内容正文:
介词与不规则动词专项清单(全国通用)2027年春季高考英语
说明
1.命题考向:依据近年高考英语真题分析;
2.内容架构:每模块分【命题考向】+【核心基础知识】+【必背二级结论】+【高频易错警示】四板块,适配一轮背诵、考前速记;
3.适用范围:依据《普通高中英语课程标准》语法项目要求,覆盖全国卷及各自主命题地区。
一、高频易错介词陷阱
【命题考向】★必考(主干)
介词是语法填空与完形填空的必考点,重在考查同一介词在不同语境中的多种含义,以及介词固定搭配的辨识。with、by、beyond、against 是一词多义的常客,despite、without 引导的虚拟与让步结构是写作亮点。
(一)核心基础知识
1. with:拥有、随着、伴随、原因、条件
①表“拥有、具有”:The old man lives in a house with a big garden.;②表“随着”:With the exam drawing near, all the students are busy reviewing.;③表“伴随或附带情况”:With tears rolling down her cheeks, she stared at the broken vase.;④表“原因或理由”:Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.;⑤表“条件”(虚拟):With better equipment, we could have finished the job even sooner.
2. against:映衬、违背、迎着
①表“映衬、相映、对照”:The little red house looks so beautiful against the green woods.;②表“违背、违抗、违反”:Jane married Jack against her own will.;③表“迎着、逆着”:You should fly your kite against the wind.
3. by:增减程度、按……计算、由于
①表升降增减的程度(by + 数量词):The bullet missed the captain by two inches.;②表“按……计算、按……买卖”,后接单数可数名词其前用定冠词 the,后接抽象名词通常不用冠词:The workers in this workshop are paid by the hour.;③表原因,意为“由于”:I took your umbrella by mistake.
4. like:像、比如
①表“比如”:She has many hobbies, like painting, reading, and swimming.;②表“像”:Foods like pizza and burgers are popular among teenagers.
5. beyond:在……另一边、超出、晚于、无法
①表“在……另一边”:The village lies just beyond the hills.;②表“超过、超出、非……所能”:The beauty of the scene was beyond description.;③表“晚于”:Do not stay out beyond midnight.;④表“无法理解”:This problem is beyond my understanding.
6. despite:尽管,虽然
①后接名词或代词:Despite the heavy rain, they continued playing football.;②后接 the fact that 从句:Despite the fact that he was tired, he kept working.。despite 与 in spite of 同义,后不接句子。
7. without:缺乏、没有、不用、如果没有
①表“没有”:He can't finish the work without your help.;②表“不用”:He solved the problem without any tools.;③表“如果没有”(含蓄虚拟):Without your help, I wouldn't have succeeded anyway.
8. upon / on:一……就……、将要发生
①表“一……就……”,后接名词或动名词:Upon his arrival at Qinhuangdao, he gave me a ring.;②表“将要发生、马上来临”:The wedding season is upon us.
(二)必背二级结论
1. by + 数量词表增减幅度
动词 increase / rise / fall / drop / reduce 后接 by + 数量词,表示增减的净幅度,如 rise by 20%;接 to 表示增至某个数值,如 rise to 20%,两者不可混用。
2. with 复合结构作状语
“with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”可表伴随、原因、条件,宾语补足语可为形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词或不定式。现在分词表主动进行,过去分词表被动完成,不定式表将来。
3. 介词 + 动名词
介词后一律接动名词,不接不定式。常见搭配:be used to doing、look forward to doing、object to doing、devote oneself to doing、insist on doing、be good at doing、feel like doing。
4. despite / in spite of 与 although 的分工
despite、in spite of 是介词(短语),后接名词或动名词;although、though 是连词,后接完整句子。同一语义不可混用:Despite his illness, he came. = Although he was ill, he came.
5. beyond 的高分表达
beyond description(无法形容)、beyond doubt(毫无疑问)、beyond one's reach(够不着)、beyond one's control(无法控制)、beyond one's wildest dreams(做梦也想不到),为写作常用亮点短语。
(三)高频易错警示
1. with 表“随着”时引出的是独立结构,不能误当作 and 并列句使用。
2. against 表“违背”时,不能与 for 混淆:vote against(反对)与 vote for(赞成)。
3. by mistake(出于错误地)与 by chance(偶然)中 by 不表方式,不能换成其他介词。
4. beyond 后面接名词或动名词,不能接从句,如不能说 beyond he can understand。
5. despite 后不能接句子,也不能加 of,错误形式为 despite of。
6. without 引导的含蓄虚拟条件句中,主句用 would/could have done,不能写成 will。
二、不规则动词变化易错必背
【命题考向】★必考(主干)
不规则动词的过去式、过去分词与现在分词是语法填空和短文改错的基础考点,也是时态与非谓语动词判定的前提。考查重点集中在 AAA 型、ABB 型与 ABC 型三类,以及形近易混的过去式与过去分词(如 lie / lay、hang 的两种变化)。
(一)核心基础知识
1. 三型变化规律
①AAA 型:原形、过去式、过去分词同形,如 cut-cut-cut、put-put-put、hit-hit-hit、let-let-let;②ABB 型:过去式与过去分词同形,如 bring-brought-brought、catch-caught-caught、teach-taught-taught;③ABC 型:三者皆不同,如 break-broke-broken、write-wrote-written、choose-chose-chosen。
2. i-a-u 变化规律(ABC 型)
begin-began-begun、drink-drank-drunk、sing-sang-sung、sink-sank-sunk、swim-swam-swum、ring-rang-rung,元音依次为 i-a-u,可按同一规律成组记忆。
3. 两种形式并存的高频动词
①hang:hung(悬挂)/ hanged(绞死);②lie:lay- lain(躺、位于)/ lied- lied(说谎),须按词义区分;③burn、learn、smell、spell、speed 等,过去式与过去分词可用 -ed 或 -t 形式;④wake-waked/woke-waked/woken;⑤show-showed-showed/shown。
4. 现在分词的特殊变化
①重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写该辅音再加 -ing,如 begin-beginning、swim-swimming、prefer-preferring;②以 e 结尾去 e 加 -ing,如 choose-choosing、hide-hiding、bite-biting;③lie-lying、die-dying 中 ie 变 y 再加 -ing。
5. 高频不规则动词速查表
break-broke-broken-broken(打破);choose-chose-chosen(选择);hide-hid-hidden(隐藏);forget-forgot-forgotten(忘记);freeze-froze-frozen(冷冻);steal-stole-stolen(偷窃);begin-began-begun(开始);drink-drank-drunk(喝);sing-sang-sung(唱);sink-sank-sunk(下沉);swim-swam-swum(游泳);ring-rang-rung(响)
bear-bore-borne/born(忍受、生育);fly-flew-flown(飞行);wear-wore-worn(穿);bite-bit-bitten(咬);tear-tore-torn(撕);blow-blew-blown(吹);drive-drove-driven(驾驶);draw-drew-drawn(画);eat-ate-eaten(吃);fall-fell-fallen(落下);forbid-forbade-forbidden(禁止);grow-grew-grown(生长)
forgive-forgave-forgiven(原谅);mistake-mistook-mistaken(弄错);throw-threw-thrown(扔);ride-rode-ridden(骑);sew-sewed-sewn(缝);shake-shook-shaken(摇动);write-wrote-written(写);understand-understood-understood(明白);lose-lost-lost(失去);wind-wound-wound(缠绕);sweep-swept-swept(扫);weep-wept-wept(哭泣)
awake-awoke-awoken/awoke(唤醒);flee-fled-fled(逃跑);hold-held-held(握住);lead-led-led(领导);meet-met-met(遇见);shoot-shot-shot(射击);spit-spit/spat-spit/spat(吐痰);stick-stuck-stuck(粘住);strike-struck-struck/stricken(撞击);win-won-won(获胜);bend-bent-bent(弯曲);lend-lent-lent(借给)
bring-brought-brought(带来);buy-bought-bought(买);fight-fought-fought(打仗);think-thought-thought(思考);seek-sought-sought(寻找);catch-caught-caught(抓住);teach-taught-taught(教);become-became-become(变成);overcome-overcame-overcome(克服);burn-burnt/burned-burnt/burned(燃烧);deal-dealt-dealt(处理);hear-heard-heard(听见)
mean-meant-meant(意味着);shine-shone/shined-shone/shined(照耀);smell-smelled/smelt-smelled/smelt(闻);spell-spelled/spelt-spelled/spelt(拼写);speed-sped/speeded-sped/speeded(加速);wake-waked/woke-waked/woken(醒来);beat-beat-beaten(打败)
(二)必背二级结论
1. 过去分词作形容词的常用形式
be born(出生)、be frozen(结冰的)、be hidden(隐藏的)、be stolen(被偷的)、a written report(书面报告)、a well-known writer(著名作家)、a broken vase(打破的花瓶),均为写作常用搭配。
2. lie 与 lay 的四组辨析
①lie(躺、位于)- lay - lain - lying;②lie(说谎)- lied - lied - lying;③lay(放置、产卵)- laid - laid - laying;④lie 作名词意为“谎言”。注意 lay 的过去式与 lie(躺)的原形同形,是最易失分点。
3. hang 两种变化的判定
表示“悬挂、垂下”时用 hang-hung-hung;表示“绞死、吊死”时用 hang-hanged-hanged,须依据语境词义选择。
4. -t 与 -ed 形式的选择
burn、learn、smell、spell、speed、spill、spoil 等动词的过去式与过去分词在英式英语中多用 -t,美式英语中多用 -ed,两式均正确,但同一篇文章中应保持一致。
5. strike 的两种过去分词
strike-struck-struck 表“撞击、罢工”;被动态中亦可用 stricken,如 be stricken with panic(惊恐万分)、be stricken by illness(患病)。
(三)高频易错警示
1. 过去式与过去分词不可混用:被动语态与完成时须用过去分词,一般过去时用过去式。
2. beat 的过去式仍为 beat,过去分词为 beaten,不能写成 beated。
3. forget 的过去分词为 forgotten,不能按规则动词写成 forgetted。
4. flow(流动)为规则动词,flowed-flowed;fly(飞)为不规则动词,flew-flown,两词形近易混。
5. find(找到)与 found(建立)不同:find-found-found;found-founded-founded。
6. wind(缠绕)的过去式为 wound,与名词 wound(伤口)同形,须依据句法成分判断。
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