careers. However, the rapid growth of this “fast” economy also brings risks. Many apps 8 (generate) by AI lack strict testing, leading to issues with data security and user privacy. In the manufacturing world, selling hand-crafted products without proper licenses can be 9 (legal) and dangerous. To ensure sustainable growth, experts suggest that the government introduce specific regulations 10 (define) the boundaries of the “hand-crafted” market. 5 / 6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题 定语从句 目录 一、 考试要求 2 二、 命题分析 2 知识网络梳理 2 核心考点精讲 3 考点一：关系代词的用法 3 考点二：关系代词的that的典型用法 4 考点三：关系副词作的用法 5 考点四：介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 6 考点五：as与which引导的定语从句 7 考点六：定语从句中的主谓一致 8 实战精练 9 一、 单句语法填空 9 二、 语法填空 10 考试要求 定语从句是高考英语语法的核心考点之一，贯穿语法填空、完形填空及书面表达三大题型。主要用于修饰主句中的名词或代词（即先行词），分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。核心考查关系词的精准选择、从句成分的判断、特殊句型的应用三大能力。关系代词与关系副词用法区别、介词+关系代词的介词确定、非限制性定语从句与并列句辨析等易错点是关键，需要通过成分分析及语境匹配的逻辑，实现从语法规则记忆到解题能力的迁移。 命题分析 关系代词辨析 that/which/who/whose等关系代词的选择、只用 that的情况 2027年大概率考 that与which 的辨析及whose在从句中的考查。 关系副词应用 when/where/why 的选择、抽象地点先行词 2027年可能考where表抽象地点 介词 + 关系代词 介词的确定（动词搭配 / 先行词搭配）、of which/whom 的用法 2027年可能考介词+ which/whom 非限制性定语从句 as/which的区别、与并列句的辨析 2027年可能考as与which的误用 特殊先行词 way的三种引导方式、reason的从句引导词 2027年可能考way后的定语从句引导词的用法 定语从句与其他从句辨析 与主语从句、同位语从句、强调句的区别 2027年可能考 that 的从句类型判断 定语从句概述 定语从句：在主从复合句中，修饰限定某一名词或代词的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，在句中作定语，故又称为形容词性从句。 先行词：指被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，通常为名词（如人、物、地点、时间等），也可以是整个主句的内容。 关系词：引导定语从句，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或状语，同时替代先行词。根据其用法分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系代词 先行词 在从句中的作用 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语 关系副词：when, where, why 关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词 地点状语 why 原因名词 原因状语 分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉后句意不完整，无逗号。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不密切，是一种补充说明，删除后不影响整个意思的表达，一般用逗号分开。 This is the school where I studied ten years ago.（无逗号，限制性定语从句） He bought a house, whose roof was painted red.（有逗号，非限制性定语从句） 分割型定语从句：指先行词与定语从句之间被其他成分（如谓语动词、介词短语等）隔开的结构。这种分隔是为了避免句子头重脚轻原则（将较长成分置于句尾）。 The days (are gone)when we had to rely on manual labor. He is the only person (in the company)who can solve this problem. · 考点一：关系代词的用法 先行词 关系代词 在从句中作成分 示例 人 who 主语（不可省略） Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.任何违反规则的人都会受到惩罚。 whom 宾语（限制性定语从句中可省略，非限制性定语从句及介词后中不可省略） The girl whom you saw at the party is a famous singer.（whom引导限制性定语从句） 你在派对上看到的那个女孩是位著名歌手。 The author, whom the students admire, gave a speech.（whom引导非限制性定语从句） 那位受学生钦佩的作家做了演讲。 that 主语 / 宾语（宾语可省略） The boy that helped me is Tom.（帮我的男孩是汤姆。） whose 定语（表 “…… 的”） Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful? 你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？ 物 which 主语 / 宾语（限制性定语从句宾语可省略，非限制性定语从句及介词后不可省略） You should select the option which best suits your requirements. 你要挑选最符合你需求的选项。 The book, which I read last night, is extremely captivating. 我昨晚读的那本书特别吸引人。 that 主语 / 宾语（宾语可省略） I've done everything that I can to help you. 我已尽我所能帮助你。 whose 定语（表 “…… 的”） The house whose window is broken is mine.（窗户破了的房子是我的。） 考点二：关系代词that典型用法 1.先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, few, none等不定代词时。 I've done everything that I can to help you. 我已尽我所能帮助你。 2.先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。 This is the first book that I bought with my own money.这是我用自己钱买的第一本书。 She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.她是我见过最美的女孩。 3.先行词被all, only, very, no 等限定词修饰时。 He is the only person that can solve this problem. 他是唯一能解决这个问题的人。 This is the very house that I grew up in. 这正是我长大的房子。 4.先行词中既为人又为表示物的名词时。 They talked about the people and things that they remembered. 他们谈论了记得的人和事。 5.主句以 who/which 开头的疑问句为了避免重复时。 Who is the man that is standing over there? 站在那边的人是谁？ Which is the book that you want? 哪本是你想要的书？ 6.当先行词是the way在句中作方式状语时，后面用that或者in which或者省略that。 The way in which he handled the situation impressed me.他处理情况的方式给我留下了深刻印象。 The way (that) he handled the situation impressed me.他处理情况的方式给我留下了深刻印象。 .【警告】注意关系代词that作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。 The book (that) I read last night was fascinating. 我昨晚读的书很精彩。 【警告】注意that不能用于非限制性定语从句，前边有逗号为标志。 He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.他又迟到了，这次这让他的老师非常生气。 【巩固训练】 1 This is the girl ____________ helped me with my English. 【答案】that 2. I have read all the books ____________ you lent me. 【答案】that 3. The man ____________ car was stolen called the police immediately. 【答案】that 4．I like the writers and their works _________ you mentioned the other day. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词用法。句意：我喜欢你前几天提到的作家和他们的作品。本空引导定语从句，修饰先行词the writers and their works，且先行词既有人又有物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作mentioned的宾语，应用关系代词that引导。故填that。 5．The concert hall has the most wonderful atmosphere_________can make the audience fully immersed in the music. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词用法。句意：音乐厅拥有最美妙的氛围，可以让观众完全沉浸在音乐中。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词atmosphere被最高级the most wonderful修饰，因此关系代词只能用that，故填that。 6．Festivals are occasions_________ allow us to forget about our work for a little while. 【答案】that/which 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词用法。句意：节日是能让我们暂时忘却工作的时刻。空处引导定语从句，先行词occasions，指物，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词that/which引导。故填that/which。 7．The reason _________ he explained at the meeting was not reasonable at all. 【答案】that/which 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词用法。句意：他在会上解释的理由一点也不合理。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，“The reason”是先行词，“he explained at the meeting” 是定语从句修饰先行词“reason”。在这个定语从句中，“explained”是及物动词，缺少宾语，而先行词“reason”指物，所以要用关系代词“which”或“that”来引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语。故填that/which。 8．You may not control all the events _________ happen to you, but you can decide not to be reduced by them. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词用法。句意：你可能无法控制发生在你身上的所有事情，但你可以决定不被它们击垮。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为all the events，定语从句中缺少主语，故应用that引导，故填that。 · 考点三：关系副词when,where ,why引导的定语从句 1. when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状语。其先行词是具体时间名词，如day, month, year；还可以是抽象名词，如age, stay, occasion等。 Do you remember the day when we first met? 你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？（定语从句是主谓结构，不缺少宾语） There are occasions when one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。（先行词occasions是典型时间名词） ★易错提醒： 当 time 表示“次数”时，用 that 引导从句（可省略）；当 time 表示“时间”时，用 when 引导从句。 This is the first time that I’ve heard this song. I’ll never forget the time when we worked together in the village. 2. where用作关系副词，在定语从句作地点状语。注意定语从句可能是主谓结构或主谓宾结构。其先行词既可以是具体地点名词，如school, museum, centre；还可以是抽象名词，如point, case, situation, stage, race, position, job等（热点，须牢记）。 This is the hospital where my sister used to work. (the hospital是先行词，where是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语。) The shop where I bought this shirt is not far from here. 我买这件衬衫的商店离这里不远。（定语从句是主谓宾结构，不缺少宾语） There are many cases where this rule doesn’t apply. 在许多情况下，这条规则不适用。（先行词cases是抽象地点） 3. why用作关系副词，在定语从句作原因状语。why还可以用于The reason why…is that…句型。注意如果定语从句谓语动词是及物动词，则应用关系代词。 The reason why he is late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。（关系词在从句中作状语） The reason that he gave for being late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他给出迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。（关系词在从句中作宾语） 【巩固训练】 1.（2023全国甲卷）“There was once a town in the heart of America, _________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with is surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句关系副词用法。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town，在非限定性定语从句作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。 2.（2021天津卷）In the spring, a season ________ we are learning new rhythms of life，many of us find comfort in the natural world. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句关系副词用法。句意：春天是我们学习新的生活节奏的季节，许多人在大自然中找到了舒适感。此处a season是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作时间状语，定语从句由关系副词when引导。 3.（2021天津卷）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands _________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句关系副词用法。句意：在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分可知，stands 作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词stands 在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。 4.（2020全国I卷）Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot __________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 【答案】 where 【详解】考查定语从句关系副词用法。句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。 5．We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, __________ my grandparents and some relatives live. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句关系副词用法。句意：我们要去广州过春节，我的祖父母和一些亲戚住在那里。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Guangzhou，且在从句作地点状语，故填where。 6．Attending the charity event was an occasion __________I realized the importance of giving back to the community. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句关系副词用法。句意：参加慈善活动让我意识到回馈社会的重要性。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是occasion，关系词代替它在从句中充当时间状语，应用关系副词when。故填when。 · 考点四：介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 · 核心知识点梳理 介词的确定方法 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句，关系代词只能用 which（指物）或 whom（指人），介词的选择有 3 种逻辑。 1.根据定语从句中谓语动词的固定搭配。 He is the man with whom I worked.（work with sb.） This is the book about which we talked yesterday.（talk about sth） The girl to whom you wrote is my sister.（write to sb.） 2.根据先行词的固定搭配。 This is the school in which I studied.（in the school） I bought a house for which I paid a lot of money.（pay money for sth） He has a friend from whom he borrowed a car.（borrow from sb） 3.根据句子的逻辑意义。 He was late, for which he apologized.（for表示原因） They visited a village, beyond which there was a mountain.（beyond表示方位：“在…… 之外”） 4.特殊结构：名词/数词+ of+which/whom。 He has three children, two of whom are doctors. There are 50 students in the class, most of whom are boys. I have many books, some of which are English novels. 【巩固训练】 1. Do you remember the day __________ __________ we first met? 【答案】 on which。 【详解】考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”用法。“在某一天”介词用on。故答案是on which。 2. Do you remember the month __________ __________ we first met? 【答案】in which。 【详解】考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”用法。“在某一月”介词用in。故答案是in which。 3. This is the skirt __________ __________ she paid $100. 【答案】for which。 【详解】考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”用法。pay…for…是固定词组。故答案是for which。 4. This is the skirt __________ __________ she spent $100. 【答案】on which。 【详解】考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”用法。spend money/time on…是固定词组。故答案是on which。 5. This is my English teacher, __________ __________ I’ve learned a lot. 【答案】 from whom。 【详解】考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”用法。从句谓语含有learn from短语。故答案是from whom。 6. This is my English teacher, __________ __________ help I couldn’t have made such rapid progress. 【答案】without whose。 【详解】考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”用法。with one’s help表示“在某人帮助下”，结合语境应用否定形式。故答案是without whose。 · 考点五：as与which引导的定语从句 1. as引导限制性定语从句的用法 as用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句，表示“正如、就像”，从句中多含有see, know, expect, tell, report等动词。as作从句的主语、宾语或表语，as不可省略，用于such…as…, so…as…, the same…as…句型。 Don’t trust such people as praise you to your face.不要相信当面表扬你的这种人。 They have never read so many books as I read last year. 他们从来都没有读过像我去年读过的那些书。 【易错提醒1】the same…as…强调“和……是同一类”；the same…that…强调“和……是同一个”。 This is the same dictionary as I lost yesterday. 这本词典和我昨天丢的那本一样。（不是同一本词典） He is the same boy that helped me yesterday. 他是昨天帮过我的那个男孩。（指同一个男孩） 【易错提醒2】so…that…, such…that…引导结果状语从句，that只起连接作用不作句子成分。 She is such a kind girl that many students like her. 她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。(状语从句是完整的，前面的that只起引导作用，不作成分。) She is such a kind girl as many students like. 她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。(定语从句缺少宾语，前面的as代替先行词girl，作宾语。) 2. which引导代指主句的用法 which从句只能位于主句之后，当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时，只能用which。 3.位置对比: 例1. As is often the case, he is late again.他又迟到了，这是常见的情况。 例2. Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。 例3. The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved in the past two months正如报告中所表明的，城市空气质量在过去的两个月里已经得到改善。 例4. He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。 4.意义对比：as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中： as anybody can see “正如人人都能看到的那样”；as is well known＝as is known to all “众所周知”； as we had expected “正如我们所预料的那样”； as often happens “正如经常发生的那样”； as is often the case “正如经常发生的那样”； as has been said before “如上所述”； as is mentioned above “正如上面提到的”； which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。 He opposed the idea, as could be expected.不出所料，他反对这个意见。 【巩固训练】 1.（2023全国甲卷）Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, _________Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”. 【答案】as。 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词用法。句意：然而，正如雷切尔•卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。 2．After reading this novel, we were all impressed by such integrity _________was shown by the leading character. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词用法。句意：读完这本小说，我们都被主人公所表现出的正直所打动。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词“integrity”，在从句中作主语，与such构成固定搭配，用关系代词as。故填as。 3.The teacher asked such a difficult question _________ no one could answer. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词用法。句意：老师问了一个没人能回答的难题。此处引导定语从句修饰先行词question，且为句型such...as...。故填as。 4.Last week our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem _________ none of us worked it out. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词用法。句意：上周，我们数学老师布置了一道很难的考试题，我们没人能解出来。此处引导定语从句，先行词为so difficult an examination problem，被so修饰，从句中不缺少成分，故应用so…that引导结果状语从句，故填that。 5. The Great Wall is such a famous tourist attraction _________ draws millions of people every year. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词用法。句意：长城是一个著名的旅游景点，每年吸引数百万人。空处引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词a famous tourist attraction，关系词在后面的定语从句中作主语，因为先行词前面有such修饰，所以此处用关系代词as引导。故填as。 6. _________the book mentions, you had better not do such things _________ you are unsure about. 【答案】As；as 【详解】考查定语从句关系代词用法。句意：正如那本书提到的那样，你最好不要做自己没有把握的事情。分析句子结构可知，第一空表示“正如”，引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句的内容，故用As；第二空引导定语从句，先行词things被such修饰，故用as。故填①As；②as。 考点六：定语从句中的主谓一致用法 1．定语从句先行词作主语，that/which/who从句谓语动词和主语保持一致。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.任何人不能完成指定的任务，都应受到批评。 Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.凡是想去长城的人在这里签名。 2．定语从句先行词是one of…结构，从句谓语用复数；先行词是the only /very one of…，从句谓语用单数。 He is one of the students who have read the book. 他是看过这本书的学生中的一位。 She is the only one of the girls who knows English. 她是那些女孩中唯一一位懂英语的。 【巩固训练】 1.If you look at all sides of the situation, you’ll find probably a solution that ___________ everyone. 【答案】suits 【详解】考查定语从句主谓一致。句意：如果你考虑情况的各个方面，你可能会找到一个适合每个人的解决方案。分析可知，设空处为从句谓语，根据语境，为一般事实，应用一般现在时，从句的主语that指代先行词 a solution，从句谓语要用单数，故填suits。 2. She is the only one of the girls in our class who ___________ (win) the prize so far. 【答案】has won 【详解】考查定语从句主谓一致。“the only one of...”结构中，先行词为单数the only one，从句谓语用单数现在完成时has won。 3. The children, each of whom ___________ (own) a toy car, are playing happily. 【答案】owns 【详解】考查定语从句主谓一致。each of whom 强调个体，从句谓语 own 用单数形式。 4. The problems which ___________ (cause) by pollution require immediate attention. 【答案】are caused 【详解】考查定语从句主谓一致。先行词problems 为复数，且从句用被动语态，因此谓语用are caused。 5. This is one of the best novels that ___________ (publish) this year. 【答案】have been published 【详解】考查定语从句主谓一致。先行词novels为复数，“one of +复数名词 + that...”结构中，从句谓语用复数形式且是被动语态， have been published。 一、单句语法填空 一、单项语法填空 1．He often recalls his childhood, ___________he lived with his grandparents in the countryside. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：他经常回忆起他的童年，那时他和爷爷奶奶住在乡下。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词his childhood，在从句作时间状语，故用when。故填when。 2．The concert hall has the most wonderful atmosphere___________ can make the audience fully immersed in the music. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：音乐厅拥有最美妙的氛围，可以让观众完全沉浸在音乐中。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词atmosphere被最高级the most wonderful修饰，因此关系代词只能用that，故填that。 3．CISAR brings help and hope to those___________ lives are changed by natural disasters. 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：CISAR为那些生活因自然灾害而改变的人们带来帮助和希望。空处引导定语从句，先行词是those，关系词在从句中作定语，应用关系代词whose引导，故填whose。 4．The author ___________ whom all of us are familiar will visit our company. 【答案】with 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：我们都熟悉的作家将访问我们公司。分析句子可知，句子为“介词+关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句，先行词为“author”，指人，“be familiar with…”意为“熟悉……”，关系代词“whom”作“with”的宾语，故空格处应用介词“with”。故填with。 5．In a word, we reached a point___________ we wish to enjoy and understand literature. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：总之，我们达到了一个我们希望享受和理解文学的一个点。空处引导定语从句，修饰a point，先行词point意为“阶段”，为抽象地点，所以用关系副词where，故填where。 6．Asians ___________ diets are like Westerners’ experience more disease and weight problems. 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：饮食像西方人的亚洲人更容易患病和出现体重问题。此处引导定语从句，先行词为Asians，指人，关系词代替先行词在从句中作定语，修饰diets，应用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。 7．The reason ___________ we should reduce plastic use is that it significantly reduces pollution and protects marine life. 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：我们应该减少塑料使用的原因是，它极大地减少了污染，保护了海洋生活。此处引导定语从句，先行词为the reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，所以使用关系副词why引导。故填why。 8．She often reminds herself of the good days ___________they spent together working out the problem in the distant rural area. 【答案】that/which 【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：她经常提醒自己，他们在遥远的农村地区一起解决问题的好日子。该空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是the good days，指物，关系词替代先行词在从句中作宾语，用关系代词that/which。故填that/which。 9．It’s the only Thai restaurant ___________ ranks among the top 10 of the world’s 50 best restaurants list. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：这是一家唯一跻身于世界50佳餐厅前十名的泰国餐厅。空格处引导定语从句，先行词为Thai restaurant，指物，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，且先行词有the only修饰，应用关系代词that引导。故填that。 10．The app uses AR to transform the way ___________ visitors interact with the park’s wildlife. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：这个软件使用AR改变了游客与公园野生动物互动的方式。此处引导定语从句，先行词为the way，定语从句中句式完整，故应用that/in which引导，故填that。 11．The students benefiting most from college are those ___________ are totally engaged in academic life. 【答案】who/that 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词those，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用who/that引导从句，故填who或that。 12．I don’t think the number of the people to ___________ this happens is very large. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：我不认为这种情况发生在很多人身上。空处引导定语从句，先行词the number of the people，指人，在定语从句中作宾语，需用关系代词whom引导。故填whom。 13．It is a comment on society and on the nature of people through the tale of a man ___________ life is changed by an act of forgiveness. 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：它是通过一个人的故事对社会和人的本性的评论，这个人的生活被宽恕的行为改变了。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词man，先行词指人，在从句中作定语，和life之间是所属关系，应用关系代词whose作引导词。故填whose。 14．From his travelling diary, we all know that there is such a beautiful place ___________ he has described to us.） 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：从他的旅行日记中，我们都知道有一个像他描述的那样美丽的地方。分析可知，空处引导定语从句修饰先行词place，从句缺少宾语，且先行词被such修饰，只能用关系代词as。故填as。 15．Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem___________ none of us worked out. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：上学期，我们数学老师出了一道没有人能算出来的考试题。根据句子分析可知，Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem为主句，从句中none of us worked out缺宾语，故为定语从句，先行词是an examination problem，指物定语从句中缺work out的宾语。先行词被so修饰，故用as代替先行词，在定语从句中做宾语。故填as。 16．Close friends are those who you can really depend on and with ___________ you have the deepest relationships. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。句意：亲密的朋友是那些你真正可以依靠的人，和你关系最深的人。分析句子可知，这是一个“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。先行词是“those”，指代“close friends”（亲密的朋友），在定语从句“with __________ you have the deepest relationships”中，关系代词作介词“with”的宾语，且先行词指人，所以要用“whom”。故填whom。 17．Written Chinese has also become an important means ___________China’s present is connected with its past. 【答案】by which 【详解】考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”用法。句意：书面汉语也成为中国现在与过去联系的重要手段。分析句子可知，此处为介词by+关系代词which引导的定语从句，先行词means在从句中作介词by的宾语成分，从句中by means表示“通过这一手段”，为固定搭配，此处为介词by的前置。故填by which。 18．The scientist, with ___________ I worked on the project, will attend the international conference next month. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。。句意：和我一起做这个项目的那位科学家将参加下个月的国际会议。此处是“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是scientist，指人，关系词在从句中作介词宾语，应用关系代词whom。故填whom。 19．The novel, ___________ main character is a young detective, has won the annual literature award. 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。。句意：这部以年轻侦探为主角的小说获得了年度文学奖。空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，The novel和main character之间是所属关系，因此空格处用表所属的关系代词whose，故填whose。 20．The cafeteria, ___________ students gather to enjoy meals and socialize with friends, often becomes the heart of the school community. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句关系词用法。。句意：学生们聚集在一起享受美食、与朋友社交的食堂，往往成为学校社区的中心。“_________ students gather to enjoy meals and socialize with friends”是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The cafeteria，关系词在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导从句。故填where。 二、语法填空 华为“韬定律”颠覆芯片行业规则 In May 2026, Huawei unveiled 1 original principle for industrial development in Shanghai: the Tau (τ) Scaling Law. For over five decades, Moore's Law 2 (guide) the development of the global semiconductor industry. Engineers use geometric scaling (几何缩微) to shrink chips and hold more components, a method that has 3 (significant) advanced electronic devices. Today, however, this model hits physical and economic limits. Transistors(晶体管) are nearly the size of atoms, and further downsizing leads to technical difficulties and higher costs. With its benefits 4 (fade), the industry is searching for new innovations for the post-Moore's Law era. Tau (τ), a Greek letter, denotes the time constant (时间常数) in circuit theory(电路理论). It is defined 5 the formula τ= R×C, 6 Ris resistance (电阻) and C is capacitance (电容). This value shows how long electronic signals travel and change state in a circuit. A smaller Tau reading means a faster 7 more efficient chip. Representing a major shift in industry ideas, the Tau Scaling Law turns from pure geometric scaling to time scaling. 8 (support) by Huawei's core technology Logic Folding (逻辑折叠), this method optimizes circuit designs and signal paths across the whole system. Chips thus work faster and consume 9 (little) power, without heavy 10 (depend) on top-tier manufacturing technologies. The new principle provides a practical technical approach for the post-Moore's Law semiconductor industry. 【答案】1. an 2. has guided 3. significantly 4. fading 5. by 6. where 7. and 8. Supported 9. less 10. dependence 【导读】这是一篇说明文，介绍中国2026年月，华为在上海举办的电气电子工程师学会国际电路与系统研讨会上，发布了一项指导产业发展的原创原理--韬(τ)定律。 【解析】 1.考查冠词。句意：2026年5月，华为在上海发布了一项指导产业发展的原创原理--韬(τ)定律。结合语境这是是第一次提到，应用不定冠词；同时original以元音开头，故填an。 2.考查动词时态。句意：半个多世纪以来，摩尔定律始终引领着全球半导体产业的发展。结合语境For over five decades常与现在完成时连用；主语是单数。故填has guided。 3.考查副词。句意：工程师们采用几何缩微技术缩小芯片、集成更多元件，这一方式极大推动了电子设备的发展。结合语境这里修饰动词应用副词。副词significantly表示“显著地”。故填 significantly。 4.考查非谓语。句意：随着几何缩微的优势逐渐消退，行业开始为后摩尔时代探寻全新方向。结合语境这里考查with复合结构用法；fade表示“淡化，褪色”，无被动，应用现在分词作宾语补足语。故填fading。 5.考查介词。句意：韬(τ)定律计算公式为τ=R×C，其中R为电阻，C为电容。结合语境前边是被动语态，后边应用介词by引出动词发出者。故填by。 6.考查定语从句。句意：同上。结合语境这里where引导非限制性定语从句定语从句，指在这个τ=R×C公式里，表示一个抽象地点概念。故填where。 7.考查并列句。句意：τ的数值越小，芯片的运行速度就越快，效率也越高。结合语境这里应用连词and连接两个并列的比较级。故填and。 8.考查非谓语。句意：依托华为核心技术逻辑折叠，这套方案从整体层面优化电路设计与信号路径，让芯片提速、降耗，且不再过度依赖高端制造工艺。结合语境这里应用过去分词短语作状语，表示一个被动概念。故填Supported。 9.考查形容词比较级。句意：同上。结合语境这里应用形容词比较级。little的比较级是less，表示“更少”。故填less。 10.考查名词。句意：同上。结合语境这里应用名词dependence作介词宾语。故填dependence。 【精炼1】（2026·江苏苏州·三模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 China’s space station, Tiangong, has become a platform for international scientific cooperation, attracting researchers from around the world. Since its 1 (complete) in 2022, Tiangong has hosted a series of scientific experiments and 2 (welcome) astronauts from different countries to work on board. Recently, a team of scientists from China and Italy has launched a joint experiment on Tiangong. The experiment, 3 focuses on space medicine, aims to study 4 long-term space travel affects the human body. This research will provide valuable data 5 future space exploration missions, including trips to the moon and Mars. The Chinese government has always been committed to 6 (promote) international cooperation in space. It has signed cooperation agreements with more than 40 countries and regions, making Tiangong a 7 (share) platform for global scientific progress. Many young scientists are also encouraged to participate in space research, which helps to train 8 next generation of space experts. Astronauts on Tiangong have also carried out a variety of public science activities, helping people around the world learn more about space exploration. These activities have inspired many young people 9 (pursue) careers in science and technology. With the continuous development of China’s space program, Tiangong will continue to play an important role in promoting international scientific cooperation 10 advancing human knowledge of space. 【答案】 1．completion 2．welcomed 3．which 4．how 5．for 6．promoting 7．shared 8．the 9．to pursue 10．and 【导语】介绍了中国空间站“天宫”自建成后成为国际科学合作平台，开展了一系列科学实验，吸引各国宇航员参与，同时中国致力于推动太空领域国际合作，“天宫”还开展科普活动，未来将在推动国际合作与增进人类对太空认知方面发挥更重要作用。 【详解】1．考查名词。句意：自2022年建成以来，“天宫”已经举办了一系列科学实验，并欢迎来自不同国家的宇航员到上面工作。its为形容词性物主代词，后接名词，complete的名词形式为completion，意为“完成，建成”作宾语。 2．考查动词时态。句意：自2022年建成以来，“天宫”已经举办了一系列科学实验，并欢迎来自不同国家的宇航员到上面工作。根据时间状语“Since its completion in 2022”可知，此处应用现在完成时，其结构为“have/has +过去分词”，and连接两个并列的过去分词，hosted用了过去分词形式，所以welcome也用过去分词welcomed。 3．考查定语从句。句意：这项专注于太空医学的实验，旨在研究长期太空旅行如何影响人体。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“The experiment”，指物，在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。 4．考查宾语从句。句意：这项专注于太空医学的实验，旨在研究长期太空旅行如何影响人体。此处为连接词引导的宾语从句作study的宾语，从句中缺少方式状语，结合句意，此处表示“如何”，所以用连接词how。 5．考查介词。句意：这项研究将为未来的太空探索任务，包括月球和火星之旅，提供有价值的数据。provide sth. for sb./sth.为固定搭配，意为“为……提供……”，所以此处用介词for。 6．考查非谓语动词。句意：中国政府一直致力于推动太空领域的国际合作。be committed to doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“致力于做某事”，to为介词，后接动名词，所以此处用promoting。 7．考查形容词。句意：它已经与40多个国家和地区签署了合作协议，使“天宫”成为全球科学进步的共享平台。此处修饰名词“platform”，应用形容词，share的形容词形式为shared，意为“共享的”。 8．考查冠词。句意：许多年轻科学家也被鼓励参与太空研究，这有助于培养下一代太空专家。the next generation为固定表达，意为“下一代”，所以此处用定冠词the。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：这些活动激励了许多年轻人追求科学技术领域的职业。inspire sb. to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“激励某人做某事”，所以此处用动词不定式to pursue。故填to pursue。 10．考查连词。句意：随着中国太空计划的不断发展，“天宫”将继续在促进国际科学合作和推进人类对太空的认知方面发挥重要作用。“promoting international scientific cooperation”与“advancing human knowledge of space”为并列关系，所以用连词and连接。 【精炼2】（2026·全国·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 After years of sitting for long hours at the office, Wang Guiqin is starting to feel 1 (energy) once more. Upon retirement, the Beijing native joined a group of similarly-aged people to play a traditional Asian game 2 participants use only their feet and body (no hands are allowed) to keep a jianzi in the air. But it’s not only elderly who are playing the game in the streets and courtyards of China. Jianzi competitions are slowly cropping up all over China, with three-player matches featuring players leaping and kicking the jianzi growing in 4 (popular). The game 5 (date) back to the Western Han Dynasty, more than 2,000 years ago, and is believed 6 (evolve) from cuju, a game that has similarities to soccer. The elegant jianzi also lends itself to a sort of artistic performance, in which a single kicker uses a series of complicated movements to keep the jianzi staying in the air. The first-ever national competition in China for jianzi kicking 7 (hold) in 1933. It was not until the 1980s that people adapted the game 8 shuttlecock (毽球) competitions. In 1987, China established the Chinese Shuttlecock Association, 9 later on the International Shuttlecock Federation (ISF) was created. In 2010, China hosted the 6th ISF World Shuttlecock Championships. Athletes from 14 countries and regions participated, with China and Vietnam 10 (dominate) most of the events. 【答案】 1．energetic 2．where 3．the 4．popularity 5．dates 6．to have evolved 7．was held 8．for 9．and 10．dominating 【导语】主要介绍毽子这项传统运动，讲述它的起源、发展历程、玩法特点，以及如今在国内外赛事中的发展现状。 【详解】1．考查形容词。句意：在办公室久坐多年后，王桂琴如今再次感到精力充沛。此处作表语，需用形容词，energy对应的形容词形式为energetic意为“充满活力的”。 2．考查定语从句。句意：这位北京本地人退休后加入同龄人的队伍，一起玩一项亚洲传统运动，参与者只能用脚和身体，不能用手来踢毽子。此处引导定语从句，从句中不缺主语和宾语，所以使用关系副词，先行词为game，为抽象地点名词，所以此处使用关系副词where。 3．考查冠词。句意：但在中国的街巷和院落里，玩这项运动的不只是老年人。定冠词the加形容词可表示一类人，the elderly表示“老年人”，所以填the。 4．考查名词。句意：中国各地正慢慢兴起毽子比赛，由三名选手组队、选手们腾跃踢毽子的比赛越来越受欢迎。介词in后接名词作宾语，popular对应的名词形式为popularity意为“受欢迎”。 5．考查动词时态。句意：这项运动起源于两千多年前的西汉时期，人们认为它由蹴鞠演变而来，蹴鞠是一项与足球相似的运动。此处为谓语动词，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语The game为第三人称单数，所以谓语动词为dates。 6．考查非谓语动词。句意：这项运动起源于两千多年前的西汉时期，人们认为它由蹴鞠演变而来，蹴鞠是一项与足球相似的运动。此处为固定搭配be believed to do sth.表示“被认为做了某事”，结合句意，此处“演变”的动作发生在“被认为”之前，所以用不定式的完成式to have evolved。 7．考查动词语态。句意：中国首届全国踢毽子比赛于1933年举办。此处为谓语动词，时间状语in 1933表示过去，用一般过去时，主语competition与hold之间为被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，且主语为第三人称单数，所以谓语动词为was held。 8．考查介词。句意：直到二十世纪八十年代，人们才将这项运动改造成毽球赛事。此处为固定搭配adapt sth. for sth.意为“将某物改造为某物”，所以此处为介词for。 9．考查连词。句意：1987年中国成立了中国毽球协会，之后国际毽球联合会也随之成立。此处连接两个并列分句，表顺承关系，所以用并列连词and。 10．考查非谓语动词。句意：来自十四个国家和地区的运动员参赛，中国和越南选手在大部分项目中占据优势。此处为with的复合结构，逻辑主语China and Vietnam与dominate之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词dominating作宾补。 【精炼3】（2026·四川遂宁·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Mortise and tenon (榫卯) craft is a classic traditional Chinese wood structure technique, with which craftsmen can connect wood pieces tightly together without any nails, screws 1 glue. It has a history of over thousands of years, listed as intangible cultural heritage. It is the core 2 (wise) of ancient Chinese carpentry and architectural craftsmanship.The protruding part of the wood 3 (call) the tenon, and the sunken groove is the mortise. They perfectly interlock with each other, forming a stable, flexible and durable structure. 4 makes people amazed is that this special connection can even withstand natural disasters like earthquakes to some extent. Widely 5 (apply) in ancient Chinese palaces, temples, traditional furniture and wooden buildings, mortise and tenon 6 (show) the philosophy of harmony between man and nature. As is known to all, the Forbidden City’s entire wooden structure relies 7 mortise-and-tenon joints. It 8 (full) reflects the ancient Chinese people’s extraordinary creativity and ingenuity. Today, this time-honored craft is still inherited and promoted, serving as an important symbol of Chinese traditional culture and intangible cultural heritage. The government is encouraging old craftsmen to teach young learners. Many designers use mortise and tenon in modern furniture, 9 (combine) tradition with fashion. This ancient skill is still of great use in our daily life. We should realize 10 (it) value and try our best to protect it. It is indeed a treasure which deserves forever protection. 【答案】 1．or 2．wisdom 3．is called 4．What 5．applied 6．shows 7．on 8．fully 9．combining 10．its 【导语】文章介绍了中国传统榫卯工艺的原理、悠久历史、结构优势、应用范围与文化内涵，讲述这项非物质文化遗产如今的传承、创新发展，并呼吁人们重视与保护这一传统技艺。 【详解】1．考查连词。句意：榫卯工艺是一种经典的中国传统木结构工艺，工匠可以将木片紧密地连接在一起，不需要任何钉子、螺丝或胶水。本句为否定句，否定句中并列的名词之间用or连接，表示“和、或者”。 2．考查名词。句意：它是中国古代木工与建筑技艺的核心智慧。空格前有定冠词the和形容词core，此处需要名词作表语；形容词wise的名词形式为wisdom，不可数，意为“智慧”。 3．考查时态和语态。句意：木料凸起的部分被称作榫头，凹槽部分则是卯眼。主语The protruding part of the wood与动词call是被动关系，文章为客观介绍，使用一般现在时，主语为单数，因此用一般现在时被动语态is called。 4．考查主语从句。句意：令人惊叹的是，这种特殊的连接结构在一定程度上甚至能抵御地震等自然灾害。空格引导主语从句，且引导词在从句中作主语，表示“……的事物”，应用连接代词What。句首单词首字母大写。 5．考查非谓语。句意：被广泛应用于中国古代宫殿、庙宇、传统家具以及木质建筑中，榫卯彰显了人与自然和谐共生的理念。句子已有谓语动词，空格处应用非谓语形式；apply与逻辑主语mortise and tenon构成被动关系，应用过去分词applied作状语。 6．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：被广泛应用于中国古代宫殿、庙宇、传统家具以及木质建筑中，榫卯彰显了人与自然和谐共生的理念。本文为客观介绍事物，使用一般现在时；主语mortise and tenon视作单数概念，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 7．考查介词。句意：众所周知，紫禁城的整体木结构都依靠榫卯结构搭建。固定搭配rely on意为“依靠；依赖”。 8．考查副词。句意：它充分体现了中国古人超凡的创造力与巧思。空格处修饰动词reflects，需要副词作状语；形容词full的副词形式为fully，意为“充分地”。 9．考查非谓语。句意：许多设计师将榫卯工艺运用在现代家具中，把传统与时尚结合起来。句子已有谓语动词use，空格处为非谓语动词；combine与逻辑主语Many designers之间为主动关系，用现在分词作伴随状语。 10．考查形容词性物主代词。句意：我们应当认识到它的价值，并尽全力保护这项技艺。空格后为名词value，需要形容词性物主代词作定语，it的形容词性物主代词为its。 【精炼4】（2026·黑龙江哈尔滨·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The term “hand-crafted” (or “shou cuo” in Chinese) has evolved from a gaming term into a powerful new economic trend. In the past, creating a successful mobile app or a complex machine 1 (require) a large team and a massive fund. Today, thanks to artificial intelligence, individuals and “one-person companies” are building creative products from their own homes. These “hand-crafters” use AI coding tools to turn unique ideas into reality quickly and 2 a very low cost. For example, a popular safety app for people living alone was developed by just three young people in a month, with 3 budget of only 1,000 yuan. This trend is not limited to software. In the manufacturing sector, 4 (enthusiast) are “hand-crafting” everything from high-altitude rockets to small airplanes. The “hand-crafted economy” thrives on a blend of personal creativity, mature supply chains, 5 AI assistance. To support this, local governments in cities like Qingdao have launched platforms to assist individual AI entrepreneurs in 6 (ready) accessing data and technology. Experts believe that these micro-innovations serve as a vital supplement to the traditional job market, offering a new starting point for “slash youth” 7 possess digital skills, and pursue flexible, diverse careers. However, the rapid growth of this “fast” economy also brings risks. Many apps 8 (generate) by AI lack strict testing, leading to issues with data security and user privacy. In the manufacturing world, selling hand-crafted products without proper licenses can be 9 (legal) and dangerous. To ensure sustainable growth, experts suggest that the government introduce specific regulations 10 (define) the boundaries of the “hand-crafted” market. 【答案】 1．required 2．at 3．a 4．enthusiasts 5．and 6．readily 7．who/that 8．generated 9．illegal 10．to define 【导语】主要介绍“手工打造”从游戏用语演变为新兴经济潮流，讲解人工智能助力个人创业的现状、优势，同时指出该经济模式存在的风险以及相应的规范建议。 【详解】1．考查动词时态。句意：在过去，开发一款成功的手机应用或是一台复杂的机器需要庞大的团队和巨额资金。此处为谓语动词，根据时间状语In the past可知，动作发生在过去，用一般过去时态，所以使用require的过去式required。 2．考查介词。句意：这些“手工创作者”借助人工智能编程工具，以极低的成本快速将独特想法变为现实。此处为固定搭配at a low cost意为“以低成本”，所以此处填介词at。 3．考查冠词。句意：例如，一款面向独居人群的热门安全应用仅由三名年轻人耗时一个月开发完成，预算只有一千元。budget为可数名词单数，空前无限定词，结合句意，此处表示“一笔预算”为泛指，且budget是以辅音音素开头的单词，所以用不定冠词a。 4．考查名词复数。句意：在制造业领域，爱好者们亲手打造各类产品，从高空火箭到小型飞机应有尽有。enthusiast为可数名词，意为“爱好者”，作主语，根据空后are可知主语为复数，所以用enthusiasts。 5．考查连词。句意：“手工经济”依托个人创意、成熟供应链以及人工智能辅助共同发展。此处连接三个并列名词短语，表并列关系，所以用并列连词and。 6．考查副词。句意：为助力这一趋势，青岛等城市的地方政府搭建平台，帮助人工智能个体创业者便捷地获取数据与技术。此处修饰动词accessing，需用副词作状语，ready的副词形式为readily意为“轻而易举地”。 7．考查定语从句。句意：专家认为这些微型创新是传统就业市场的重要补充，为掌握数字技能、追求灵活多元职业的“斜杠青年”提供了新起点。此处引导定语从句，先行词为“slash youth”指代人，从句中缺少主语，所以用关系代词who或that。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：许多由人工智能生成的应用程序缺乏严格测试，引发数据安全和用户隐私方面的问题。此处为非谓语动词作后置定语，apps与generate之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词generated。 9．考查形容词。句意：在制造业中，售卖未经正规许可的手工产品既违法又存在安全隐患。此处作表语，结合句意表示“违法的”，legal的反义词为illegal。 10．考查非谓语动词。句意：为保障可持续发展，专家建议政府出台专项规定，明确“手工打造”市场的界限。此处用非谓语动词作状语，结合句意，此处说明出台规定的目的，所以用动词不定式形式to define作目的状语。 5 / 6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $