内容正文:
第二单元计算专项:整数乘法运算律推广到小数
知识点梳理
1. 乘法交换律:a×b = b×a
适用场景:调换两个小数因数的位置,把能凑整的两个数先相乘(如 0.25 与 4、1.25 与 0.8、0.5 与 2)。
2. 乘法结合律:(a×b)×c = a×(b×c)
适用场景:三个数相乘,先把能凑成整数的两个数结合起来相乘。
3. 乘法分配律:(a+b)×c = a×c + b×c;(a-b)×c = a×c - b×c
适用场景:①和/差乘一个数;②把接近整十、整百的数拆成整十数加/减一个小数;③逆用分配律提取相同因数。
4. 运算顺序:没有括号时先乘除后加减;有括号时先算括号里面;能简算的要优先简算。
专项练习
考点1:乘法交换律简算
(1)0.25×3.7×4
(2)1.25×5.6×0.8
(3)0.4×7.9×2.5
(4)2.5×6.8×0.4
(5)0.125×9.3×8
(6)5.2×0.5×2
(7)0.2×4.8×5
(8)1.25×0.72×0.8
(9)0.25×10.4×4
(10)8.6×0.125×8
(11)2.5×0.39×0.4
(12)0.5×12.7×2
(13)0.25×8.8×4
(14)1.25×2.4×0.8
(15)0.4×15.5×2.5
考点2:乘法结合律简算
(1)3.6×0.25×4
(2)1.7×1.25×0.8
(3)0.9×2.5×0.4
(4)5.8×0.125×8
(5)2.4×0.5×2
(6)7.2×0.25×4
(7)4.5×1.25×0.8
(8)0.68×0.5×2
(9)10.1×0.25×4
(10)0.32×1.25×8
(11)6.3×0.5×2
(12)8.1×0.25×4
(13)2.8×1.25×0.8
(14)0.56×0.5×2
(15)9.4×0.25×4
考点3:乘法分配律正向运用(a+b)×c
(1)(2+0.4)×2.5
(2)(0.8+4)×1.25
(3)(10+0.2)×3.6
(4)(0.6+8)×0.5
(5)(4+0.8)×2.5
(6)(1+0.5)×1.6
(7)(0.2+20)×0.5
(8)(5+0.3)×0.4
(9)(0.9+3)×1.25
(10)(10+0.8)×1.5
(11)(0.4+6)×2.5
(12)(3+0.6)×0.8
(13)(0.5+2)×4.4
(14)(7+0.2)×0.3
(15)(0.3+9)×1.1
考点4:乘法分配律正向运用(a-b)×c
(1)(10-0.2)×2.5
(2)(4-0.4)×1.25
(3)(8-0.8)×0.5
(4)(5-0.1)×3.6
(5)(2-0.6)×2.5
(6)(1-0.2)×1.5
(7)(20-0.5)×0.4
(8)(6-0.3)×0.8
(9)(9-0.9)×1.25
(10)(10-0.5)×1.4
(11)(7-0.4)×2.5
(12)(3-0.1)×0.7
(13)(4-0.2)×4.5
(14)(8-0.3)×0.2
(15)(5-0.5)×1.8
考点5:乘法分配律逆用(提取公因数)
(1)3.7×2.5+6.3×2.5
(2)1.25×7+1.25×1
(3)0.4×5.8+0.4×4.2
(4)2.5×9+2.5×1
(5)0.8×3.6+0.8×6.4
(6)1.5×4.2+1.5×5.8
(7)0.5×7.1+0.5×2.9
(8)3.2×1.25+0.8×1.25
(9)2.5×0.7+2.5×0.3
(10)1.1×6.5+1.1×3.5
(11)0.25×8.4+0.25×1.6
(12)4.8×0.5+5.2×0.5
(13)1.25×2.3+1.25×1.7
(14)0.7×2.6+0.7×7.4
(15)2.2×3.4+2.2×6.6
考点6:拆分数字凑整简算
(1)2.5×4.4
(2)1.25×8.8
(3)0.25×10.8
(4)3.6×10.1
(5)0.8×9.9
(6)2.5×3.2
(7)1.25×5.6
(8)0.4×20.2
(9)5.5×0.2
(10)7.2×10.1
(11)0.25×9.6
(12)1.25×4.8
(13)4.5×9.9
(14)0.5×10.6
(15)2.8×10.2
考点7:混合运算(能简算就简算,不能简算按顺序)
(1)2.5×0.4+3.6
(2)1.25×0.8-0.5
(3)7.2+0.25×4
(4)4.8-1.2×0.5
(5)(0.2+0.8)×3.9
(6)5.6×0.1+4.4×0.1
(7)3.5×2-4.2
(8)0.6×(10-0.5)
(9)1.8+2.5×0.4
(10)9.3-0.125×8
(11)2.4×0.5+7.6×0.5
(12)(3+0.2)×0.5
(13)6.4×0.25+3.6×0.25
(14)5×0.3-1.2
(15)0.9×1.2+0.9×8.8
对应应用题
1. 超市每千克苹果售价3.6元,每千克香蕉售价6.4元。妈妈苹果和香蕉各买2.5千克,一共花了多少钱?
2. 一块长方形菜地,长10.2米,宽2.5米。这块菜地的面积是多少平方米?
3. 文具店一盒铅笔1.25元,班级买8盒;一本笔记本3.75元,同样买8本。一共需要多少元?
4. 一根绳子,每段长2.5米,剪下10段后还剩1.3米。这根绳子原来长多少米?
5. 一辆货车每小时行驶40.5千米,照这样的速度行驶1.25小时,一共行驶了多少千米?
6. 服装厂做上衣,每件上衣用布1.8米,做9件;每条裤子用布1.2米,做9条。一共用布多少米?
7. 大米每袋重25千克,每千克售价3.2元。买一袋大米一共要付多少元?
8. 工程队修路,每天修3.6千米,修了10.5天,一共修路多少千米?
9. 水果店运来10箱橙子,每箱重8.8千克,每千克售价2.5元。这些橙子一共可以卖多少元?
10. 一个练习本售价0.8元,一支钢笔售价4.2元。练习本和钢笔各买15件,一共需要多少钱?
第 1 页 共 9 页
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参考答案
考点1:乘法交换律简算
(1)原式 = 0.25×4×3.7 = 1×3.7 = 3.7
(2)原式 = 1.25×0.8×5.6 = 1×5.6 = 5.6
(3)原式 = 0.4×2.5×7.9 = 1×7.9 = 7.9
(4)原式 = 2.5×0.4×6.8 = 1×6.8 = 6.8
(5)原式 = 0.125×8×9.3 = 1×9.3 = 9.3
(6)原式 = 0.5×2×5.2 = 1×5.2 = 5.2
(7)原式 = 0.2×5×4.8 = 1×4.8 = 4.8
(8)原式 = 1.25×0.8×0.72 = 1×0.72 = 0.72
(9)原式 = 0.25×4×10.4 = 1×10.4 = 10.4
(10)原式 = 0.125×8×8.6 = 1×8.6 = 8.6
(11)原式 = 2.5×0.4×0.39 = 1×0.39 = 0.39
(12)原式 = 0.5×2×12.7 = 1×12.7 = 12.7
(13)原式 = 0.25×4×8.8 = 1×8.8 = 8.8
(14)原式 = 1.25×0.8×2.4 = 1×2.4 = 2.4
(15)原式 = 0.4×2.5×15.5 = 1×15.5 = 15.5
考点2:乘法结合律简算
(1)原式 = 3.6×(0.25×4) = 3.6×1 = 3.6
(2)原式 = 1.7×(1.25×0.8) = 1.7×1 = 1.7
(3)原式 = 0.9×(2.5×0.4) = 0.9×1 = 0.9
(4)原式 = 5.8×(0.125×8) = 5.8×1 = 5.8
(5)原式 = 2.4×(0.5×2) = 2.4×1 = 2.4
(6)原式 = 7.2×(0.25×4) = 7.2×1 = 7.2
(7)原式 = 4.5×(1.25×0.8) = 4.5×1 = 4.5
(8)原式 = 0.68×(0.5×2) = 0.68×1 = 0.68
(9)原式 = 10.1×(0.25×4) = 10.1×1 = 10.1
(10)原式 = 0.32×(1.25×8) = 0.32×1 = 0.32
(11)原式 = 6.3×(0.5×2) = 6.3×1 = 6.3
(12)原式 = 8.1×(0.25×4) = 8.1×1 = 8.1
(13)原式 = 2.8×(1.25×0.8) = 2.8×1 = 2.8
(14)原式 = 0.56×(0.5×2) = 0.56×1 = 0.56
(15)原式 = 9.4×(0.25×4) = 9.4×1 = 9.4
考点3:乘法分配律正向(a+b)×c
(1)原式 = 2×2.5 + 0.4×2.5 = 5 + 1 = 6
(2)原式 = 0.8×1.25 + 4×1.25 = 1 + 5 = 6
(3)原式 = 10×3.6 + 0.2×3.6 = 36 + 0.72 = 36.72
(4)原式 = 0.6×0.5 + 8×0.5 = 0.3 + 4 = 4.3
(5)原式 = 4×2.5 + 0.8×2.5 = 10 + 2 = 12
(6)原式 = 1×1.6 + 0.5×1.6 = 1.6 + 0.8 = 2.4
(7)原式 = 0.2×0.5 + 20×0.5 = 0.1 + 10 = 10.1
(8)原式 = 5×0.4 + 0.3×0.4 = 2 + 0.12 = 2.12
(9)原式 = 0.9×1.25 + 3×1.25 = 1.125 + 3.75 = 4.875
(10)原式 = 10×1.5 + 0.8×1.5 = 15 + 1.2 = 16.2
(11)原式 = 0.4×2.5 + 6×2.5 = 1 + 15 = 16
(12)原式 = 3×0.8 + 0.6×0.8 = 2.4 + 0.48 = 2.88
(13)原式 = 0.5×4.4 + 2×4.4 = 2.2 + 8.8 = 11
(14)原式 = 7×0.3 + 0.2×0.3 = 2.1 + 0.06 = 2.16
(15)原式 = 0.3×1.1 + 9×1.1 = 0.33 + 9.9 = 10.23
考点4:乘法分配律正向(a-b)×c
(1)原式 = 10×2.5 - 0.2×2.5 = 25 - 0.5 = 24.5
(2)原式 = 4×1.25 - 0.4×1.25 = 5 - 0.5 = 4.5
(3)原式 = 8×0.5 - 0.8×0.5 = 4 - 0.4 = 3.6
(4)原式 = 5×3.6 - 0.1×3.6 = 18 - 0.36 = 17.64
(5)原式 = 2×2.5 - 0.6×2.5 = 5 - 1.5 = 3.5
(6)原式 = 1×1.5 - 0.2×1.5 = 1.5 - 0.3 = 1.2
(7)原式 = 20×0.4 - 0.5×0.4 = 8 - 0.2 = 7.8
(8)原式 = 6×0.8 - 0.3×0.8 = 4.8 - 0.24 = 4.56
(9)原式 = 9×1.25 - 0.9×1.25 = 11.25 - 1.125 = 10.125
(10)原式 = 10×1.4 - 0.5×1.4 = 14 - 0.7 = 13.3
(11)原式 = 7×2.5 - 0.4×2.5 = 17.5 - 1 = 16.5
(12)原式 = 3×0.7 - 0.1×0.7 = 2.1 - 0.07 = 2.03
(13)原式 = 4×4.5 - 0.2×4.5 = 18 - 0.9 = 17.1
(14)原式 = 8×0.2 - 0.3×0.2 = 1.6 - 0.06 = 1.54
(15)原式 = 5×1.8 - 0.5×1.8 = 9 - 0.9 = 8.1
考点5:乘法分配律逆用(提取公因数)
(1)原式 = (3.7+6.3)×2.5 = 10×2.5 = 25
(2)原式 = 1.25×(7+1) = 1.25×8 = 10
(3)原式 = 0.4×(5.8+4.2) = 0.4×10 = 4
(4)原式 = 2.5×(9+1) = 2.5×10 = 25
(5)原式 = 0.8×(3.6+6.4) = 0.8×10 = 8
(6)原式 = 1.5×(4.2+5.8) = 1.5×10 = 15
(7)原式 = 0.5×(7.1+2.9) = 0.5×10 = 5
(8)原式 = (3.2+0.8)×1.25 = 4×1.25 = 5
(9)原式 = 2.5×(0.7+0.3) = 2.5×1 = 2.5
(10)原式 = 1.1×(6.5+3.5) = 1.1×10 = 11
(11)原式 = 0.25×(8.4+1.6) = 0.25×10 = 2.5
(12)原式 = (4.8+5.2)×0.5 = 10×0.5 = 5
(13)原式 = 1.25×(2.3+1.7) = 1.25×4 = 5
(14)原式 = 0.7×(2.6+7.4) = 0.7×10 = 7
(15)原式 = 2.2×(3.4+6.6) = 2.2×10 = 22
考点6:拆分数字凑整简算
(1)原式 = 2.5×(4+0.4) = 2.5×4 + 2.5×0.4 = 10 + 1 = 11
(2)原式 = 1.25×(8+0.8) = 1.25×8 + 1.25×0.8 = 10 + 1 = 11
(3)原式 = 0.25×(10+0.8) = 0.25×10 + 0.25×0.8 = 2.5 + 0.2 = 2.7
(4)原式 = 3.6×(10+0.1) = 3.6×10 + 3.6×0.1 = 36 + 0.36 = 36.36
(5)原式 = 0.8×(10-0.1) = 0.8×10 - 0.8×0.1 = 8 - 0.08 = 7.92
(6)原式 = 2.5×4×0.8 = 10×0.8 = 8
(7)原式 = 1.25×8×0.7 = 10×0.7 = 7
(8)原式 = 0.4×(20+0.2) = 0.4×20 + 0.4×0.2 = 8 + 0.08 = 8.08
(9)原式 = (5+0.5)×0.2 = 5×0.2 + 0.5×0.2 = 1 + 0.1 = 1.1
(10)原式 = 7.2×(10+0.1) = 7.2×10 + 7.2×0.1 = 72 + 0.72 = 72.72
(11)原式 = 0.25×4×2.4 = 1×2.4 = 2.4
(12)原式 = 1.25×8×0.6 = 10×0.6 = 6
(13)原式 = 4.5×(10-0.1) = 4.5×10 - 4.5×0.1 = 45 - 0.45 = 44.55
(14)原式 = 0.5×(10+0.6) = 0.5×10 + 0.5×0.6 = 5 + 0.3 = 5.3
(15)原式 = 2.8×(10+0.2) = 2.8×10 + 2.8×0.2 = 28 + 0.56 = 28.56
考点7:混合运算
(1)原式 = 1 + 3.6 = 4.6
(2)原式 = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5
(3)原式 = 7.2 + 1 = 8.2
(4)原式 = 4.8 - 0.6 = 4.2
(5)原式 = 1×3.9 = 3.9
(6)原式 = (5.6+4.4)×0.1 = 10×0.1 = 1
(7)原式 = 7 - 4.2 = 2.8
(8)原式 = 0.6×10 - 0.6×0.5 = 6 - 0.3 = 5.7
(9)原式 = 1.8 + 1 = 2.8
(10)原式 = 9.3 - 1 = 8.3
(11)原式 = (2.4+7.6)×0.5 = 10×0.5 = 5
(12)原式 = 3×0.5 + 0.2×0.5 = 1.5 + 0.1 = 1.6
(13)原式 = (6.4+3.6)×0.25 = 10×0.25 = 2.5
(14)原式 = 1.5 - 1.2 = 0.3
(15)原式 = 0.9×(1.2+8.8) = 0.9×10 = 9
应用题参考答案
1. 3.6×2.5 + 6.4×2.5 = (3.6+6.4)×2.5 = 10×2.5 = 25(元) 答:一共花25元。
2. 10.2×2.5 = (10+0.2)×2.5 = 10×2.5 + 0.2×2.5 = 25 + 0.5 = 25.5(平方米) 答:菜地面积25.5平方米。
3. 1.25×8 + 3.75×8 = (1.25+3.75)×8 = 5×8 = 40(元) 答:一共需要40元。
4. 2.5×10 + 1.3 = 25 + 1.3 = 26.3(米) 答:原来长26.3米。
5. 40.5×1.25 = (40+0.5)×1.25 = 40×1.25 + 0.5×1.25 = 50 + 0.625 = 50.625(千米) 答:一共行驶50.625千米。
6. 1.8×9 + 1.2×9 = (1.8+1.2)×9 = 3×9 = 27(米) 答:一共用布27米。
7. 25×3.2 = 25×0.4×8 = 10×8 = 80(元) 答:要付80元。
8. 3.6×10.5 = 3.6×(10+0.5) = 3.6×10 + 3.6×0.5 = 36 + 1.8 = 37.8(千米) 答:一共修路37.8千米。
9. 10×8.8×2.5 = 10×(8.8×2.5) = 10×22 = 220(元) 答:一共可以卖220元。
10. 0.8×15 + 4.2×15 = (0.8+4.2)×15 = 5×15 = 75(元) 答:一共需要75元。
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