专题01 选择性必修第一册Unit 1 单元词汇短语句型梳理（期中知识清单）高二英语上学期沪外版

专题01 选择性必修第一册Unit 1 单元词汇短语句型梳理 知识点01 重点核心词汇 ※1．dishonour n. 不名誉、不光彩、丢脸；v. 使丧失名誉、使蒙羞 2．dignity n. 尊严、自尊、高贵 3．exhausted adj. 筋疲力尽的、疲惫不堪的；v. 使筋疲力尽、耗尽 4．sustainable adj. 可持续的、不破坏生态平衡的 ※5．frequently adv. 频繁地、经常 6．trial n. 考验、试验、审讯、审判；v./n. try 尝试、努力、试验 ※7．compose v. 撰写；创作；组成 8．acquire v. 获得、习得、取得 9．experiment n. 实验、试验 10．compound n. 化合物；复合物 adj. 复合的、化合的 11．gather v. 采集、收集；聚集 12．defeat v. 击败、战胜；n. 失败、战败 ※13．process n. 做事方法、工艺流程、工序；过程 v. 加工、处理 14．press v.（被）压、挤、推、施加压力；n. 报刊杂志、印刷媒体 15．conduct n.（人的）行为、举止；v. 组织、安排、实施、执行 16．virtue n. 高尚的道德、正直的品性、德行、美德 17．profound adj. 知识渊博的、理解深刻的、深邃的、意义深远的 18．leap n./v. 跳跃、跳高；飞跃 ※19．persist v. 顽强地坚持、执着地做、持续存在 20．patriotic adj. 爱国的 知识点02 高频短语 1. be limited to sth 局限于某物 2. It occurs/happens that... 碰巧…… 3. illustrate one’s point 解释某人的观点 4. acquire a taste for poetry 喜欢上诗歌 ※5. be familiar with 熟悉…… 6. compose poetry 创作诗歌 ※7. be composed of… 由……组成 8. be delighted with... 对……很满意 9. patriotic feeling 爱国情感 10. learn... by heart 背诵；牢记 11. aid sb in sth 在某方面辅助某人 12. somehow got known 不知怎么的被流传开来 13. read...with great care 认真阅读 14. work until late at night 工作到很晚 15. experimental science 实验科学 16. no more than five 仅仅/只不过才五岁 17. take turns doing/to do... 轮流做某事 18. a sense of dignity 尊严感 19. a sense of achievement/guilt 成就感/罪恶感 20. lose face 丢脸 ※21. even though/if 即使 22. shame/dishonour sb 使……丢脸 23. suffer a cruel fate 遭受残酷的命运 24. suffer defeat 遭遇失败 25. suffer from a bad cold 得重感冒 26. defeat his opponents 战胜他的竞争对手 27. cease (使)停止，终止 28. be made of... 由……组成 29. as straight as... 像……一样直 30. be bent into a circle 背弯曲成一个圆 31. the bending process 弯曲过程 32. without fault 不会出错 33. spend the whole day in thought 花一整天思考 34. of less value 没有什么价值 35. in the distance 在远处；在远方 36. as though/as if 似乎，好像 ※37. make use of 利用 38. manage to get across 设法渡过；设法讲清楚 39. pile up 堆积起来 40. rise up 上升，起飞 41. good deed 好的行为 ※42. consist in/lie in 在于；存在于 知识点03 重点句型 1. It was in the fields that I learned how to knock birds out of the sky with a slingshot. 正是在田野里，我学会了如何用弹弓把鸟从空中打下来。（强调句） 2. The fact that we worked on chemistry somehow got known at school. 我们学习化学这件事不知怎么在学校传开了。（同位语从句） 3. Since his childhood, Deng Jiaxian had been under the influence of his father. 自幼年起，邓稼先是深受其父亲的影响。（过去完成时） 4. I will be working for my country soon. 我很快就会为我的国家工作。（将来进行时） 5. Our motherland has been suffering from the Japanese attack for so long. 我们的祖国已经遭受日本侵略这么长时间了。（现在完成进行时） 知识点04 重点语法 一、过去完成时（高频必考） 1. 概念：表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”。 2. 基本构成：had + 过去分词 否定式：had not (hadn't) + 过去分词 疑问式：Had + 主语 + 过去分词？ 3. 核心用法 （1）过去某时间前已完成的动作，常搭配before, by the time, by then等时间状语； （2）从过去某时延续至过去另一时的动作/状态； （3）hope/plan/intend等动词用于过去完成时，表示“本打算做却未做”。 ※4. 必考固定句型 （1）This/It was the first/...time＋that sb. had done sth. 这是某人第几次做某事； （2）It was the＋最高级＋名词＋that sb. had done sth. 最……的经历； （3）hardly/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than... 一……就……（主句过去完成时，从句一般过去时）； （4）It had been＋一段时间＋since sb. had done sth. 自从……已多久。 二、现在完成进行时（高频易错） 1. 构成：have/has been + 现在分词 2. 用法：表示从过去开始持续到现在，仍可能继续的动作，侧重动作延续性，常搭配all day, for+时间段等。 ※3. 与现在完成时核心区别 现在完成时：侧重动作结果、次数； 现在完成进行时：侧重动作持续、过程，不与次数连用； 心理、喜好、拥有类静态动词不用于现在完成进行时。 三、将来进行时（中频考点） 1. 构成 肯定：主语+will/shall be doing 否定：主语+will/shall not be doing 疑问：Will/Shall+主语+be doing? 2. 核心用法 （1）将来某一时刻正在进行的动作； （2）按计划、安排即将发生的动作； （3）委婉礼貌地询问将来动作； （4）将来习惯性动作。 3. 与一般将来时区别：将来进行时单纯表将来动作，语气委婉；一般将来时可表主观意愿、打算。 考点 词类转换 （派生词）— 最高频 ※1. frequently adv. 频繁地；经常 → frequent adj. 频繁的 → frequency n. 频率；发生率 2. recite v. 背诵 → recitation n. 背诵；朗诵 3. trial n. 考验；审讯 → try v. 尝试；审理 4. educator n. 教育工作者 → educate v. 教育 → education n. 教育 → educational adj. 教育的 5. Polish adj. 波兰的 → Poland n. 波兰 ※6. poetry n. 诗歌（总称）→ poet n. 诗人 → poem n. （一首）诗 → poetic adj. 诗意的 7. compose v. 撰写；组成 → composition n. 作文；作品 → composer n. 作曲家 8. patriotic adj. 爱国的 → patriot n. 爱国者 → patriotism n. 爱国主义 ※9. acquire v. 获得；习得 → acquisition n. 获得；习得 10. willingly adv. 愿意地 → willing adj. 愿意的 → unwilling adj. 不愿意的（反义） 11. experiment n./v. 实验 → experimental adj. 实验性的 → experimentation n. 实验过程 12. gas n. 气体 → gaseous adj. 气态的 13. practically adv. 实际地；几乎 → practical adj. 实际的 → practice n. 实践；练习 14. gather v. 采集；聚集 → gathering n. 聚会；聚集 15. wire n. 电线 → wireless adj. 无线的 16. unruly adj. 难以控制的 → rule n. 规则 17. unseat v. 罢免；使摔下 → seat n. 座位 ※18. embarrass v. 使尴尬 → embarrassed adj. （人）感到尴尬的 → embarrassing adj. （物）令人尴尬的 → embarrassment n. 尴尬 19. dignity n. 尊严 → dignified adj. 有尊严的 20. suffer v. 遭受 → suffering n. 痛苦 → sufferer n. 患者；受苦者 辨析01 persist /insist（坚持） 词 / 词语 用法 例句 persist persist in (doing) sth；侧重克服困难坚持行动 He persisted in carrying out the experiment. insist insist on (doing) sth /insist that 从句；坚持观点 / 主张 He insisted that he was right. 记忆：persist 坚持做，insist 坚持说；persist in 行动，insist on 主张。 辨析 02 defeat /beat/win（赢；击败） 词 / 词语 用法 例句 defeat 宾语是人 / 对手 / 军队，正式，可作名词 He defeated his opponents in the trial. beat 宾语是人 / 队伍；还有 “敲打” 含义 We beat their team in the competition. win 宾语是奖品、比赛、战争；不能接人 He won the first prize in the contest. 记忆：beat/defeat 打败人，win 赢得奖 / 赛事。 辨析 03 be familiar with /be familiar to（熟悉） 词 / 词语 用法 例句 be familiar with 主语是人，人熟悉某物 He is familiar with this chemical process. be familiar to 主语是事物，某物为人所熟知 The poem is familiar to all students. 记忆：人 + be familiar with + 物；物 + be familiar to + 人。 辨析 04 suffer /suffer from（遭受） 词 / 词语 用法 例句 suffer 直接接宾语：灾难、失败、损失，不加 from They suffered a heavy defeat. suffer from 后接疾病、长期困扰，from 不可省略 He suffers from poor eyesight. 记忆：suffer 直接接灾难；suffer from 长期病痛。 辨析 05 be composed of /consist of（由… 组成） 词 / 词语 用法 例句 be composed of 被动结构，整体由部分构成 The mixture is composed of three materials. consist of 无被动语态，=be composed of The team consists of five students. 记忆：be composed of 用被动；consist of 无被动，含义相同。 辨析 06 过去完成时 / 现在完成进行时 词 / 词语 用法 例句 过去完成时 had done 过去的过去；以另一个过去动作为参照 He had acquired knowledge before he did the experiment. 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 过去持续到现在，动作仍可能继续 He has been doing research for ten years. 记忆：过去完成时，过去的过去；现完进行时，持续到现在还继续。 辨析 07 强调句 VS 同位语从句 词 / 词语 用法 例句 强调句 It was…that… 去掉 It was…that 句子依然完整 It was persistence that helped him succeed. 同位语从句 fact/truth + that that 不做成分，解释前面名词内容 The fact that he succeeded surprised us. 记忆：强调句去掉框架句子完整；同位语从句解释名词内容。 题型 考查内容 示例 建议题量 / 难度 单词拼写 词汇拼写 + 词义 根据汉语 / 首字母写出：exhausted；persist；patriotic 10 题 / ★ 单句语法填空 词形变化 + 搭配 He persisted ____ carrying out the experiment.（in） 10 题 / ★ 完成句子 句型运用 他坚持认为自己是对的：He insisted that ____.（he was right） 8 题 / ★★ 选词填空（方框选词） 词义辨析 + 词形变化 从方框选：persist, insist, defeat, familiarHe is ____ with this chemical process.（familiar） 8 题 / ★★ 单句改错 固定搭配、时态、形近词、从句错误 He joined in the club last year.（去掉 in） 8 题 / ★★ 句子翻译（汉译英） 短语、时态、高级句型 尽管筋疲力尽，他仍然继续做实验。（Even though he was exhausted, he kept doing the experiment.） 6 题 / ★★★ 1.阅读理解 审题要点 解题策略 高频失分坑 ①划题干关键词：人名、数字、名词、特殊疑问词；分清细节 / 推断 / 词义 / 主旨四类题 ①细节题：题干关键词回原文定位，找同义替换，原句照搬多是干扰项 ①信息定位偏差：找到近似句子就选，未核对完整逻辑 ②看清限定词：not /except/according to /in the author's opinion ②推断题：不选原文直接陈述句，要基于文本合理推（本单元常考 persistent /patriotic/virtuous 品质） ②偷换概念：时态、对象被换（把过去说成现在） ③出现单元主题词 dignity /persist/acquire /sustainable/process 时优先回文定位 ③词义题：用同位语、定语从句、转折 but/however、举例 for example；注意熟词生义（process n. 过程→v. 加工；conduct v. 实施→n. 行为） ③忽略否定词 not/except，选反了答案 2.七选五 审题要点 解题策略 高频失分坑 ①通读全文，把握主题（学习 / 科学 / 人物故事 / 观点说理） ①词汇复现：原词、同义词、同范畴词（acquire /persist/virtue /patriotic） ①只看局部句子匹配，忽略整段逻辑 ②观察空格位置：段首（主旨）/ 段中（细节）/ 段尾（总结・过渡） ②看逻辑信号词：however/although 转折，therefore/so 因果，for instance 举例，besides 递进 ②代词无指代：it /they/this 在前文找不到对象就选 ③标记选项代词，确认前后有指代对象 ③段首空读全段提炼中心；段尾空承接上文并引出下文 ③选项内容对，但与本段话题无关 3.完形填空 审题要点 解题策略 高频失分坑 ①先跳过空通读全文，把握主线（人物经历 / 科学实验 / 学习感悟） ①优先抓上下文线索：答案常在前后 1–2 句，不在本句 ①只看单句翻译选答案，忽略上下文 ②兼顾词义、搭配、情感色彩、上下文线索，不孤立做空 ②固定搭配优先：be composed of /be familiar with /persist in /suffer from /make use of ②易混词混淆：persist 坚持 vs insist 坚决主张；defeat vs beat vs win ③关注单元易混词：join/join in/take part in；anxious/curious ③辨褒贬、辨动宾逻辑 ③固定搭配误用：介词选错（compose of 写成 compose from） ④时态视角：过去完成时判断动作先后 ④时态未辨 “过去的过去”，动词形式出错 4.长难句分析 识别标志（审题） 拆分步骤（解题） 高频失分坑 强调句：It is/was…that/who，去掉后句子完整 ①划谓语，找主句谓语 ①混淆同位语从句与定语从句 同位语从句：抽象名词 fact/the truth + that（that 不作成分，解释名词内容） ②剥离从句：定语、同位语、状语从句 ②翻译颠倒动作先后（过去完成时动作先于另一过去动作） 时态标志：by the time /since/for + 时间段 ③识别特殊句型：It was the first time that sb had done；hardly…when… ③强调句 that 误换 which 5.避坑清单 失分类型 典型问题 答题指导 拼写错误 frequently、patriotic、acquire、embarrassed 等核心词拼错 写完回看，重点检查单元※高频词 时态错误 过去完成时 / 现在完成进行时混淆，不看动作先后 出现两个过去动作想是否用 had done；持续到现在的动作用 have/has been doing 固定搭配误用 be composed of、suffer from、persist in 介词错 单元短语介词单独记忆，语法填空 / 写作优先核对 信息定位偏差 阅读、完形凭感觉，不回原文找证据 客观题答案必须有原文依据，拒绝主观脑补 【题型一】单句语法填空 1．He (explore) more possibilities for a changing world in the coming years. 2．All the delicate artifacts (damage) severely by the collapse of the ancient tomb during the excavation process, and the archaeological team had no choice but to suspend their work temporarily. 3．He hurried home late at night, never once looking back to see if he (follow). 4．The famous musician, together with his band members, (interview) by the reporter when the power went out. 5．A huge Christmas tree (decorate) with mini cars before we got to the hall. 6．The researchers took recordings from across 43 sites in the Ecuadorian Rainforest (厄瓜多尔雨林). Some sites were relatively primitive, old-growth forests. Others were areas that (clear) for pasture (牧场) already. 7．This genetic influence (observe) in between 34 per cent for frequency of garden visits and 44 per cent for public nature space visits, they said. 8．My mobile phone (repair) when you called me yesterday.   9．By the end of last year, 2,000 cars (produce) by the company. 10．All the tasks (complete) by the time we got there. 【答案】1.will explore 2.were damaged/had been damaged 3.was being followed 4.was being interviewed 5.had been decorated 6.had been cleared 7.was observed/had been observed 8.was being repaired 9.had been produced 10.had been completed 【题型二】翻译句子 1．在现代信息社会中，许多人深陷于处理无尽的数据中，往往忽略了更深层次的思考。（bury） _________________________________________________________________________________ 2．这代科学家为了探索真理倾其一生。(dedicate) _________________________________________________________________________________ 3．随着人工智能技术飞速迭代，各类企业必须持续更新理念与技能，才能在激烈的竞争中立于不败之地。（update） _________________________________________________________________________________ 4．显然，知道灾害发生的可能性比50年前增加了多少倍可促使新的公共卫生政策出台。(how) _________________________________________________________________________________ 5．有抱负，有决心，他一直在突破现在可能性的极限，无论做运动还是探索新地方。(push) _________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】1．In the modern society of information, many people are buried in processing endless data, often neglecting deeper thinking. 2．This generation of scientists dedicates their lives to exploring the truth. 3．With the rapid iteration of AI technology, various enterprises must continuously update their concepts and skills in order to stay ahead in the fierce competition. 4．It’s obvious that knowing how much more likely a disaster is going to happen than it was 50 years ago can help with the release of the new public health policy. 5．Ambitious and determined, he is always pushing the limits of what is possible now, whether doing sports or exploring new places. 【题型三】语法填空 Venture capitalists need to be ruthless about their relationships. Even in a world of algorithmic trading and automated credit scoring, good financial decisions still depend on judgment. Choosing 1 to invest alongside is particularly important in the uncertain world of venture capital, 2 many deals are syndicated, in order to share risk and information. Investors clearly prefer partners with whom they have something in common. People who have worked at the same company are over 60% more likely to co‑invest than those who have not. Investors who belong to the same ethnic minority, 3 studied at the same university, are around 20% more likely to pair up. The bias towards co‑investors on measures of ability is weaker: investors 4 degrees from the best universities are just 9% more likely to get together. Rapport (和睦关系) is a poor basis for selecting partners. The authors examine investors’ record at exiting investments through an initial public offering (IPO). An IPO is the holy grail (圣杯，最高追求) for many start‑ups, 5 the odds of success are 22% lower if a co‑investing pair are alumni of the same university, and 18% lower if they share a past employer. By 6 ethnicity has no effect on investment success. In a pair, it is a different story. Co‑investors from the same ethnic minority are 25% 7 (likely) to bring a portfolio company to an IPO (and the odds are still lower if the partners are East Asian). The data suggest that the poorer results of similar investors stem less from selecting bad companies, more from bad decisions taken together after the initial investment. It may be that a diversity of views helps investors to make better calls. Partnerships based on ability, not similarity, tend to do better. If one investor of a pair has a degree from a leading university, this adds 9% to the possibility of their selected firms 8 (reach) an IPO; if the second does too, that adds a further 11%. Of course, such investors still have to find each other. Research led by Alexander Ljungqvist of New York University’s Stern School of Business 9 (show) that Venture Capitalists’ firms in influential network positions perform better, as they have more opportunities to take part in syndications (企业联合组织). The moral seems to be 10 investors should make friends easily, but not invest for friendship’s sake alone. 【答案】1．whom 2．where 3．or 4．with 5．but 6．itself 7．less likely 8．reaching 9．has shown 10．that 【导语】本文主要介绍了一项关于风险投资领域选择共同投资者的研究，指出基于种族、校友、前雇主等相似性选择合作伙伴往往导致更差的投资退出结果，而基于能力和网络位置的合作更可能成功，寓意投资者应广交朋友但不应仅为友谊而投资。 【详解】1．考查疑问词。句意：选择与谁共同投资是尤为重要的，在风险投资这个充满不确定性的领域里，许多交易都是联合进行的，为了分担风险和共享信息。根据空格前的动名词Choosing和空格后的动词不定式to invest alongside可知，此处要用“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作Choosing的宾语；根据“invest alongside(与……共同投资)”可知，对象是人，所填词表示“谁”；所填词在该结构中作介词alongside的宾语，用who的宾格形式whom。 2．考查定语从句。句意：选择与谁共同投资是尤为重要的，在风险投资这个充满不确定性的领域里，许多交易都是联合进行的，为了分担风险和共享信息。________ many deals are syndicated是关系词引导的非限制性定语从句修饰地点名词the uncertain world of venture capital，关系词在该从句中作地点状语，要填关系副词where。 3．考查连词。句意：属于同一少数族裔或曾在同一所大学就读的投资者，合作的可能性要高出约20%。所填词连接who引导的定语从句中的两个并列谓语belong to the same ethnic minority与studied at the same university，所填词为并列连词，体现选择关系；连词or表示“或者”，符合题干要求。 4．考查介词。句意：对能力指标方面的共同投资者偏好较弱：拥有顶尖大学学位的投资者合作的可能性仅高出9%。_______ degrees from the best universities作后置定语修饰名词investors，要填表示“拥有、带有”的介词with。 5．考查连词。句意：首次公开募股（IPO）是许多初创公司的最高追求，但如果共同投资的两人是同一所大学的校友，成功的几率要低22%；如果他们曾是同一雇主的员工，成功几率低18%。An IPO is the holy grail (圣杯，最高追求) for many start‑ups和the odds of success are 22% lower存在语义上的转折关系，要用表示转折的连词but。 6．考查反身代词。句意：就其本身而言，种族对投资成功没有影响。by oneself是固定搭配，表示“就其本身而言”，所填词为反身代词，指代表示事物的单数名词ethnicity，要变为itself。 7．考查形容词比较级。句意：来自同一少数族裔的共同投资者将投资组合公司推向IPO的可能性要低25%（如果合作伙伴是东亚人，几率仍然更低）。括号内所给词likely是形容词，根据前文中的“22% lower”、“18% lower”以及后文括号中的“the odds are still lower”可知，所填词应含有“可能性更低”之意；likely的比较级表否定方向时用less likely，表示“更不可能的”，符合句意。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：如果一对投资者中有一人拥有顶尖大学的学位，这会使他们所选公司实现IPO的可能性增加9%；如果第二人也拥有，会再增加11%。根据空格前的介词of可知，其后需要接名词性成分作宾语；根据their selected firms与reach 之间为主动关系，即公司主动实现IPO，此处要填reach的动名词reaching，构成动名词的复合结构作of的宾语。 9．考查动词时态与主谓一致。句意：纽约大学斯特恩商学院的Alexander Ljungqvist领导的研究表明，处于有影响力网络位置的风险投资公司表现更好，因为它们有更多机会参与联合投资。所填词作谓语，主语Research作不可数名词，和提示词show之间是主动关系；其后的宾语从句that Venture Capitalists’ firms in influential network positions perform better用了一般现在时，说明该研究结论至今有效，即过去的研究动作对现在有影响，要用现在完成时has shown。 10．考查表语从句。句意：寓意似乎是：投资者应该广交朋友，但不应仅为友谊而投资。_________ investors should make friends easily, but not invest for friendship’s sake alone是表语从句，作be动词的表语；该从句语义完整，且不缺成分，that引导表语从句时满足这两个要求。 ( 1 / 13 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题01 选择性必修第一册Unit 1 单元词汇短语句型梳理 知识点01 重点核心词汇 ※1．dishonour n. _______________ ; v. _______________ 2．dignity n. _______________ 3．exhausted adj. _______________ ; v. _______________ 4．sustainable adj. _______________ ※5．frequently adv. _______________ 6．trial n. _______________ ; v./n. try _______________ ※7．compose v. _______________ 8．acquire v. _______________ 9．experiment n. _______________ 10．compound n. _______________ ; adj. _______________ 11．gather v. _______________ 12．defeat v. _______________ ; n. _______________ ※13．process n. _______________ 14．press v. _______________ ; n. _______________ 15．conduct n. _______________ ; v. _______________ 16．virtue n. _______________ 17．profound adj. _______________ 18．leap n./v. _______________ ※19．persist v. _______________ 20．patriotic adj. _______________ 知识点02 高频短语 1. ________________ 局限于某物 2. ________________ 碰巧…… 3. ________________ 解释某人的观点 4. ________________ 喜欢上诗歌 ※5. ________________ 熟悉…… 6. ________________ 创作诗歌 ※7. ________________ 由……组成 8. ________________ 对……很满意 9. ________________ 爱国情感 10. ________________ 背诵；牢记 11. ________________ 在某方面辅助某人 12. ________________ 不知怎么的被流传开来 13. ________________ 认真阅读 14. ________________ 工作到很晚 15. ________________ 实验科学 16. ________________ 仅仅/只不过才五岁 17. ________________ 轮流做某事 18. ________________ 尊严感 19. ________________ 成就感/罪恶感 20. ________________ 丢脸 ※21. ________________ 即使 22. ________________ 使……丢脸 23. ________________ 遭受残酷的命运 24. ________________ 遭遇失败 25. ________________ 得重感冒 26. ________________ 战胜他的竞争对手 27. ________________ (使)停止，终止 28. ________________ 由……组成 29. ________________ 像……一样直 30. ________________ 背弯曲成一个圆 31. ________________ 弯曲过程 32. ________________ 不会出错 33. ________________ 花一整天思考 34. ________________ 没有什么价值 35. ________________ 在远处；在远方 36. ________________ 似乎，好像 ※37. ________________ 利用 38. ________________ 设法渡过；设法讲清楚 39. ________________ 堆积起来 40. ________________ 上升，起飞 41. ________________ 好的行为 ※42. ________________ 在于；存在于 知识点03 重点句型 1. _______________ in the fields that I learned how to knock birds out of the sky with a slingshot. 正是在田野里，我学会了如何用弹弓把鸟从空中打下来。（强调句） 2. The fact that we worked on chemistry _______________ at school. 我们学习化学这件事不知怎么在学校传开了。（同位语从句） 3. _______________, Deng Jiaxian had been under the influence of his father. 自幼年起，邓稼先是深受其父亲的影响。（过去完成时） 4. I _______________ my country soon. 我很快就会为我的国家工作。（将来进行时） 5. Our motherland _______________ the Japanese attack for so long. 我们的祖国已经遭受日本侵略这么长时间了。（现在完成进行时） 知识点04 重点语法 一、过去完成时（高频必考） 1. 概念：表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”。 2. 基本构成：had + 过去分词 否定式：had not (hadn't) + 过去分词 疑问式：Had + 主语 + 过去分词？ 3. 核心用法 （1）过去某时间前已完成的动作，常搭配before, by the time, by then等时间状语； （2）从过去某时延续至过去另一时的动作/状态； （3）hope/plan/intend等动词用于过去完成时，表示“本打算做却未做”。 ※4. 必考固定句型 （1）This/It was the first/...time＋that sb. had done sth. 这是某人第几次做某事； （2）It was the＋最高级＋名词＋that sb. had done sth. 最……的经历； （3）hardly/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than... 一……就……（主句过去完成时，从句一般过去时）； （4）It had been＋一段时间＋since sb. had done sth. 自从……已多久。 二、现在完成进行时（高频易错） 1. 构成：have/has been + 现在分词 2. 用法：表示从过去开始持续到现在，仍可能继续的动作，侧重动作延续性，常搭配all day, for+时间段等。 ※3. 与现在完成时核心区别 现在完成时：侧重动作结果、次数； 现在完成进行时：侧重动作持续、过程，不与次数连用； 心理、喜好、拥有类静态动词不用于现在完成进行时。 三、将来进行时（中频考点） 1. 构成 肯定：主语+will/shall be doing 否定：主语+will/shall not be doing 疑问：Will/Shall+主语+be doing? 2. 核心用法 （1）将来某一时刻正在进行的动作； （2）按计划、安排即将发生的动作； （3）委婉礼貌地询问将来动作； （4）将来习惯性动作。 3. 与一般将来时区别：将来进行时单纯表将来动作，语气委婉；一般将来时可表主观意愿、打算。 考点 词类转换 （派生词）— 最高频 ※1. _______________ adv. 频繁地；经常 → _______________ adj. 频繁的 → _______________ n. 频率；发生率 2. _______________ v. 背诵 → _______________ n. 背诵；朗诵 3. _______________ n. 考验；审讯 → _______________ v. 尝试；审理 4. _______________ n. 教育工作者 → _______________ v. 教育 → _______________ n. 教育 → _______________ adj. 教育的 5. _______________ adj. 波兰的 → _______________ n. 波兰 ※6. _______________ n. 诗歌（总称）→ _______________ n. 诗人 → _______________ n. （一首）诗 → _______________ adj. 诗意的 7. _______________ v. 撰写；组成 → _______________ n. 作文；作品 → _______________ n. 作曲家 8. _______________ adj. 爱国的 → _______________ n. 爱国者 → _______________ n. 爱国主义 ※9. _______________ v. 获得；习得 → _______________ n. 获得；习得 10. _______________ adv. 愿意地 → _______________ adj. 愿意的 → _______________ adj. 不愿意的（反义） 11. _______________ n./v. 实验 → _______________ adj. 实验性的 → _______________ n. 实验过程 12. _______________ n. 气体 → _______________ adj. 气态的 13. _______________ adv. 实际地；几乎 → _______________ adj. 实际的 → _______________ n. 实践；练习 14. _______________ v. 采集；聚集 → _______________ n. 聚会；聚集 15. _______________ n. 电线 → _______________ adj. 无线的 16. _______________ adj. 难以控制的 → _______________ n. 规则 17. _______________ v. 罢免；使摔下 → _______________ n. 座位 ※18. _______________ v. 使尴尬 → _______________ adj. （人）感到尴尬的 → _______________ adj. （物）令人尴尬的 → _______________ n. 尴尬 19. _______________ n. 尊严 → _______________ adj. 有尊严的 20. _______________ v. 遭受 → _______________ n. 痛苦 → _______________ n. 患者；受苦者 辨析01 persist /insist（坚持） 词 / 词语 用法 例句 persist persist in (doing) sth；侧重克服困难坚持行动 He persisted in carrying out the experiment. insist insist on (doing) sth /insist that 从句；坚持观点 / 主张 He insisted that he was right. 记忆：persist 坚持做，insist 坚持说；persist in 行动，insist on 主张。 辨析 02 defeat /beat/win（赢；击败） 词 / 词语 用法 例句 defeat 宾语是人 / 对手 / 军队，正式，可作名词 He defeated his opponents in the trial. beat 宾语是人 / 队伍；还有 “敲打” 含义 We beat their team in the competition. win 宾语是奖品、比赛、战争；不能接人 He won the first prize in the contest. 记忆：beat/defeat 打败人，win 赢得奖 / 赛事。 辨析 03 be familiar with /be familiar to（熟悉） 词 / 词语 用法 例句 be familiar with 主语是人，人熟悉某物 He is familiar with this chemical process. be familiar to 主语是事物，某物为人所熟知 The poem is familiar to all students. 记忆：人 + be familiar with + 物；物 + be familiar to + 人。 辨析 04 suffer /suffer from（遭受） 词 / 词语 用法 例句 suffer 直接接宾语：灾难、失败、损失，不加 from They suffered a heavy defeat. suffer from 后接疾病、长期困扰，from 不可省略 He suffers from poor eyesight. 记忆：suffer 直接接灾难；suffer from 长期病痛。 辨析 05 be composed of /consist of（由… 组成） 词 / 词语 用法 例句 be composed of 被动结构，整体由部分构成 The mixture is composed of three materials. consist of 无被动语态，=be composed of The team consists of five students. 记忆：be composed of 用被动；consist of 无被动，含义相同。 辨析 06 过去完成时 / 现在完成进行时 词 / 词语 用法 例句 过去完成时 had done 过去的过去；以另一个过去动作为参照 He had acquired knowledge before he did the experiment. 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 过去持续到现在，动作仍可能继续 He has been doing research for ten years. 记忆：过去完成时，过去的过去；现完进行时，持续到现在还继续。 辨析 07 强调句 VS 同位语从句 词 / 词语 用法 例句 强调句 It was…that… 去掉 It was…that 句子依然完整 It was persistence that helped him succeed. 同位语从句 fact/truth + that that 不做成分，解释前面名词内容 The fact that he succeeded surprised us. 记忆：强调句去掉框架句子完整；同位语从句解释名词内容。 题型 考查内容 示例 建议题量 / 难度 单词拼写 词汇拼写 + 词义 根据汉语 / 首字母写出：exhausted；persist；patriotic 10 题 / ★ 单句语法填空 词形变化 + 搭配 He persisted ____ carrying out the experiment.（in） 10 题 / ★ 完成句子 句型运用 他坚持认为自己是对的：He insisted that ____.（he was right） 8 题 / ★★ 选词填空（方框选词） 词义辨析 + 词形变化 从方框选：persist, insist, defeat, familiarHe is ____ with this chemical process.（familiar） 8 题 / ★★ 单句改错 固定搭配、时态、形近词、从句错误 He joined in the club last year.（去掉 in） 8 题 / ★★ 句子翻译（汉译英） 短语、时态、高级句型 尽管筋疲力尽，他仍然继续做实验。（Even though he was exhausted, he kept doing the experiment.） 6 题 / ★★★ 1.阅读理解 审题要点 解题策略 高频失分坑 ①划题干关键词：人名、数字、名词、特殊疑问词；分清细节 / 推断 / 词义 / 主旨四类题 ①细节题：题干关键词回原文定位，找同义替换，原句照搬多是干扰项 ①信息定位偏差：找到近似句子就选，未核对完整逻辑 ②看清限定词：not /except/according to /in the author's opinion ②推断题：不选原文直接陈述句，要基于文本合理推（本单元常考 persistent /patriotic/virtuous 品质） ②偷换概念：时态、对象被换（把过去说成现在） ③出现单元主题词 dignity /persist/acquire /sustainable/process 时优先回文定位 ③词义题：用同位语、定语从句、转折 but/however、举例 for example；注意熟词生义（process n. 过程→v. 加工；conduct v. 实施→n. 行为） ③忽略否定词 not/except，选反了答案 2.七选五 审题要点 解题策略 高频失分坑 ①通读全文，把握主题（学习 / 科学 / 人物故事 / 观点说理） ①词汇复现：原词、同义词、同范畴词（acquire /persist/virtue /patriotic） ①只看局部句子匹配，忽略整段逻辑 ②观察空格位置：段首（主旨）/ 段中（细节）/ 段尾（总结・过渡） ②看逻辑信号词：however/although 转折，therefore/so 因果，for instance 举例，besides 递进 ②代词无指代：it /they/this 在前文找不到对象就选 ③标记选项代词，确认前后有指代对象 ③段首空读全段提炼中心；段尾空承接上文并引出下文 ③选项内容对，但与本段话题无关 3.完形填空 审题要点 解题策略 高频失分坑 ①先跳过空通读全文，把握主线（人物经历 / 科学实验 / 学习感悟） ①优先抓上下文线索：答案常在前后 1–2 句，不在本句 ①只看单句翻译选答案，忽略上下文 ②兼顾词义、搭配、情感色彩、上下文线索，不孤立做空 ②固定搭配优先：be composed of /be familiar with /persist in /suffer from /make use of ②易混词混淆：persist 坚持 vs insist 坚决主张；defeat vs beat vs win ③关注单元易混词：join/join in/take part in；anxious/curious ③辨褒贬、辨动宾逻辑 ③固定搭配误用：介词选错（compose of 写成 compose from） ④时态视角：过去完成时判断动作先后 ④时态未辨 “过去的过去”，动词形式出错 4.长难句分析 识别标志（审题） 拆分步骤（解题） 高频失分坑 强调句：It is/was…that/who，去掉后句子完整 ①划谓语，找主句谓语 ①混淆同位语从句与定语从句 同位语从句：抽象名词 fact/the truth + that（that 不作成分，解释名词内容） ②剥离从句：定语、同位语、状语从句 ②翻译颠倒动作先后（过去完成时动作先于另一过去动作） 时态标志：by the time /since/for + 时间段 ③识别特殊句型：It was the first time that sb had done；hardly…when… ③强调句 that 误换 which 5.避坑清单 失分类型 典型问题 答题指导 拼写错误 frequently、patriotic、acquire、embarrassed 等核心词拼错 写完回看，重点检查单元※高频词 时态错误 过去完成时 / 现在完成进行时混淆，不看动作先后 出现两个过去动作想是否用 had done；持续到现在的动作用 have/has been doing 固定搭配误用 be composed of、suffer from、persist in 介词错 单元短语介词单独记忆，语法填空 / 写作优先核对 信息定位偏差 阅读、完形凭感觉，不回原文找证据 客观题答案必须有原文依据，拒绝主观脑补 【题型一】单句语法填空 1．He (explore) more possibilities for a changing world in the coming years. 2．All the delicate artifacts (damage) severely by the collapse of the ancient tomb during the excavation process, and the archaeological team had no choice but to suspend their work temporarily. 3．He hurried home late at night, never once looking back to see if he (follow). 4．The famous musician, together with his band members, (interview) by the reporter when the power went out. 5．A huge Christmas tree (decorate) with mini cars before we got to the hall. 6．The researchers took recordings from across 43 sites in the Ecuadorian Rainforest (厄瓜多尔雨林). Some sites were relatively primitive, old-growth forests. Others were areas that (clear) for pasture (牧场) already. 7．This genetic influence (observe) in between 34 per cent for frequency of garden visits and 44 per cent for public nature space visits, they said. 8．My mobile phone (repair) when you called me yesterday.   9．By the end of last year, 2,000 cars (produce) by the company. 10．All the tasks (complete) by the time we got there. 【题型二】翻译句子 1．在现代信息社会中，许多人深陷于处理无尽的数据中，往往忽略了更深层次的思考。（bury） _________________________________________________________________________________ 2．这代科学家为了探索真理倾其一生。(dedicate) _________________________________________________________________________________ 3．随着人工智能技术飞速迭代，各类企业必须持续更新理念与技能，才能在激烈的竞争中立于不败之地。（update） _________________________________________________________________________________ 4．显然，知道灾害发生的可能性比50年前增加了多少倍可促使新的公共卫生政策出台。(how) _________________________________________________________________________________ 5．有抱负，有决心，他一直在突破现在可能性的极限，无论做运动还是探索新地方。(push) _________________________________________________________________________________ 【题型三】语法填空 Venture capitalists need to be ruthless about their relationships. Even in a world of algorithmic trading and automated credit scoring, good financial decisions still depend on judgment. Choosing 1 to invest alongside is particularly important in the uncertain world of venture capital, 2 many deals are syndicated, in order to share risk and information. Investors clearly prefer partners with whom they have something in common. People who have worked at the same company are over 60% more likely to co‑invest than those who have not. Investors who belong to the same ethnic minority, 3 studied at the same university, are around 20% more likely to pair up. The bias towards co‑investors on measures of ability is weaker: investors 4 degrees from the best universities are just 9% more likely to get together. Rapport (和睦关系) is a poor basis for selecting partners. The authors examine investors’ record at exiting investments through an initial public offering (IPO). An IPO is the holy grail (圣杯，最高追求) for many start‑ups, 5 the odds of success are 22% lower if a co‑investing pair are alumni of the same university, and 18% lower if they share a past employer. By 6 ethnicity has no effect on investment success. In a pair, it is a different story. Co‑investors from the same ethnic minority are 25% 7 (likely) to bring a portfolio company to an IPO (and the odds are still lower if the partners are East Asian). The data suggest that the poorer results of similar investors stem less from selecting bad companies, more from bad decisions taken together after the initial investment. It may be that a diversity of views helps investors to make better calls. Partnerships based on ability, not similarity, tend to do better. If one investor of a pair has a degree from a leading university, this adds 9% to the possibility of their selected firms 8 (reach) an IPO; if the second does too, that adds a further 11%. Of course, such investors still have to find each other. Research led by Alexander Ljungqvist of New York University’s Stern School of Business 9 (show) that Venture Capitalists’ firms in influential network positions perform better, as they have more opportunities to take part in syndications (企业联合组织). The moral seems to be 10 investors should make friends easily, but not invest for friendship’s sake alone. ( 1 / 12 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $