考前押题05 阅读理解3大常考话题（期中专项训练）高一英语上学期沪外版

考前押题05 阅读理解3大常考话题 话题1 人与自我 话题2 人与社会 话题3 人与自然 ① 通读题干，圈画关键词，明确题目设问方向； ② 回读原文，定位答题区间，查找与题干匹配信息； ③ 比对选项，区分原文细节、干扰项，忠于文本内容； ④ 主旨题梳理首尾段，推断题立足文本，不主观臆断； ⑤ 做完复盘，核对答案，确保选项符合文章逻辑。 话题1 人与自我（共6篇） Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Brain-training games are all the fashion, but whether they prevent cognitive decline has been debatable. Studies in recent years have gone back and forth on the topic, with no definitive conclusion. “What crossword puzzles and word game are probably really good at is to make you better at crossword puzzles and word games,” Dr. Sanjay Gupta, CNN Chief Medical Correspondent, said, “People often use brain-training exercises with the hopes of reducing their risks of mental illness. Truth is, there’s not a lot of data to suggest it actually reduces such risks.” But there is a new twist to that scientific puzzle. According to a new clinical trial, the success of brain training in slowing cognitive decline may depend on the type of game and how it affects certain neurotransmitters (神经递质) in the brain. Brain games that focus on boosting attention and improving processing speed appear to preserve acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter, according to the new research led by Dr. Michael Merzenich, professor emeritus at the University of California. Acetylcholine is an “excitatory” neurotransmitter and neuromodulator (神经调节物), which acts like a switch to make the brain more awake, more focused and attentive. When acetylcholine is activated, it changes the activity of the entire brain, so that an adult brain could change, adapt and create new neural connections throughout life. For their groundbreaking discoveries, Dr. Merzenich and two other scientists received the Kavli Award in Neuroscience in 2016. “Brain-training games do have a brain-wide impact — it is not limited to the very narrow set of processes that people were trained on,” Dr. Merzenich said, “We’re talking about a fundamental physical chemical change that we know really matters as a contributor to brain health.” The discovery adds to existing knowledge about how to prevent cognitive decline. Eating a well-balanced diet, improving sleep and getting regular exercise are all proven ways to enhance brain power and overall energy, but the research shows that brain training can be one of the many ways to engage the brain in new ways, enabling the brain to maintain its functioning in the face of aging, damage or early stages of disease. “There is no one magic pill to prevent Alzheimer’s (阿尔兹海默症), but a combination of interventions, such as learning a new language, playing a new instrument or taking up a new hobby, can help people take control in the fight against it,” Dr. Richard Isaacson, director of research at the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Florida, said. 1．Which one of following is likely to be agreed by Dr. Sanjay Gupta? A．It is impossible to say for sure whether brain-training games are effective. B．Brain-training games serve as a piece of scientific puzzle that needs solving. C．The ability of brain-training games to maintain overall brain health lacks strong supporting data. D．Studies on the effectiveness of brain-training games have had no positive results so far. 2．What can be inferred about the role of acetylcholine in an ADULT brain according to the passage? A．Its primary function is fixed during childhood and remains unchanging throughout adulthood. B．Its presence and activity are fundamental to the brain’s lifelong capacity for change and adaptation. C．Its levels are solely determined by genetic factors and cannot be influenced by lifestyle or activities. D．It serves as a calming agent, reducing overall brain activity to conserve mental energy. 3．What can we learn about Dr. Merzenich’s findings? A．Dr. Merzenich finds that effective training leads to helpful changes in the brain. B．Dr. Merzenich’s findings have confirmed those made by other researchers in the past. C．Dr. Merzenich discovers that brain-training games are certain to improve our mental health. D．Dr. Merzenich reveals that all types of brain games have equal effects on the brain’s chemical activity. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Certain brain-training games that target key cognitive abilities can support brain health. B．A combination of healthy lifestyle choices and suitable brain training may help slow cognitive decline. C．Brain games that focus on puzzles and wordplay are the most effective way to prevent mental illness. D．Eating well, sleeping well and exercising are far more important than any form of brain training. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. She credits(归功) these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age   of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day’s work was rewarded with £5 in pocket money. She says: “I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with, painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking(劳累的) work, but I know he was proud of my skills.” Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit(押金) when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end. She adds: “I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures, so, it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.” With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over that coming weeks, new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done. The average spend per project will be around £823. Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home. Two fifths wish to increase the value of their house. Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge. 1．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A．An artist. B．A winner. C．A specialist. D．A pioneer. 2．Why did Terri’s grandfather give her £5 a day? A．As a birthday gift these years. B．As a treat for her part-time job. C．To support her DIY projects. D．To encourage her to take up a hobby. 3．How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented? A．By making it look like before. B．By furnishing and decorating it herself. C．By splitting the rent with a roommate. D．By cancelling the rental agreement(协议). 4．What trend in DIY does the research show? A．It is becoming more costly. B．It is getting more time-consuming. C．It is turning into a seasonal industry. D．It is gaining popularity among females. Passage 3 （25-26高一上·上海徐汇·期中）“Tie an Italian’s hands behind his back,” runs an old joke, “and he’ll be speechless.” It rests on a national stereotype (刻板印象): Italians are talkative and emotional, and all that arm-waving supposedly goes to prove it. Susan Goldin-Meadow of the University of Chicago holds that people are doing something different when they use gestures with speech, which she sums up in the title of her new book, “Thinking with Your Hands”. Basically, everyone gestures, not just Italians. Experimental subjects, told after a research session that they were being watched for gestures, apologise for not having made any — but were doing so the entire time. People born blind gesture when they speak, including to each other. All this suggests that, to some extent, thinking is not all done in your head. The gesture under discussion here is mostly the “co-speech” kind. It is much more abstract than mime (默剧) . Nor are these “typical” gestures like a thumbs-up or a finger over the lips for “Silence!” Like words, those are fixed within cultures (but vary between them). Instead, gestures that accompany speech are a second channel of information. Subjects watch a film in which a cat runs but are told to lie and say it jumped. They do so in words — while their hands make a running motion. Practical advice is also included in the book. Teachers are encouraged both to use gestures themselves and to observe those their students make. Therapists (治疗师) can be trained to look out for gestures hinting that patients are thinking something they are not yet ready to say. Children with language delays caused by brain injuries at or around birth, but who nonetheless gesture as much as their peers, are likely to catch up orally by the age of about 30 months. Those who gesture less are more likely to need intensive early intervention. Children with Down’s syndrome may express themselves better when taught to use a mix of gesture and speech rather than speech alone. No one who reads this book could ever again think that gesturing shows only a lack of control. It is about thinking and communication, and is an effective aid to both. 1．Why is the old joke about Italians mentioned in the passage? A．To introduce the topic of gestures’ roles in thinking and communication. B．To explain why the hands are so important for Italians in self-expression. C．To show the author’s enthusiasm for old jokes about national stereotypes. D．To confirm that Italians are more talkative and emotional than other people. 2．Which of the following statements best describes the “gestures” discussed in the book? A．They are as concrete as mime and can stand alone to express ideas. B．They are similar to mime and mainly used to show silent emotions. C．They are like a thumbs-up bearing the same meaning across all cultures. D．They are abstract, tied to speech, and different from fixed cultural signs. 3．In what ways can gestures be applied to practice according to the passage? A．Instructing caregivers to replace speech with gestures for children with language delays. B．Guiding educators to adjust their gestures in teaching based on students’ gestural signals. C．Enabling therapists to master techniques in interpreting patients’ unspoken thoughts via gestures. D．Advising individuals to increase gesturing frequency to enhance emotional expression in speech. 4．The underlined word “intervention” (Line 6, Paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to____________. A．strict rules made to correct bad behavior B．daily care given to support children’s growth C．simple advice offered to guide language learning D．professional help provided to improve a condition Passage 4 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）English is a fun language, and even though it’s considered an accessible and relatively easy one to learn, with 750,000 words and spelling that can throw off even the most skilled learner, learning English fast can seem impossible. Take the following tips on how to learn English faster as your starting point and you’ll master this wonderful language in no time! TIP 1 ______ Classic literature, paperbacks, newspapers, websites, emails, your social media feed: if it’s in English, read it. Why? Well, this content will be full of juicy new vocabulary, as well as a fair amount you already know. This helps you improve quickly, as repeated exposure to learned vocabulary gives you new examples in context, therefore reinforcing those words in your mind. On the other hand, learning new words and expressions is essential to building your vocabulary, particularly in a language like English with so many words! TIP 2 ACTIVELY TAKE NOTE OF NEW VOCABULARY This tip is a classic one for good reason. It works! When learning, we often enjoy a new word or phrase so much that forgetting it seems impossible. But trust us, not everything sticks the first time. To fight this, get into the habit of carrying around a notebook. Whenever you hear or read a new word or expression, write it down in context: that is, in a sentence and with its meaning noted. This saves you time as you won’t return to that word and ask yourself: “What did that word/expression mean again?” TIP 3 TALK WITH REAL LIVE HUMANS What is a language for if not to communicate? It’s true that speaking a language helps it stick in your head far better than only reading or writing it. Just think of how many times you’ve heard people say that they “understand, but can’t speak English” A lot of would-be English speakers have turned talking into a huge obstacle that only serves to psyche them out. Don’t be like that. Seek out native speakers for an informal language exchange, enroll in a course, or take classes online. TIP 4 SUBSCRIBE TO PODCASTS (IN ENGLISH) Like humor? Politics? Blogging? Cooking? With topics covering every interest possible, there are English-speaking podcasts out there for you. Subscribe to a few and listen or watch while going to school or work. At first, you might find the native accents difficult, but stick with it and you’ll soon start to understand what you hear (as well as learning lots of new vocabulary from a native speaker!) 1．Which of the following is the best heading for TIP 1? A．START WITH READING WHAT YOU REALLY NEED B．USE CONTEXTUAL CLUES TO BUILD YOUR VOCABULARY C．READ ALL THE PRINTED MATERIALS YOU CAN BUY D．READ EVERYTHING YOU CAN GET YOUR HANDS ON 2．The phrase “psyche them out” is closest in meaning to ______ A．make them discouraged B．slow down their progress C．relieve their stress D．affect their fluency 3．Which of the following strategies is NOT suggested by the author? A．Learning words through repeated exposure in different contexts. B．Using technology to instantly translate any unknown word. C．Building vocabulary by reading things you enjoy. D．Overcoming the fear of speaking by practicing with natives. Passage 5 （25-26高一上·上海黄浦·期中）The key to effective cross-cultural communication is knowledge. First, it is essential that people understand the potential (潜在的) problems of cross-cultural communication, and try their best to solve these problems. Second, it is important to know that one’s efforts will not always be successful, and change one’s behavior appropriately (恰当地). For example, one should always think that there is a significant possibility that cultural differences are leading to communication problems, and be willing to be patient and forgiving, rather than hostile (敌对的) and offensive, if problems develop. One should respond slowly and carefully in cross-cultural exchanges, not jumping to the conclusion that you know what is being thought and said. William Ury’s suggestion for heated conflicts is to stop, listen and think, or as he puts it“go to the balcony” when the situation gets tense. By this he means withdraw (撤退) from the situation, step back, and think about what is going on before you act. What could be going on here? Is it possible I misunderstand what they said, or they misinterpreted me? Often misinterpretation is the source of the problem. Often intermediaries who are familiar with both cultures can be helpful in cross-cultural communication situations. They can translate both the substance and the manner of what is said. For instance, they can tone down strong statements that would be considered appropriate in one culture but not in another, before they are given to people from a culture that does not talk together in such a strong way. They can also adjust the timing of what is said and done. Some cultures move quickly to the point; others talk about other things long enough to establish a close relationship with the other person. 1．The passage mainly talks about ________. A．the potential cross-cultural communication problems B．how to make effective cross-cultural communication C．how to avoid cross-cultural differences D．the importance of being familiar with another culture 2．By saying go to the balcony, William Ury really means to ________. A．refresh oneself during cross-cultural communication B．get some sunlight and fresh air in the balcony C．think of a way to join in the communication in the balcony D．step out of the communication and calm oneself down 3．A “intermediary” in the last paragraph refers to a person who ________. A．acts as a go-between during cross-cultural communication B．acts as a translator during cross-cultural communication C．keeps the cross-cultural communication going D．can help people from different cultures reach an agreement 4．We can infer from the passage that ________. A．different cultures may have different timing of what is said and done B．our active efforts can overcome all cross-cultural communication problems C．one cannot have cross-cultural communication without overcoming problems D．misunderstanding is the source of all cross-cultural communication problems Passage 6 （25-26高一上·上海青浦·期中）I was born a bookworm. Reading was almost like breathing to me — I’d curl up with a book anywhere, from my bedroom to under a tree. My fictional worlds took me to distant places, and I experienced everything through pages. My father would take me to the nearest bookshop every Saturday morning. There was an order in shelves that I found profoundly comforting. They started with A and ended in Z, and in between were hundreds of new friends waiting to be met, new lands waiting to be discovered. He would wait patiently while I browsed — a bookshop is the one place you can stay long without anyone becoming suspicious (可疑的) or impatient, and the choosing of a new book is something that cannot be rushed. And so began my love for bookshops. They are gateways to other worlds, blending (融合) the familiar with the new, old favorites with fresh discoveries. A good bookseller understands your tastes and opens doors to new adventures. Books shape who we are. One day, in a cozy Cotswolds bookshop, I felt a wave of calm and inspiration. That was my lightbulb moment: My next book would be set in a bookshop, a place where readers could connect with the magic of books and explore how they shape lives. The title of How to Find Love in a Bookshop isn’t just about discovering romantic love. It’s about finding the love of books: something that can exist throughout your life, and provide escape, entertainment, education, comfort, wonder. And, as I learned from my own father, it’s a love you can share with everyone in your family. There is nothing more satisfying than sharing something you have read with someone else, knowing they will love it as much as you do. But if we are to keep bookshops alive, we need to use them, and to encourage the next generation to make them a part of their life and view bookshops as a treat, a pleasure, an adventure, a gateway. So they become a necessity. Something we can’t live without. Thus my challenge to you, fellow reader, is to go to your local bookshop and come out with something that might change your life. 1．Which of the following is NOT a reason why the author loves bookshops? A．The comforting order of shelves. B．The atmosphere where readers can stay without pressure. C．Their role as a window into diverse worlds. D．The nature that the author was born with. 2．What can we infer about “the love of books” in paragraph 5 from the passage? A．It can only be developed by reading romantic novels. B．It is a feeling that cannot be shared with other people. C．It can provide people with multiple forms of support in life. D．It fades away easily if people don’t visit bookshops often. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce the writer’s new book How to Find Love in a Bookshop. B．To share the writer’s life-long love for reading and bookshops. C．To explain how the writer’s father influenced his reading habit. D．To call on readers to support bookshops and discover the magic of books. 话题2 人与社会（共6篇） Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）The Enduring Hope of Jane Goodall During World War II, young Jane Goodall was often woken by air-raid sirens. While her sister rushed to the bomb shelter, Jane refused to leave her bed. “They had to take me down with all my bedclothes,” she recalls. Eight decades later, in the same house, she displayed the same stubbornness. As a camera crew were bustling about searching for furniture, Goodall stood still. Speaking softly yet with strong belief, she suggested her bedroom instead. Then she led the group upstairs, successful. Goodall’s quiet determination enabled her to patiently wait for others to come around. In 1960, the 26-year-old sat for months in Tanzanian forests, waiting for chimpanzees to accept her presence. Her patience provided the opportunity to observe them closely, leading to her remarkable discovery of tool use among chimps. This finding transformed our understanding of human-animal relationships, earning her global fame. While pursuing her Ph.D．at Cambridge in 1962, professors criticized her for using human names and emotions to describe chimps. Rather than confront them, she recalls, “I just quietly went on doing what I knew was right.” Though she later adopted more scientific language, her belief in chimps as intelligent social animals is now widely accepted and has paved the way for tighter restrictions on lab testing of chimpanzees. After Goodall shifted from research to activism in the 1980s, her steady, non-confrontational approach allowed her to become one of the most productive environmentalists in modern history. She made the best use of her own life story — drawing on the powerful image of a lone woman living among the animals — to get people excited about environmentalism in an era when it was a marginal activity. Through the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which she founded in 1977, she raised funds for habitat conservation projects, poverty-alleviation programs, and animal shelters. And as she travelled around the world, she added countless new stories to her collection: on history, animal behavior, human originality and more. These, rather than protests, became her campaign tools. “If I’m trying to change somebody who disagrees with me — I choose not to be holier-than-thou (自命清高的),” she says. “You’ve got to reach the heart. And I do that through storytelling.” 1．Paragraphs 1 & 2 are intended to show Jane Goodall ________. A．was very clever since she was a little girl B．remained calm even under wartime conditions C．was very determined to do what she thought was right D．respected other people and didn’t bother to change their mind 2．According to the article, which of the following statements is true about Goodall? A．Her patience with observing chimps helped her make great discoveries. B．The way that Goodall studied wild chimps was encouraged by her professors. C．She helped make chimpanzees more available in lab testing. D．She founded the Jane Goodall Institute to raise money for Tanzania. 3．After Goodall shifted from research to advocacy, she would try to ________ if she wanted to change someone’s mind. A．tell amazing stories B．set them a good example C．share her feelings with them D．teach them to think for themselves Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海徐汇·期中）Cinque Terre, Italy, in thermal layers. Ireland in ceaseless rain. For decades, I limited most of my European travels to fall because, whatever the weather, I enjoyed the feeling of having the hotel, trail, restaurant or cathedral to myself. But I won’t be alone this year. From resort towns in Europe to popular summer destinations in the United States, places once emptied by October are now filled with guests. Booking.com reported notable growth in searches for traditional beach trips such as the Hamptons — up 78% уear-over-year in September and 45% in October — and Cape Cod. Searches for rooms in Dublin are up 35% in the fall over summer, according to Expedia, and Virtuoso, a consortium of high-end travel agencies, says that fall bookings have climbed 30% this year. Fall’s popularity owes some credit to the broader boom in travel. Last year, 1.4 billion people traveled internationally, up from 673 million in 2000, according to the World Travel & Tourism Council. With more of them seeking better access and fewer crowds, the off-season is now its own season. In some destinations, climate change has encouraged fall travel by extending milder weather. In the Italian Alps, with diminished early snows, the Grand Hotel Courmayeur Mont Blanc will remain open this fall for the first time, rather than closing in mid-September and reopening in December for the ski season. The fallout from overtourism — including shoulder-to-shoulder summer crowds in places like Venice and Dubrovnik, Croatia, and anti-tourism protests in Spain — has pushed some travelers to delay departures to later in the year. To ease the pressure, sustainability-minded operators have introduced trips to lesser-traveled destinations such as Uzbekistan and Romania. While taking extended vacations during back-to-school season remains a challenge for many families, travel industry experts credit the shift in flexible work patterns for introducing travelers to the joys of fall trips. “Travelers are no longer bound by school calendars or 9-to-5 routines,” said Melissa Krueger, the CEO of a travel agency based in California. “They also want more meaningful trips — harvest festivals, culinary events, wildlife encounters — that don’t follow a summer-only mindset.” October is no longer a secret whispered among in-the-know travelers. It has confidently taken its place as the crown jewel of the year. 1．What can we know about the author’s past European travels in fall? A．He often faced unpleasant weather like ceaseless rain in Ireland. B．He found it hard to book hotels due to limited autumn openings. C．He enjoyed far less crowded tourist attractions during those trips. D．He preferred visiting Cinque Terre to other European destinations. 2．Which of the following does NOT account for the growing popularity of fall travel? A．Flexible work schedules allow people to travel during the offseason. B．Lower international travel costs make fall journeys more budget-friendly. C．Mild weather lasts longer in some destinations because of climate change. D．The problems caused by overtourism causes travelers to avoid summer trips. 3．According to the passage, it can be inferred that __________. A．travel agencies are struggling to meet the rising demand for fall trips. B．the author plans to avoid European travel this fall due to greater crowds. C．climate change has reduced the appeal of the Alps in fall among visitors. D．tourists now favor experiences over seasonal routines when planning trips. 4．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Fall Travel: From a Well-Kept Secret to a Beloved Choice B．The Rise of European Travel: Destinations and Highlights C．Overtourism: What Drives Travelers Towards Offseason Trips D．Embrace the Season: The Latest Data and Trend of Fall Travel Passage 3 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown. Penny-pinching (节俭的) UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives. This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK. It has shrunk from 1.19 billion pounds in 2011 to 1.12 billion pounds in 2015, according to a new report from market research company Mintel. Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to 1.11 billion pounds in 2016. In the last year alone, despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households, sales of toilet paper fell by 2%, with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from 43 pounds in 2014 to 41 pounds in 2015. Overall, almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper — including facial tissue and kitchen roll—to save money. “Strength, softness and thickness remain the leading indicators of toilet paper quality, with just a small proportion of consumers preferring more luxurious alternatives, such as those with flower patterns or perfume,” said Mintel analyst Jack Duckett. “These extra features are considered unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.” While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain picky — in theory at least — when it comes to paper quality. Top of Britons’ toilet paper wish list is softness (57%) followed by strength (45%) and thickness (36%). One in 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations, highlighting how overall the environment is much less of a consideration for shoppers than product quality. In a challenge for manufacturers, 81% of paper product users said they would consider buying recycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper. 1．The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because ______. A．Britons have cut their spending on it B．its prices have gone up over the years C．its quality has seen marked improvement D．Britons have developed the habit of saving 2．What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK? A．It will expand in time. B．It will remain gray. C．It will experience ups and downs. D．It will recover as population grows. 3．What does Jack Duckett say about toilet paper? A．Special offers would promote its sales. B．Consumers are loyal to certain brands. C．Luxurious features add much to the price. D．Consumers have a variety to choose from. 4．What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper? A．They are particular about the quality of toilet paper. B．They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most. C．They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper. D．They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features. Passage 4 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）What is the place of art in a culture of inattention? Recent visitors to the Louvre report that tourists can now spend only a minute in front of the Mona Lisa before being asked to move on. Much of that time, for some of them, is spent taking photographs not even of the painting but of themselves with the painting in the background. One view is that we have democratized (平民化) tourism and gallery-going so much that we have made it effectively impossible to appreciate what we’ve travelled to see. In this oversubscribed society, experience becomes a commodity like any other. There are queues to climb Mount Qomolangma as well as to see famous paintings. Leisure, thus considered, is hard labour, and returning to work becomes a well-earned break from the tough experience. What gets lost in this industrialized haste (加速) is the quality of looking. Think about an extreme example, the late philosopher Richard Wollheim. When he visited the Louvre, he could spend as much as four hours sitting before a painting. The first hour, he claimed, was necessary for misperceptions to be eliminated. It was only then that the picture would begin to disclose itself. This seems unthinkable today, but it is still possible to organize. Even in the busiest museums there are many rooms and many pictures worth hours of contemplation (沉思) which the crowds largely ignore. Sometimes the largest crowds are partly the products of bad management; the Mona Lisa is such a hurried experience today partly because the museum is being reorganized. The Uffizi in Florence, another site of cultural pilgrimage (朝圣), has cut its entry queues down to seven minutes by clever management. And there are some forms of art, those designed to be spectacles as well as objects of contemplation, which can work perfectly well in the face of huge crowds. Olafur Eliasson’s current Tate Modern show, for instance, might seem nothing more than an entertainment, overrun as it is with kids romping (喧嚣地玩耍) in fog rooms and spray mist installations. But it’s more than that: where Eliasson is at his most entertaining, he is at his most serious too, and his disorienting installations bring home the reality of the destructive effects we are having on the planet — not least what we are doing to the glaciers of Eliasson’s beloved Iceland. Marcel Proust, another lover of the Louvre, wrote: “It is only through art that we can escape from ourselves and know how another person sees the universe, whose landscapes would otherwise have remained as unknown as any on the moon.” If any art remains worth seeing, it must lead us to such escapes. But a minute in front of a painting in a hurried crowd won’t do that. 1．Why did the late philosopher Richard Wollheim spend four hours before a picture? A．It takes time to appreciate a piece of art fully. B．It is quite common to misinterpret artistic works. C．The longer people contemplate a picture, the more likely they will enjoy it. D．The more time one spends before a painting, the more valuable one finds it. 2．What does the case of the Uffizi in Florence show? A．Art works in museums should be better taken care of. B．Sites of cultural pilgrimage are always flooded with visitors. C．Good management is key to handling large crowds of visitors. D．Large crowds of visitors cause management problems for museums. 3．What do we learn from Olafur Eliasson’s current Tate Modern show? A．Children learn to appreciate art works most effectively while they are playing. B．It is possible to combine entertainment with appreciation of serious art. C．Art works about the environment appeal most to young children. D．Some forms of art can accommodate huge crowds of visitors. 4．What can art do according to Marcel Proust? A．Enable us to live a much fuller life. B．Allow us to escape the harsh reality. C．Help us to see the world from a different perspective. D．Urge us to explore the unknown domain of the universe. Passage 5 （25-26高一上·上海青浦·期中）Recently, I was walking with some parents when we found a five-pound note on the ground. We stood around it for a moment, a bit awkwardly, until someone suggested putting it on a nearby bench. Then one of the parents said that we would probably have acted differently — that is, we would have just taken the money — if we had been alone. This relates to a classic question: Do we behave more selfishly when we aren’t being observed? The debate goes on across the psychological and biological sciences, as well as in popular culture, about whether kindness can exist in a competitive world. Yom Kippur is a Jewish (犹太人的) religious holiday. On this day, Jewish people don’t eat food and ask for forgiveness for the mistakes they’ve made. A key idea of Yom Kippur is to behave better, no matter who is watching. The teachings of Yom Kippur are beautiful in terms of human development. They are the result of thousands of years of cultural changes and growth. The Maasai people of Kenya practise osotua: relationships between people that work based on need. When someone builds an osotua relationship with another, they make an unwritten agreement to help their partner in times of need. And hunter-gatherer groups, which can represent the situations our species evolved (进化) in, have many similar examples. Cultural evolution helps explain why these systems exist and how they become so complex. Cultural changes happen much faster than biological evolution. This lets smart species like humans develop ways of acting that help them deal with complicated social environments. Osotua, or any other practice that helps people treat each other well in society, comes from tens of thousands of years of cultural trying and correcting. The customs passed down over time are the ones that help us grow as groups. The study of those changes has helped us to understand how we successfully spread around the world as cooperative groups. Biological evolution has made humans more willing to cooperate, but cultural changes have made this process faster. Cultural evolution helps us to overcome our selfish natures. Try to understand rules before you ignore them — and next time you find a five-pound note on the ground, you might think about the awkward situation your discovery brings. 1．What does the author want to show by talking about finding the five-pound note? A．People’s actions are often affected when others are around. B．It’s common for people to feel uncomfortable when getting something unexpected. C．Most people choose to be honest in public places. D．Parents are more likely to set a good example for children. 2．Why does the author mention Yom Kippur and the Maasai’s osotua practice? A．To show that religious and cultural traditions are different around the world. B．To prove that being kind is deeply part of how humans have evolved biologically. C．To give examples of cultural systems that encourage kindness without conditions. D．To compare how Jews and Maasai people show their generosity in different ways. 3．What can we learn about cultural evolution from the passage? A．It has taken the place of biological evolution in making humans work together. B．It only happens in developed societies with complex social structures. C．It tends to remove selfish actions from human nature. D．It helps humans get used to complex social environments more quickly. 4．What is the main idea the author wants to tell us in the passage? A．Cultural evolution is very important for developing human kindness and cooperation. B．Biological evolution is the main reason why humans are generous. C．Different cultures have similar ways to encourage people to work together. D．People should follow moral rules even when no one is watching. Passage 6 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Clichés (陈词滥调) aren’t necessarily bad turns of phrase — in fact, they’re generally good, and that’s how they become clichés. The first person to say “in the wake of” should have been proud of themselves. It was an impactful boat metaphor(隐喻). But now it is horrible. Sadly, this human failing is spreading via machine. Chatbots can now write everything for us, but they can’t write anything good. Ask ChatGPT to write a high school graduation speech, and you’ll get some tired, overused lines: “Once again, congratulations to my fellow graduates. We did it. And as we move on to the next chapter of our lives, let us always remember the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson…” And you’ll get some tired, overused lines: “Once again, congratulations to my fellow graduates. We did it. And as we move on to the next chapter of our lives, let us always remember the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson…” Even when I asked ChatGPT to avoid clichés, it still called graduation“a significant milestone,” and quoted Socrates (苏格拉底) to illustrate the essence of education. Then I asked the chatbot who it loves clichés so much. It told me that none of the language it generates reflects its own preferences. “Sometimes, my responses may include overused phrases simply because they are common patterns in the language I have learned from,” it said. That’s why the chatbot couldn’t resist clichés. As a large language model that operates by computing probabilities, it predicts the most likely next word based on patterns it has learned. This means that it simply cannot generate many creative turns of phrase on its own. If I want ChatGPT to use fewer clichés, it suggests that I try to prompt it with more creative questions or topics. If I read between the lines, that response is almost a personal insult(侮辱). If its outputs are predictable, that’s because the inputs are too — both the sentences I’m writing now and the billions it was trained on. And as people like me continue playing with chatbots — asking them to write everything and accepting whatever ordinary phrases they produce — we will bring about a super — clichéd future. Each generation of chatbots trains on clichés from the last, piling overused phrases higher and higher. Should these systems be trained on their own outputs? That would only lead to a return to mediocrity (平庸). When I finally asked ChatGPT to write a story in the style of The Atlantic about how ChatGPT uses too many clichés, I couldn’t tell whether the result was a joke at its own expense or mine: “Like a moth to a flame, ChatGPT found itself drawn to the familiar turns of phrase that littered the English language.” For me, there is no light at the end of the tunnel. I know that playfully ending a story about clichés with a bunch of clichés is itself clichéd, but unfortunately, my hands are tied. 1．What does the article say about clichés? A．They usually come from famous books. B．Machines have trouble understanding them. C．They have become boring because of overuse. D．They have lost their original meaning over time. 2．Why does ChatGPT tend to use clichés? A．It cannot identify what counts as a cliché. B．It lacks access to creative writing resources. C．It is programmed to quote renowned authors. D．It generates words based on common patterns in writing. 3．What does the author suggest will happen if people keep using chatbots to write everything? A．Machines will write better than humans. B．Better phrases will be created to train AI. C．Writing in the future will be full of clichés. D．AI writing will become more unpredictable. 4．How does the author feel about ChatGPT’s use of clichés? A．Neutral and objective. B．Amused and entertained. C．Frustrated and concerned. D．Supportive and enthusiastic. 话题3 人与自然（共6篇） Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Three hundred million children live in areas with extreme air pollution, new research by the United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reveals. The air they breathe is more than six times as polluted as what is considered safe. The new study was the first to make a global estimate of pollution exposure. It shows that almost 90 percent of the world’s children — 2 billion — live in places where outdoor air pollution levels are dangerously high. UNICEF warned that these levels of global air pollution have contributed to 600,000 child deaths a year. Children are far more likely to be harmed by air pollution than adults are, UNICEF said. So, UNICEF urged nations to cut fossil fuel burning rapidly. Fossil fuels, such as coal and gas, are the main source of air pollution. “The danger caused by air pollution is enormous,” said Anthony Lake, UNICEF’s executive director. “No society can afford to ignore air pollution. We protect our children when we protect the quality of our air, both of which are central to our future.” Air pollution is the world’s single biggest environmental health risk, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and is getting worse, with levels of poisonous air rising 8% in the last five years. More than 3 million people a year die as a result of outdoor air pollution-six every minute on average-and this is set to double by 2050 as fast-growing cities expand. Indoor air pollution, mainly from wood stoves, causes another 3 million deaths a year. Meanwhile, children are especially at risk, the UNICEF report says, because they breathe more rapidly than adults and their lungs take in more pollutant particles. The tiny particles can also cross the blood-brain barrier, which is less resistant in children. Once they do, they can permanently harm brain development. Even the unborn are affected, as the particles taken in by a pregnant woman can injure a child in the womb. Children in poor countries are doubly at risk, scientist Jos said. Their bodies are often already weakened by not getting enough to eat, and available health care is often inadequate. Of the 300 million children exposed to levels of pollution six times above what is considered safe, 220 million live in South Asia. India in particular hosts many of the world’s most polluted cities. Moreover, figures reveal a striking disparity in five-year cancer survival rates for children in air polluted areas compared with those from developed countries. UNICEF urged all countries to cut air pollution by reducing fossil fuel burning in power plants and vehicles. It also recommended that schools and playgrounds not be located near sources of pollution, such as busy roads and factories. In addition, it called for the use of less-polluting cooking stoves. 1．Which one of the following statements is WRONG according to the text? A．Pollution in the air can pose a threat to children’s brain growth. B．Heavy air pollution can even hurt the babies that are still not born. C．A majority of children all across the world cannot breathe clean air. D．Through countries’ efforts, the situation of air pollution is improving. 2．What does disparity in paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．distinction B．disturbance C．discomfort D．disengagement 3．In order to have clean air, UNICEF suggested ________. A．government should aim for a reduction in power plants and traffic B．careful decisions on the locations and structures of schools are needed C．fossil fuel is an extra feature that is likely to bring along some benefits D．cooking stoves that contribute little to air pollution should be used 4．What can be the title of the passage? A．Air Pollution, a Factor fatal to Life B．Efforts to Pull Countries out of Pollution C．Children, More Affected by Air Pollution D．Warnings from UNICEF Against Air Pollution Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海浦东新·期中）Para 1: Across China, more than 30 million students eat lunch at school every day. Until recently, most of these meals arrived in single-use plastic boxes, bags and straws. Environmental experts indicate that one senior-high cafeteria can produce over 200 kg of plastic waste per week — enough to cover a basketball court like shiny white snow. Para 2: In September 2023, the Shanghai Education Commission issued new guidelines: by 2025, all public school lunchrooms in the city must reduce single-use plastics by 80%. The policy gives three practical options: 1. Replace disposable boxes with stainless-steel ones that can be washed and reused for up to five years. 2. Install high-speed dish-washing machines that use 70% less water and electricity than traditional models. 3. Introduce “bring-your-own-bottle” corners where students can refill tap water that has been filtered and chilled. Para 3: Supporters praise the plan as a low-cost yet high-impact solution. A pilot programme at Qingpu Senior High School shows encouraging results. After only one semester, the cafeteria acquired 2,000 reusable lunch boxes, cutting plastic waste by 65% and saving the school ¥18,000 in purchasing costs. More importantly, student attitude towards environmental protection improved: 78% of pupils now volunteer to wash their own boxes, and 90% bring refillable bottles daily. Para 4: However, some challenges remain. High-temperature washing requires extra energy, and schools must establish a strict hygiene routine to prevent food-borne illness. Critics also stress the need for better infrastructure in older buildings where narrow corridors cannot accommodate large dish-washing machines. Para 5: Despite these hurdles, environmentalists admire the programme and encourage other cities to establish a similar basis for plastic reduction. They believe that when students acquire eco-friendly habits early, they are more likely to contribute to a greener society in the future. Para 6: Officials plan to expand the project to all 16 districts of Shanghai by 2026, aiming to recycle at least 1,500 tonnes of plastic waste each year. If successful, this campus-based model could become a nationwide defence against white pollution, proving that big environmental impact often starts with small daily routines. 1．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Shanghai schools are replacing teachers with machines to save money. B．Campus cafeterias in Shanghai are launching plastic-free programs to protect the environment. C．Students dislike washing lunch boxes and prefer disposable containers. D．White pollution in China is caused mainly by basketball courts. 2．According to the pilot programme at Qingpu Senior High, how much plastic waste was reduced after one semester? A．10%. B．35%. C．65%. D．80%. 3．Which challenge is mentioned in paragraph 4? A．Students refuse to eat cafeteria food. B．Older buildings may not fit large dish-washing machines. C．The price of stainless-steel boxes is too high for parents. D．Tap water in Shanghai is not safe to drink. 4．What does the underlined word “hurdles” in paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．Obstacles or difficulties. B．Running races. C．Plastic boxes. D．High-speed machines. Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海·期中）The term “environmentalist” can mean different things. It used to refer to people trying to protect wildlife and natural ecosystems. In the 21st century, the term has evolved to capture the need to combat human-made climate change. The distinction between these two strands of environmentalism is the cause of a split within the scientific community about nuclear energy. On one side are purists who believe nuclear power isn’t worth the risk and the exclusive solution to the climate crisis is renewable energy. The opposing side agrees that renewable energy is crucial, but says society needs an amount of power available to meet consumers’ basic demands when the sun isn’t shining and the wind isn’t blowing. Nuclear energy, being far cleaner than oil, gas and coal, is a natural option, especially where hydroelectric capacity is limited. Leon Clarke, who helped author reports for the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, isn’t an uncritical supporter of nuclear energy, but says it’s a valuable option to have if we’re serious about reaching carbon neutrality. “Core to all of this is the degree to which you think we can actually meet climate goals with 100% renewable energy,” he said. “If you don’t believe we can do it, and you care about the climate, you are forced to think about something like nuclear.” The prospect of universal 100% renewability is similarly contentious. Cities such as Burlington, Vermont, have been “100% renewable” for years. But these cities often have small populations, occasionally still rely on fossil fuel energy and have significant renewable resources at their immediate disposal. Meanwhile, countries that manage to run off renewable energy typically do so thanks to extraordinary hydroelectric capabilities. Germany stands as the best case study for a large, industrialized country pushing into green energy. Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2011 announced Energiewende, an energy transition that would phase out nuclear and coal while phasing in renewable energy. Wind and solar power generation has increased over 400% since 2010, and renewable energy provided 46% of the country’s electricity in 2019. But progress has stopped in recent years. The instability of renewable energy doesn’t just mean energy is often not produced at night, but also that solar and wind can overwhelm the grid during the day, forcing utilities to pay customers to use their electricity. Lagging grid infrastructure struggles to transport this overabundance of green energy from Germany’s north to its industrial south, meaning many factories still run on coal and gas. The political limit has also been reached in some places, with citizens meeting the construction of new wind turbines with loud protests. The result is that Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions have fallen by around 11.5% since 2010 — slower than the EU average of 13.5%. 1．What is the solution to energy shortage proposed by purists’ opponents? A．Relying on renewable energy firmly and exclusively B．Using fossil fuel and green energy alternatively C．Choosing nuclear energy when necessary D．Limiting people’s non-basic consumption 2．What point does the author want to make with cities like Burlington as an example? A．It is controversial whether the goal of the whole world’s exclusive dependence on renewable energy is attainable. B．It is contentious whether cities with large populations have renewable resources at their immediate disposal. C．It is arguable whether cities that manage to run off renewable energy have sustainable hydroelectric capabilities. D．It is debatable whether traditional fossil fuel energy can be done away with entirely throughout the world. 3．What do we learn about Germany regarding renewable energy? A．It has increased its wind and solar power generation four times over the last two decades. B．It represents a good example of a major industrialized country promoting green energy. C．It relies on renewable energy to generate more than half of its electricity. D．It has succeeded in reaching the goal of energy transition set by Merkel. 4．What may be one of the reasons for Germany’s progress having stopped in recent years? A．Its grid infrastructure’s capacity has fallen behind its development of green energy. B．Its overabundance of green energy has forced power plants to suspend operation during daytime. C．Its industrial south is used to running factories on conventional energy supplies. D．Its renewable energy supplies are unstable both at night and during the day. Passage 4 （25-26高一上·上海·阶段检测）Small-scale fisheries (渔场) supply many people with food. Almost all of those who engage in them rely on gillnets (带刺鱼网) to trap their prey. But gillnets trap other things, besides: endangered animals such as turtles; dangerous ones, such as Humboldt squid (美洲大赤鱿); and ones that are both endangered and dangerous, such as several types of shark. Everyone involved would be better off if this did not happen. Building on studies done both by himself and by others, to try to avoid the accidental netting of turtles, Jesse Senko, a marine-conservation biologist at Arizona State University, has been investigating the idea of fitting light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to nets to keep away other unwanted by-catch without discouraging target animals from entangling (缠住) themselves. And, as he reports in Current Biology, it seems to work. His particular concern was for the safety of elasmobranchs (软骨鱼类), as sharks, rays and skates are called collectively. While sharks are better known for their sensitive nostrils (鼻孔) than their keen eyesight, many have acute vision, too. Besides, their visual systems might be different from those of turtles. It thus seemed worthwhile checking to see whether the trick that worked with turtles would work with sharks. Dr Senko and his colleagues therefore set up an experiment in the Gulf of Ulloa, off the coast of Baja California, in Mexico, in which they collaborated with local fisherfolk to deploy over 10,000 meters of nets that had had battery-powered waterproof green LEDs clipped onto them at ten-meter intervals. In half of the nets these lights were illuminated (照亮). The other half were left unlit, as controls. Each lit net was paired with an unlit one, and the two were deployed alongside one another at main fishing locations. The fishers’ targets were Californian halibut (大比目鱼) and large groupers (石斑鱼). Dr Senko was interested both in what else got caught and whether the lights decreased catches of the target species. On the latter point, reassuringly, they did not. On the former, the lit nets caught 95% fewer kilograms of sharks, rays and skates. In particular, several threatened species turned up less often in the illuminated than the unilluminated nets. Humboldt squid were also discouraged. The advantage from the point of view of fisherfolk was that they needed to spend a lot less time clearing these hostile (不友善的) by-catches from their nets. And, crucially, the LEDs concerned are cheap, robust and easy to fit. There are also plans to make them solar powered, for easy recharging. Here, then, is a conservation idea from which everyone wins. 1．By saying “it seems to work” (paragraph 2), Dr Senko means that __________. A．light emission prevents turtles from being captured B．the efforts to net more target animals finally paid off C．LEDs reduce the netting of untargeted marine animals D．attacks from dangerous sharks are successfully blocked 2．Dr Senko and his colleagues conducted the experiment mainly to __________. A．prove that sharks have acuter vision than turtles B．apply the trick which worked on sharks to turtles C．develop battery-powered waterproof green LEDs D．see whether LEDs can decrease catches of sharks 3．Which of the following statements about the LEDs strategy is TRUE? A．It can be made more eco-friendly. B．It helps catch more target species. C．It helps identify threatened species. D．It is not cost-effective for fisherfolk. 4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A．LEDs to Ensure Productive Catches B．Fisheries Hit Hard by Fierce Animals C．Lighted Nets Cutting Unwanted Catches D．Appeals to Preserve Endangered Species Passage 5 （25-26高一上·上海徐汇·阶段检测）Scientists have long believed one way to stop the Earth’s atmosphere from warming is by planting more trees. The idea is that more trees will take in or absorb some of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a gas released by cars, factories and other human activities. The gas traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, which warms the planet. However, two new studies have found that trees may not be as helpful in reducing carbon dioxide as thought. The first study was done at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Researchers pumped extra carbon dioxide into a test area where pine trees were growing. The trees grew thirty-four percent faster during the first three years. However, in time, the trees slowed to about their normal growth rate. The scientists say this is because trees need other nutrients, such as nitrogen (氮). In the second study, researchers from Duke and Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine examined the soil around trees. They discovered that as the leaves broke down into the soil, all the carbon was not trapped in the soil. Much of it was released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The findings of the two studies were published last month in Nature magazine. They suggest there is limited value in planting trees to reduce the carbon dioxide pollution in the atmosphere. Forest planting has been a part of negotiations (协商) on a world agreement to reduce greenhouse gases that scientists believe cause global warming. The United States, Canada, Japan and some other industrial countries have supported the idea. But this new research suggests the idea is not as effective as environmental activists had thought. Scientist Ram Oren of Duke University led the study on tree growth. He says that earlier estimates on the ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide were overly hopeful. Some scientists not involved in the studies say the research provides some of the first evidence on how trees react to carbon dioxide. Other scientists say the research disproves a belief among some coal and power companies. The companies say that more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will not create harmful global warming. Instead, they say it will increase forests and other plants. 1．What is the purpose of this passage? A．To introduce some new ideas about the relationship between trees and carbon dioxide. B．To introduce the recent condition of global industrial pollution C．To call on people to plant more trees to reduce greenhouse gases D．To point out power companies should be responsible for the rising levels of carbon dioxide. 2．Why did the researchers put trees in extra carbon dioxide in the first study? A．To learn whether trees can still absorb carbon dioxide under extreme conditions. B．To get more oxygen from these trees. C．To evaluate the maximum carbon dioxide that trees can absorb D．To see the effect of carbon dioxide on the growth rate of these trees 3．What happened to the leaves falling from the trees in the second study? A．They broke down and the main parts turned into oxygen B．They broke down and the carbon content had mainly turned into carbon dioxide. C．They broke down and the carbon content was mainly absorbed in the soil D．They absorbed more carbon dioxide. 4．Scientist Ram Oren thinks that common beliefs of the tree’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide are ________. A．appropriate B．pessimistic C．over-optimistic D．convincing Passage 6 （25-26高一上·上海·阶段检测）When Jane Goodall first arrived at Gombe Stream Game Reserve in what is now Tanzania in 1960, little was known about the world of chimpanzees. But the 26-year-old secretary would go on to make groundbreaking discoveries through her immersive, unorthodox observations. In fact, Goodall, who died on October 1, lacked formal academic training. Born in London in 1934, Goodall had long been fascinated by both Africa and animals. “When I was 10, I dreamed of going to Africa, living with animals and writing books about them,” Goodall told CNN. “Everybody laughed at me because I was just a girl, we didn’t have any money [and] World War Ⅱ was raging.” Unable to afford college and encouraged by her mother to learn typing and bookkeeping, Goodall sought steady employment by attending secretarial school. Still, Goodall found office work a bore. At age 23, Goodall was offered a job working with famed paleoanthropologist Louis Leakey at a natural history museum. Leakey believed her lack of formal scientific training, along with her passion for animals, would make her the right choice to study the social lives of chimpanzees at Gombe, and Goodall was enthralled by the idea. “He wanted someone observant and not blinded by scientific theory.” Because she didn’t attend college, Leakey had trouble securing funding for the research. “Eventually, though, he got a six-month grant,” she wrote. “The British authorities had refused to let a young girl go into the forest alone — so my mother, Vanne, volunteered to accompany me.” In 1960, Goodall began her observations. She took an unorthodox approach, immersing herself in their habitat, experiencing their complex society as a neighbor rather than a distant observer, and defying scientific convention by giving them names instead of numbers. She came to understand them not only as a species, but as individuals with personalities, complex minds, emotions and long-term bonds. Her findings on the tool-making practices of chimpanzees remain one of the most important discoveries in the world of primatology.” With Leakey’s influence, Goodall entered a doctoral program at Cambridge University in 1962 without an undergraduate degree — one of just a handful to do so, though she was not exactly enthusiastic about it. “I was only doing this thesis for Leakey’s sake,” Goodall told the BBC． “I’d never had an ambition to be a scientist and be part of academia.” She was patronized by her mostly male classmates for giving the chimpanzees names and personalities. “I didn’t give them personalities, I merely described their personalities,” Goodall added. “Some scientists actually said I must have taught them (to use tools). That would have been amazing if I could have done that.” 1．Which is NOT one of the reasons why Goodall’s childhood dream of living in Africa with animals was laughed at then? A．Because she was a girl who is socially assumed as weak and incapable. B．Because she was lacking in finances. C．Because she majored in bookkeeping instead of animal study. D．Because with the World War II raging, the society was unstable. 2．Which lists all the reasons mentioned as to why Leakey engaged Goodall in his chimpanzee study? ① She is good at paying attention to details when observing the animals. ② She has passion for a scientific education in the wild to make up for her lack of official schooling. ③ She is not restricted by the established theories and conventions in the field of science. ④ She is a genuine and devoted animal lover. A．①②④ B．③④ C．①②③④ D．①③④ 3．What can you infer from the text? A．Leakey had trouble seeking funding for the research because Goodall couldn’t conduct it alone. B．Conventional approach to the study of chimpanzees was to number them and avoid intimate interaction. C．Goodall was not enthusiastic about her doctoral degree since quite a few scientists have also made it. D．Goodall hoped to have taught chimpanzees to use tools to prove to other scientists animal intelligence. 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．All animals are born equal, just as humans B．With passion for animals, Goodall proves a life-long learner C．With no college degree, Goodall still changed how we see chimpanzees D．Thinking out of the box is important 2 / 24 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 考前押题05 阅读理解3大常考话题 话题1 人与自我 话题2 人与社会 话题3 人与自然 ① 通读题干，圈画关键词，明确题目设问方向； ② 回读原文，定位答题区间，查找与题干匹配信息； ③ 比对选项，区分原文细节、干扰项，忠于文本内容； ④ 主旨题梳理首尾段，推断题立足文本，不主观臆断； ⑤ 做完复盘，核对答案，确保选项符合文章逻辑。 话题1 人与自我（共6篇） Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Brain-training games are all the fashion, but whether they prevent cognitive decline has been debatable. Studies in recent years have gone back and forth on the topic, with no definitive conclusion. “What crossword puzzles and word game are probably really good at is to make you better at crossword puzzles and word games,” Dr. Sanjay Gupta, CNN Chief Medical Correspondent, said, “People often use brain-training exercises with the hopes of reducing their risks of mental illness. Truth is, there’s not a lot of data to suggest it actually reduces such risks.” But there is a new twist to that scientific puzzle. According to a new clinical trial, the success of brain training in slowing cognitive decline may depend on the type of game and how it affects certain neurotransmitters (神经递质) in the brain. Brain games that focus on boosting attention and improving processing speed appear to preserve acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter, according to the new research led by Dr. Michael Merzenich, professor emeritus at the University of California. Acetylcholine is an “excitatory” neurotransmitter and neuromodulator (神经调节物), which acts like a switch to make the brain more awake, more focused and attentive. When acetylcholine is activated, it changes the activity of the entire brain, so that an adult brain could change, adapt and create new neural connections throughout life. For their groundbreaking discoveries, Dr. Merzenich and two other scientists received the Kavli Award in Neuroscience in 2016. “Brain-training games do have a brain-wide impact — it is not limited to the very narrow set of processes that people were trained on,” Dr. Merzenich said, “We’re talking about a fundamental physical chemical change that we know really matters as a contributor to brain health.” The discovery adds to existing knowledge about how to prevent cognitive decline. Eating a well-balanced diet, improving sleep and getting regular exercise are all proven ways to enhance brain power and overall energy, but the research shows that brain training can be one of the many ways to engage the brain in new ways, enabling the brain to maintain its functioning in the face of aging, damage or early stages of disease. “There is no one magic pill to prevent Alzheimer’s (阿尔兹海默症), but a combination of interventions, such as learning a new language, playing a new instrument or taking up a new hobby, can help people take control in the fight against it,” Dr. Richard Isaacson, director of research at the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Florida, said. 1．Which one of following is likely to be agreed by Dr. Sanjay Gupta? A．It is impossible to say for sure whether brain-training games are effective. B．Brain-training games serve as a piece of scientific puzzle that needs solving. C．The ability of brain-training games to maintain overall brain health lacks strong supporting data. D．Studies on the effectiveness of brain-training games have had no positive results so far. 2．What can be inferred about the role of acetylcholine in an ADULT brain according to the passage? A．Its primary function is fixed during childhood and remains unchanging throughout adulthood. B．Its presence and activity are fundamental to the brain’s lifelong capacity for change and adaptation. C．Its levels are solely determined by genetic factors and cannot be influenced by lifestyle or activities. D．It serves as a calming agent, reducing overall brain activity to conserve mental energy. 3．What can we learn about Dr. Merzenich’s findings? A．Dr. Merzenich finds that effective training leads to helpful changes in the brain. B．Dr. Merzenich’s findings have confirmed those made by other researchers in the past. C．Dr. Merzenich discovers that brain-training games are certain to improve our mental health. D．Dr. Merzenich reveals that all types of brain games have equal effects on the brain’s chemical activity. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Certain brain-training games that target key cognitive abilities can support brain health. B．A combination of healthy lifestyle choices and suitable brain training may help slow cognitive decline. C．Brain games that focus on puzzles and wordplay are the most effective way to prevent mental illness. D．Eating well, sleeping well and exercising are far more important than any form of brain training. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了脑训练游戏对减缓认知衰退的作用及相关科学发现。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“People often use brain-training exercises with the hopes of reducing their risks of mental illness. Truth is, there’s not a lot of data to suggest it actually reduces such risks.(人们经常使用脑训练练习，希望降低患精神疾病的风险。事实上，没有太多数据表明它确实能降低这种风险)”可知，Dr. Sanjay Gupta认为脑训练游戏对维持整体大脑健康缺乏有力的数据支持。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“When acetylcholine is activated, it changes the activity of the entire brain, so that an adult brain could change, adapt and create new neural connections throughout life.(当乙酰胆碱被激活时，它会改变整个大脑的活动，这样成年人的大脑就可以在一生中改变、适应并创造新的神经连接)”可知，乙酰胆碱的存在和活动对于大脑一生中的变化和适应能力至关重要。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中““Brain-training games do have a brain-wide impact — it is not limited to the very narrow set of processes that people were trained on,” Dr. Merzenich said, “We’re talking about a fundamental physical chemical change that we know really matters as a contributor to brain health.”(“脑训练游戏确实对大脑有广泛的影响——它不仅仅局限于人们接受训练的非常狭窄的过程，”Merzenich博士说，“我们谈论的是一种基本的物理化学变化，我们知道它对大脑健康真的很重要。”)”可知，Merzenich博士发现有效的训练会导致大脑中有益的变化。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中““There is no one magic pill to prevent Alzheimer’s (阿尔兹海默症), but a combination of interventions, such as learning a new language, playing a new instrument or taking up a new hobby, can help people take control in the fight against it,” Dr. Richard Isaacson, director of research at the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Florida, said.(“没有一种神奇的药丸能预防阿尔茨海默症，但一系列干预措施，如学习一门新语言、演奏一种新乐器或培养一种新爱好，可以帮助人们在与该病的斗争中掌握主动权，”佛罗里达州神经退行性疾病研究所研究主任Richard Isaacson博士说道)”以及结合全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了健康的生活方式选择和适当的脑训练相结合可能有助于减缓认知衰退。故选B。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. She credits(归功) these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age   of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day’s work was rewarded with £5 in pocket money. She says: “I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with, painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking(劳累的) work, but I know he was proud of my skills.” Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit(押金) when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end. She adds: “I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures, so, it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.” With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over that coming weeks, new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done. The average spend per project will be around £823. Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home. Two fifths wish to increase the value of their house. Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge. 1．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A．An artist. B．A winner. C．A specialist. D．A pioneer. 2．Why did Terri’s grandfather give her £5 a day? A．As a birthday gift these years. B．As a treat for her part-time job. C．To support her DIY projects. D．To encourage her to take up a hobby. 3．How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented? A．By making it look like before. B．By furnishing and decorating it herself. C．By splitting the rent with a roommate. D．By cancelling the rental agreement(协议). 4．What trend in DIY does the research show? A．It is becoming more costly. B．It is getting more time-consuming. C．It is turning into a seasonal industry. D．It is gaining popularity among females. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述特丽·博尔顿受祖父影响练就一身DIY本领，DIY不仅帮她节省开支、避免租房押金损失，还揭示了当下女性正成为DIY主力军的趋势。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.(她擅长安装货架、组装家具，自己能做的活儿绝不花钱请人)”可知，特丽十分精通DIY。“a dab hand”的含义与“专家、能手”相近。选项C A specialist（专家）符合语境。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“From the age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day’s work was rewarded with £5 in pocket money.(现年26岁的特丽从6岁起，就会在假期跟着德里克去工地干活，干一天活能得到5英镑零花钱)”可知，祖父给特丽5英镑，是作为她假期打零工的报酬。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“She adds: “I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures, so, it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.”.(她补充道：“我搬过好多次家，而且一直都喜欢按自己的心意布置房间、挂些照片。所以，学会填补墙上的孔洞、重新粉刷房间就很有用了，这样我搬走的时候就不会被扣款”)”可知，特丽通过把房子恢复成入住前的原样，来避免押金被扣。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge.(尽管DIY传统上被看作是男性的爱好，但研究显示，如今女性正成为这项活动的主力军)”可知，研究揭示的DIY趋势是：它在女性群体中越来越受欢迎。故选D项。 Passage 3 （25-26高一上·上海徐汇·期中）“Tie an Italian’s hands behind his back,” runs an old joke, “and he’ll be speechless.” It rests on a national stereotype (刻板印象): Italians are talkative and emotional, and all that arm-waving supposedly goes to prove it. Susan Goldin-Meadow of the University of Chicago holds that people are doing something different when they use gestures with speech, which she sums up in the title of her new book, “Thinking with Your Hands”. Basically, everyone gestures, not just Italians. Experimental subjects, told after a research session that they were being watched for gestures, apologise for not having made any — but were doing so the entire time. People born blind gesture when they speak, including to each other. All this suggests that, to some extent, thinking is not all done in your head. The gesture under discussion here is mostly the “co-speech” kind. It is much more abstract than mime (默剧) . Nor are these “typical” gestures like a thumbs-up or a finger over the lips for “Silence!” Like words, those are fixed within cultures (but vary between them). Instead, gestures that accompany speech are a second channel of information. Subjects watch a film in which a cat runs but are told to lie and say it jumped. They do so in words — while their hands make a running motion. Practical advice is also included in the book. Teachers are encouraged both to use gestures themselves and to observe those their students make. Therapists (治疗师) can be trained to look out for gestures hinting that patients are thinking something they are not yet ready to say. Children with language delays caused by brain injuries at or around birth, but who nonetheless gesture as much as their peers, are likely to catch up orally by the age of about 30 months. Those who gesture less are more likely to need intensive early intervention. Children with Down’s syndrome may express themselves better when taught to use a mix of gesture and speech rather than speech alone. No one who reads this book could ever again think that gesturing shows only a lack of control. It is about thinking and communication, and is an effective aid to both. 1．Why is the old joke about Italians mentioned in the passage? A．To introduce the topic of gestures’ roles in thinking and communication. B．To explain why the hands are so important for Italians in self-expression. C．To show the author’s enthusiasm for old jokes about national stereotypes. D．To confirm that Italians are more talkative and emotional than other people. 2．Which of the following statements best describes the “gestures” discussed in the book? A．They are as concrete as mime and can stand alone to express ideas. B．They are similar to mime and mainly used to show silent emotions. C．They are like a thumbs-up bearing the same meaning across all cultures. D．They are abstract, tied to speech, and different from fixed cultural signs. 3．In what ways can gestures be applied to practice according to the passage? A．Instructing caregivers to replace speech with gestures for children with language delays. B．Guiding educators to adjust their gestures in teaching based on students’ gestural signals. C．Enabling therapists to master techniques in interpreting patients’ unspoken thoughts via gestures. D．Advising individuals to increase gesturing frequency to enhance emotional expression in speech. 4．The underlined word “intervention” (Line 6, Paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to____________. A．strict rules made to correct bad behavior B．daily care given to support children’s growth C．simple advice offered to guide language learning D．professional help provided to improve a condition 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了手势在思维和交流中的重要作用及实际应用。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“It rests on a national stereotype (刻板印象): Italians are talkative and emotional, and all that arm-waving supposedly goes to prove it.(它基于一种民族刻板印象：意大利人健谈且情绪化，所有这些挥舞手臂的动作都被认为证明了这一点)”和第二段中“Susan Goldin-Meadow of the University of Chicago holds that people are doing something different when they use gestures with speech, which she sums up in the title of her new book, “Thinking with Your Hands”.(芝加哥大学的苏珊·戈尔丁-梅多认为，人们在用手势说话时所做的事情是不同的，她在她的新书《用手思考》的书名中总结了这一点)”可知，文章提到关于意大利人的老笑话是为了引出手势在思维和交流中的作用这一话题。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The gesture under discussion here is mostly the “co-speech” kind. It is much more abstract than mime (默剧) . Nor are these “typical” gestures like a thumbs-up or a finger over the lips for “Silence!” Like words, those are fixed within cultures (but vary between them). Instead, gestures that accompany speech are a second channel of information.(这里讨论的手势大多是“伴随言语”的手势。它比默剧抽象得多。这些手势也不像竖起大拇指或手指放在嘴唇上表示“安静！”这样的“典型”手势。像单词一样，这些手势在文化中是固定的（但在不同文化之间有所不同）。相反，伴随言语的手势是信息的第二渠道)”可知，书中讨论的“手势”是抽象的言语相关，不同于固定的文化符号。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Therapists (治疗师) can be trained to look out for gestures hinting that patients are thinking something they are not yet ready to say.(治疗师可以接受培训，留意那些暗示患者正在思考一些他们尚未准备好说出口的事情的手势)”可知，根据文章，手势可以应用于实践的方式是使治疗师能够掌握通过手势解读患者未说出口的想法的技巧。故选C。 4．词句猜测题。根据第五段中“Children with language delays caused by brain injuries at or around birth, but who nonetheless gesture as much as their peers, are likely to catch up orally by the age of about 30 months. Those who gesture less are more likely to need intensive early intervention.(出生时或出生前后因脑损伤导致语言发育迟缓的儿童，尽管如此，他们的手势与同龄人一样多，他们很可能在30个月大时在口语方面赶上同龄人。手势较少的儿童更有可能需要密集的早期intervention)”可知，此处“intervention”指的是为了改善某种状况而提供的专业帮助，即“专业帮助以改善状况”。故选D。 Passage 4 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）English is a fun language, and even though it’s considered an accessible and relatively easy one to learn, with 750,000 words and spelling that can throw off even the most skilled learner, learning English fast can seem impossible. Take the following tips on how to learn English faster as your starting point and you’ll master this wonderful language in no time! TIP 1 ______ Classic literature, paperbacks, newspapers, websites, emails, your social media feed: if it’s in English, read it. Why? Well, this content will be full of juicy new vocabulary, as well as a fair amount you already know. This helps you improve quickly, as repeated exposure to learned vocabulary gives you new examples in context, therefore reinforcing those words in your mind. On the other hand, learning new words and expressions is essential to building your vocabulary, particularly in a language like English with so many words! TIP 2 ACTIVELY TAKE NOTE OF NEW VOCABULARY This tip is a classic one for good reason. It works! When learning, we often enjoy a new word or phrase so much that forgetting it seems impossible. But trust us, not everything sticks the first time. To fight this, get into the habit of carrying around a notebook. Whenever you hear or read a new word or expression, write it down in context: that is, in a sentence and with its meaning noted. This saves you time as you won’t return to that word and ask yourself: “What did that word/expression mean again?” TIP 3 TALK WITH REAL LIVE HUMANS What is a language for if not to communicate? It’s true that speaking a language helps it stick in your head far better than only reading or writing it. Just think of how many times you’ve heard people say that they “understand, but can’t speak English” A lot of would-be English speakers have turned talking into a huge obstacle that only serves to psyche them out. Don’t be like that. Seek out native speakers for an informal language exchange, enroll in a course, or take classes online. TIP 4 SUBSCRIBE TO PODCASTS (IN ENGLISH) Like humor? Politics? Blogging? Cooking? With topics covering every interest possible, there are English-speaking podcasts out there for you. Subscribe to a few and listen or watch while going to school or work. At first, you might find the native accents difficult, but stick with it and you’ll soon start to understand what you hear (as well as learning lots of new vocabulary from a native speaker!) 1．Which of the following is the best heading for TIP 1? A．START WITH READING WHAT YOU REALLY NEED B．USE CONTEXTUAL CLUES TO BUILD YOUR VOCABULARY C．READ ALL THE PRINTED MATERIALS YOU CAN BUY D．READ EVERYTHING YOU CAN GET YOUR HANDS ON 2．The phrase “psyche them out” is closest in meaning to ______ A．make them discouraged B．slow down their progress C．relieve their stress D．affect their fluency 3．Which of the following strategies is NOT suggested by the author? A．Learning words through repeated exposure in different contexts. B．Using technology to instantly translate any unknown word. C．Building vocabulary by reading things you enjoy. D．Overcoming the fear of speaking by practicing with natives. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇应用文，文章给出了四条快速学英语的实用建议：大量阅读、主动记词、开口与真人交流、订阅播客，并强调兴趣与坚持并重。 1．主旨大意题。根据TIP 1段落“Classic literature, paperbacks, newspapers, websites, emails, your social media feed: if it's in English, read it. (经典文学、平装书、报纸、网站、邮件、你的社媒动态：只要是英文，就读。)”可知，核心就是“见什么读什么”。D项“READ EVERYTHING YOU CAN GET YOUR HANDS ON! (把你所能拿到的英文材料统统读一遍！)”准确概括。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据TIP 3段落“A lot of would-be English speakers have turned talking into a huge obstacle that only serves to psyche them out. (许多英语学习者把开口说英语变成巨大障碍，这只会让他们psyche them out。)”可知，很多英语学习者遇到了障碍，这些障碍会让他们感到气馁，所以此处psyche them out意为“使胆怯/泄气”。A项“make them discouraged”最接近。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。原文第四段指出“Seek out native speakers for an informal language exchange, enroll in a course, or take classes online. (寻找母语者进行非正式语言交流，报名课程或上网课。)”鼓励与真人练习口语；第三段强调“Whenever you hear or read a new word or expression, write it down in context: that is, in a sentence and with its meaning noted. (每当你听到或读到一个新单词或表达时，把它放在语境中记下来：也就是写进一个句子，并标注它的含义。)”倡导主动记词；第二段“Classic literature, paperbacks, newspapers, websites, emails, your social media feed: if it's in English, read it. (经典文学、平装书、报纸、网站、邮件、你的社媒动态：只要是英文，就读。)”提倡大量阅读兴趣材料；全文均未提及“用技术即时翻译任何未知单词”，此做法与作者主张的主动积累词汇相悖。故选B项。 Passage 5 （25-26高一上·上海黄浦·期中）The key to effective cross-cultural communication is knowledge. First, it is essential that people understand the potential (潜在的) problems of cross-cultural communication, and try their best to solve these problems. Second, it is important to know that one’s efforts will not always be successful, and change one’s behavior appropriately (恰当地). For example, one should always think that there is a significant possibility that cultural differences are leading to communication problems, and be willing to be patient and forgiving, rather than hostile (敌对的) and offensive, if problems develop. One should respond slowly and carefully in cross-cultural exchanges, not jumping to the conclusion that you know what is being thought and said. William Ury’s suggestion for heated conflicts is to stop, listen and think, or as he puts it“go to the balcony” when the situation gets tense. By this he means withdraw (撤退) from the situation, step back, and think about what is going on before you act. What could be going on here? Is it possible I misunderstand what they said, or they misinterpreted me? Often misinterpretation is the source of the problem. Often intermediaries who are familiar with both cultures can be helpful in cross-cultural communication situations. They can translate both the substance and the manner of what is said. For instance, they can tone down strong statements that would be considered appropriate in one culture but not in another, before they are given to people from a culture that does not talk together in such a strong way. They can also adjust the timing of what is said and done. Some cultures move quickly to the point; others talk about other things long enough to establish a close relationship with the other person. 1．The passage mainly talks about ________. A．the potential cross-cultural communication problems B．how to make effective cross-cultural communication C．how to avoid cross-cultural differences D．the importance of being familiar with another culture 2．By saying go to the balcony, William Ury really means to ________. A．refresh oneself during cross-cultural communication B．get some sunlight and fresh air in the balcony C．think of a way to join in the communication in the balcony D．step out of the communication and calm oneself down 3．A “intermediary” in the last paragraph refers to a person who ________. A．acts as a go-between during cross-cultural communication B．acts as a translator during cross-cultural communication C．keeps the cross-cultural communication going D．can help people from different cultures reach an agreement 4．We can infer from the passage that ________. A．different cultures may have different timing of what is said and done B．our active efforts can overcome all cross-cultural communication problems C．one cannot have cross-cultural communication without overcoming problems D．misunderstanding is the source of all cross-cultural communication problems 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了如何进行有效的跨文化交流。 1．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“The key to effective cross-cultural communication is knowledge. (有效跨文化交流的关键是知识。)”可知，文章主要讲述如何进行有效的跨文化交流。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“William Ury’s suggestion for heated conflicts is to stop, listen and think, or as he puts it“go to the balcony” when the situation gets tense. By this he means withdraw (撤退) from the situation, step back, and think about what is going on before you act. (William Ury对激烈冲突的建议是停下来、倾听和思考，或者像他所说的那样，当情况变得紧张时“去阳台”。他的意思是从这种情况中抽身，退后一步，在行动之前思考正在发生的事情。)”可知，William Ury所说的“去阳台”实际上是指从交流中抽身，让自己冷静下来。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Often intermediaries who are familiar with both cultures can be helpful in cross-cultural communication situations. (通常，熟悉两种文化的intermediaries在跨文化交流中会有所帮助。)”以及后文“They can translate both the substance and the manner of what is said. (他们可以翻译所说的内容和方式。)”可知，在跨文化交流中，熟悉两种文化的中介可以提供帮助，他们可以翻译所说的内容和方式，由此可知，intermediary指的是在跨文化交流中充当中间人的人。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“They can also adjust the timing of what is said and done. Some cultures move quickly to the point; others talk about other things long enough to establish a close relationship with the other person. (他们还可以调整说话和做事的时间。有些文化很快就能切中要害；另一些文化则会花足够长的时间谈论其他事情，以便与对方建立密切的关系。)”可推断，不同的文化可能有不同的说话和做事的时间安排。故选A。 Passage 6 （25-26高一上·上海青浦·期中）I was born a bookworm. Reading was almost like breathing to me — I’d curl up with a book anywhere, from my bedroom to under a tree. My fictional worlds took me to distant places, and I experienced everything through pages. My father would take me to the nearest bookshop every Saturday morning. There was an order in shelves that I found profoundly comforting. They started with A and ended in Z, and in between were hundreds of new friends waiting to be met, new lands waiting to be discovered. He would wait patiently while I browsed — a bookshop is the one place you can stay long without anyone becoming suspicious (可疑的) or impatient, and the choosing of a new book is something that cannot be rushed. And so began my love for bookshops. They are gateways to other worlds, blending (融合) the familiar with the new, old favorites with fresh discoveries. A good bookseller understands your tastes and opens doors to new adventures. Books shape who we are. One day, in a cozy Cotswolds bookshop, I felt a wave of calm and inspiration. That was my lightbulb moment: My next book would be set in a bookshop, a place where readers could connect with the magic of books and explore how they shape lives. The title of How to Find Love in a Bookshop isn’t just about discovering romantic love. It’s about finding the love of books: something that can exist throughout your life, and provide escape, entertainment, education, comfort, wonder. And, as I learned from my own father, it’s a love you can share with everyone in your family. There is nothing more satisfying than sharing something you have read with someone else, knowing they will love it as much as you do. But if we are to keep bookshops alive, we need to use them, and to encourage the next generation to make them a part of their life and view bookshops as a treat, a pleasure, an adventure, a gateway. So they become a necessity. Something we can’t live without. Thus my challenge to you, fellow reader, is to go to your local bookshop and come out with something that might change your life. 1．Which of the following is NOT a reason why the author loves bookshops? A．The comforting order of shelves. B．The atmosphere where readers can stay without pressure. C．Their role as a window into diverse worlds. D．The nature that the author was born with. 2．What can we infer about “the love of books” in paragraph 5 from the passage? A．It can only be developed by reading romantic novels. B．It is a feeling that cannot be shared with other people. C．It can provide people with multiple forms of support in life. D．It fades away easily if people don’t visit bookshops often. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce the writer’s new book How to Find Love in a Bookshop. B．To share the writer’s life-long love for reading and bookshops. C．To explain how the writer’s father influenced his reading habit. D．To call on readers to support bookshops and discover the magic of books. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者对书籍和书店的热爱，并呼吁读者支持书店，探索书籍的魔力。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“There was an order in shelves that I found profoundly comforting.(书架上的排列顺序让我感到非常安慰。)”可知，书架上令人安心的排列顺序是作者喜欢书店的原因之一，选项A正确；根据第二段中“He would wait patiently while I browsed — a bookshop is the one place you can stay long without anyone becoming suspicious (可疑的) or impatient, and the choosing of a new book is something that cannot be rushed.(我浏览书籍时，他会耐心地等待——书店是唯一一个你可以长时间逗留而不会有人怀疑或不耐烦的地方，挑选一本新书是件不能仓促行事的事情。)”可知，读者可以毫无压力地停留的氛围是作者喜欢书店的原因之一，选项B正确；根据第三段中“They are gateways to other worlds, blending (融合) the familiar with the new, old favorites with fresh discoveries.(它们是通往其他世界的门户，融合了熟悉与新奇、旧爱与新发现。)”可知，它们作为通往多样世界的窗口是作者喜欢书店的原因之一，选项C正确；作者天生就有的特质，并不是作者喜欢书店的原因，而是作者本身的特点，选项D不是作者喜欢书店的原因。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段中“It’s about finding the love of books: something that can exist throughout your life, and provide escape, entertainment, education, comfort, wonder.(它是关于找到对书籍的热爱：这种热爱可以贯穿你的一生，并提供逃避、娱乐、教育、安慰和惊奇。)”可知，对书籍的热爱可以在生活中为人们提供多种形式的支持。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Thus my challenge to you, fellow reader, is to go to your local bookshop and come out with something that might change your life.(因此，我对你，亲爱的读者，提出的挑战是：去你当地的书店，带回一些可能改变你生活的东西。)”可知，作者的主要目的是呼吁读者支持书店，发现书籍的魅力。故选D。 话题2 人与社会（共6篇） Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）The Enduring Hope of Jane Goodall During World War II, young Jane Goodall was often woken by air-raid sirens. While her sister rushed to the bomb shelter, Jane refused to leave her bed. “They had to take me down with all my bedclothes,” she recalls. Eight decades later, in the same house, she displayed the same stubbornness. As a camera crew were bustling about searching for furniture, Goodall stood still. Speaking softly yet with strong belief, she suggested her bedroom instead. Then she led the group upstairs, successful. Goodall’s quiet determination enabled her to patiently wait for others to come around. In 1960, the 26-year-old sat for months in Tanzanian forests, waiting for chimpanzees to accept her presence. Her patience provided the opportunity to observe them closely, leading to her remarkable discovery of tool use among chimps. This finding transformed our understanding of human-animal relationships, earning her global fame. While pursuing her Ph.D．at Cambridge in 1962, professors criticized her for using human names and emotions to describe chimps. Rather than confront them, she recalls, “I just quietly went on doing what I knew was right.” Though she later adopted more scientific language, her belief in chimps as intelligent social animals is now widely accepted and has paved the way for tighter restrictions on lab testing of chimpanzees. After Goodall shifted from research to activism in the 1980s, her steady, non-confrontational approach allowed her to become one of the most productive environmentalists in modern history. She made the best use of her own life story — drawing on the powerful image of a lone woman living among the animals — to get people excited about environmentalism in an era when it was a marginal activity. Through the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which she founded in 1977, she raised funds for habitat conservation projects, poverty-alleviation programs, and animal shelters. And as she travelled around the world, she added countless new stories to her collection: on history, animal behavior, human originality and more. These, rather than protests, became her campaign tools. “If I’m trying to change somebody who disagrees with me — I choose not to be holier-than-thou (自命清高的),” she says. “You’ve got to reach the heart. And I do that through storytelling.” 1．Paragraphs 1 & 2 are intended to show Jane Goodall ________. A．was very clever since she was a little girl B．remained calm even under wartime conditions C．was very determined to do what she thought was right D．respected other people and didn’t bother to change their mind 2．According to the article, which of the following statements is true about Goodall? A．Her patience with observing chimps helped her make great discoveries. B．The way that Goodall studied wild chimps was encouraged by her professors. C．She helped make chimpanzees more available in lab testing. D．She founded the Jane Goodall Institute to raise money for Tanzania. 3．After Goodall shifted from research to advocacy, she would try to ________ if she wanted to change someone’s mind. A．tell amazing stories B．set them a good example C．share her feelings with them D．teach them to think for themselves 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了简·古道尔凭借坚定的意志、耐心和非对抗性方式，在黑猩猩研究及环保活动中取得卓越成就，传递持久希望的故事。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“While her sister rushed to the bomb shelter, Jane refused to leave her bed. “They had to take me down with all my bedclothes,” she recalls. (当姐姐冲向防空洞时，简却拒绝下床。“他们不得不把我连人带被褥一起抬下去，”她回忆道。)”以及第二段中的“As a camera crew were bustling about searching for furniture, Goodall stood still. Speaking softly yet with strong belief, she suggested her bedroom instead. Then she led the group upstairs, successful.(当摄制组忙着寻找拍摄用的家具时，古道尔站着不动。她语气柔和却信念坚定地提议用自己的卧室。随后她带领团队上楼，最终成功说服了大家。)”可知，这两段通过简·古道尔在童年和晚年的两个事例，展现了她坚持做自己认为正确之事的坚定意志。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Her patience provided the opportunity to observe them closely, leading to her remarkable discovery of tool use among chimps.(她的耐心让她有机会近距离观察黑猩猩，进而得出了一项非凡的发现——黑猩猩会使用工具。)”可知，简·古道尔观察黑猩猩时的耐心帮助她取得了重大发现。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“If I’m trying to change somebody who disagrees with me — I choose not to be holier-than-thou,” she says. “You’ve got to reach the heart. And I do that through storytelling.(“如果我想改变那些与我意见相左的人——我不会自命清高，”她说。“你必须触动他们的心灵。而我是通过讲故事来做到这一点的。”)”可知，简·古道尔从研究转向倡导活动后，若想改变他人想法，会通过讲述精彩故事的方式。故选A项。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海徐汇·期中）Cinque Terre, Italy, in thermal layers. Ireland in ceaseless rain. For decades, I limited most of my European travels to fall because, whatever the weather, I enjoyed the feeling of having the hotel, trail, restaurant or cathedral to myself. But I won’t be alone this year. From resort towns in Europe to popular summer destinations in the United States, places once emptied by October are now filled with guests. Booking.com reported notable growth in searches for traditional beach trips such as the Hamptons — up 78% уear-over-year in September and 45% in October — and Cape Cod. Searches for rooms in Dublin are up 35% in the fall over summer, according to Expedia, and Virtuoso, a consortium of high-end travel agencies, says that fall bookings have climbed 30% this year. Fall’s popularity owes some credit to the broader boom in travel. Last year, 1.4 billion people traveled internationally, up from 673 million in 2000, according to the World Travel & Tourism Council. With more of them seeking better access and fewer crowds, the off-season is now its own season. In some destinations, climate change has encouraged fall travel by extending milder weather. In the Italian Alps, with diminished early snows, the Grand Hotel Courmayeur Mont Blanc will remain open this fall for the first time, rather than closing in mid-September and reopening in December for the ski season. The fallout from overtourism — including shoulder-to-shoulder summer crowds in places like Venice and Dubrovnik, Croatia, and anti-tourism protests in Spain — has pushed some travelers to delay departures to later in the year. To ease the pressure, sustainability-minded operators have introduced trips to lesser-traveled destinations such as Uzbekistan and Romania. While taking extended vacations during back-to-school season remains a challenge for many families, travel industry experts credit the shift in flexible work patterns for introducing travelers to the joys of fall trips. “Travelers are no longer bound by school calendars or 9-to-5 routines,” said Melissa Krueger, the CEO of a travel agency based in California. “They also want more meaningful trips — harvest festivals, culinary events, wildlife encounters — that don’t follow a summer-only mindset.” October is no longer a secret whispered among in-the-know travelers. It has confidently taken its place as the crown jewel of the year. 1．What can we know about the author’s past European travels in fall? A．He often faced unpleasant weather like ceaseless rain in Ireland. B．He found it hard to book hotels due to limited autumn openings. C．He enjoyed far less crowded tourist attractions during those trips. D．He preferred visiting Cinque Terre to other European destinations. 2．Which of the following does NOT account for the growing popularity of fall travel? A．Flexible work schedules allow people to travel during the offseason. B．Lower international travel costs make fall journeys more budget-friendly. C．Mild weather lasts longer in some destinations because of climate change. D．The problems caused by overtourism causes travelers to avoid summer trips. 3．According to the passage, it can be inferred that __________. A．travel agencies are struggling to meet the rising demand for fall trips. B．the author plans to avoid European travel this fall due to greater crowds. C．climate change has reduced the appeal of the Alps in fall among visitors. D．tourists now favor experiences over seasonal routines when planning trips. 4．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Fall Travel: From a Well-Kept Secret to a Beloved Choice B．The Rise of European Travel: Destinations and Highlights C．Overtourism: What Drives Travelers Towards Offseason Trips D．Embrace the Season: The Latest Data and Trend of Fall Travel 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了秋季旅行从鲜为人知到广受欢迎的原因，包括旅行整体增长、气候变化、过度旅游问题及灵活工作模式等。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“For decades, I limited most of my European travels to fall because, whatever the weather, I enjoyed the feeling of having the hotel, trail, restaurant or cathedral to myself. (几十年来，我把大部分欧洲旅行都限制在秋季，因为无论天气如何，我都喜欢独自拥有酒店、小径、餐厅或大教堂的感觉)”可知，作者过去秋季在欧洲旅行时，旅游景点的人要少得多，他享受这种不那么拥挤的旅行。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Fall’s popularity owes some credit to the broader boom in travel. (秋季的流行在一定程度上要归功于旅游业的整体繁荣)”、第四段“In some destinations, climate change has encouraged fall travel by extending milder weather. (在一些目的地，气候变化通过延长温和天气鼓励了秋季旅行)”以及第五段“The fallout from overtourism — including shoulder-to-shoulder summer crowds in places like Venice and Dubrovnik, Croatia, and anti-tourism protests in Spain — has pushed some travelers to delay departures to later in the year. (过度旅游的后果——包括在威尼斯和克罗地亚杜布罗夫尼克等地夏季人挤人，以及西班牙的反旅游抗议——促使一些旅行者将出发时间推迟到今年晚些时候)”和第六段“While taking extended vacations during back-to-school season remains a challenge for many families, travel industry experts credit the shift in flexible work patterns for introducing travelers to the joys of fall trips. (虽然在返校季延长假期对许多家庭来说仍然是一个挑战，但旅游业专家认为，灵活工作模式的转变让旅行者体验到了秋季旅行的乐趣)”可知，灵活的工作安排、气候变化以及过度旅游问题都促使秋季旅行越来越受欢迎，而文中并未提及国际旅行成本降低使秋季旅行更具预算友好性。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段“Travelers are no longer bound by school calendars or 9-to-5 routines,” said Melissa Krueger, the CEO of a travel agency based in California. “They also want more meaningful trips — harvest festivals, culinary events, wildlife encounters — that don’t follow a summer-only mindset.” (“旅行者不再受学校日历或朝九晚五的作息时间的限制，”加州一家旅行社的首席执行官梅利莎·克鲁格说。“他们还想要更有意义的旅行——丰收节、美食活动、野生动物邂逅——这些旅行不遵循只在夏季的思维模式。”)”可知，现在游客在规划旅行时更注重体验，而不是季节性的常规安排。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“October is no longer a secret whispered among in-the-know travelers. It has confidently taken its place as the crown jewel of the year. (十月不再是资深旅行者之间窃窃私语的秘密。它自信地成为了一年中的瑰宝)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了秋季旅行从过去鲜为人知到现在广受欢迎的转变，“秋季旅行：从鲜为人知的秘密到备受喜爱的选择”适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 3 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown. Penny-pinching (节俭的) UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives. This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK. It has shrunk from 1.19 billion pounds in 2011 to 1.12 billion pounds in 2015, according to a new report from market research company Mintel. Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to 1.11 billion pounds in 2016. In the last year alone, despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households, sales of toilet paper fell by 2%, with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from 43 pounds in 2014 to 41 pounds in 2015. Overall, almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper — including facial tissue and kitchen roll—to save money. “Strength, softness and thickness remain the leading indicators of toilet paper quality, with just a small proportion of consumers preferring more luxurious alternatives, such as those with flower patterns or perfume,” said Mintel analyst Jack Duckett. “These extra features are considered unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.” While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain picky — in theory at least — when it comes to paper quality. Top of Britons’ toilet paper wish list is softness (57%) followed by strength (45%) and thickness (36%). One in 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations, highlighting how overall the environment is much less of a consideration for shoppers than product quality. In a challenge for manufacturers, 81% of paper product users said they would consider buying recycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper. 1．The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because ______. A．Britons have cut their spending on it B．its prices have gone up over the years C．its quality has seen marked improvement D．Britons have developed the habit of saving 2．What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK? A．It will expand in time. B．It will remain gray. C．It will experience ups and downs. D．It will recover as population grows. 3．What does Jack Duckett say about toilet paper? A．Special offers would promote its sales. B．Consumers are loyal to certain brands. C．Luxurious features add much to the price. D．Consumers have a variety to choose from. 4．What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper? A．They are particular about the quality of toilet paper. B．They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most. C．They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper. D．They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国消费者为节省开支减少卫生纸消费的现象，以及卫生纸市场的现状、消费者的选择偏好等相关信息。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown. Penny-pinching (节俭的) UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives.(研究显示，英国消费者为了省钱，在卫生纸上的开销变少了。节俭的英国消费者会选择Aldi、Lidl等折扣店的便宜产品，而非高端替代品)”可知，卫生纸的市场销售额下降是因为英国人削减了在这方面的开支。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to 1.11 billion pounds in 2016.(此外，该市场的前景远称不上乐观，预计2016年销售额会进一步下滑至11.1亿英镑)”可知，英国卫生纸市场的未来并不乐观，前景依然黯淡。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“These extra features are considered unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.(大多数消费者认为这些额外功能是不必要的，这或许反映出这类产品通常比普通卫生纸更贵——即便在特价促销时也是如此)”可知，Jack Duckett认为卫生纸的奢华附加功能会大幅增加其价格。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段中“While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain picky — in theory at least — when it comes to paper quality.(尽管消费者在卫生纸上的支出减少了，但至少从理论上来说，他们在卫生纸的质量方面依然很挑剔)”可知，英国人在卫生纸方面对质量是比较讲究的。故选A。 Passage 4 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）What is the place of art in a culture of inattention? Recent visitors to the Louvre report that tourists can now spend only a minute in front of the Mona Lisa before being asked to move on. Much of that time, for some of them, is spent taking photographs not even of the painting but of themselves with the painting in the background. One view is that we have democratized (平民化) tourism and gallery-going so much that we have made it effectively impossible to appreciate what we’ve travelled to see. In this oversubscribed society, experience becomes a commodity like any other. There are queues to climb Mount Qomolangma as well as to see famous paintings. Leisure, thus considered, is hard labour, and returning to work becomes a well-earned break from the tough experience. What gets lost in this industrialized haste (加速) is the quality of looking. Think about an extreme example, the late philosopher Richard Wollheim. When he visited the Louvre, he could spend as much as four hours sitting before a painting. The first hour, he claimed, was necessary for misperceptions to be eliminated. It was only then that the picture would begin to disclose itself. This seems unthinkable today, but it is still possible to organize. Even in the busiest museums there are many rooms and many pictures worth hours of contemplation (沉思) which the crowds largely ignore. Sometimes the largest crowds are partly the products of bad management; the Mona Lisa is such a hurried experience today partly because the museum is being reorganized. The Uffizi in Florence, another site of cultural pilgrimage (朝圣), has cut its entry queues down to seven minutes by clever management. And there are some forms of art, those designed to be spectacles as well as objects of contemplation, which can work perfectly well in the face of huge crowds. Olafur Eliasson’s current Tate Modern show, for instance, might seem nothing more than an entertainment, overrun as it is with kids romping (喧嚣地玩耍) in fog rooms and spray mist installations. But it’s more than that: where Eliasson is at his most entertaining, he is at his most serious too, and his disorienting installations bring home the reality of the destructive effects we are having on the planet — not least what we are doing to the glaciers of Eliasson’s beloved Iceland. Marcel Proust, another lover of the Louvre, wrote: “It is only through art that we can escape from ourselves and know how another person sees the universe, whose landscapes would otherwise have remained as unknown as any on the moon.” If any art remains worth seeing, it must lead us to such escapes. But a minute in front of a painting in a hurried crowd won’t do that. 1．Why did the late philosopher Richard Wollheim spend four hours before a picture? A．It takes time to appreciate a piece of art fully. B．It is quite common to misinterpret artistic works. C．The longer people contemplate a picture, the more likely they will enjoy it. D．The more time one spends before a painting, the more valuable one finds it. 2．What does the case of the Uffizi in Florence show? A．Art works in museums should be better taken care of. B．Sites of cultural pilgrimage are always flooded with visitors. C．Good management is key to handling large crowds of visitors. D．Large crowds of visitors cause management problems for museums. 3．What do we learn from Olafur Eliasson’s current Tate Modern show? A．Children learn to appreciate art works most effectively while they are playing. B．It is possible to combine entertainment with appreciation of serious art. C．Art works about the environment appeal most to young children. D．Some forms of art can accommodate huge crowds of visitors. 4．What can art do according to Marcel Proust? A．Enable us to live a much fuller life. B．Allow us to escape the harsh reality. C．Help us to see the world from a different perspective. D．Urge us to explore the unknown domain of the universe. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“注意力分散文化下艺术的处境”展开，探讨了当下艺术欣赏的匆忙现象，同时结合案例说明深度欣赏艺术的价值与可能性。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Think about an extreme example, the late philosopher Richard Wollheim. When he visited the Louvre, he could spend as much as four hours sitting before a painting. The first hour, he claimed, was necessary for misperceptions to be eliminated. It was only then that the picture would begin to disclose itself.(想一个极端的例子：已故哲学家Richard Wollheim。当他参观卢浮宫时，能在一幅画前静坐长达四小时。他认为，第一个小时是消除误解的必要时间。只有在那之后，这幅画才会开始展现它的内涵)”可知，充分欣赏一件艺术作品需要花费时间。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The Uffizi in Florence, another site of cultural pilgrimage (朝圣), has cut its entry queues down to seven minutes by clever management.(佛罗伦萨的Uffizi美术馆是另一处文化朝圣地，它通过巧妙的管理，将入场排队时间缩短到了7分钟)”可知，良好的管理是应对大量游客的关键。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Olafur Eliasson’s current Tate Modern show, for instance, might seem nothing more than an entertainment, overrun as it is with kids romping (喧嚣地玩耍) in fog rooms and spray mist installations. But it’s more than that: where Eliasson is at his most entertaining, he is at his most serious too, and his disorienting installations bring home the reality of the destructive effects we are having on the planet — not least what we are doing to the glaciers of Eliasson’s beloved Iceland.(比如Olafur Eliasson当前在泰特现代美术馆的展览，看起来或许不过是一场娱乐活动——展厅里满是在雾室和喷雾装置中喧闹玩耍的孩子。但它不止于此：在Eliasson最具娱乐性的作品里，也藏着最严肃的内核，且他那些让人迷失方向的装置作品，让人们真切意识到人类对地球造成的破坏性影响——尤其是我们对Eliasson深爱的冰岛冰川所做的一切)”可推知，娱乐和严肃艺术的欣赏是可以结合的。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Marcel Proust, another lover of the Louvre, wrote: “It is only through art that we can escape from ourselves and know how another person sees the universe, whose landscapes would otherwise have remained as unknown as any on the moon.” (另一位卢浮宫的爱好者Marcel Proust写道：“唯有通过艺术，我们才能摆脱自我，了解他人眼中的宇宙；若非如此，那些宇宙图景会像月球上的景象一样，始终不为我们所知。”)”可知，艺术能帮助我们从不同的视角看待世界。故选C。 Passage 5 （25-26高一上·上海青浦·期中）Recently, I was walking with some parents when we found a five-pound note on the ground. We stood around it for a moment, a bit awkwardly, until someone suggested putting it on a nearby bench. Then one of the parents said that we would probably have acted differently — that is, we would have just taken the money — if we had been alone. This relates to a classic question: Do we behave more selfishly when we aren’t being observed? The debate goes on across the psychological and biological sciences, as well as in popular culture, about whether kindness can exist in a competitive world. Yom Kippur is a Jewish (犹太人的) religious holiday. On this day, Jewish people don’t eat food and ask for forgiveness for the mistakes they’ve made. A key idea of Yom Kippur is to behave better, no matter who is watching. The teachings of Yom Kippur are beautiful in terms of human development. They are the result of thousands of years of cultural changes and growth. The Maasai people of Kenya practise osotua: relationships between people that work based on need. When someone builds an osotua relationship with another, they make an unwritten agreement to help their partner in times of need. And hunter-gatherer groups, which can represent the situations our species evolved (进化) in, have many similar examples. Cultural evolution helps explain why these systems exist and how they become so complex. Cultural changes happen much faster than biological evolution. This lets smart species like humans develop ways of acting that help them deal with complicated social environments. Osotua, or any other practice that helps people treat each other well in society, comes from tens of thousands of years of cultural trying and correcting. The customs passed down over time are the ones that help us grow as groups. The study of those changes has helped us to understand how we successfully spread around the world as cooperative groups. Biological evolution has made humans more willing to cooperate, but cultural changes have made this process faster. Cultural evolution helps us to overcome our selfish natures. Try to understand rules before you ignore them — and next time you find a five-pound note on the ground, you might think about the awkward situation your discovery brings. 1．What does the author want to show by talking about finding the five-pound note? A．People’s actions are often affected when others are around. B．It’s common for people to feel uncomfortable when getting something unexpected. C．Most people choose to be honest in public places. D．Parents are more likely to set a good example for children. 2．Why does the author mention Yom Kippur and the Maasai’s osotua practice? A．To show that religious and cultural traditions are different around the world. B．To prove that being kind is deeply part of how humans have evolved biologically. C．To give examples of cultural systems that encourage kindness without conditions. D．To compare how Jews and Maasai people show their generosity in different ways. 3．What can we learn about cultural evolution from the passage? A．It has taken the place of biological evolution in making humans work together. B．It only happens in developed societies with complex social structures. C．It tends to remove selfish actions from human nature. D．It helps humans get used to complex social environments more quickly. 4．What is the main idea the author wants to tell us in the passage? A．Cultural evolution is very important for developing human kindness and cooperation. B．Biological evolution is the main reason why humans are generous. C．Different cultures have similar ways to encourage people to work together. D．People should follow moral rules even when no one is watching. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要围绕人类行为与文化进化展开，探讨文化进化对人类善良品质和合作能力的重要影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Then one of the parents said that we would probably have acted differently — that is, we would have just taken the money — if we had been alone.(然后其中一位家长说，如果我们独自一人，我们的做法可能会有所不同 —— 也就是说，我们可能会直接把钱拿走)”可知，作者提及捡到五英镑纸币的事，是为了说明有他人在场时，人们的行为常会受到影响。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“A key idea of Yom Kippur is to behave better, no matter who is watching.(赎罪日的一个核心思想是，无论谁在看着，都要表现得更好)”、第四段中的“When someone builds an osotua relationship with another, they make an unwritten agreement to help their partner in times of need.(当一个人与另一个人建立起osotua关系时，他们会达成一份不成文的协议，在对方需要时提供帮助)”和第五段中“Osotua, or any other practice that helps people treat each other well in society, comes from tens of thousands of years of cultural trying and correcting.(Osotua，或任何其他帮助人们在社会中善待彼此的做法，都来自于数万年的文化尝试和纠正)”可知，这两个例子均是倡导友善的文化体系，用于支撑文章观点。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Cultural changes happen much faster than biological evolution. This lets smart species like humans develop ways of acting that help them deal with complicated social environments.(文化变迁比生物进化快得多。这使得人类这样聪明的物种能够发展出有助于应对复杂社会环境的行为方式)”可知，文化进化能帮助人类更快地适应复杂的社会环境。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Cultural evolution helps explain why these systems exist and how they become so complex.(文化进化有助于解释这些体系为何存在以及它们如何变得如此复杂)”和第六段中的“Biological evolution has made humans more willing to cooperate, but cultural changes have made this process faster.(生物进化让人类更愿意合作，但文化变迁加快了这一进程)”可知，文章核心是阐述文化进化对培养人类善良品质和合作能力至关重要。故选A项。 Passage 6 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Clichés (陈词滥调) aren’t necessarily bad turns of phrase — in fact, they’re generally good, and that’s how they become clichés. The first person to say “in the wake of” should have been proud of themselves. It was an impactful boat metaphor(隐喻). But now it is horrible. Sadly, this human failing is spreading via machine. Chatbots can now write everything for us, but they can’t write anything good. Ask ChatGPT to write a high school graduation speech, and you’ll get some tired, overused lines: “Once again, congratulations to my fellow graduates. We did it. And as we move on to the next chapter of our lives, let us always remember the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson…” And you’ll get some tired, overused lines: “Once again, congratulations to my fellow graduates. We did it. And as we move on to the next chapter of our lives, let us always remember the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson…” Even when I asked ChatGPT to avoid clichés, it still called graduation“a significant milestone,” and quoted Socrates (苏格拉底) to illustrate the essence of education. Then I asked the chatbot who it loves clichés so much. It told me that none of the language it generates reflects its own preferences. “Sometimes, my responses may include overused phrases simply because they are common patterns in the language I have learned from,” it said. That’s why the chatbot couldn’t resist clichés. As a large language model that operates by computing probabilities, it predicts the most likely next word based on patterns it has learned. This means that it simply cannot generate many creative turns of phrase on its own. If I want ChatGPT to use fewer clichés, it suggests that I try to prompt it with more creative questions or topics. If I read between the lines, that response is almost a personal insult(侮辱). If its outputs are predictable, that’s because the inputs are too — both the sentences I’m writing now and the billions it was trained on. And as people like me continue playing with chatbots — asking them to write everything and accepting whatever ordinary phrases they produce — we will bring about a super — clichéd future. Each generation of chatbots trains on clichés from the last, piling overused phrases higher and higher. Should these systems be trained on their own outputs? That would only lead to a return to mediocrity (平庸). When I finally asked ChatGPT to write a story in the style of The Atlantic about how ChatGPT uses too many clichés, I couldn’t tell whether the result was a joke at its own expense or mine: “Like a moth to a flame, ChatGPT found itself drawn to the familiar turns of phrase that littered the English language.” For me, there is no light at the end of the tunnel. I know that playfully ending a story about clichés with a bunch of clichés is itself clichéd, but unfortunately, my hands are tied. 1．What does the article say about clichés? A．They usually come from famous books. B．Machines have trouble understanding them. C．They have become boring because of overuse. D．They have lost their original meaning over time. 2．Why does ChatGPT tend to use clichés? A．It cannot identify what counts as a cliché. B．It lacks access to creative writing resources. C．It is programmed to quote renowned authors. D．It generates words based on common patterns in writing. 3．What does the author suggest will happen if people keep using chatbots to write everything? A．Machines will write better than humans. B．Better phrases will be created to train AI. C．Writing in the future will be full of clichés. D．AI writing will become more unpredictable. 4．How does the author feel about ChatGPT’s use of clichés? A．Neutral and objective. B．Amused and entertained. C．Frustrated and concerned. D．Supportive and enthusiastic. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，围绕人工智能（以ChatGPT为例）频繁使用陈词滥调展开论述。作者指出陈词滥调本因精妙而流行，却因过度使用变得乏味；ChatGPT受其运行机制限制依赖常见语言模式，导致输出充满陈腐表达，而人类过度依赖AI写作可能会让未来文字陷入平庸，表达了对这一现象的担忧。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The first person to say “in the wake of” should have been proud of themselves. It was an impactful boat metaphor(隐喻). But now it is horrible.(第一个说出“in the wake of”的人本该为自己感到骄傲。这是一个极具感染力的船只隐喻。但现在它却令人反感。)”以及第二段“And you’ll get some tired, overused lines(你得到的只会是一些乏味又陈腐的语句)”可知，陈词滥调原本可能是精妙的表达，但因被反复使用而变得枯燥无聊。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As a large language model that operates by computing probabilities, it predicts the most likely next word based on patterns it has learned. This means that it simply cannot generate many creative turns of phrase on its own.(作为一种通过计算概率运行的大型语言模型，它会根据所学的模式预测最可能出现的下一个词。这意味着它本身无法生成太多有创意的表达方式。)”可知，ChatGPT会根据书面语中的常见表达模式来生成文字，这是它倾向于使用陈词滥调的核心原因。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“And as people like me continue playing with chatbots — asking them to write everything and accepting whatever ordinary phrases they produce — we will bring about a super-clichéd future. Each generation of chatbots trains on clichés from the last, piling overused phrases higher and higher.(如果像我这样的人继续依赖聊天机器人——让它们写所有东西，接受它们产出的任何平庸语句——我们将迎来一个超级陈腐的未来。每一代聊天机器人都以前一代的陈词滥调为训练素材，让过度使用的表达堆积得越来越多。)”可知，作者认为人类过度依赖AI写作，会导致未来的文字充满陈词滥调。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“That would only lead to a return to mediocrity(平庸).(这只会导致回归平庸。)”以及最后一段中的“For me, there is no light at the end of the tunnel. I know that playfully ending a story about clichés with a bunch of clichés is itself clichéd, but unfortunately, my hands are tied.(对我来说，这看不到希望。我知道用一堆陈词滥调来调侃式地结束一篇关于陈词滥调的文章本身就是陈腐的，但不幸的是，我别无选择。)”可知，作者对ChatGPT过度使用陈词滥调的现象感到沮丧（frustrated）；同时，结合全文对“未来文字陷入平庸”的担忧，可推断作者对此持关切态度（concerned）。故选C项。 话题3 人与自然（共6篇） Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海·期中）Three hundred million children live in areas with extreme air pollution, new research by the United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reveals. The air they breathe is more than six times as polluted as what is considered safe. The new study was the first to make a global estimate of pollution exposure. It shows that almost 90 percent of the world’s children — 2 billion — live in places where outdoor air pollution levels are dangerously high. UNICEF warned that these levels of global air pollution have contributed to 600,000 child deaths a year. Children are far more likely to be harmed by air pollution than adults are, UNICEF said. So, UNICEF urged nations to cut fossil fuel burning rapidly. Fossil fuels, such as coal and gas, are the main source of air pollution. “The danger caused by air pollution is enormous,” said Anthony Lake, UNICEF’s executive director. “No society can afford to ignore air pollution. We protect our children when we protect the quality of our air, both of which are central to our future.” Air pollution is the world’s single biggest environmental health risk, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and is getting worse, with levels of poisonous air rising 8% in the last five years. More than 3 million people a year die as a result of outdoor air pollution-six every minute on average-and this is set to double by 2050 as fast-growing cities expand. Indoor air pollution, mainly from wood stoves, causes another 3 million deaths a year. Meanwhile, children are especially at risk, the UNICEF report says, because they breathe more rapidly than adults and their lungs take in more pollutant particles. The tiny particles can also cross the blood-brain barrier, which is less resistant in children. Once they do, they can permanently harm brain development. Even the unborn are affected, as the particles taken in by a pregnant woman can injure a child in the womb. Children in poor countries are doubly at risk, scientist Jos said. Their bodies are often already weakened by not getting enough to eat, and available health care is often inadequate. Of the 300 million children exposed to levels of pollution six times above what is considered safe, 220 million live in South Asia. India in particular hosts many of the world’s most polluted cities. Moreover, figures reveal a striking disparity in five-year cancer survival rates for children in air polluted areas compared with those from developed countries. UNICEF urged all countries to cut air pollution by reducing fossil fuel burning in power plants and vehicles. It also recommended that schools and playgrounds not be located near sources of pollution, such as busy roads and factories. In addition, it called for the use of less-polluting cooking stoves. 1．Which one of the following statements is WRONG according to the text? A．Pollution in the air can pose a threat to children’s brain growth. B．Heavy air pollution can even hurt the babies that are still not born. C．A majority of children all across the world cannot breathe clean air. D．Through countries’ efforts, the situation of air pollution is improving. 2．What does disparity in paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．distinction B．disturbance C．discomfort D．disengagement 3．In order to have clean air, UNICEF suggested ________. A．government should aim for a reduction in power plants and traffic B．careful decisions on the locations and structures of schools are needed C．fossil fuel is an extra feature that is likely to bring along some benefits D．cooking stoves that contribute little to air pollution should be used 4．What can be the title of the passage? A．Air Pollution, a Factor fatal to Life B．Efforts to Pull Countries out of Pollution C．Children, More Affected by Air Pollution D．Warnings from UNICEF Against Air Pollution 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了联合国儿童基金会的新研究表明，全球有3亿儿童生活在空气污染极端严重的地区，探讨了空气污染对儿童健康的严重危害，并提出了相应的解决建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段“The tiny particles can also cross the blood-brain barrier, which is less resistant in children. Once they do, they can permanently harm brain development. (这些微小颗粒还能穿过儿童抵抗力较弱的血脑屏障。一旦穿过，就会对大脑发育造成永久性伤害)”可知，空气污染会威胁儿童大脑发育，故选项A正确。根据第四段“Even the unborn are affected, as the particles taken in by a pregnant woman can injure a child in the womb. (甚至未出生的胎儿也会受到影响，因为孕妇吸入的颗粒会伤害子宫内的孩子)”可知，重度空气污染甚至会伤害未出生的婴儿，故选项B正确。根据第一段“It shows that almost 90 percent of the world’s children—2 billion — live in places where outdoor air pollution levels are dangerously high. (数据显示，全球近90%的儿童——20亿——生活在室外空气污染水平高到危险程度的地区)”可知，全球大多数儿童无法呼吸清洁空气，故选项C正确。根据第三段“Air pollution is the world’s single biggest environmental health risk, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and is getting worse, with levels of poisonous air rising 8% in the last five years. (根据世界卫生组织的数据，空气污染是全球最大的单一环境健康风险，且在不断恶化，过去五年有毒空气水平上升了8%)”可知，空气污染状况在恶化而非改善，故选项D“通过各国的努力，空气污染状况正在改善。”错误。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据第五段“Of the 300 million children exposed to levels of pollution six times above what is considered safe, 220 million live in South Asia. India in particular hosts many of the world’s most polluted cities. Moreover, figures reveal a striking disparity in five-year cancer survival rates for children in air polluted areas compared with those from developed countries. (在3亿暴露于超安全标准6倍污染水平的儿童中，2.2亿生活在南亚，印度尤其有许多全球污染最严重的城市。此外，数据显示，空气污染地区儿童的五年癌症存活率与发达国家儿童相比存在显著disparity)”，结合语境，这里是在对比两类儿童的存活率，表明他们之间的差异，“disparity”应表示“差异、不同”，与“distinction”意思相近。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In addition, it called for the use of less-polluting cooking stoves. (此外，它呼吁使用污染较少的炉灶)”可知，UNICEF建议使用对空气污染影响小的炉灶。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Three hundred million children live in areas with extreme air pollution (3亿儿童生活在空气污染极端严重的地区)”、第二段“these levels of global air pollution have contributed to 600,000 child deaths a year (全球空气污染水平导致每年 60 万儿童死亡)”以及第四段“children are especially at risk (儿童尤其面临风险) 等内容可知，文章围绕UNICEF的研究，重点阐述了空气污染对儿童健康的严重影响。选项C“儿童，受空气污染影响更大”准确概括了文章主旨。故选C。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海浦东新·期中）Para 1: Across China, more than 30 million students eat lunch at school every day. Until recently, most of these meals arrived in single-use plastic boxes, bags and straws. Environmental experts indicate that one senior-high cafeteria can produce over 200 kg of plastic waste per week — enough to cover a basketball court like shiny white snow. Para 2: In September 2023, the Shanghai Education Commission issued new guidelines: by 2025, all public school lunchrooms in the city must reduce single-use plastics by 80%. The policy gives three practical options: 1. Replace disposable boxes with stainless-steel ones that can be washed and reused for up to five years. 2. Install high-speed dish-washing machines that use 70% less water and electricity than traditional models. 3. Introduce “bring-your-own-bottle” corners where students can refill tap water that has been filtered and chilled. Para 3: Supporters praise the plan as a low-cost yet high-impact solution. A pilot programme at Qingpu Senior High School shows encouraging results. After only one semester, the cafeteria acquired 2,000 reusable lunch boxes, cutting plastic waste by 65% and saving the school ¥18,000 in purchasing costs. More importantly, student attitude towards environmental protection improved: 78% of pupils now volunteer to wash their own boxes, and 90% bring refillable bottles daily. Para 4: However, some challenges remain. High-temperature washing requires extra energy, and schools must establish a strict hygiene routine to prevent food-borne illness. Critics also stress the need for better infrastructure in older buildings where narrow corridors cannot accommodate large dish-washing machines. Para 5: Despite these hurdles, environmentalists admire the programme and encourage other cities to establish a similar basis for plastic reduction. They believe that when students acquire eco-friendly habits early, they are more likely to contribute to a greener society in the future. Para 6: Officials plan to expand the project to all 16 districts of Shanghai by 2026, aiming to recycle at least 1,500 tonnes of plastic waste each year. If successful, this campus-based model could become a nationwide defence against white pollution, proving that big environmental impact often starts with small daily routines. 1．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Shanghai schools are replacing teachers with machines to save money. B．Campus cafeterias in Shanghai are launching plastic-free programs to protect the environment. C．Students dislike washing lunch boxes and prefer disposable containers. D．White pollution in China is caused mainly by basketball courts. 2．According to the pilot programme at Qingpu Senior High, how much plastic waste was reduced after one semester? A．10%. B．35%. C．65%. D．80%. 3．Which challenge is mentioned in paragraph 4? A．Students refuse to eat cafeteria food. B．Older buildings may not fit large dish-washing machines. C．The price of stainless-steel boxes is too high for parents. D．Tap water in Shanghai is not safe to drink. 4．What does the underlined word “hurdles” in paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．Obstacles or difficulties. B．Running races. C．Plastic boxes. D．High-speed machines. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了上海校园食堂推行无塑料项目以保护环境的情况及成效。 1．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段中“In September 2023, the Shanghai Education Commission issued new guidelines: by 2025, all public school lunchrooms in the city must reduce single-use plastics by 80%.(2023年9月，上海市教委发布新指南：到2025年，全市所有公立学校食堂一次性塑料制品使用量必须减少80%。)”可知，本文主要讲述上海校园食堂正在开展无塑料项目以保护环境。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“A pilot programme at Qingpu Senior High School shows encouraging results. After only one semester, the cafeteria acquired 2,000 reusable lunch boxes, cutting plastic waste by 65% and saving the school ¥18,000 in purchasing costs.(青浦高级中学的一个试点项目取得了令人鼓舞的成果。仅一个学期后，该校食堂就采购了2000个可重复使用的餐盒，减少了65%的塑料垃圾，并为学校节省了18000元的采购成本。)”可知，青浦高中的试点项目一个学期后塑料垃圾减少了65%。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Critics also stress the need for better infrastructure in older buildings where narrow corridors cannot accommodate large dish-washing machines.(批评者还强调，在走廊狭窄、无法容纳大型洗碗机的老建筑中，需要更好的基础设施。)”可知，第四段提到的挑战是老建筑可能装不下大型洗碗机。故选B。 4．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“However, some challenges remain.(然而，仍存在一些挑战。)”以及第五段中“Despite these hurdles, environmentalists admire the programme and encourage other cities to establish a similar basis for plastic reduction.(尽管存在这些hurdles，环保主义者仍赞赏该项目，并鼓励其他城市建立类似的塑料减排基础。)”可知，尽管存在困难，环保主义者仍赞赏该项目，故推测hurdles表示“困难，障碍”，与Obstacles or difficulties意思相近。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高一上·上海·期中）The term “environmentalist” can mean different things. It used to refer to people trying to protect wildlife and natural ecosystems. In the 21st century, the term has evolved to capture the need to combat human-made climate change. The distinction between these two strands of environmentalism is the cause of a split within the scientific community about nuclear energy. On one side are purists who believe nuclear power isn’t worth the risk and the exclusive solution to the climate crisis is renewable energy. The opposing side agrees that renewable energy is crucial, but says society needs an amount of power available to meet consumers’ basic demands when the sun isn’t shining and the wind isn’t blowing. Nuclear energy, being far cleaner than oil, gas and coal, is a natural option, especially where hydroelectric capacity is limited. Leon Clarke, who helped author reports for the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, isn’t an uncritical supporter of nuclear energy, but says it’s a valuable option to have if we’re serious about reaching carbon neutrality. “Core to all of this is the degree to which you think we can actually meet climate goals with 100% renewable energy,” he said. “If you don’t believe we can do it, and you care about the climate, you are forced to think about something like nuclear.” The prospect of universal 100% renewability is similarly contentious. Cities such as Burlington, Vermont, have been “100% renewable” for years. But these cities often have small populations, occasionally still rely on fossil fuel energy and have significant renewable resources at their immediate disposal. Meanwhile, countries that manage to run off renewable energy typically do so thanks to extraordinary hydroelectric capabilities. Germany stands as the best case study for a large, industrialized country pushing into green energy. Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2011 announced Energiewende, an energy transition that would phase out nuclear and coal while phasing in renewable energy. Wind and solar power generation has increased over 400% since 2010, and renewable energy provided 46% of the country’s electricity in 2019. But progress has stopped in recent years. The instability of renewable energy doesn’t just mean energy is often not produced at night, but also that solar and wind can overwhelm the grid during the day, forcing utilities to pay customers to use their electricity. Lagging grid infrastructure struggles to transport this overabundance of green energy from Germany’s north to its industrial south, meaning many factories still run on coal and gas. The political limit has also been reached in some places, with citizens meeting the construction of new wind turbines with loud protests. The result is that Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions have fallen by around 11.5% since 2010 — slower than the EU average of 13.5%. 1．What is the solution to energy shortage proposed by purists’ opponents? A．Relying on renewable energy firmly and exclusively B．Using fossil fuel and green energy alternatively C．Choosing nuclear energy when necessary D．Limiting people’s non-basic consumption 2．What point does the author want to make with cities like Burlington as an example? A．It is controversial whether the goal of the whole world’s exclusive dependence on renewable energy is attainable. B．It is contentious whether cities with large populations have renewable resources at their immediate disposal. C．It is arguable whether cities that manage to run off renewable energy have sustainable hydroelectric capabilities. D．It is debatable whether traditional fossil fuel energy can be done away with entirely throughout the world. 3．What do we learn about Germany regarding renewable energy? A．It has increased its wind and solar power generation four times over the last two decades. B．It represents a good example of a major industrialized country promoting green energy. C．It relies on renewable energy to generate more than half of its electricity. D．It has succeeded in reaching the goal of energy transition set by Merkel. 4．What may be one of the reasons for Germany’s progress having stopped in recent years? A．Its grid infrastructure’s capacity has fallen behind its development of green energy. B．Its overabundance of green energy has forced power plants to suspend operation during daytime. C．Its industrial south is used to running factories on conventional energy supplies. D．Its renewable energy supplies are unstable both at night and during the day. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕“环保主义者”概念在21世纪的演变展开，指出当前学界就“是否完全依赖可再生能源”产生分裂：一方坚持100%可再生，另一方认为在风光不足时必须辅以核能。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段purists反对者的观点“The opposing side agrees that renewable energy is crucial, but says society needs an amount of power available to meet consumers’ basic demands when the sun isn’t shining and the wind isn’t blowing. Nuclear energy, being far cleaner than oil, gas and coal, is a natural option, especially where hydroelectric capacity is limited.(反对方虽承认可再生能源至关重要，但仍坚持社会必须有充足电力保障——尤其在无风无光的时段，必须满足消费者的基本用电需求。在缺乏水力发电资源的地区，核能作为比石油、天然气和煤炭清洁得多的能源，自然成为理想选择)” 可知，他们认为在必要时可选择核能。 故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第六段的内容“The prospect of universal 100% renewability is similarly contentious. Cities such as Burlington, Vermont, have been “100% renewable” for years. But these cities often have small populations, occasionally still rely on fossil fuel energy and have significant renewable resources at their immediate disposal. Meanwhile, countries that manage to run off renewable energy typically do so thanks to extraordinary hydroelectric capabilities.(普遍100%可再生能源的前景同样存在争议。佛蒙特州的伯灵顿等城市多年来一直是“100%可再生能源”。但这些城市往往人口较少，偶尔仍依赖化石燃料能源，并有大量可再生资源可供直接使用。与此同时，那些成功利用可再生能源的国家通常要归功于非凡的水力发电能力)”可知，作者列举人口小、可再生资源丰富的伯灵顿等城市，旨在说明“全球完全依赖可再生能源”这一目标是否可行存在争议。 故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第七段的内容“Germany stands as the best case study for a large, industrialized country pushing into green energy. Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2011 announced Energiewende, an energy transition that would phase out nuclear and coal while phasing in renewable energy. Wind and solar power generation has increased over 400% since 2010, and renewable energy provided 46% of the country’s electricity in 2019.(德国是一个推动绿色能源发展的工业化大国的最佳研究案例。德国总理安格拉•默克尔在2011年宣布了能源转型计划，这是一项能源转型计划，将逐步淘汰核能和煤炭，同时逐步使用可再生能源。自2010年以来，风能和太阳能发电量增长了400%以上，2019年可再生能源提供了该国46%的电力)”可知，德国是一个工业化国家推广绿色能源的好典范。故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据第八段的句子“Lagging grid infrastructure struggles to transport this overabundance of green energy from Germany’s north to its industrial south, meaning many factories still run on coal and gas. The political limit has also been reached in some places, with citizens meeting the construction of new wind turbines with loud protests.(滞后的电网基础设施难以将德国北部过剩的绿色电力输送到工业重镇南部，导致许多工厂仍依靠煤电和气电。部分地区更触及了政策天花板——民众以强烈抗议抵制新风力发电机的修建)”可知，电网容量落后是德国进展受阻的重要原因。 故选A项。 Passage 4 （25-26高一上·上海·阶段检测）Small-scale fisheries (渔场) supply many people with food. Almost all of those who engage in them rely on gillnets (带刺鱼网) to trap their prey. But gillnets trap other things, besides: endangered animals such as turtles; dangerous ones, such as Humboldt squid (美洲大赤鱿); and ones that are both endangered and dangerous, such as several types of shark. Everyone involved would be better off if this did not happen. Building on studies done both by himself and by others, to try to avoid the accidental netting of turtles, Jesse Senko, a marine-conservation biologist at Arizona State University, has been investigating the idea of fitting light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to nets to keep away other unwanted by-catch without discouraging target animals from entangling (缠住) themselves. And, as he reports in Current Biology, it seems to work. His particular concern was for the safety of elasmobranchs (软骨鱼类), as sharks, rays and skates are called collectively. While sharks are better known for their sensitive nostrils (鼻孔) than their keen eyesight, many have acute vision, too. Besides, their visual systems might be different from those of turtles. It thus seemed worthwhile checking to see whether the trick that worked with turtles would work with sharks. Dr Senko and his colleagues therefore set up an experiment in the Gulf of Ulloa, off the coast of Baja California, in Mexico, in which they collaborated with local fisherfolk to deploy over 10,000 meters of nets that had had battery-powered waterproof green LEDs clipped onto them at ten-meter intervals. In half of the nets these lights were illuminated (照亮). The other half were left unlit, as controls. Each lit net was paired with an unlit one, and the two were deployed alongside one another at main fishing locations. The fishers’ targets were Californian halibut (大比目鱼) and large groupers (石斑鱼). Dr Senko was interested both in what else got caught and whether the lights decreased catches of the target species. On the latter point, reassuringly, they did not. On the former, the lit nets caught 95% fewer kilograms of sharks, rays and skates. In particular, several threatened species turned up less often in the illuminated than the unilluminated nets. Humboldt squid were also discouraged. The advantage from the point of view of fisherfolk was that they needed to spend a lot less time clearing these hostile (不友善的) by-catches from their nets. And, crucially, the LEDs concerned are cheap, robust and easy to fit. There are also plans to make them solar powered, for easy recharging. Here, then, is a conservation idea from which everyone wins. 1．By saying “it seems to work” (paragraph 2), Dr Senko means that __________. A．light emission prevents turtles from being captured B．the efforts to net more target animals finally paid off C．LEDs reduce the netting of untargeted marine animals D．attacks from dangerous sharks are successfully blocked 2．Dr Senko and his colleagues conducted the experiment mainly to __________. A．prove that sharks have acuter vision than turtles B．apply the trick which worked on sharks to turtles C．develop battery-powered waterproof green LEDs D．see whether LEDs can decrease catches of sharks 3．Which of the following statements about the LEDs strategy is TRUE? A．It can be made more eco-friendly. B．It helps catch more target species. C．It helps identify threatened species. D．It is not cost-effective for fisherfolk. 4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A．LEDs to Ensure Productive Catches B．Fisheries Hit Hard by Fierce Animals C．Lighted Nets Cutting Unwanted Catches D．Appeals to Preserve Endangered Species 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍小型渔场普遍使用带刺鱼网捕鱼，但常误捕濒危或危险生物。海洋保护生物学家杰西·森科基于研究，尝试在鱼网上安装发光二极管（LED），以避免误捕非目标海洋动物，同时不影响目标动物入网。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Building on studies done both by himself and by others, to try to avoid the accidental netting of turtles, Jesse Senko...has been investigating the idea of fitting light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to nets to keep away other unwanted by-catch without discouraging target animals from entangling themselves.(杰西·森科基于自己和他人的研究，为避免意外捕获海龟，一直在研究在鱼网上安装发光二极管（LED）的想法，以避开其他不需要的副渔获物，同时不阻止目标动物入网)”可知，“it seems to work”指的是LED能减少非目标海洋动物被网住的情况。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“His particular concern was for the safety of elasmobranchs (软骨鱼类), as sharks, rays and skates are called collectively. While sharks are better known for their sensitive nostrils (鼻孔) than their keen eyesight, many have acute vision, too. Besides, their visual systems might be different from those of turtles. It thus seemed worthwhile checking to see whether the trick that worked with turtles would work with sharks.(他特别关心的是软骨鱼类（鲨鱼、鳐鱼、鳐鲼等的统称）的安全。 虽然鲨鱼更为人熟知的是灵敏的鼻孔，而非敏锐的视力，但许多鲨鱼的视觉也十分敏锐。 此外，它们的视觉系统可能与海龟不同。 因此，检验这个对海龟有效的方法是否也适用于鲨鱼，看起来是很有价值的)”可知，森科博士和他的同事进行实验主要是为了看看LED是否能减少鲨鱼的捕获量。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“There are also plans to make them solar powered, for easy recharging.(还有计划将其改为太阳能供电，以便于充电)”可知，将LED改为太阳能供电，使其更环保，故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。主要介绍小型渔场普遍使用带刺鱼网捕鱼，但常误捕濒危或危险生物。海洋保护生物学家杰西·森科基于研究，尝试在鱼网上安装发光二极管（LED），以避免误捕非目标海洋动物，同时不影响目标动物入网。实验证明这一方法可行，且对渔民和海洋保护都有益。C选项“Lighted Nets Cutting Unwanted Catches (发光鱼网减少不必要的捕获)符合文章主旨。故选C项。 Passage 5 （25-26高一上·上海徐汇·阶段检测）Scientists have long believed one way to stop the Earth’s atmosphere from warming is by planting more trees. The idea is that more trees will take in or absorb some of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a gas released by cars, factories and other human activities. The gas traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, which warms the planet. However, two new studies have found that trees may not be as helpful in reducing carbon dioxide as thought. The first study was done at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Researchers pumped extra carbon dioxide into a test area where pine trees were growing. The trees grew thirty-four percent faster during the first three years. However, in time, the trees slowed to about their normal growth rate. The scientists say this is because trees need other nutrients, such as nitrogen (氮). In the second study, researchers from Duke and Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine examined the soil around trees. They discovered that as the leaves broke down into the soil, all the carbon was not trapped in the soil. Much of it was released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The findings of the two studies were published last month in Nature magazine. They suggest there is limited value in planting trees to reduce the carbon dioxide pollution in the atmosphere. Forest planting has been a part of negotiations (协商) on a world agreement to reduce greenhouse gases that scientists believe cause global warming. The United States, Canada, Japan and some other industrial countries have supported the idea. But this new research suggests the idea is not as effective as environmental activists had thought. Scientist Ram Oren of Duke University led the study on tree growth. He says that earlier estimates on the ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide were overly hopeful. Some scientists not involved in the studies say the research provides some of the first evidence on how trees react to carbon dioxide. Other scientists say the research disproves a belief among some coal and power companies. The companies say that more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will not create harmful global warming. Instead, they say it will increase forests and other plants. 1．What is the purpose of this passage? A．To introduce some new ideas about the relationship between trees and carbon dioxide. B．To introduce the recent condition of global industrial pollution C．To call on people to plant more trees to reduce greenhouse gases D．To point out power companies should be responsible for the rising levels of carbon dioxide. 2．Why did the researchers put trees in extra carbon dioxide in the first study? A．To learn whether trees can still absorb carbon dioxide under extreme conditions. B．To get more oxygen from these trees. C．To evaluate the maximum carbon dioxide that trees can absorb D．To see the effect of carbon dioxide on the growth rate of these trees 3．What happened to the leaves falling from the trees in the second study? A．They broke down and the main parts turned into oxygen B．They broke down and the carbon content had mainly turned into carbon dioxide. C．They broke down and the carbon content was mainly absorbed in the soil D．They absorbed more carbon dioxide. 4．Scientist Ram Oren thinks that common beliefs of the tree’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide are ________. A．appropriate B．pessimistic C．over-optimistic D．convincing 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了两项新研究发现树木在减少二氧化碳方面的作用可能不如人们所想的那么大，这一发现对“种树可有效减少二氧化碳污染”的传统观点提出了挑战，并提及了相关各方的反应。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“However, two new studies have found that trees may not be as helpful in reducing carbon dioxide as thought.(然而，两项新的研究发现，树木在减少二氧化碳方面可能并不像人们想象的那么有帮助)”及全文围绕这两项新研究展开的介绍可知，本文的目的是介绍关于树木与二氧化碳关系的一些新观点。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The first study was done at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Researchers pumped extra carbon dioxide into a test area where pine trees were growing. The trees grew thirty-four percent faster during the first three years. However, in time, the trees slowed to about their normal growth rate.(第一项研究是在北卡罗来纳州达勒姆的杜克大学进行的。研究人员向一个种植松树的试验区注入了额外的二氧化碳。在最初的三年里，这些树的生长速度加快了34%。然而，随着时间的推移，树木的生长速度减缓到了正常水平)”可知，第一项研究中研究人员给树木施加额外的二氧化碳，是为了观察二氧化碳对这些树木生长速度的影响。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the second study, researchers from Duke and Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine examined the soil around trees. They discovered that as the leaves broke down into the soil, all the carbon was not trapped in the soil. Much of it was released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.(在第二项研究中，来自杜克大学和缅因州不伦瑞克鲍登学院的研究人员检查了树木周围的土壤。他们发现，当树叶分解到土壤中时，并非所有的碳都被困在土壤里。其中大部分以二氧化碳的形式释放到大气中)”可知，第二项研究中，树上掉落的树叶分解后，其中的碳含量主要转化成了二氧化碳。故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Scientist Ram Oren of Duke University led the study on tree growth. He says that earlier estimates on the ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide were overly hopeful.(杜克大学的科学家拉姆·奥伦领导了这项关于树木生长的研究。他说，早期对森林吸收二氧化碳能力的估计过于乐观了)”可知，拉姆·奥伦认为人们对树木吸收二氧化碳能力的普遍看法是过于乐观的。故选C项。 Passage 6 （25-26高一上·上海·阶段检测）When Jane Goodall first arrived at Gombe Stream Game Reserve in what is now Tanzania in 1960, little was known about the world of chimpanzees. But the 26-year-old secretary would go on to make groundbreaking discoveries through her immersive, unorthodox observations. In fact, Goodall, who died on October 1, lacked formal academic training. Born in London in 1934, Goodall had long been fascinated by both Africa and animals. “When I was 10, I dreamed of going to Africa, living with animals and writing books about them,” Goodall told CNN. “Everybody laughed at me because I was just a girl, we didn’t have any money [and] World War Ⅱ was raging.” Unable to afford college and encouraged by her mother to learn typing and bookkeeping, Goodall sought steady employment by attending secretarial school. Still, Goodall found office work a bore. At age 23, Goodall was offered a job working with famed paleoanthropologist Louis Leakey at a natural history museum. Leakey believed her lack of formal scientific training, along with her passion for animals, would make her the right choice to study the social lives of chimpanzees at Gombe, and Goodall was enthralled by the idea. “He wanted someone observant and not blinded by scientific theory.” Because she didn’t attend college, Leakey had trouble securing funding for the research. “Eventually, though, he got a six-month grant,” she wrote. “The British authorities had refused to let a young girl go into the forest alone — so my mother, Vanne, volunteered to accompany me.” In 1960, Goodall began her observations. She took an unorthodox approach, immersing herself in their habitat, experiencing their complex society as a neighbor rather than a distant observer, and defying scientific convention by giving them names instead of numbers. She came to understand them not only as a species, but as individuals with personalities, complex minds, emotions and long-term bonds. Her findings on the tool-making practices of chimpanzees remain one of the most important discoveries in the world of primatology.” With Leakey’s influence, Goodall entered a doctoral program at Cambridge University in 1962 without an undergraduate degree — one of just a handful to do so, though she was not exactly enthusiastic about it. “I was only doing this thesis for Leakey’s sake,” Goodall told the BBC． “I’d never had an ambition to be a scientist and be part of academia.” She was patronized by her mostly male classmates for giving the chimpanzees names and personalities. “I didn’t give them personalities, I merely described their personalities,” Goodall added. “Some scientists actually said I must have taught them (to use tools). That would have been amazing if I could have done that.” 1．Which is NOT one of the reasons why Goodall’s childhood dream of living in Africa with animals was laughed at then? A．Because she was a girl who is socially assumed as weak and incapable. B．Because she was lacking in finances. C．Because she majored in bookkeeping instead of animal study. D．Because with the World War II raging, the society was unstable. 2．Which lists all the reasons mentioned as to why Leakey engaged Goodall in his chimpanzee study? ① She is good at paying attention to details when observing the animals. ② She has passion for a scientific education in the wild to make up for her lack of official schooling. ③ She is not restricted by the established theories and conventions in the field of science. ④ She is a genuine and devoted animal lover. A．①②④ B．③④ C．①②③④ D．①③④ 3．What can you infer from the text? A．Leakey had trouble seeking funding for the research because Goodall couldn’t conduct it alone. B．Conventional approach to the study of chimpanzees was to number them and avoid intimate interaction. C．Goodall was not enthusiastic about her doctoral degree since quite a few scientists have also made it. D．Goodall hoped to have taught chimpanzees to use tools to prove to other scientists animal intelligence. 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．All animals are born equal, just as humans B．With passion for animals, Goodall proves a life-long learner C．With no college degree, Goodall still changed how we see chimpanzees D．Thinking out of the box is important 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述珍·古道尔虽无正规学术训练与大学学位，却凭借独特观察方式在黑猩猩研究领域取得突破性成果，改变人们对黑猩猩认知的。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“When I was 10, I dreamed of going to Africa, living with animals and writing books about them,” Goodall told CNN. “Everybody laughed at me because I was just a girl, we didn’t have any money [and] World War Ⅱ was raging.”(“我10岁时，就梦想去非洲，和动物生活在一起，并写关于它们的书，”古道尔告诉美国有线电视新闻网。“每个人都嘲笑我，因为我只是个女孩，我们没有钱，而且第二次世界大战还在激烈进行。”)”可知，古道尔童年梦想被嘲笑的原因包括“是女孩”、“家境贫寒”和“二战肆虐”，C项“她主修簿记而非动物研究”未在原文提及，且当时她尚未接触簿记学习，并非被嘲笑的原因。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Leakey believed her lack of formal scientific training, along with her passion for animals, would make her the right choice to study the social lives of chimpanzees at Gombe, and Goodall was enthralled by the idea. “He wanted someone observant and not blinded by scientific theory.”(利基认为，她缺乏正规的科学训练，以及她对动物的热爱，会使她成为在贡贝研究黑猩猩社会生活的合适人选，古道尔被这个想法深深吸引。“他想要一个善于观察且不被科学理论蒙蔽的人。”)”可知，利基聘用古道尔的原因包括①“善于观察动物细节”、③“不被现有科学理论和惯例束缚”和④“真诚热爱动物”，②“渴望通过野外科学教育弥补正规教育不足”未在原文出现，不属于聘用原因。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“In 1960, Goodall began her observations. She took an unorthodox approach, immersing herself in their habitat, experiencing their complex society as a neighbor rather than a distant observer, and defying scientific convention by giving them names instead of numbers.(1960年，古道尔开始了她的观察。她采取了一种非传统的方法，沉浸在它们的栖息地中，以邻居而非疏远的观察者身份体验它们复杂的社会，并违背科学惯例，给它们起名字而非编号。)”可知，古道尔的“非传统方法”对应传统方法的“相反面”，由此可推断，传统研究黑猩猩的方式是“给它们编号而非命名”且“避免与黑猩猩亲密互动，保持疏远观察”。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中的“When Jane Goodall first arrived at Gombe Stream Game Reserve in what is now Tanzania in 1960, little was known about the world of chimpanzees. But the 26-year-old secretary would go on to make groundbreaking discoveries through her immersive, unorthodox observations. In fact, Goodall, who died on October 1, lacked formal academic training. (1960年，当珍·古道尔首次抵达如今位于坦桑尼亚的贡贝溪野生动物保护区时，人们对黑猩猩的世界知之甚少。但这位26岁的秘书后来通过沉浸式、非传统的观察，取得了突破性的发现。事实上，10月1日去世的古道尔缺乏正规的学术训练)”及第五段中的“Her findings on the tool-making practices of chimpanzees remain one of the most important discoveries in the world of primatology.(她关于黑猩猩制造工具行为的发现，仍是灵长类动物学领域最重要的发现之一。)”可知，文章主要介绍的时古道尔无大学学位却改变人们对黑猩猩的认知，由此可知，“即使没有大学学位，古道尔依然改变了我们看待黑猩猩的方式。”最能概括全文，适合作为最佳标题。故选C项。 2 / 24 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $