内容正文:
名词所有格
一、范畴概述
所有格是名词的一种语法形式,用来表示"人或事物的所属关系",相当于中文的"……的"。英语表达所属关系有两条路:有生命的人或动物多用 's 所有格,无生命的事物多用 of 所有格。两条路的分工,是本单元考查的主线。
须先纠正一个常见误解:'s 不等于 is 或 has 的缩写。Tom's bag 里的 's 是"汤姆的",不是"汤姆是";而 Tom's fine 里的 's 才是 is。判断依据看 's 后面接的是名词还是形容词。
二、's 所有格的构成
's 所有格的写法由名词的单复数与词尾字母决定,规则如下:
名词类型
构成方法
示例
一般单数名词
加 's
Tom's bag 汤姆的书包;my mother's bike 我妈妈的自行车
以 s 结尾的复数名词
只加 '
the students' books 学生们的书;the boys' room 男生宿舍
不以 s 结尾的复数名词
加 's
children's books 儿童读物;men's shoes 男鞋;women's Day
以 s 结尾的人名(单数)
加 's 或 ' 均可
James's room / James' room 詹姆斯的房间
并列名词,共同所有
只在最后一个名词后加 's
Tom and Jim's room 汤姆和吉姆(共住)的房间
并列名词,各自所有
每个名词后都加 's
Tom's and Jim's rooms 汤姆的房间和吉姆的房间
使用要点:判断加 ' 还是 's,先看这个名词本身是不是以 s 结尾的复数;再看是"共有"还是"各有",共有只变最后一个,各有每个都变。
三、's 所有格的使用场合
使用场合
说明
示例
人或动物的所属
最典型用法,表示某人的、某动物的
my sister's schoolbag 我姐姐的书包
时间、距离、重量
表示"多久的、多远的、多重的"
today's newspaper 今天的报纸;ten minutes' walk 十分钟的步行路程
国家、城市、机构
把国家、城市视为有生命的主体
China's capital 中国的首都;the city's parks
表示某人的家、店铺、诊所
所有格后省略被修饰的名词
at my uncle's 在我叔叔家;at the doctor's 在诊所;at the baker's 在面包店
表示"某人的一个"
用双重所有格(见第四节)
a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
使用要点:'s 所有格的核心门槛是"有生命"。桌子、门、书这些无生命名词,一般不说 the desk's leg,而说 the leg of the desk。
四、of 所有格与双重所有格
(一)of 所有格
of 所有格由"名词 + of + 名词"构成,主要用于无生命事物的所属关系:
结构:名词 + of + 名词
· the door of the classroom 教室的门
· the name of the film 这部电影的名字
· a map of China 一张中国地图
当被修饰名词前带有 the、this、that 等限定词,或修饰语较长时,也常用 of 结构。
(二)双重所有格
双重所有格由"限定词 + 名词 + of + 名词所有格 / 名词性物主代词"构成,表示"整体中的某一个":
结构:a / an / this / that / some + 名词 + of + 名词所有格(或名词性物主代词)
· a friend of my father's 我父亲的一位朋友
· a photo of mine 我的一张照片
· some classmates of Tom's 汤姆的一些同学
使用要点:of 后面必须用名词所有格或名词性物主代词,不能用宾格或形容词性物主代词。a friend of me 是错的,应为 a friend of mine。
(三)两种结构的语义区别
结构
含义
说明
a photo of my father
一张我父亲的照片
照片上的人是我父亲,of 表示"内容"
a photo of my father's
我父亲的一张照片
照片属于我父亲,双重所有格表示"所属"
五、特殊情况
1. 表示"某人的家、店铺、诊所"时,所有格后面的名词通常省略,但语境中仍指那个地方。
例:I'm going to the dentist's. 我要去看牙医。(the dentist's = the dentist's clinic)
2. 并列名词的共有与各有,由 's 的位置决定,位置不同意思不同。
对比:Lucy and Lily's mother 露西和莉莉共同的母亲;Lucy's and Lily's mothers 露西和莉莉各自的母亲
3. 名词所有格也可以作定语修饰另一个名词,此时该结构前不再另加冠词。
例:a teachers' office 一间教师办公室(不是 a teachers' offices)
六、常见错误辨析
1. 以 s 结尾的复数名词误加 's:复数只加 '。
误:the students's books → 正:__________________________ 学生们的书
2. 不规则复数漏掉 's:children、men、women 等不以 s 结尾,须加 's。
误:Childrens' Day → 正:__________________________ 儿童节
3. 共有与各有混淆:共有只在最后一个名词后加 's,各有则每个都加。
误:This is Lucy's and Lily's bedroom.(两人同住一间) → 正:__________________________
4. 无生命事物误用 's:无生命事物一般用 of 所有格。
误:the desk's leg → 正:__________________________ 桌腿
5. 双重所有格误用宾格或形容词性物主代词:of 后须接名词所有格或名词性物主代词。
误:He is a friend of me. / a friend of my. → 正:__________________________ 他是我的一个朋友。
6. 时间、距离表达漏掉复数与所有格符号:minutes 先变复数,再加 '。
误:ten minute's walk → 正__________________________ 十分钟的步行路程
七、综合练习(四十题)
(一)单项选择(共 10 小题)
1. This is ____ bedroom. They share it.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy's and Lily's C. Lucy and Lily's D. Lucy's and Lily
2. — Whose book is this? — It's ____.
A. Tom's B. Tom C. of Tom D. Toms
3. The ____ room is on the second floor.
A. teachers B. teacher's C. teachers' D. teachers's
4. We will have a party on ____.
A. Children's Day B. Childrens' Day C. Children Day D. the Children's Day
5. It's about ____ walk from my home to school.
A. ten minute's B. ten minutes' C. ten minutes D. ten minute
6. ____ mothers are both doctors.
A. Lucy's and Lily's B. Lucy and Lily's C. Lucy's and Lily D. Lucy and Lily
7. The ____ name is Mimi.
A. cat B. cat's C. cats D. of cat
8. He is a good friend of ____.
A. I B. me C. my D. mine
9. — Where is the ____ office? — It's over there.
A. doctor B. doctor's C. doctors D. doctors'
10. — Whose schoolbags are these? — They are ____.
A. the twins B. the twin's C. the twins' D. twins
(二)单句语法填空(共 10 小题)用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。
1. This is ____ (Tom) schoolbag. It's new.
2. Those are the ____ (student) books. Please put them away.
3. ____ (child) Day is on June 1st. All the children like it.
4. It's about twenty ____ (minute) walk from here to the park.
5. Look at the ____ (boy) room. It's very clean.
6. My ____ (parent) bedroom is next to mine.
7. This is Lucy and ____ (Lily) bedroom. They share it.
8. ____ (woman) Day is on March 8th.
9. We are waiting for Mr. Li in the ____ (teacher) office.
10. That's my ____ (sister) new bike.
(三)句式改写(共 10 小题)按要求改写下列句子,不得改变原意。
1. This is the schoolbag of Tom.(用 's 所有格改写)
________________________________________________________________________
2. Those are the books of the students.(用 's 所有格改写)
________________________________________________________________________
3. That is my father's bike.(用 of 所有格改写)
________________________________________________________________________
4. These are the desks of the boys.(用 's 所有格改写)
________________________________________________________________________
5. It is a walk of ten minutes from my home to the park.(用 's 所有格改写)
________________________________________________________________________
6. He is my friend.(用双重所有格改写)
________________________________________________________________________
7. She is a student of Miss Wang.(用双重所有格改写)
________________________________________________________________________
8. — Whose bag is this? — It is Tom's bag.(用名词所有格改写,避免重复 bag)
________________________________________________________________________
9. I often buy books at the shop of my uncle.(用 's 所有格改写)
________________________________________________________________________
10. These are the shoes of the children.(用 's 所有格改写)
________________________________________________________________________
(四)语篇语法填空(共 10 空)阅读下列短文,用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。
Hello! I'm Wang Lin, a student of No. 3 Middle School. Our school is not far from my home. It's only ten (1) ____ (minute) walk.
Today is (2) ____ (teacher) Day. All the students are happy. Look! This is (3) ____ (Miss Li) office. On the desk there are many exercise books — they are the (4) ____ (student) books. Next to them is a red card. It is (5) ____ (Lily) present for our teacher.
Our school has two reading rooms. The (6) ____ (boy) reading room is on the first floor, and the (7) ____ (girl) reading room is on the second floor. After school, I often go to my (8) ____ (uncle) shop to help him. On Sunday, my (9) ____ (sister) friend will visit us. By the way, March 8th is (10) ____ (woman) Day. We will make cards for our mothers.
参考答案
(一)单项选择:1. C 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. C
(二)单句语法填空:1. Tom's 2. students' 3. Children's 4. minutes' 5. boys' 6. parents' 7. Lily's 8. Women's 9. teachers' 10. sister's
(三)句式改写:1. This is Tom's schoolbag. 2. Those are the students' books. 3. That is the bike of my father. 4. These are the boys' desks. 5. It is ten minutes' walk from my home to the park.
6. He is a friend of mine. 7. She is a student of Miss Wang's. 8. It is Tom's. 9. I often buy books at my uncle's. 10. These are the children's shoes.
(四)语篇语法填空:1. minutes' 2. Teachers' 3. Miss Li's 4. students' 5. Lily's 6. boys' 7. girls' 8. uncle's 9. sister's 10. Women's
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