专题04 一词多义与熟词生义（知识清单）（全国通用）2027年春季高考英语

一词多义与熟词生义清单（全国通用）2027年春季高考英语 说明 1.命题考向：依据近年高考英语真题分析； 2.内容架构：每模块分【命题考向】+【核心基础知识】+【必背二级结论】+【高频易错警示】四板块，适配一轮背诵、考前速记； 3.适用范围：依据《普通高中英语课程标准》词汇要求，覆盖全国卷及各自主命题地区。 一、万能动词一词多义 【命题考向】★必考（主干） 一词多义是完形填空与阅读理解的核心命题方式，考查“熟悉的词在陌生语境中的新义”。高考高频考查的多义动词集中在 work、conduct、apply、attach、cover、conclude、lecture、develop、catch、appreciate、operate 等，解题关键是依据搭配与语境锁定词义，而非套用第一义项。 （一）核心基础知识 1. work v. ①工作：We worked like crazy to get it done on time.；②从事……工作：I've always worked in education.；③运转：The pump doesn't work and we have no running water.；④奏效、产生作用：The painkillers started to work within twenty minutes after taking them.；⑤开动、操作（机器）：Do you know how to work the coffee machine?；⑥经营、管理（以获利）。 2. conduct v. ①组织、实施：I decided to conduct an experiment.；②传导（热或电等能量）：Water conducts heat faster than air.；③引导、带领（某人去某地）：She conducted the visitors around the factory, explaining the production process in detail.；④指挥（音乐演奏）、为（某人）导游。 3. apply v. ①申请、请求：I'm going to apply for the position of software engineer.；②应用、运用：It is difficult to apply theoretical knowledge to practical problems without experience.；③涂、敷、抹：You need to apply this ointment to the affected area twice a day.；④适用、适合：This rule doesn't apply to children under the age of 12. 4. attach v. ①赋予（重要性、意义等）：We attach great importance to customer feedback and suggestions.；②依恋：The child became deeply attached to the puppy he rescued.；③附上：Please attach your resume to the email before sending it.；④贴上：He attached a label to each box indicating its contents. 5. cover v. ①覆盖：Snow covered the mountains, making them look white and pure.；②涉及、包含、处理：The lecture covered a wide range of topics, from history to science.；③行走（一段路程）：We managed to cover 50 miles before nightfall.；④报道、采访：Journalists were sent to cover the Olympic Games.；⑤支付：The company agreed to cover all her travel expenses.；⑥掩护、保护：The soldiers advanced while their comrades covered them with gunfire. 6. conclude v. ①推断出、得出结论：Researchers concluded that regular exercise significantly improves sleep quality.；②结束、终止（会议等）：The chairman concluded the meeting by summarizing the key action items. 7. lecture v. ①授课、讲课：She was lecturing to a hall full of first-year students.；②发表演讲、作报告：He was invited to lecture on modern art at the local museum.；③说教：I don't need you to lecture me on how to do my job.；④唠叨：My father tends to lecture me on the importance of saving money whenever I buy something expensive. 8. develop v. ①开发、研制：The company is developing a new app to help users track their fitness goals.；②（逐渐）形成：Over time, a strong friendship developed between the two colleagues.；③发展：Children develop language skills rapidly in their first few years.；④患（病）：He developed a severe allergy to peanuts after eating them once.；⑤出现（问题、症状）：If you ignore the leak, it may develop into a major plumbing problem.；⑥冲洗（胶片）：I still enjoy taking film cameras and developing the photos in my darkroom. 9. catch v. ①接住：The goalkeeper managed to catch the ball just before it crossed the line.；②抓住、当场抓住、捕捉：The police worked all night to catch the thief who escaped from prison.；③及时赶上：She ran as fast as she could to catch the bus, but it had already left.；④得病、染上：He caught the flu from his colleague who was sneezing all day.；⑤听懂、领会、理解：Sorry, I didn't quite catch what you said. Could you repeat it?；⑥引起（注意、兴趣等）：The bright red dress immediately caught her eye in the store window. 10. appreciate v. ①感激、欢迎：I really appreciate your help with the project; I couldn't have done it without you.；②欣赏、赏识：The manager fully appreciates the hard work and dedication of his team.；③理解、领会、意识到：I appreciate that this is a difficult decision for you to make.；④增值、升值：The value of the house has appreciated significantly over the last five years. 11. operate v. ①经营、管理：They operate a chain of budget hotels that are popular with backpackers.；②动手术：He is still recovering from the knee he had operated on last month.；③操作：Only trained personnel are allowed to operate this heavy machinery.；④运转：The new software is designed to operate on Windows.；⑤生效、适用：The new traffic regulations will operate from the beginning of next month.；⑥起作用、产生影响：Market forces operate freely in this economy, determining prices based on supply and demand. （二）必背二级结论 1. 一词多义的判定三步骤 ①先看搭配：同一动词接不同介词或宾语时词义常变，如 work on（从事）、work out（计算出、解决）、work at（致力于）；②再看主语：主语为物时多取“运转、奏效”义，主语为人时多取“工作、经营”义；③最后看上下文逻辑，用“代入法”验证是否通顺。 2. 高频“抽象义”清单 work 奏效；conduct 传导；apply 适用；attach 赋予（重要性）；cover 涉及、支付；conclude 推断；develop 患（病）；catch 领会；appreciate 理解；operate 生效。这些义项在完形填空中出现频率高，且多与“抽象名词”或“人”搭配。 3. 与名词搭配的固定句式 attach importance/significance to（重视）；apply ... to（把……应用于）；develop an interest in（培养对……的兴趣）；catch one's eye/attention（引起注意）；cover a wide range of（涵盖广泛）；conduct a survey/an experiment（开展调查/实验）。 4. 同一个词的及物与不及物差异 develop 作不及物时表“发展、形成”，作及物时表“开发、培养、患病”；operate 作不及物时表“运转、生效”，作及物时表“经营、操作”。判断时须先确认其后是否带宾语。 5. 熟词生义的代入原则 遇到熟词却读不通时，不要推翻句子结构，应尝试把该词替换为“陌生义项”再代入，若句子逻辑通顺即为其生义。此方法在完形填空的四个选项中区分度最高。 （三）高频易错警示 1. work 表“运转、奏效”时不用于被动语态，如不说 The machine was worked well。 2. apply for 表“申请”，apply to 表“适用于”，apply ... to 表“把……应用于”，三者搭配不同不可混用。 3. attach 表“依恋”时须用被动结构 be attached to，不能写成 attach to sb。 4. cover 表“支付”时多接费用类名词，不能误译为“覆盖”。 5. appreciate 后接从句时用 appreciate that...，接动词须用动名词，不可接不定式。 6. develop 表“患病”时不用于进行时，如不能说 He is developing a cold。 二、高考中的熟词生义 【命题考向】★必考（趋势上升） 熟词生义是近年高考阅读与完形的高频命题点，重在考查考生在陌生语境中依据上下文推测“熟悉的词的新义”的能力。命题多取材于科技、环保、文化、生活类真实语篇，涉及名词、动词、形容词的词性转换与词义延伸，是拉开区分度的关键题型。 （一）核心基础知识 1. pass【生义】n. 通行证；月票 /【熟义】v. 经过；穿过 真题语境：... guests must enter through the exact gate indicated on their color-coded digital parking pass.（2026·全国一卷）——访客务必从彩色电子停车券标注的入口入场。此处 pass 为名词“通行证”。 2. lot【生义】n. （作某种用途的）一块地，场地 /【熟义】a lot 大量 真题语境：Each parking zone consists of multiple lots, designed to efficiently manage traffic across the venue's network.（2026·全国一卷）——每个停车区由多个停车场组成，旨在有效管理场馆整个交通网络的车流。 3. save【生义】v. 留；预留 /【熟义】v. 救；节省 真题语境：... spaces cannot be saved.（2026·全国一卷）——车位不可预留。 4. entry【生义】n. 记录；条目；词条 /【熟义】n. 进入；入口 真题语境：... started marking every entry I looked up with a pencil to measure my progress.（2026·全国一卷）——开始用铅笔标记我查过的每一个词条，以此来衡量自己的进步。 5. delicate【生义】adj. 精美的；雅致的 /【熟义】adj. 易碎的；易损坏的 真题语境：... protecting delicate collections, and revealing hidden stories.（2026·全国一卷）——保护精美的藏品，并揭示鲜为人知的故事。 6. promise【生义】v. 使很可能；预示 /【熟义】n. 承诺；v. 许诺 真题语境：Looking ahead, the rapid advancement of AI promises both exciting possibilities and ethical challenges.（2026·全国一卷）——展望未来，人工智能的快速发展既带来了令人兴奋的可能性，也带来了伦理上的挑战。 7. respect【生义】n. 方面；着眼点 /【熟义】n. 尊敬；v. 尊敬 真题语境：In short, AI is redefining the museum in all respects.（2026·全国一卷）——简而言之，人工智能正在各个方面重新定义博物馆。 8. escape【生义】n. 短途度假，放松之旅 /【熟义】v. 逃跑，逃脱 真题语境：Perfect for turning a game day into a great weekend escape.（2026·全国一卷）——非常适合把观赛日变成一场惬意的周末短途出游。 9. cell【生义】n. 电池 /【熟义】n. 细胞；小牢房；小房间 真题语境：Hydrogen fuel cells are a lighter choice than batteries for trucks...（2025·全国一卷·阅读A）——对于卡车而言，氢燃料电池是比蓄电池更轻便的替代方案。 10. keep【生义】v. 保存 /【熟义】v. 保持，继续 真题语境：Liquid ammonia is easy to keep and transport, but it is hard to ignite and requires an engine redesign.（2025·全国一卷·阅读A）——液氨易于储存和运输，但难以点燃，且需对发动机进行重新设计。 11. green【生义】adj. 环保的 /【熟义】adj. 绿色的 真题语境：The fuels for transport need to be not just green, cheap and powerful, but also lightweight and safe enough to be carried around.（2025·全国一卷·阅读A）——交通运输用燃料不仅需要具备环保、经济且动力强劲的特点，还应具备轻量化和足够安全的特性。 12. piece【生义】n. 文章，作品 /【熟义】n. 块，碎片，部件 真题语境：I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre and that it contain a thesis.（2025·全国一卷·阅读B）——我仅要求所提交的作品符合其所属体裁的规范，并包含一个明确的论点。 13. staggering【生义】adj. 令人吃惊的，惊人的 /【熟义】adj. 摇晃的；蹒跚的 真题语境：The results were staggering.（2025·全国一卷·阅读B）——结果令人惊叹。 14. strike【生义】v. 给（某人以……）印象；让（某人）觉得 /【熟义】v. 打击；罢工；撞击 真题语境：... writing, in and of itself, simply didn't strike them as important.（2025·全国一卷·阅读B）——但对他们而言，写作本身并不显得有多重要。 15. account【生义】v. 考虑；解释 /【熟义】n. 账户；账目；描述 真题语境：... but we fail to account for the true costs.（2025·全国一卷·阅读C）——但却未能充分考虑其真实成本。 16. senior【生义】n. 高年级／毕业班学生；大四的学生 /【熟义】adj. 级别／地位高的，资深的 真题语境：Joanna Wright, a senior political science major, loves coffee...（2025·全国一卷·阅读七选五）——乔安娜·赖特是一名政治学专业大四学生，她热爱咖啡。 17. spare【生义】v. 使免遭（麻烦、痛苦等）；免去 /【熟义】v. 抽出；匀出；adj. 备用的 真题语境：Each exchange provided a chance to spare the landfill and to please another person I might not otherwise have encountered.（2025·全国一卷·完形填空）——每一次交流都为保护垃圾填埋场提供了机会，也让我有机会去取悦另一个我可能不会遇到的人。 18. cut【生义】v. 削减；降低 /【熟义】v. 切；割；砍 真题语境：... another asking for a price cut.（2025·全国一卷·完形填空）——另一条要求降价。 19. skirt【生义】v. 沿……边缘走；绕过 /【熟义】n. 裙子 真题语境：Skirting the town square, you'll find lovely shops, eateries, and the Black and White House Museum.（2025·全国二卷·阅读A）——沿着城镇广场外围漫步，您会看到许多雅致的商店、餐馆以及黑白白宫博物馆。 20. line【生义】v. 沿……排列；排成一行 /【熟义】n. 线条；线路 真题语境：Butcher shops, greengrocers, bakeries, and cheese shops line the town square.（2025·全国二卷·阅读A）——镇中心广场两旁分布着肉铺、蔬菜店、面包店和奶酪店。 （二）必背二级结论 1. 熟词生义的四大生成途径 ①名词具体化：pass（经过→通行证）、entry（进入→词条）、escape（逃跑→短途出游）；②词性转换：skirt 名词转动词、line 名词转动词、green 形容词表环保、senior 形容词转名词；③抽象化：keep（保持→保存）、save（节省→预留）、cut（切→削减）；④引申义：promise（承诺→预示）、strike（打击→给……印象）、delicate（易碎→精美）。 2. 语境推测的四种线索 ①搭配线索：account for 后接名词时多取“解释、占（比例）”义；②同现线索：与 parking、gate、digital 同现时 pass 取“通行证”；③标点线索：破折号、冒号后的解释常揭示生义；④话题线索：科技环保类语篇中 cell 多指“电池”、green 多指“环保”。 3. 高频搭配速记 account for（解释；占比例）；strike sb as...（在某人看来……）；spare sb sth（使某人免遭）；cut down（削减）；in all respects（在各方面）；line up（排成一行）；skirt around（绕开，回避）。 4. 一词多义的答题顺序 先判断词性，再判断搭配，最后代入原句验证。三步骤缺一不可，尤其不能跳过词性判断直接套用熟义。 5. 复习策略 对待熟词生义词，若不知其确切含义，唯一的方法就是依据语境推测熟词的新义。建议以“熟义—生义—真题例句”三栏式记录，重点标记与熟义差异大的义项。 （三）高频易错警示 1. pass、entry、escape 作名词时的生义多出现在广告、通知、说明类语篇中，容易按动词义误判。 2. cell 在科技类语篇中常指“电池”，在生物类语篇中才指“细胞”，不能一律按生物义理解。 3. account for 表“解释”与表“占……比例”时的主语不同：主语为人时多表“解释”，主语为数据时多表“占比”。 4. strike sb as important 中 strike 不表“打击”，不能按字面直译。 5. spare 作动词表“使免遭”时是及物动词，须接双宾语，不能单独使用。 6. skirt 与 line 作动词时均与“位置、排列”相关，须依据宾语类型判断，不可与名词义混淆。 1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $