专题02 选择性必修第一册Unit 2 单元词汇短语句型梳理（期中知识清单）高二英语上学期沪外版

专题02选择性必修第一册Unit 2 单元词汇短语句型梳理 知识点01 重点词类 1．volunteer n. 志愿者；v. 自愿做 2．campaign n. 运动；战役；活动 3．badge n. 徽章；标记；象征 4．wilderness n. 荒野；荒地；未开发地区 ※5．respond v. 回答；回应；作出反应 6．request v./n. 请求，要求 7．march n. 示威游行；行进；v. 行进 ※8．promote v. 促进；推进 9．urge v. 敦促；催促；力劝；n. 冲动 10．awkward adj. 令人尴尬的；使人难堪的 11．failure n. 失败 ※12．regulate v. 约束，控制，管理 ※13．criticize v. 批评；批判；指责 14．intention n. 打算；计划；意图；目的 ※15．assume v. 假定；假设；认为 16．gallery n. 画廊；美术馆；走廊 17．purchase v./n. 买；购买；采购 18．donate v. 捐赠；赠送 19．launch v. 启动；推出；发起；n. 发射；发行 20．shelter n. 收容所，庇护所；v. 庇护 知识点02 高频短语 1. There is an old saying that 俗话说 2. volunteer to do sth. 志愿做某事 ※3. in various ways 各种各样的方式 4. look pretty bright 充满光明 5. save ...from the threat of extinction 使……免受灭顶之灾 6. raise money/funds 筹款 7. wildlife conservation organisation 野生动物保护组织 ※8. make a difference to... 对……有作用，关系，影响 ※9. be based on/upon 以...为基础；基于 10. an average of 100 visitors every day 日均100人次的访问量 11. a growing number of 不断增长的；越来越多的 ※12. be aware of the issue of plastic pollution 意识到、关注塑料污染问题 13. serve as president 担任主席职务 14. organise a march 组织一次游行 15. raise awareness of water rights 提高水权意识 16. lead a campaign 领导一次运动 17. promote the usage of reusable water bottles 推广使用可重复利用的矿泉水瓶 ※18. urge sb to do 敦促、力劝某人做某事 19. It takes/took sb. some time to do sth 花费某人时间做某事 20. value what you have 珍惜你所拥有的东西 21. focus on the truly important things in your life 专注于生活中真正重要的事情 ※22. consist of 组成 23. It turned/turns out that 结果是；证明是 24. deliver on this mission 达成使命 ※25. attempt to construct one library 试图建一座图书馆 26. hire locals 雇当地人 27. to one’s awkwardness/embarrassment 让某人尴尬 28. collect hundreds of items 募捐了数百件物品 ※29. It wasn’t until +强调部分+that… 直到……才（强调句） 30. be off the track 偏离轨道/实际 31. be highly regulated by 被严格管理 32. increase productivity 提高效率 33. come up with a better idea 想出更好的主意 34. support and better a community 援助和改善当地社区 ※35. assume that 假定；认为 知识点03 重点句型 1. The future is looking pretty bright with these young people leading the way. 有这些年轻人引领前进，未来看起来相当光明。（with复合结构） 2. Joris donated all that he had raised to a wildlife conservation organisation in Namibia where... 约里斯将他筹集到的所有资金都捐赠给了纳米比亚的一个野生动物保护组织，在那里……（定语从句） 3. She was told where she would work, what she was responsible for... 她被告知了工作地点以及她的工作职责……（宾语从句） 4. It would have been better for the orphanage to have taken our money to hire locals... 孤儿院要是拿我们的钱去雇佣当地人就好了……（虚拟语气） 知识点04 重点语法 一、定义 用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句，可作动词、介词、形容词的宾语。 二、宾语从句引导词分类 1. 从属连词：that（无意义、不成分，可省略）、if/whether（是否，不可随意替换） 2. 连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which（在从句中作主语、宾语、定语） 3. 连接副词：when, where, how, why（在从句中作状语） 三、核心用法与重难点 1. whether与if 用法区别 ① 介词后、不定式前、与or not连用，只能用whether； ② 引导否定宾语从句，只能用if； ③ 主语/表语/同位语从句，只能用whether。 2. what 双重含义 ① 疑问含义：意为“什么”； ② 等同于all/everything that，译为“……的事物/情况”。 3. 语序规则（必考） 所有宾语从句一律使用陈述语序，无疑问倒装。 4. 时态一致规则 ① 主句为现在时/将来时，从句时态按需选择； ② 主句为过去时，从句统一用对应过去时态； ③ 从句为客观真理、客观事实，永远用一般现在时，不受主句时态影响。 5. it 作形式宾语 结构：主语 + think/find/consider/make + it + 宾补 + 宾语从句，真正宾语后置，为高频语法填空考点。 四、宾语从句考点梳理 1. 从句类型：及物动词、介词、形容词、非谓语动词后宾语从句； 2. 核心考点：引导词辨析、陈述语序、时态呼应、形式宾语it结构； 3. 题型分布：语法填空、单选、改错、书面表达句式运用。 词类转换 （派生词）— 最高频 1. volunteer n./v. 志愿者；自愿做 → voluntary adj. 自愿的；义务的 ※2. threat n. 威胁；坏事发生的可能 → threaten v. 威胁；危及 → threatening adj. 威胁性的 3. purchase v./n. 购买；采购 → purchaser n. 购买者；采购员 4. earn v. 挣得；赚得 → earnings n. 收入；收益 5. donate v. 捐赠；赠送 → donation n. 捐赠；捐款 → donor n. 捐赠者 6. wildlife n. 野生动物；野生生物 → wild adj. 野生的 ※7. organisation n. 组织；团体 → organise v. 组织；筹备 → organised adj. 有组织的 8. launch v. 开始进行；推出；发起 9. shelter n. 收容所；庇护所 v. 庇护 → sheltered adj. 受庇护的；受保护的 10. urban adj. 城市的；都市的 → urbanisation n. 城市化 → rural adj. 乡村的（反义词） 11. march n./v. 示威游行；行进 → marcher n. 游行者；行进者 12. campaign n. 运动 v. 发起运动 → campaigner n. 运动参与者；活动家 ※13. promote v. 促进；推动 → promotion n. 促进；提升；晋升 14. reusable adj. 可重复使用的 → reuse v. 重复使用；再次利用 ※15. urge v. 敦促；力劝 → urgent adj. 紧急的；急迫的 → urgency n. 紧急；急迫 16. movement n. 运动；移动 → move v. 移动；行动 17. emperor n. 皇帝 → empire n. 帝国 → imperial adj. 帝国的 辨析01 assume / presume（假定；认为） 词/词语 用法 例句 assume assume sth / assume that从句；侧重无充分证据，主观假定、设想 I assumed that you knew about the plan. presume presume sth / presume that从句；侧重依据迹象推测，推定 We presume that he will attend the meeting. 记忆：assume凭空猜，presume据迹推；assume主观设想，presume有理推定。 辨析02 consist of / be made up of（由……组成） 词/词语 用法 例句 consist of 无被动语态；整体在前，后接组成部分，强调构成内容 The team consists of 20 volunteers. be made up of 被动结构；可用于人或事物，通用表达“由……构成” The group is made up of local teenagers. 记忆：consist无被动，整体放前面；be made up有被动，描述组成很通用。 辨析03 raise / collect（筹集；收集） 词/词语 用法 例句 raise raise money/funds；侧重主动筹集资金，还可表提高意识 They raised funds to build the library. collect collect sth；侧重收集、募集物品/钱款，一件件收拢 They collected hundreds of donated items. 记忆：raise筹钱款，提意识；collect收物资，一件件。 辨析04 serve as / work as（担任；充当） 词/词语 用法 例句 serve as serve as + 身份/职务；侧重充当某角色，服务性任职 He served as president of the organisation. work as work as + 职业；侧重从事某种职业，谋生工作 She works as a wildlife volunteer. 记忆：serve as当角色，带服务含义；work as做职业，讲谋生岗位。 辨析05 It takes sb…to do / sb spend…doing（花费时间） 词/词语 用法 例句 It takes/took sb some time to do sth it作形式主语；做某事花费某人多久 It took them a year to construct the library. sb spend time (in) doing sth 人作主语；某人花费时间做某事 They spent a year building the library. 记忆：take用it当主语，spend人来做主语；take to do，spend doing。 辨析06 make a difference to / make a difference in（起作用，有影响） 词/词语 用法 例句 make a difference to… to是介词；对人/事物产生影响 Volunteering makes a difference to local people. make a difference in… in后接领域、方面；在某方面起到作用 The activity makes a big difference in environmental protection. 记忆：to接对象，对谁有影响；in接领域，在哪起作用。 辨析07 whether / if（是否，宾语从句） 词/词语 用法 例句 whether 可用于介词后、to do前、or not连用；适用范围更广 I’m thinking about whether to join the march. if 仅普通宾语从句可用；不能放介词、to do前面 I don’t know if he will come. 记忆：whether全能用，介词不定式都hold；if只管普通宾从，别的不能用。 辨析08 It wasn’t until…that… / not…until（直到……才） 词/词语 用法 例句 It wasn’t until +内容+that… 强调句型，突出时间；去掉It was…that句子完整 It wasn’t until dawn that they finished the work. not…until 普通状语从句，无强调框架；直到……才 They didn’t finish the work until dawn. 记忆：带It was…that是强调；无框架就是普通句。 题型 考查内容 示例 建议题量 / 难度 单词拼写 单元核心名词、动词、形容词；词形变化，时态变形 He a______ (假定) that we would accept the plan. 8 题，中等 词性转换 词根词缀，名词↔动词↔形容词转换，语法填空同考点 The ______ (volunteer) work impressed us greatly. 6 题，中等 单项选择 易混词辨析、短语辨析、宾语从句、强调句型、固定搭配 He ______ that he was right and refused to change his mind.A. persisted B. insisted C. assumed D. presumed 10 题，中等 短语填空 单元短语：make a difference, consist of, serve as, raise funds 等 The activity ______ ______ ______ (对…… 产生影响) the local community. 6 题，中等 语法填空 介词、非谓语、宾语从句引导词 whether/if、时态、固定搭配 The group ______ (consist) of 5 students serves as volunteers. 1 篇，中等 完成句子 重点句型仿写：It takes sb…to do；It wasn’t until…that… 直到他回来，我们才完成这项任务。It wasn’t until he came back that we finished the task. 5 题，中偏难 阅读理解 细节查找、推理判断、词义猜测；主题：志愿者、公益、援助项目 阅读文本：志愿者修建图书馆相关记叙文 2 篇，中等 七选五 篇章逻辑，过渡句；话题：志愿活动建议 选项区分论点、论据、总结句 1 篇，中等 题型 考查内容 示例 审题要点 & 解题策略 常见失分坑 & 答题规范 听力 获取主旨、细节信息；判断人物观点、态度；捕捉数字、目的、因果 短对话：志愿活动时间、地点、任务；长独白：公益项目介绍 审题要点：听前快速圈题干关键词（名词、动词、疑问词 what/when/why），预判话题 解题策略：预读选项，标记差异；听到原词警惕干扰项，优先抓逻辑词 but/however/so；边听速记简写。 失分坑：听到原词直接选，忽略转折；漏看题干限定词；拼写单词大小写失误。 规范：填单词时注意单复数、时态，简写仅作草稿，誊写工整。 阅读理解 细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨大意；话题：志愿服务、公益援助 阅读文本：志愿者修建图书馆、社区帮扶记叙文 审题要点：先看题干，划定位词（人名、专有名词、数字），分清 “找事实” 还是 “推断” 解题策略：题文同序，定位原文原句；细节题忠于原文，推理题不主观脑补；主旨看首尾段。 失分坑：信息定位偏差，找错段落；过度推断，添加自己想法；词义猜测只看单词本身，忽略上下文。 规范：答案必须原文有据，不要凭常识做题；选项全部看完再选择。 完形填空 词汇辨析、固定搭配、上下文逻辑、时态；单元易混词 assume/presume、serve as 等 讲述志愿者团队建设项目短文 审题要点：通读首句把握全文主旨；圈空前后连词 and/but/though，判断逻辑 解题策略：先通读全文，再逐空选择；优先考虑固定搭配、词义辨析；做完回读检查通顺度。 失分坑：只看单句，忽略上下文；固定搭配误用；忽略时态、主谓一致；近义词辨析混淆。 规范：先把握故事主线，不要一上来就边读边填。 语法填空 动词变形、词形转换、从句引导词 whether/if、介词、固定短语、非谓语 The group ______ (consist) of 5 students serves as volunteers. 审题要点：先判断空格是填实词（动词 / 名词 / 形容词）还是虚词（连词 / 介词） 解题策略：有提示词：考词性转换、时态、非谓语；无提示词：考虑介词、冠词、从句引导词。 失分坑：词形变换错误；时态判断失误；whether/if 使用场景混淆；固定搭配介词写错。 规范：看清括号内单词，注意名词单复数，动词变形严格看时间标志词。 单词拼写 单元核心动词、名词、形容词；时态、单复数变形 He a______ (假定) that we would accept the plan. 审题要点：看中文提示，同时看句子时态、主谓一致 解题策略：先写出词根，再根据句子语法变形。 失分坑：单词拼写错误；忘记名词单复数、动词时态变形。 规范：书写清晰，区分大小写，不要漏字母。 词性转换 词根词缀，名 / 动 / 形互相转换，语法填空同源考点 The ______ (volunteer) work impressed us greatly. 审题要点：判断空格在句中充当成分（主语 / 定语 / 表语），确定所需词性 解题策略：牢记单元词缀，名词变形容词、动词变名词规则。 失分坑：词缀记混；忽略名词可数不可数；形容词副词误用。 规范：注意词性对应的词尾，-tion 名词，-tive 形容词，-ly 副词。 短语填空 单元短语 make a difference, consist of, serve as, raise funds 等 The activity ______ ______ ______ (对…… 产生影响) the local community. 审题要点：观察句子时态，主谓一致 解题策略：回忆短语，再根据句子调整动词形式。 失分坑：短语介词写错；忘记时态变化；固定短语记忆不全。 规范：注意短语动词随主语变化，consist of 无被动。 完成句子 重点句型仿写：It takes sb…to do；It wasn’t until…that… 直到他回来，我们才完成这项任务。It wasn’t until he came back that we finished the task. 审题要点：看清中文提示，锁定目标句型 解题策略：先搭句型框架，再填充内容，检查时态。 失分坑：强调句型结构写错；take/spend 混用；时态不一致。 规范：严格套用句型，不要随意删减结构。 书面表达 志愿活动、公益倡议类应用文；书信 / 演讲稿 写一封邮件，介绍志愿者项目，邀请同学参加 审题要点：划出写作要点、文体、人称、时态；确定开头、主体、结尾 解题策略：先列要点提纲；优先使用单元句型；长短句结合。补充句式：1. It takes us several months to finish the volunteer project. 2. The group, which consists of ten students, serves as volunteers. 3. What we do makes a big difference to local people. 行文规范：分段清晰，开头引入，主体写活动内容，结尾发出邀请 / 总结； 书写规范：字母圆润，单词间距均匀，不要连笔过度；错词划一道横线，不要涂黑疙瘩。 失分坑：要点遗漏；时态混乱；中式英语；单词拼写错误；固定搭配误用；书写潦草。 规范：写作前列提纲；写完通读自查拼写、时态、主谓一致。 【题型一】单句语法填空 1．The days will soon come we can fully enjoy our colourful senior-high school life. 2．She is no longer the girl she was ten years ago. 3．He saw a number of students in the hall were preparing for the literature debate. 4．As is known to us, China is no longer she used to be. 5．She got promoted yesterday, exceeded everyone’s expectation. 6．You should spare no effort to improve your (integrate) skills in English, which will contribute to your future career development. 7．The man we met yesterday is a famous professor. 8．I still remember the day I first learned about the heroic story of Yuan Longping. 9．She wants to remember everything her teacher taught her. 10． has been a success — nearly half of the household waste is recycled. (recycle) 11． is often the case, the weather in spring is quite changeable. 12．A former Finance Minister and five senior civil (serve) are accused of fraud(诈骗). 【答案】1.when 2.that 3.who/that 4.what 5.which 6.integrated 7.that/who/whom 8.when 9.that 10.Recycling 11.As 12.servants 【题型二】阅读理解 Passage 1 Day 1: Depart UK Days 2-5: Singapore Enjoy a city tour including Merlion Park, Marina Bay, and fabulous gardens. As an alternative, you may choose to stop in Dubai at no extra cost. Days 6-11: Melbourne Visit Victoria Markets and Federation Square. Perhaps take an optional excursion to explore Fairy Penguin Parade. Day 12-14: The Ghan Experience one of the world’s most impressive rail journeys. Covering 1,555 kilometres, we see the everchanging landscape as we journey north. Enjoy all inclusive Gold Service with on board meals included as are a wide selection of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. Day 15-17: Uluru (Ayers Rock) We enjoy a refreshing glass of sparkling wine and witness the changing colours as the sun sets. There is a chance to explore the rock in the morning, before visiting the impressive Olgas. Days 18-21: Cairns & The Great Barrier Reef Dive in the sheltered coral lake and view the reef from underwater observatory. Lunch is included. Optional tours on our Freedom Days in Cairns include a scenic railway journey to Kuranda, and a day trip to the nearby World Heritage listed Daintree Rainforest. Day 22: Arrive UK We arrive at your chosen airport, bringing an end to our incredible adventure. Departure Dates StopoverOffer PricePer Person Availability 28 Jul 2024 - £5,895 7 Rooms 06 Oct 2024 £29pp £6,495 New Date 10 Nov 2024 £29pp £6,495 New Date 23 Feb 2025 £29pp £6,495 New Date 08 Mar 2025 £29pp £6,495 New Date 05 Apr 2025 £29pp £6,245 New Date 26 Jul 2025 £29pp £6,795 New Date Book by 30th April 2024 and enjoy a twin room for a two-night stopover from only £29 per person (£48 for single occupancy). Stopover choices are Singapore, Bangkok, Dubai, or Bali and include return transfers and four-star accommodation with breakfast. For more details and full booking conditions, please request a brochure or visit www.distantjourneys.co.uk. Call FREE for a brochure 0800 141 3719. 1．If Karen is addicted to railway journeys, ________ are most likely to be her favourites. A．Cairns and the Ghan B．Uluru and Melbourne C．Melbourne and the Ghan D．Cairns and the Great Barrier Reef 2．If you have decided to join the tour, which of the following statements is true? A．You may be charged an extra £349 in total for daily breakfasts. B．You will enjoy a day trip to Daintree Rainforest, a world heritage. C．You may choose to stop in both Singapore and Dubai at no extra cost. D．You will be offered a meal with drinks when heading north by train in the Ghan. 3．If Jonathan and his two male friends, who have booked the travel, will depart UK on April 5th, 2025, with a two-night stopover in Bangkok, then at least how much will they have to pay for the whole trip in total? A．£17,791 B．£18,822 C．£18,841 D．£19,572 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 【导语】文章主要介绍了一次远途旅行的出发日期、中途停留优惠、价格及预订方式等信息。 【详解】1．推理判断题。根据Day 12-14部分中“The Ghan Experience one of the world’s most impressive rail journeys. (在甘号列车体验世界上最令人印象深刻的铁路之旅之一。)”和Days 18-21部分中“Days in Cairns include a scenic railway journey to Kuranda, and a day trip to the nearby World Heritage listed Daintree Rainforest. (在凯恩斯的游览包括前往库兰达的风景火车之旅，以及附近被列入世界遗产名录的丹特里雨林的一日游。)”可知，如果Karen对铁路旅行着迷，Cairns和Ghan最有可能是她的最爱。 2．细节理解题。根据Day 12-14部分中“Enjoy all inclusive Gold Service with on board meals included as are a wide selection of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. (享受全套黄金服务，包括车上餐食，以及各种酒精和非酒精饮料。)”可知，如果你决定参加这次旅行，你将在乘坐火车北上途中获得饭食和饮料。 3．细节理解题。根据表格中“05 Apr 2025”一行可知，每人单价为£6,245；根据表格下方粗体部分“Book by 30th April 2024 and enjoy a twin room for a two-night stopover from only £29 per person (£48 for single occupancy). (在2024年4月30日前预订，可以享受一间双人房，中途停留两晚，每人只需29英镑（单人房48英镑）。)”可知，两名男生每人需要付29英镑房费，乔纳森需要付48英镑。因此总计为6,245×3+29×2+48=18,841英镑。 Passage 2 Scientific evidence suggests that humans have a biological desire to help others, including strangers. Altruistic behaviour towards strangers is uniquely human and observed at a very young age. Dr. Felix Warneken and Dr. Michael Tomasello of Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology have shown that children as young as 18 months want to help strangers. When their 18‑month‑old subjects saw a stranger throw a pencil on the floor, most of them picked it up. “The results were astonishing because these children are so young,” says Dr. Warneken. Because altruistic behaviour appears in children so young, Dr. Warneken and other scientists hypothesize that the human brain is designed to be altruistic. By using brain scans, neuroscientists are making new discoveries about the biology of the human brain. The recent discovery of mirror neurons leads to scientists’ belief that the brain can influence altruistic behavior. Mirror neurons are ordinary brain cells located throughout the brain. They “light up” when a person is performing an action or observing someone else doing a similar action. Mirror neurons make us cry when we see someone else cry or smile when someone smiles at us. Our mirror neurons actually feel what they feel. They cry and smile along with them. How, then, can mirror neurons bring about altruistic behavior? By helping us feel what others feel, mirror neurons naturally make us feel compassionate. They allow us to put ourselves in someone else’s situation; without them, we would not understand or care about other people’s emotions. Would we help hurricane victims? Give money to the poor? Save lives? Probably not, says Marco Iacoboni, a leading neuroscientist: “We are good because our biology drives us to be good.” In other words, mirror neurons seem to prepare us to be altruistic. Neuroeconomist Bill Harbaugh and his team at the University of Oregon study the biology of altruism. They look specifically at neuroeconomics, or the connection between the brain and economic decisions. In one of their experiments, the researchers tried seeing if people’s donations to charity were affected by neurons. They found out when most people donated money, their pleasure centers lit up on the brain scan. Why would our brains be biologically prepared to help others? What benefit does it have for each of us and for human beings as a whole? One popular scientific theory suggests that being natural helpers improves our chances of survival. Humans are social creatures, dependent on family, friends, governments, and strangers. Babies need food to feed them. Larger social groups also rely on our help, such as when we pay taxes or donate money to charities. Without a “helping brain,” humans would have a much harder time trying to survive. The study of the biology of altruism still has a long way to go, however. Many questions have grown out of these initial studies. For instance, if humans are born with a “helping” brain, why do we also have the ability to hurt others? Why are some of us more altruistic than others? How much control does the brain have on altruistic behavior? How much influence does society have? As technology advances, scientists hope to find answers to these questions and increase our understanding of ourselves. 4．The word “Altruistic” in the first paragraph probably means ________. A．Selfish B．Considerate C．Patient D．Responsible 5．Which of the following is NOT TRUE about mirror neurons? A．They light up when a person is doing something. B．They make us feel sympathetic towards others. C．They are different from ordinary brain cells. D．They make people identify with the others’ emotions. 6．According to the passage, neuroeconomics is ________. A．the study of how the brain makes decisions about money B．the study of how the brain controls donations to charity C．the study of how the brain’s pleasure center lights up D．the study of how the brain’s pleasure center controls people’s feelings 7．Why might people be born with a “helping brain”? A．Human babies need parents to feed them. B．It improves people’s chances of survival. C．People can’t live or work without help. D．Humans are social creatures dependent on others psychologically. 【答案】4．B 5．C 6．A 7．B 【导语】本文围绕利他行为的生物学基础展开讨论，介绍了镜像神经元在共情与利他行为产生中的作用、神经经济学领域的相关实验，并探讨了人类进化出“帮助大脑”的生存意义，梳理了当前该领域的研究进展与待解决问题。 【详解】4．词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“humans have a biological desire to help others(人类拥有帮助他人的生理欲望)”可知，altruistic behavior指的是帮助他人、为他人考虑的行为，altruistic与considerate(体贴的、为他人考虑的)意思接近。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Mirror neurons are ordinary brain cells located throughout the brain. (镜像神经元是分布在大脑各处的普通脑细胞)”可知，镜像神经元本身就是普通脑细胞，因此C选项“它们不同于普通脑细胞”的表述错误。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“They look specifically at neuroeconomics, or the connection between the brain and economic decisions.(他们专门研究神经经济学，或大脑与经济决策之间的联系)”可知，神经经济学的核心定义就是大脑与经济（金钱相关）决策的关系，即研究大脑如何做出关于金钱的决定。 7．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“One popular scientific theory suggests that being natural helpers improves our chances of survival.(一个主流科学理论认为，天生具备助人特质的人能提高我们的生存概率)”可知，人类进化出“帮助大脑”的核心原因是提高生存概率。 Passage 3 Hepburn and Givenchy: a Fashion Love Story PARIS was already the fashion capital of the world by the 1950s. It was the home of Coco Chanel, the revolutionary designer who was popular for wearing her string of pearls. It was a center for artists from all walks of life. Hubert de Givenchy, an unknown designer in his twenties, opened his first house in Paris in February 1952. Little did he know that a year later, his life would change after meeting a girl named Audrey Hepburn. Hepburn, fresh from the success of her hit film Roman Holiday, was on a journey to Paris in the summer of 1953. She was there to purchase French clothing for her upcoming film Sabrina. Having heard of Givenchy’s modern designs, the 24‑year‑old actress soon scheduled a visit to his house. When the designer heard that a movie actress with the surname Hepburn was due to pay him a visit, he assumed that he would be meeting Katharine, the Hollywood legend. He was confused when a girl appeared at his door with large, attractive eyes and wearing a plain striped T‑shirt and trousers. Givenchy was busy preparing for his fall presentation, so he told Hepburn that he had no time to design a wardrobe for Sabrina. Despite being turned down, Hepburn would not give up. She invited him to dinner, which was unusual for a woman to do back then. Givenchy accepted her call, and it was at that dinner that he was taken by her charm. Their fruitful professional and lifelong personal friendship began. For the next four decades, Hepburn wore Givenchy with great devotion. Most famously, in the opening scene of Breakfast at Tiffany’s, she wore a “little black dress” made out of silk when having a croissant outside Tiffany’s windows on Fifth Avenue. The dress is said to be one of the most famous and influential pieces of clothing of the 20th century. Many designers have a muse, but the Hepburn‑Givenchy relationship was something more symbiotic. With Hepburn as his muse, Givenchy drew inspiration for his designs from her slender body, elegance and movie star charm. On the other hand, Hepburn was so fascinated by Givenchy’s work that she kept loyal to him over the years. Most of her casual wear was designed by Givenchy as well. It may not be a traditional love story, but love may come in different forms. For Hepburn and Givenchy, the friendship endured the test of time because of their respect for each other, fueled by the two things they loved: fashion and the movies. 8．According to the article, it was in the early 1950s that Hubert de Givenchy ________. A．rose to fame with Coco Chanel B．started his own business in Paris C．met Katharine Hepburn for the first time D．designed the wardrobe for Roman Holiday 9．Which words best describe Audrey Hepburn when she first met Givenchy? A．Good‑looking and persistent. B．Attractive and nervous. C．Bad‑tempered and stubborn. D．Ordinary and shy. 10．The underlined word in the 6th paragraph probably describes a relationship between people who ________. A．take advantage of each other B．are totally different from each other C．know nothing about each other D．depend on each other equally 11．According to the article, Givenchy formed a lifelong friendship with Hepburn mainly because ________. A．he was taken by her charm B．she served as his muse C．they had common interests D．they cared for each other 【答案】8．B 9．A 10．D 11．C 【导语】文章主要讲述赫本与纪梵希相遇相识，二者相互成就，建立起一段跨越数十年的特殊友谊。 【详解】8．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Hubert de Givenchy, an unknown designer in his twenties, opened his first house in Paris in February 1952.(二十多岁时还默默无闻的于贝尔・德・纪梵希于1952年2月在巴黎开设了自己的第一家时装店)”可知，二十世纪五十年代初纪梵希在巴黎开创自己的事业。 9．推理判断题。根据第三段中“He was confused when a girl appeared at his door with large, attractive eyes and wearing a plain striped T‑shirt and trousers.(当一个有着一双迷人的大眼睛，身着普通条纹T恤和长裤的女孩出现在他门口时，他感到很困惑)”以及第四段中“Despite being turned down, Hepburn would not give up.(尽管遭到拒绝，赫本仍旧不愿放弃)”可知，初次见面时赫本容貌好看而且意志坚定。 10．词句猜测题。根据第六段中“Many designers have a muse, but the Hepburn‑Givenchy relationship was something more symbiotic. With Hepburn as his muse, Givenchy drew inspiration for his designs from her slender body, elegance and movie star charm. On the other hand, Hepburn was so fascinated by Givenchy’s work that she kept loyal to him over the years.(许多设计师都拥有一位灵感缪斯，但赫本与纪梵希之间的关系更偏向symbiotic。赫本作为他的灵感缪斯，纪梵希从她曼妙的身姿、优雅气质与明星魅力中获取设计灵感。另一方面，赫本深深迷恋纪梵希的作品，多年始终忠于他)”可知，赫本与纪梵希之间的关系更偏向一种共生关系，symbiotic描述“人与人之间彼此同等依靠的关系”。 11．细节理解题。根据第七段中“For Hepburn and Givenchy, the friendship endured the test of time because of their respect for each other, fueled by the two things they loved: fashion and the movies.(对于赫本与纪梵希而言，这份友谊经受住时间考验源于互相尊重，也由二人共同热爱的时尚与电影所助推)”可知，他们建立终身友谊主要是因为拥有共同的兴趣。 Passage 4 Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction — and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 12．According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship? A．It is a structure of associations with many people. B．It should be studied in the course of a social interaction. C．It places great demands on people. D．It develops gradually over time. 13．Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author’s mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2? A．Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate. B．Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties. C．Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance. D．Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant. 14．According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups? A．Primary groups consist of people working together while secondary groups exist outside of work settings. B．In primary groups people are seen as means while in secondary groups people are seen as ends. C．Primary groups involve personal relationships while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose. D．Primary groups are generally small while secondary groups often contain more than two people. 15．Which of the following can be inferred from the author’s claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships? A．Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships. B．A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship. C．Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society. D．Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships. 【答案】12．D 13．A 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文主要介绍的是社会学中关于人际关系的两种纽带类型——表达性纽带和工具性纽带，以及由此区分的两种群体类型——初级群体和次级群体。 【详解】12．细节理解题。根据第一段“When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. (当一种交往持续足够长的时间，使两个人通过一套相对稳定的期望联系在一起时，这就被称为关系。)”可知，关系是随着时间逐渐发展起来的。 13．推理判断题。根据第二段“Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. (工具性纽带是我们与他人合作以实现某种目标时形成的社会联系。偶尔，这可能意味着与竞争对手合作而非对抗。)”可知，工具性纽带即使在人们通常不会合作的情况下（如与竞争对手合作）也能发展起来。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段“A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. (初级群体涉及两个或更多人，他们之间享有直接、亲密、紧密的关系。)”以及“A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. (次级群体涉及两个或更多人，他们处于一种非个人化的关系中，并为特定的实际目的而聚在一起。)”可知，社会学家认为初级群体和次级群体的主要区别在于：初级群体涉及个人关系，而次级群体主要是出于实际目的。 15．推理判断题。根据第三段“Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. (有时，初级群体关系会从次级群体关系中发展出来。这在许多工作环境中都会发生。工作中的人们经常与同事发展出亲密关系，因为他们开始分享抱怨、笑话、八卦和满足感。)”可知，即使在次级群体中，频繁的交流也能使人们建立起亲密的关系。 【题型三】语法填空 Passage 1 How lonely are you? Sometimes living alone or being in a remote location with 1 around to talk to can give you the feeling of despair and isolation. It’s not a great feeling. There’s a common stereotype that it’s something that affects older people more, but research has found that loneliness is something that can affect us all, 2 our age. There’s a familiar phrase that says it’s possible to be lonely in a crowd — despite 3 (surround) by hundreds of people, you think you have nobody to talk to or to connect with and 4 nobody wants to listen to you anyway. It’s probably not true, but loneliness is seen as a big problem for the mental health of the population wherever they live — so much so that the British government even has 5 minister for loneliness. The BBC recently completed a survey about the topic and it found that people aged between 16 and 24 experience loneliness more often and more intensely than any other age group. Researchers from the University of Manchester who analyzed the data, suggested feeling lonely may plague the young because it’s a time of changing identity — figuring out your place in the world and 6 learning to regulate emotions. Psychology lecturer and BBC presenter Claudia Hammond says that “it’s tempting to conclude that something about modern life is putting young people at a higher risk of loneliness, but when we asked older people in our survey about the loneliest times in their lives, they also said it was 7 they were young.” The issue is certainly being talked about more. And in the UK, the Minister for Loneliness Tracey Crouch has said that “the government now recognizes loneliness as one of the biggest health challenges we face.” She also said there needs to be a “national conversation” to end the stigma about admitting to 8 (feel) lonely. The BBC Loneliness Experiment also found the type of culture you live in has implications for loneliness. People from cultures which tend to put a high value on independence, such as Northern Europe and the US, revealed they would be 9 (likely) to tell a colleague about their loneliness. But in cultures where extended family 10 (emphasise), such as in Southern Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa, older women in particular were at lower risk of feeling lonely. 【答案】 1．nobody 2．whatever 3．being surrounded 4．that 5．a 6．of 7．when 8．feeling 9．less likely 10．is emphasised 【导语】文章围绕“孤独”这一话题展开，指出孤独可能影响所有人，并介绍了BBC关于孤独的调查：16至24岁的年轻人更频繁、更强烈地经历孤独，文章还分析了孤独与身份转变、文化背景的关系，以及英国政府对这一问题的重视。 【详解】1．考查不定代词。句意：有时独居或在偏远地区，周围没有人可以交谈，会给你带来绝望和孤立感。根据前后语境中提到的“偏远地区”、“会带来绝望和孤独感”，设空处应该用不定代词nobody表示“没有人可以交谈”。 2．考查连词。句意：人们普遍有一种刻板印象，认为孤独更多影响老年人，但研究发现，孤独是可以影响我们所有人的事情，无论我们的年龄如何。这里whatever引导让步状语从句，表示“无论年龄大小”。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：有一句人们熟悉的话说，身处人群中也可能感到孤独——尽管被数百人包围，你却认为自己没有人可以交谈或联系，而且反正也没有人想听你说话。despite为介词，后面应该接动名词；surround与其逻辑主语you之间为被动关系，用动名词被动形式being surrounded。 4．考查宾语从句。句意：有一句人们熟悉的话说，身处人群中也可能感到孤独——尽管被数百人包围，你却认为自己没有人可以交谈或联系，而且反正也没有人想听你说话。think后接两个并列的that宾语从句，第二个从句的that不省略。 5．考查冠词。句意：这或许并非事实，但无论人们住在哪里，孤独都被视为影响人口心理健康的一大问题——以至于英国政府甚至设有一位“孤独事务大臣”。minister为可数名词单数，此处泛指“一位孤独事务大臣”，且minister以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词a。 6．考查介词。句意：曼彻斯特大学分析数据的研究人员认为，孤独可能困扰年轻人，因为这是一个身份转变的时期——弄清楚你在世界上的位置，以及学会调节情绪。这里是and连接的两个并列of介词短语，作a time的后置定语。 7．考查表语从句。句意：心理学讲师兼BBC主持人克劳迪娅·哈蒙德表示，人们很容易得出结论：现代生活的某些因素使年轻人面临更高的孤独风险，但当我们询问调查中的老年人一生中最孤独的时期时，他们也都说那是在他们年轻的时候。根据后面“they were young”可知用when引导表语从句，表示时间，意为“……的时候”。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：她还说，需要进行一场“全国性对话”，以结束那种承认自己感到孤独的耻辱感。admit to doing sth.为固定搭配，其中to为介词，后接动名词。 9．句意：来自崇尚独立的文化，比如北欧和美国的人们透露，他们不太可能把孤独告诉同事。结合语境，在崇尚独立的文化，比如在北欧和美国，人们“更不愿意”表露孤独，likely用比较级并表否定，前面添加less。 10．考查被动语态。句意：而在强调大家庭的文化中，如南欧、拉美、亚洲和非洲，尤其是老年女性感到孤独的风险更低。“extended family”与emphasise之间为被动关系，且叙述一般情况用一般现在时，并注意主语为第三人称单数，所以谓语动词为is emphasised。 Passage 2 One of the earliest-known inventions is the bow and arrow, which is still used throughout the world today, 15,000 years 11 it was first invented. Of course, these days, the bow and arrow 12 (use) mainly in sporting events, but in some places it is still a means of killing animals for food. In western Asia, another extremely important invention 13 (bear) — the ability to produce pots. As long as 6500 years ago, people were producing pottery, mostly plain and without designs, but the technique has changed little since. Some people say that the wheel is the single most important invention. Early examples from about 5000 years ago have been found in the forests of Europe. Around 1500 years later, the Phoenicians (腓尼基人) used sand, limestone and sodium carbonate to produce 14 else without which we would be lost. How many things do you lock with a key every day? Doors, cupboards? The car? We really don’t think much about them, 15 we? Well, the first example of a lock and key dates back to 2750 years ago, in Assyria. This is a lock on a large wooden door in the palace of Sargon II (萨尔贡二世). Another amazing invention, which we probably take for granted these days, is the skill of knitting 16 first appeared in the Roman Empire, some 1700 years ago. 17 (early) examples are knitted socks! Eye glasses developed from just one lens in a frame, like a simple magnifying glass, way back in the 13th century. In about 1290, the idea to put two lenses in a frame to sit on the nose was developed in Florence. And, believe it or not, the modern contact lens is 120 years old. Time flies and we spend a lot of time 18 (check) how much time we have left! This would be impossible 19 clocks and watches, which are all around us: on walls, on our wrists, on our PCs, and even on our mobiles and iPods. The first pocket watch was invented by Thomas Tompion (1639-1714) in England 330 years ago, and his watch-face design, with two (and sometimes three) hands moving around a single dial, 20 (remain) largely unchanged ever since. 【答案】 11．after 12．is used 13．was born 14．something 15．do 16．which/that 17．The earliest 18．checking 19．without 20．has remained 【导语】本文主要介绍了弓箭、制陶术、轮子、锁与钥匙、编织技艺、眼镜、钟表等人类历史上的早期重要发明的诞生时间与发展概况。 【详解】11．考查连词。句意：已知最早的发明之一是弓箭，在其被发明15000年后的今天，仍然在世界各地使用。此处表示在它被发明15000年之后，空处应用after ，意为“在……以后”，引导时间状语从句。 12．考查时态和语态。句意：当然，现在弓箭主要被用于体育赛事，但在一些地方它仍然是猎杀动物获取食物的手段。设空处为谓语动词，根据时间状语these days以及后半句的时态，此处应用一般现在时态；主语the bow and arrow说的是弓箭这个整体，为单数，与动词use之间是被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态，填is used。 13．考查时态和语态。句意：在西亚，另一项极其重要的发明诞生了——制陶工艺。主语another extremely important invention与bear是被动关系，发明诞生是过去发生的动作，需用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为单数，be动词用was，此空填was born。 14．考查不定代词。句意：大约1500年后，腓尼基人使用沙子、石灰石和碳酸钠制造出了另一种我们不可或缺的东西。空处作produce的宾语，指代某种发明物品，用不定代词something，短语something else，意为“别的东西”符合语境。 15．考查反意疑问句。句意：我们真的没怎么想过它们，不是吗？此处为反义疑问句，前半句为简单句，句中有don’t，为否定句，后面的附加问句应用肯定形式，助动词应用do。 16．考查定语从句。句意：另一项令人惊叹的发明，我们现在可能认为是理所当然的，就是编织技术，它首先出现在大约1700年前的罗马帝国。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是the skill of knitting，指物，从句缺少主语，用关系代词which或that。 17．考查形容词最高级。句意：最早的例子是针织袜子！空处修饰名词examples，结合语境此处强调现存已知的最早的编织制品，early需变为最高级形式，且句首首字母大写，因此填The earliest。 18．考查非谓语动词。句意：时光飞逝，我们花很多时间查看自己还剩下多少时间！固定搭配spend time (in) doing sth.表示“花费时间做某事”，动词check需变为动名词形式checking，作宾语。 19．考查介词。句意：如果没有遍布我们周围的钟表：墙上、手腕上、电脑上，甚至手机和iPod上，我们就不可能做到这一点。结合上文“we spend a lot of time ____ (check) how much time we have left”可知，此处指没有时钟或手表就不可能查看时间，因此设空处应填介词without，表示假设的否定条件，意为“没有”。 20．考查时态。句意：330 年前，托马斯・汤皮恩（1639–1714）在英国发明了第一款怀表，他的表盘设计——两根（有时三根）指针在单个表盘上转动，从那以后基本没有变化。remain在句中作谓语动词，根据时间状语ever since可知，表示从过去第一款怀表的发明一直到现在的持续状态，用现在完成时，主语his watch-face design是单数，此空填has remained。 【题型四】完形填空 What is the best way to catch someone who is telling a lie? For a long time, the traditional method of 1 liars was to watch their body language, including facial expressions. What if the person 2 to be nervous? Is the person unable to look me in the eye? Is he or she looking around the room? What about other nervous 3 , such as fidgeting or shifting from side to side? Many people — from parents to police officers and airport security personnel — depend on this method. But does a person’s body and face 4 the truth? Not according to a new study. Can you catch a liar? Talking, it seems, is the best way to 5 out a liar. That is what researchers in the United Kingdom found out recently. Their 6 took place at one place where lying can get you into big trouble — an airport. The researchers asked volunteers to pretend they were real passengers and then lie to airport security agents. Some 7 conversation‑based methods to question these make‑believe passengers. Others depended instead on the person’s body language, like lack of eye contact and 8 signs of nervousness. The agents talking with the passengers were 20 times more likely to catch the liars. The study has found that these conversation‑based techniques can help you 9 when a person is lying to you. Like many methods, this conversation method has a name. It is called Controlled Cognitive Engagement or CCE, for short. The British government partly 10 this study. The American Psychological Association published the findings. Body language cannot be trusted. Using body language and facial expressions to catch someone in a lie is really hard. And it only works, 11 , by chance. Thomas Ormerod is the head of the School of Psychology at the University of Sussex in England. On the APA website, he reported that the “suspicious‑signs method” — or using body language — “almost completely 12 ” in finding lies. In the conversational CCE method, security agents just talk with passengers. They ask about informal things as you would in a(n) 13 conversation. While talking, the agents might ask questions about topics that are apparently 14 . Then the agent observes if the person becomes more 15 . They also observe whether their way of speaking changes. 1．A．calculating B．hunting C．identifying D．describing 2．A．appears B．pretends C．decides D．attempts 3．A．movement B．disorder C．impression D．explanation 4．A．hide B．disclose C．acknowledge D．accept 5．A．work B．put C．come D．pick 6．A．system B．programme C．investigation D．process 7．A．improved B．adopted C．inquired D．recommended 8．A．carrying B．attaching C．avoiding D．displaying 9．A．catch B．recognize C．guess D．explain 10．A．motivated B．released C．financed D．reviewed 11．A．totally B．seemingly C．heavily D．especially 12．A．fails B．works C．succeeds D．disappears 13．A．normal B．similar C．essential D．familiar 14．A．related B．shared C．unimagined D．unrelated 15．A．unpredicted B．unprecedented C．unsolved D．uninformed 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．D 6．C 7．B 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．B 12．A 13．A 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文介绍了一项关于“如何识别说谎者”的科学研究。 【详解】1．考查动词。句意：很长一段时间以来，识别说谎者的传统方法是观察他们的肢体语言，包括面部表情。A. calculating计算；B. hunting狩猎；C. identifying识别；D. describing描述。根据下文的“watch their body language, including facial expressions”可知，这里指“识别”说谎者的方法。 2．考查动词。句意：如果这个人看起来很紧张呢？A. appears看起来；B. pretends假装；C. decides决定；D. attempts尝试。根据下文“Is the person unable to look me in the eye? Is he or she looking around the room?”可知，这些都是从外表上观察到的表现，所以这里指这个人“看起来”很紧张。 3．考查名词。句意：其他的紧张动作呢，比如坐立不安或左右摇晃？A. movement动作；B. disorder紊乱；C. impression印象；D. explanation解释。根据下文“such as fidgeting or shifting from side to side”可知，这里指紧张的“动作”。 4．考查动词。句意：但是一个人的身体和面部会透露真相吗？A. hide隐藏；B. disclose透露；C. acknowledge承认；D. accept接受。根据上文的“a person’s body and face”和下文的“the truth”并结合下文的实验可知，这里指“透露”真相。 5．考查动词短语。句意：说话似乎是识破说谎者的最佳方式。A. work (out)解决；B. put (out)扑灭；C. come (out)出现；D. pick (out)识破。根据上文的“Talking”和下文的“a liar”并结合倒数第二段“ Using body language and facial expressions to catch someone in a lie is really hard.”可知，此处指通过谈话来把说谎者“辨认出来”。 6．考查名词。句意：他们的调查是在一个说谎会让你陷入大麻烦的地方——机场进行的。A. system系统；B. programme项目；C. investigation调查；D. process过程。根据上文“That is what researchers in the United Kingdom found out recently.”可知，他们进行了“调查”。 7．考查动词。句意：一些人采用基于对话的方法来询问这些假扮的乘客。A. improved改进；B. adopted采用；C. inquired询问；D. recommended推荐。根据后文“Others depended instead on the person's body language”可知，前后对比两种方法，此处指“采用”了谈话法。 8．考查动词。句意：其他人则依赖于人的肢体语言，比如缺乏眼神交流和表现出紧张的迹象。 A. carrying携带；B. attaching附加；C. avoiding避免；D. displaying表现出。根据上文的“lack of eye contact”可知，此处指“表现出”紧张的迹象。 9．考查动词。句意：研究发现，这些基于对话的技巧可以帮助你识别别人什么时候在对你撒谎。A. catch抓住；B. recognize识别；C. guess猜测；D. explain解释。根据前文“Talking, it seems, is the best way to ____ out a liar.”以及全文主题可知，此处强调通过谈话技巧“识别”谎言。 10．考查动词。句意：英国政府为这项研究提供了部分资金。A. motivated激发；B. released发布；C. financed资助；D. reviewed审查。根据上文的“That is what researchers in the United Kingdom found out recently.”和下文的“The American Psychological Association published the findings.”可知，此处说明研究的资金来源。 11．考查副词。句意：而且它似乎只是偶然奏效。A. totally完全地；B. seemingly似乎；C. heavily严重地；D. especially特别地。根据上文“Using body language and facial expressions to catch someone in a lie is really hard.”可知，用肢体语言抓谎言只是碰巧有效。 12．考查动词。句意：在APA网站上，他报告说，“可疑迹象法”——或者说使用肢体语言——在发现谎言方面“几乎完全失败”。A. fails失败；B. works起作用；C. succeeds成功；D. disappears消失。根据上文的“Using body language and facial expressions to catch someone in a lie is really hard.”可知，这种方法几乎完全“失败”。 13．考查形容词。句意：他们会像在正常对话中一样询问一些非正式的事情。A. normal正常的；B. similar相似的；C. essential必要的；D. familiar熟悉的。根据前文“informal things”可知，安检人员以轻松自然的方式提问，让对话看起来像日常正常交流。 14．考查形容词。句意：在谈话过程中，安检人员可能会询问一些显然不相关的话题。A. related相关的；B. shared共享的；C. unimagined无法想象的；D. unrelated不相关的。根据CCE方法的策略可知，安检人员故意问看似不相关的话题来观察对方反应。 15．考查形容词。句意：然后安检人员观察这个人是否变得更加不可预测。A. unpredicted未被预料到的；B. unprecedented前所未有的；C. unsolved未解决的；D. uninformed不知情的。根据后文“They also observe whether their way of speaking changes.”可知，安检人员关注的是对方在回答不相关问题时是否出现异常、不可预测的反应。 ( 1 / 9 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02选择性必修第一册Unit 2 单元词汇短语句型梳理 知识点01 重点词类 1．volunteer n. _______________ ；v. _______________ 2．campaign n. _______________ 3．badge n. _______________ 4．wilderness n. _______________ ※5．respond v. _______________ 6．request v./n. _______________ 7．march n. _______________ ；v. _______________ ※8．promote v. _______________ 9．urge v. _______________ ；n. _______________ 10．awkward adj. _______________ 11．failure n. _______________ ※12．regulate v. _______________ ※13．criticize v. _______________ 14．intention n. _______________ ※15．assume v. _______________ 16．gallery n. _______________ 17．purchase v./n. _______________ 18．donate v. _______________ 19．launch v. _______________ ；n. _______________ 20．shelter n. _______________ ；v. _______________ 知识点02 高频短语 1. _______________ 俗话说 2. _______________ 志愿做某事 ※3. _______________ 各种各样的方式 4. _______________ 充满光明 5. _______________ 使……免受灭顶之灾 6. _______________ 筹款 7. _______________ 野生动物保护组织 ※8. _______________ 对……有作用，关系，影响 ※9. _______________ 以...为基础；基于 10. _______________ 日均100人次的访问量 11. _______________ 不断增长的；越来越多的 ※12. _______________ 意识到、关注塑料污染问题 13. _______________ 担任主席职务 14. _______________ 组织一次游行 ※15. _______________ 提高水权意识 16. _______________ 领导一次运动 17. _______________ 推广使用可重复利用的矿泉水瓶 ※18. _______________ 敦促、力劝某人做某事 19. _______________ 花费某人时间做某事 20. _______________ 珍惜你所拥有的东西 21. _______________ 专注于生活中真正重要的事情 ※22. _______________ 组成 23. _______________ 结果是；证明是 24. _______________ 达成使命 25. _______________ 试图建一座图书馆 26. _______________ 雇当地人 27. _______________ 让某人尴尬 28. _______________ 募捐了数百件物品 ※29. _______________ 直到……才（强调句） 30. _______________ 偏离轨道/实际 31. _______________ 被严格管理 32. _______________ 提高效率 33. _______________ 想出更好的主意 34. _______________ 援助和改善当地社区 ※35. _______________ 假定；认为 知识点03 重点句型 1. _______________ these young people leading the way. 有这些年轻人引领前进，未来看起来相当光明。（with复合结构） 2. _______________ to a wildlife conservation organisation in Namibia where... 约里斯将他筹集到的所有资金都捐赠给了纳米比亚的一个野生动物保护组织，在那里……（定语从句） 3. _______________ where she would work, what she was responsible for... 她被告知了工作地点以及她的工作职责……（宾语从句） 4. _______________ for the orphanage to have taken our money to hire locals... 孤儿院要是拿我们的钱去雇佣当地人就好了……（虚拟语气） 知识点04 重点语法 一、定义 用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句，可作动词、介词、形容词的宾语。 二、宾语从句引导词分类 1. 从属连词：that（无意义、不成分，可省略）、if/whether（是否，不可随意替换） 2. 连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which（在从句中作主语、宾语、定语） 3. 连接副词：when, where, how, why（在从句中作状语） 三、核心用法与重难点 1. whether与if 用法区别 ① 介词后、不定式前、与or not连用，只能用whether； ② 引导否定宾语从句，只能用if； ③ 主语/表语/同位语从句，只能用whether。 2. what 双重含义 ① 疑问含义：意为“什么”； ② 等同于all/everything that，译为“……的事物/情况”。 3. 语序规则（必考） 所有宾语从句一律使用陈述语序，无疑问倒装。 4. 时态一致规则 ① 主句为现在时/将来时，从句时态按需选择； ② 主句为过去时，从句统一用对应过去时态； ③ 从句为客观真理、客观事实，永远用一般现在时，不受主句时态影响。 5. it 作形式宾语 结构：主语 + think/find/consider/make + it + 宾补 + 宾语从句，真正宾语后置，为高频语法填空考点。 四、宾语从句考点梳理 1. 从句类型：及物动词、介词、形容词、非谓语动词后宾语从句； 2. 核心考点：引导词辨析、陈述语序、时态呼应、形式宾语it结构； 3. 题型分布：语法填空、单选、改错、书面表达句式运用。 词类转换 （派生词）— 最高频 1. _______________ n./v. 志愿者；自愿做 → _______________ adj. 自愿的；义务的 ※2. _______________ n. 威胁；坏事发生的可能 → _______________ v. 威胁；危及 → _______________ adj. 威胁性的 3. _______________ v./n. 购买；采购 → _______________ n. 购买者；采购员 4. _______________ v. 挣得；赚得 → _______________ n. 收入；收益 5. _______________ v. 捐赠；赠送 → _______________ n. 捐赠；捐款 → _______________ n. 捐赠者 6. _______________ n. 野生动物；野生生物 → _______________ adj. 野生的 ※7. _______________ n. 组织；团体 → _______________ v. 组织；筹备 → _______________ adj. 有组织的 8. _______________ v. 开始进行；推出；发起 9. _______________ n. 收容所；庇护所 v. 庇护 → _______________ adj. 受庇护的；受保护的 10. _______________ adj. 城市的；都市的 → _______________ n. 城市化 → _______________ adj. 乡村的（反义词） 11. _______________ n./v. 示威游行；行进 → _______________ n. 游行者；行进者 12. _______________ n. 运动 v. 发起运动 → _______________ n. 运动参与者；活动家 ※13. _______________ v. 促进；推动 → _______________ n. 促进；提升；晋升 14. _______________ adj. 可重复使用的 → _______________ v. 重复使用；再次利用 ※15. _______________ v. 敦促；力劝 → _______________ adj. 紧急的；急迫的 → _______________ n. 紧急；急迫 16. _______________ n. 运动；移动 → _______________ v. 移动；行动 17. _______________ n. 皇帝 → _______________ n. 帝国 → _______________ adj. 帝国的 辨析01 assume / presume（假定；认为） 词/词语 用法 例句 assume assume sth / assume that从句；侧重无充分证据，主观假定、设想 I assumed that you knew about the plan. presume presume sth / presume that从句；侧重依据迹象推测，推定 We presume that he will attend the meeting. 记忆：assume凭空猜，presume据迹推；assume主观设想，presume有理推定。 辨析02 consist of / be made up of（由……组成） 词/词语 用法 例句 consist of 无被动语态；整体在前，后接组成部分，强调构成内容 The team consists of 20 volunteers. be made up of 被动结构；可用于人或事物，通用表达“由……构成” The group is made up of local teenagers. 记忆：consist无被动，整体放前面；be made up有被动，描述组成很通用。 辨析03 raise / collect（筹集；收集） 词/词语 用法 例句 raise raise money/funds；侧重主动筹集资金，还可表提高意识 They raised funds to build the library. collect collect sth；侧重收集、募集物品/钱款，一件件收拢 They collected hundreds of donated items. 记忆：raise筹钱款，提意识；collect收物资，一件件。 辨析04 serve as / work as（担任；充当） 词/词语 用法 例句 serve as serve as + 身份/职务；侧重充当某角色，服务性任职 He served as president of the organisation. work as work as + 职业；侧重从事某种职业，谋生工作 She works as a wildlife volunteer. 记忆：serve as当角色，带服务含义；work as做职业，讲谋生岗位。 辨析05 It takes sb…to do / sb spend…doing（花费时间） 词/词语 用法 例句 It takes/took sb some time to do sth it作形式主语；做某事花费某人多久 It took them a year to construct the library. sb spend time (in) doing sth 人作主语；某人花费时间做某事 They spent a year building the library. 记忆：take用it当主语，spend人来做主语；take to do，spend doing。 辨析06 make a difference to / make a difference in（起作用，有影响） 词/词语 用法 例句 make a difference to… to是介词；对人/事物产生影响 Volunteering makes a difference to local people. make a difference in… in后接领域、方面；在某方面起到作用 The activity makes a big difference in environmental protection. 记忆：to接对象，对谁有影响；in接领域，在哪起作用。 辨析07 whether / if（是否，宾语从句） 词/词语 用法 例句 whether 可用于介词后、to do前、or not连用；适用范围更广 I’m thinking about whether to join the march. if 仅普通宾语从句可用；不能放介词、to do前面 I don’t know if he will come. 记忆：whether全能用，介词不定式都hold；if只管普通宾从，别的不能用。 辨析08 It wasn’t until…that… / not…until（直到……才） 词/词语 用法 例句 It wasn’t until +内容+that… 强调句型，突出时间；去掉It was…that句子完整 It wasn’t until dawn that they finished the work. not…until 普通状语从句，无强调框架；直到……才 They didn’t finish the work until dawn. 记忆：带It was…that是强调；无框架就是普通句。 题型 考查内容 示例 建议题量 / 难度 单词拼写 单元核心名词、动词、形容词；词形变化，时态变形 He a______ (假定) that we would accept the plan. 8 题，中等 词性转换 词根词缀，名词↔动词↔形容词转换，语法填空同考点 The ______ (volunteer) work impressed us greatly. 6 题，中等 单项选择 易混词辨析、短语辨析、宾语从句、强调句型、固定搭配 He ______ that he was right and refused to change his mind.A. persisted B. insisted C. assumed D. presumed 10 题，中等 短语填空 单元短语：make a difference, consist of, serve as, raise funds 等 The activity ______ ______ ______ (对…… 产生影响) the local community. 6 题，中等 语法填空 介词、非谓语、宾语从句引导词 whether/if、时态、固定搭配 The group ______ (consist) of 5 students serves as volunteers. 1 篇，中等 完成句子 重点句型仿写：It takes sb…to do；It wasn’t until…that… 直到他回来，我们才完成这项任务。It wasn’t until he came back that we finished the task. 5 题，中偏难 阅读理解 细节查找、推理判断、词义猜测；主题：志愿者、公益、援助项目 阅读文本：志愿者修建图书馆相关记叙文 2 篇，中等 七选五 篇章逻辑，过渡句；话题：志愿活动建议 选项区分论点、论据、总结句 1 篇，中等 题型 考查内容 示例 审题要点 & 解题策略 常见失分坑 & 答题规范 听力 获取主旨、细节信息；判断人物观点、态度；捕捉数字、目的、因果 短对话：志愿活动时间、地点、任务；长独白：公益项目介绍 审题要点：听前快速圈题干关键词（名词、动词、疑问词 what/when/why），预判话题 解题策略：预读选项，标记差异；听到原词警惕干扰项，优先抓逻辑词 but/however/so；边听速记简写。 失分坑：听到原词直接选，忽略转折；漏看题干限定词；拼写单词大小写失误。 规范：填单词时注意单复数、时态，简写仅作草稿，誊写工整。 阅读理解 细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨大意；话题：志愿服务、公益援助 阅读文本：志愿者修建图书馆、社区帮扶记叙文 审题要点：先看题干，划定位词（人名、专有名词、数字），分清 “找事实” 还是 “推断” 解题策略：题文同序，定位原文原句；细节题忠于原文，推理题不主观脑补；主旨看首尾段。 失分坑：信息定位偏差，找错段落；过度推断，添加自己想法；词义猜测只看单词本身，忽略上下文。 规范：答案必须原文有据，不要凭常识做题；选项全部看完再选择。 完形填空 词汇辨析、固定搭配、上下文逻辑、时态；单元易混词 assume/presume、serve as 等 讲述志愿者团队建设项目短文 审题要点：通读首句把握全文主旨；圈空前后连词 and/but/though，判断逻辑 解题策略：先通读全文，再逐空选择；优先考虑固定搭配、词义辨析；做完回读检查通顺度。 失分坑：只看单句，忽略上下文；固定搭配误用；忽略时态、主谓一致；近义词辨析混淆。 规范：先把握故事主线，不要一上来就边读边填。 语法填空 动词变形、词形转换、从句引导词 whether/if、介词、固定短语、非谓语 The group ______ (consist) of 5 students serves as volunteers. 审题要点：先判断空格是填实词（动词 / 名词 / 形容词）还是虚词（连词 / 介词） 解题策略：有提示词：考词性转换、时态、非谓语；无提示词：考虑介词、冠词、从句引导词。 失分坑：词形变换错误；时态判断失误；whether/if 使用场景混淆；固定搭配介词写错。 规范：看清括号内单词，注意名词单复数，动词变形严格看时间标志词。 单词拼写 单元核心动词、名词、形容词；时态、单复数变形 He a______ (假定) that we would accept the plan. 审题要点：看中文提示，同时看句子时态、主谓一致 解题策略：先写出词根，再根据句子语法变形。 失分坑：单词拼写错误；忘记名词单复数、动词时态变形。 规范：书写清晰，区分大小写，不要漏字母。 词性转换 词根词缀，名 / 动 / 形互相转换，语法填空同源考点 The ______ (volunteer) work impressed us greatly. 审题要点：判断空格在句中充当成分（主语 / 定语 / 表语），确定所需词性 解题策略：牢记单元词缀，名词变形容词、动词变名词规则。 失分坑：词缀记混；忽略名词可数不可数；形容词副词误用。 规范：注意词性对应的词尾，-tion 名词，-tive 形容词，-ly 副词。 短语填空 单元短语 make a difference, consist of, serve as, raise funds 等 The activity ______ ______ ______ (对…… 产生影响) the local community. 审题要点：观察句子时态，主谓一致 解题策略：回忆短语，再根据句子调整动词形式。 失分坑：短语介词写错；忘记时态变化；固定短语记忆不全。 规范：注意短语动词随主语变化，consist of 无被动。 完成句子 重点句型仿写：It takes sb…to do；It wasn’t until…that… 直到他回来，我们才完成这项任务。It wasn’t until he came back that we finished the task. 审题要点：看清中文提示，锁定目标句型 解题策略：先搭句型框架，再填充内容，检查时态。 失分坑：强调句型结构写错；take/spend 混用；时态不一致。 规范：严格套用句型，不要随意删减结构。 书面表达 志愿活动、公益倡议类应用文；书信 / 演讲稿 写一封邮件，介绍志愿者项目，邀请同学参加 审题要点：划出写作要点、文体、人称、时态；确定开头、主体、结尾 解题策略：先列要点提纲；优先使用单元句型；长短句结合。补充句式：1. It takes us several months to finish the volunteer project. 2. The group, which consists of ten students, serves as volunteers. 3. What we do makes a big difference to local people. 行文规范：分段清晰，开头引入，主体写活动内容，结尾发出邀请 / 总结； 书写规范：字母圆润，单词间距均匀，不要连笔过度；错词划一道横线，不要涂黑疙瘩。 失分坑：要点遗漏；时态混乱；中式英语；单词拼写错误；固定搭配误用；书写潦草。 规范：写作前列提纲；写完通读自查拼写、时态、主谓一致。 【题型一】单句语法填空 1．The days will soon come we can fully enjoy our colourful senior-high school life. 2．She is no longer the girl she was ten years ago. 3．He saw a number of students in the hall were preparing for the literature debate. 4．As is known to us, China is no longer she used to be. 5．She got promoted yesterday, exceeded everyone’s expectation. 6．You should spare no effort to improve your (integrate) skills in English, which will contribute to your future career development. 7．The man we met yesterday is a famous professor. 8．I still remember the day I first learned about the heroic story of Yuan Longping. 9．She wants to remember everything her teacher taught her. 10． has been a success — nearly half of the household waste is recycled. (recycle) 11． is often the case, the weather in spring is quite changeable. 12．A former Finance Minister and five senior civil (serve) are accused of fraud(诈骗). 【题型二】阅读理解 Passage 1 Day 1: Depart UK Days 2-5: Singapore Enjoy a city tour including Merlion Park, Marina Bay, and fabulous gardens. As an alternative, you may choose to stop in Dubai at no extra cost. Days 6-11: Melbourne Visit Victoria Markets and Federation Square. Perhaps take an optional excursion to explore Fairy Penguin Parade. Day 12-14: The Ghan Experience one of the world’s most impressive rail journeys. Covering 1,555 kilometres, we see the everchanging landscape as we journey north. Enjoy all inclusive Gold Service with on board meals included as are a wide selection of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. Day 15-17: Uluru (Ayers Rock) We enjoy a refreshing glass of sparkling wine and witness the changing colours as the sun sets. There is a chance to explore the rock in the morning, before visiting the impressive Olgas. Days 18-21: Cairns & The Great Barrier Reef Dive in the sheltered coral lake and view the reef from underwater observatory. Lunch is included. Optional tours on our Freedom Days in Cairns include a scenic railway journey to Kuranda, and a day trip to the nearby World Heritage listed Daintree Rainforest. Day 22: Arrive UK We arrive at your chosen airport, bringing an end to our incredible adventure. Departure Dates StopoverOffer PricePer Person Availability 28 Jul 2024 - £5,895 7 Rooms 06 Oct 2024 £29pp £6,495 New Date 10 Nov 2024 £29pp £6,495 New Date 23 Feb 2025 £29pp £6,495 New Date 08 Mar 2025 £29pp £6,495 New Date 05 Apr 2025 £29pp £6,245 New Date 26 Jul 2025 £29pp £6,795 New Date Book by 30th April 2024 and enjoy a twin room for a two-night stopover from only £29 per person (£48 for single occupancy). Stopover choices are Singapore, Bangkok, Dubai, or Bali and include return transfers and four-star accommodation with breakfast. For more details and full booking conditions, please request a brochure or visit www.distantjourneys.co.uk. Call FREE for a brochure 0800 141 3719. 1．If Karen is addicted to railway journeys, ________ are most likely to be her favourites. A．Cairns and the Ghan B．Uluru and Melbourne C．Melbourne and the Ghan D．Cairns and the Great Barrier Reef 2．If you have decided to join the tour, which of the following statements is true? A．You may be charged an extra £349 in total for daily breakfasts. B．You will enjoy a day trip to Daintree Rainforest, a world heritage. C．You may choose to stop in both Singapore and Dubai at no extra cost. D．You will be offered a meal with drinks when heading north by train in the Ghan. 3．If Jonathan and his two male friends, who have booked the travel, will depart UK on April 5th, 2025, with a two-night stopover in Bangkok, then at least how much will they have to pay for the whole trip in total? A．£17,791 B．£18,822 C．£18,841 D．£19,572 Passage 2 Scientific evidence suggests that humans have a biological desire to help others, including strangers. Altruistic behaviour towards strangers is uniquely human and observed at a very young age. Dr. Felix Warneken and Dr. Michael Tomasello of Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology have shown that children as young as 18 months want to help strangers. When their 18‑month‑old subjects saw a stranger throw a pencil on the floor, most of them picked it up. “The results were astonishing because these children are so young,” says Dr. Warneken. Because altruistic behaviour appears in children so young, Dr. Warneken and other scientists hypothesize that the human brain is designed to be altruistic. By using brain scans, neuroscientists are making new discoveries about the biology of the human brain. The recent discovery of mirror neurons leads to scientists’ belief that the brain can influence altruistic behavior. Mirror neurons are ordinary brain cells located throughout the brain. They “light up” when a person is performing an action or observing someone else doing a similar action. Mirror neurons make us cry when we see someone else cry or smile when someone smiles at us. Our mirror neurons actually feel what they feel. They cry and smile along with them. How, then, can mirror neurons bring about altruistic behavior? By helping us feel what others feel, mirror neurons naturally make us feel compassionate. They allow us to put ourselves in someone else’s situation; without them, we would not understand or care about other people’s emotions. Would we help hurricane victims? Give money to the poor? Save lives? Probably not, says Marco Iacoboni, a leading neuroscientist: “We are good because our biology drives us to be good.” In other words, mirror neurons seem to prepare us to be altruistic. Neuroeconomist Bill Harbaugh and his team at the University of Oregon study the biology of altruism. They look specifically at neuroeconomics, or the connection between the brain and economic decisions. In one of their experiments, the researchers tried seeing if people’s donations to charity were affected by neurons. They found out when most people donated money, their pleasure centers lit up on the brain scan. Why would our brains be biologically prepared to help others? What benefit does it have for each of us and for human beings as a whole? One popular scientific theory suggests that being natural helpers improves our chances of survival. Humans are social creatures, dependent on family, friends, governments, and strangers. Babies need food to feed them. Larger social groups also rely on our help, such as when we pay taxes or donate money to charities. Without a “helping brain,” humans would have a much harder time trying to survive. The study of the biology of altruism still has a long way to go, however. Many questions have grown out of these initial studies. For instance, if humans are born with a “helping” brain, why do we also have the ability to hurt others? Why are some of us more altruistic than others? How much control does the brain have on altruistic behavior? How much influence does society have? As technology advances, scientists hope to find answers to these questions and increase our understanding of ourselves. 4．The word “Altruistic” in the first paragraph probably means ________. A．Selfish B．Considerate C．Patient D．Responsible 5．Which of the following is NOT TRUE about mirror neurons? A．They light up when a person is doing something. B．They make us feel sympathetic towards others. C．They are different from ordinary brain cells. D．They make people identify with the others’ emotions. 6．According to the passage, neuroeconomics is ________. A．the study of how the brain makes decisions about money B．the study of how the brain controls donations to charity C．the study of how the brain’s pleasure center lights up D．the study of how the brain’s pleasure center controls people’s feelings 7．Why might people be born with a “helping brain”? A．Human babies need parents to feed them. B．It improves people’s chances of survival. C．People can’t live or work without help. D．Humans are social creatures dependent on others psychologically. Passage 3 Hepburn and Givenchy: a Fashion Love Story PARIS was already the fashion capital of the world by the 1950s. It was the home of Coco Chanel, the revolutionary designer who was popular for wearing her string of pearls. It was a center for artists from all walks of life. Hubert de Givenchy, an unknown designer in his twenties, opened his first house in Paris in February 1952. Little did he know that a year later, his life would change after meeting a girl named Audrey Hepburn. Hepburn, fresh from the success of her hit film Roman Holiday, was on a journey to Paris in the summer of 1953. She was there to purchase French clothing for her upcoming film Sabrina. Having heard of Givenchy’s modern designs, the 24‑year‑old actress soon scheduled a visit to his house. When the designer heard that a movie actress with the surname Hepburn was due to pay him a visit, he assumed that he would be meeting Katharine, the Hollywood legend. He was confused when a girl appeared at his door with large, attractive eyes and wearing a plain striped T‑shirt and trousers. Givenchy was busy preparing for his fall presentation, so he told Hepburn that he had no time to design a wardrobe for Sabrina. Despite being turned down, Hepburn would not give up. She invited him to dinner, which was unusual for a woman to do back then. Givenchy accepted her call, and it was at that dinner that he was taken by her charm. Their fruitful professional and lifelong personal friendship began. For the next four decades, Hepburn wore Givenchy with great devotion. Most famously, in the opening scene of Breakfast at Tiffany’s, she wore a “little black dress” made out of silk when having a croissant outside Tiffany’s windows on Fifth Avenue. The dress is said to be one of the most famous and influential pieces of clothing of the 20th century. Many designers have a muse, but the Hepburn‑Givenchy relationship was something more symbiotic. With Hepburn as his muse, Givenchy drew inspiration for his designs from her slender body, elegance and movie star charm. On the other hand, Hepburn was so fascinated by Givenchy’s work that she kept loyal to him over the years. Most of her casual wear was designed by Givenchy as well. It may not be a traditional love story, but love may come in different forms. For Hepburn and Givenchy, the friendship endured the test of time because of their respect for each other, fueled by the two things they loved: fashion and the movies. 8．According to the article, it was in the early 1950s that Hubert de Givenchy ________. A．rose to fame with Coco Chanel B．started his own business in Paris C．met Katharine Hepburn for the first time D．designed the wardrobe for Roman Holiday 9．Which words best describe Audrey Hepburn when she first met Givenchy? A．Good‑looking and persistent. B．Attractive and nervous. C．Bad‑tempered and stubborn. D．Ordinary and shy. 10．The underlined word in the 6th paragraph probably describes a relationship between people who ________. A．take advantage of each other B．are totally different from each other C．know nothing about each other D．depend on each other equally 11．According to the article, Givenchy formed a lifelong friendship with Hepburn mainly because ________. A．he was taken by her charm B．she served as his muse C．they had common interests D．they cared for each other Passage 4 Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction — and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 12．According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship? A．It is a structure of associations with many people. B．It should be studied in the course of a social interaction. C．It places great demands on people. D．It develops gradually over time. 13．Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author’s mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2? A．Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate. B．Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties. C．Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance. D．Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant. 14．According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups? A．Primary groups consist of people working together while secondary groups exist outside of work settings. B．In primary groups people are seen as means while in secondary groups people are seen as ends. C．Primary groups involve personal relationships while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose. D．Primary groups are generally small while secondary groups often contain more than two people. 15．Which of the following can be inferred from the author’s claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships? A．Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships. B．A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship. C．Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society. D．Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships. 【题型三】语法填空 Passage 1 How lonely are you? Sometimes living alone or being in a remote location with 1 around to talk to can give you the feeling of despair and isolation. It’s not a great feeling. There’s a common stereotype that it’s something that affects older people more, but research has found that loneliness is something that can affect us all, 2 our age. There’s a familiar phrase that says it’s possible to be lonely in a crowd — despite 3 (surround) by hundreds of people, you think you have nobody to talk to or to connect with and 4 nobody wants to listen to you anyway. It’s probably not true, but loneliness is seen as a big problem for the mental health of the population wherever they live — so much so that the British government even has 5 minister for loneliness. The BBC recently completed a survey about the topic and it found that people aged between 16 and 24 experience loneliness more often and more intensely than any other age group. Researchers from the University of Manchester who analyzed the data, suggested feeling lonely may plague the young because it’s a time of changing identity — figuring out your place in the world and 6 learning to regulate emotions. Psychology lecturer and BBC presenter Claudia Hammond says that “it’s tempting to conclude that something about modern life is putting young people at a higher risk of loneliness, but when we asked older people in our survey about the loneliest times in their lives, they also said it was 7 they were young.” The issue is certainly being talked about more. And in the UK, the Minister for Loneliness Tracey Crouch has said that “the government now recognizes loneliness as one of the biggest health challenges we face.” She also said there needs to be a “national conversation” to end the stigma about admitting to 8 (feel) lonely. The BBC Loneliness Experiment also found the type of culture you live in has implications for loneliness. People from cultures which tend to put a high value on independence, such as Northern Europe and the US, revealed they would be 9 (likely) to tell a colleague about their loneliness. But in cultures where extended family 10 (emphasise), such as in Southern Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa, older women in particular were at lower risk of feeling lonely. Passage 2 One of the earliest-known inventions is the bow and arrow, which is still used throughout the world today, 15,000 years 11 it was first invented. Of course, these days, the bow and arrow 12 (use) mainly in sporting events, but in some places it is still a means of killing animals for food. In western Asia, another extremely important invention 13 (bear) — the ability to produce pots. As long as 6500 years ago, people were producing pottery, mostly plain and without designs, but the technique has changed little since. Some people say that the wheel is the single most important invention. Early examples from about 5000 years ago have been found in the forests of Europe. Around 1500 years later, the Phoenicians (腓尼基人) used sand, limestone and sodium carbonate to produce 14 else without which we would be lost. How many things do you lock with a key every day? Doors, cupboards? The car? We really don’t think much about them, 15 we? Well, the first example of a lock and key dates back to 2750 years ago, in Assyria. This is a lock on a large wooden door in the palace of Sargon II (萨尔贡二世). Another amazing invention, which we probably take for granted these days, is the skill of knitting 16 first appeared in the Roman Empire, some 1700 years ago. 17 (early) examples are knitted socks! Eye glasses developed from just one lens in a frame, like a simple magnifying glass, way back in the 13th century. In about 1290, the idea to put two lenses in a frame to sit on the nose was developed in Florence. And, believe it or not, the modern contact lens is 120 years old. Time flies and we spend a lot of time 18 (check) how much time we have left! This would be impossible 19 clocks and watches, which are all around us: on walls, on our wrists, on our PCs, and even on our mobiles and iPods. The first pocket watch was invented by Thomas Tompion (1639-1714) in England 330 years ago, and his watch-face design, with two (and sometimes three) hands moving around a single dial, 20 (remain) largely unchanged ever since. 【题型四】完形填空 What is the best way to catch someone who is telling a lie? For a long time, the traditional method of 1 liars was to watch their body language, including facial expressions. What if the person 2 to be nervous? Is the person unable to look me in the eye? Is he or she looking around the room? What about other nervous 3 , such as fidgeting or shifting from side to side? Many people — from parents to police officers and airport security personnel — depend on this method. But does a person’s body and face 4 the truth? Not according to a new study. Can you catch a liar? Talking, it seems, is the best way to 5 out a liar. That is what researchers in the United Kingdom found out recently. Their 6 took place at one place where lying can get you into big trouble — an airport. The researchers asked volunteers to pretend they were real passengers and then lie to airport security agents. Some 7 conversation‑based methods to question these make‑believe passengers. Others depended instead on the person’s body language, like lack of eye contact and 8 signs of nervousness. The agents talking with the passengers were 20 times more likely to catch the liars. The study has found that these conversation‑based techniques can help you 9 when a person is lying to you. Like many methods, this conversation method has a name. It is called Controlled Cognitive Engagement or CCE, for short. The British government partly 10 this study. The American Psychological Association published the findings. Body language cannot be trusted. Using body language and facial expressions to catch someone in a lie is really hard. And it only works, 11 , by chance. Thomas Ormerod is the head of the School of Psychology at the University of Sussex in England. On the APA website, he reported that the “suspicious‑signs method” — or using body language — “almost completely 12 ” in finding lies. In the conversational CCE method, security agents just talk with passengers. They ask about informal things as you would in a(n) 13 conversation. While talking, the agents might ask questions about topics that are apparently 14 . Then the agent observes if the person becomes more 15 . They also observe whether their way of speaking changes. 1．A．calculating B．hunting C．identifying D．describing 2．A．appears B．pretends C．decides D．attempts 3．A．movement B．disorder C．impression D．explanation 4．A．hide B．disclose C．acknowledge D．accept 5．A．work B．put C．come D．pick 6．A．system B．programme C．investigation D．process 7．A．improved B．adopted C．inquired D．recommended 8．A．carrying B．attaching C．avoiding D．displaying 9．A．catch B．recognize C．guess D．explain 10．A．motivated B．released C．financed D．reviewed 11．A．totally B．seemingly C．heavily D．especially 12．A．fails B．works C．succeeds D．disappears 13．A．normal B．similar C．essential D．familiar 14．A．related B．shared C．unimagined D．unrelated 15．A．unpredicted B．unprecedented C．unsolved D．uninformed ( 1 / 9 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $