内容正文:
人教版必修第二册 Unit 3 The Internet 精品讲义·语法讲练
第33讲 过去分词作定语:被动义与完成义
学生版·课堂讲义 语法课·以“及物性”定被动与完成,词短前置、短语后置
新教材人教版必修二 Unit 3 The Internet | 2026 秋·高一(上) | 尖子班 |
[课时安排]120 分钟(2 课时连排)
目录
一、 本讲定位与学习目标 3
(一) 在非谓语体系中的位置 3
(二) 与谓语被动语态的界线:先分清“是不是非谓语” 3
(三) 学习目标(分层叙写) 3
(四) 课时安排(120 分钟) 4
二、 撞墙导入:过去分词一定表被动吗 4
(一) 两个短语,两种命运 4
(二) 底层判据:及物性 4
(三) 认知冲突:被动义与完成义常常同时存在 4
(四) 教材里的现成锚点 5
三、 核心精讲一:被动义与完成义(及物性判定) 5
(一) 第一类:及物动词过去分词表被动 5
(二) 第二类:不及物动词过去分词表完成 6
(三) 经典易混对照 6
(四) 双通道辨析:兼及物与不及物的动词 6
(五) 两类对比速记(当堂默写) 7
四、 核心精讲二:位置规则(前置与后置) 7
(一) 规则 7
(二) 更多示例 7
(三) 与定语从句互换(判定神器) 7
(四) 形容词化的过去分词(前置常客) 8
(五) 修饰不定代词的固定做法 8
五、 核心精讲三:四步法选过去分词 8
(一) 四步流程 8
(二) 完整示范 8
(三) 两步对照:同一名词,主被动一换形式就变 9
六、 随堂演练 9
七、 重点难点:being done 单列辨析 9
八、 高考怎么考:语法填空怎么考过去分词作定语 10
(一) 识别信号 10
(二) 命题的三个落点 10
(三) 与定语从句的换算题 10
(四) 命题最爱埋的三个雷(雷名给你,对策自己写) 10
(五) 一张表分清过去分词与现在分词作定语 10
九、 实战(讲后即练) 11
(一) A 组·选词填空(10 题,课堂完成,8 分钟) 11
(二) B 组·定语从句改写(5 组,课堂完成) 11
(三) C 组·语法填空语篇(10 空,课堂完成,10 分钟) 12
(四) D 组·诊断填空(3 句,课堂完成) 12
(五) E 组·语篇完形填空(15 空,课堂完成,15 分钟) 12
十、 分层练习 14
(一) 基础层(课堂完成) 14
(二) 中档层(课堂完成) 14
(三) 挑战层(课后选做,A 层必做) 14
十一、 写作应用:过去分词作定语让表达更老练 15
十二、 课堂小结 15
十三、 课后巩固(独立作业,30 分钟) 16
(一) 语法填空(10 空) 16
(二) 阅读理解(4 题) 16
(三) 应用文写作(1 篇) 17
1、 本讲定位与学习目标
(1) 在非谓语体系中的位置
过去分词是高中语法里“变形最多、辨义最细”的一类非谓语。句中已有谓语动词,剩下的动词就要“降格”成非谓语,再按成分决定用 to do、doing 还是 done。本讲聚焦其中的一个分支——过去分词作 ____。
作定语,过去分词要回答两个问题。请把这两问抄在草稿纸上,本讲所有题目都从这两问开始:
第一问:它修饰的那个名词,是动作的 ____ 者,还是 ____ 者?
第二问:这个动作发生在“过去/已发生”,还是 ____?
这两问想清楚,形式自然就定了。这也是整个非谓语体系里“过去分词”这一格的共同逻辑。
(2) 与谓语被动语态的界线:先分清“是不是非谓语”
学过去分词作定语,最容易被它“长得像谓语被动语态”迷惑。判定第一句永远是这一句:这个动词形式前面有没有 be,它在句子里是不是 谓语。
一条百试不爽的观察线:一个句子有且只有一个谓语(____ 谓语除外)。看到动词的过去式或过去分词,先数主干里是否已经有一个真正的谓语动词。
填一填:be done 是 ____,占据句子 ____;done 不带 be,只是名词旁的一个 ____ 成分。
把“有没有 be、是不是谓语”这条界线先立住,后面的被动义、完成义、位置规则才有着落。
(3) 学习目标(分层叙写)
A 层(冲刺):能凭“及物性”判定任意过去分词作定语属被动义还是完成义;能按“单个前置、短语后置”放对位置,并完成与定语从句的双向互换;能在语法填空语篇中准确还原括号动词的过去分词形式,20 题正确率不低于 ____。
B 层(达标):能区分及物与不及物动词的过去分词;能改正 fall leaves、writing by her 一类典型错误;能说出“名词是承受者还是发出者”的判断依据,正确率不低于 ____。
C 层(过关):能在提示下识别教材中的过去分词作定语,完成单个过去分词的 ____ 置填空。
(4) 课时安排(120 分钟)
课时
时长
本课时主要任务
我的完成度
第 1 课时
约 60 分钟
两类辨析导入;及物性判据精讲;位置规则精讲
____
第 2 课时
约 60 分钟
四步法精讲;随堂演练;高考命题视角;实战;分层练习与收尾
____
2、 撞墙导入:过去分词一定表被动吗
(1) 两个短语,两种命运
先不翻书,凭直觉判断下面两个短语是不是“被动”。写下你的判断和理由,讲完再回来改。
1. a used book(一本用过的书) 我的判断:____ 理由:_______
2. fallen leaves(落叶) 我的判断:____ 理由:_______
老师先剧透一句:这两个短语,命运完全不同。多数同学会一次写错一个——错的那一个,多半是第二个。
(2) 底层判据:及物性
为什么同样是过去分词,一个表被动、一个表完成?答案在动词的及物性——这个动词 能不能带宾语、动作 有没有承受者。
动手操作:能不能在这个过去分词后面加 by(说出“被谁”)?
the book written by her → 能加吗?____ → 取 ____ 义
fallen leaves → 能加吗?____ → 取 ____ 义
结论位:by 是 ____ 的试金石。
这个判据好使,是因为它把抽象的“及物性”落到了可以动手操作的句法上:及物动词有承受者,承受者能接在 by 后面;不及物动词没有承受者,一旦成为过去分词,只能表“自己发生过了”。
(3) 认知冲突:被动义与完成义常常同时存在
有同学学完两类后会纠结:a broken window 到底是“被”还是“完成”?先别二选一,写下你的想法。
我的判断:a broken window 属于 _______(可写“被动/完成/二者兼有”,并补一句理由)
两类过去分词的分界线只有一条:__________(提示:有没有承受者、能不能加 by)。
改错:There are many fall leaves on the ground. → 正确形式:There are many ____ leaves on the ground.
判定链(补全):leaves 是 fall 的 ____ 者 → fall 是 ____ 物动词 → 取 ____ 义 → 用过去分词 ____ → 单个词 ____ 置。
fall leaves 错在把 fall 当成了及物动词:既没体现“完成”,词形也没用对。
(4) 教材里的现成锚点
下面三句都出自本单元。请先逐句数谓语、判成分,再回答。
1 We can get the most updated information from large databases.
2 she found herself out of work and stuck at home ...
3 She was so inspired by the people she met online that ...
三句里只有一句是本讲的“过去分词作定语”。请圈出那一句:第 ____ 句。
另两句分别是什么?第 ② 句的 stuck 是 ____;第 ③ 句的 inspired 前面有 ____,是 ____。
[答案与解析]第 ____ 句是定语;第 ② 句 stuck 是 ____,补足 ____;第 ③ 句是 ____。
3、 核心精讲一:被动义与完成义(及物性判定)
(1) 第一类:及物动词过去分词表被动
被修饰的名词是动作的 ____ 者。这一类最硬的验证法:把它还原成被动定语从句。
验证法填空:a used book = a book that ____;the book written by her = the book that ____ by her。
教材与原级例句(先读一遍,再做题):the most updated information(教材)、a used book、a written report、a broken window、the book written by her、the song sung by the singer、a downloaded file。
即练(★☆☆) 判断下列短语取哪一类,并写下判据。
1. a broken window —— ____ 义;判据:能加 by 吗?____
2. a downloaded file —— ____ 义;判据:file 是 download 的 ____ 者
[答案与解析]1. ____。因为 _______。 2. ____。因为 _______。
(2) 第二类:不及物动词过去分词表完成
名词是动作的 ____ 者,只表“已经完成”,不表“被”。这一类是“过去分词表被动”这句口诀最大的盲区。
验证法填空:fallen leaves = leaves that ____;a retired teacher = a teacher who ____。
例句(先读再判):fallen leaves(落叶)、a retired teacher(退休教师)、the risen sun(升起的太阳)、a grown-up boy(长大的男孩)、the escaped prisoner(逃走的犯人)、a well-developed child(发育良好的孩子)。
即练(★★☆)
3. the risen sun —— ____ 义;sun 是 rise 的 ____ 者
4. the escaped prisoner —— ____ 义;能加 by 吗?____
[答案与解析]3. ____。因为 _______。 4. ____。因为 _______。
这一类过去分词前面绝加不出 by——动作本来就是它自己完成的。
(3) 经典易混对照
下面四格是“过去分词完成义 vs 现在分词进行义”的经典对照,考点常在这里设陷阱。请先填表,再看下面的提示。
短语
形态(-ed/-ing)
含义
时间特征
a developed country
____
____
已完成/已发生
a developing country
____
____
正在发生
boiled water
____
____
已完成/已发生
boiling water
____
____
正在发生
做题时先看时间标志词,再定形态,就不会在 developed/developing 上摔跟头。
(4) 双通道辨析:兼及物与不及物的动词
有些动词“一身两兼”,既可及物也可不及物。这时它作过去分词的含义,由具体语境里 有没有承受者 决定。
grow:a grown-up boy 中 grow 作 ____ 动词 → ____ 义;a grown crop(种植/使成长)中 grow 作 ____ 动词。
develop:a developed country 中,country 自己发展,develop 作 ____ 动词 → 取 ____ 义;well-developed 侧重“被充分发展”,此时 develop 作 ____ 动词。
把 a developed country 判成“被发展的国家”,错在没想清一件事:国家是自己发展起来的。先判有没有承受者,再定及物性。
(5) 两类对比速记(当堂默写)
及物看“____”(有承受者,可加 ____);不及物看“____”(自己发生)。
一个 ____ 定生死。
4、 核心精讲二:位置规则(前置与后置)
(1) 规则
单个过去分词作定语,放在名词 ____;过去分词短语作定语,放在名词 ____。
剩下的问题只有一个:判断“单个还是短语”。判据:看有没有 附加成分——带了 by her、last night 这类附加成分,就成了短语,必须后置。
即练(★☆☆) 给下面两组短语归类,填“前”或“后”。
1. a broken heart / an excited voice / a surprised look / a bored expression → ____ 置
2. the news reported on TV / the questions asked by the teacher / the lessons learned from the story → ____ 置
[答案与解析]1. ____。因为 _______。 2. ____。因为 _______。
(2) 更多示例
前置的过去分词常形容“人或物的状态/表情”;后置的多是带附加成分的动作短语。
一个易忽略的细节:单个过去分词若带了副词修饰(well、deeply、much),也可以前置,如 a well-known writer、a deeply moved audience。此时 well-known 已趋近一个固定的 ____ 词,前后置规则对它不构成约束。
(3) 与定语从句互换(判定神器)
互换规则:过去分词短语作定语,去掉关系代词与 ____,保留过去分词,短语后置;反过来还原成定语从句,就在分词前补上 ____ 与对应的 be。
自测:只有“____ 被动”和“____ 完成”两种情况能这样改写。
练:把 the window broken last night 还原成定语从句 → the window __________
[答案与解析]__________。还原后是否通顺?____
(4) 形容词化的过去分词(前置常客)
这一批词早已形容词化,作定语时天然前置,常表人的情感或状态:excited、surprised、frightened、tired、interested、bored。
辨析填空:exciting 表“____”(事物性质);excited 表“____”(人的感受)。
a boring lecture 指 _______;a bored student 指 _______。
这一对辨析是完形、语法填空的高频考点,值得在书上单独标一行。
(5) 修饰不定代词的固定做法
当过去分词短语修饰 something、anything、nothing、everything 等不定代词时,只能 ____ 置。
写作里别写成 useful something 这类错序——这是每年都有人栽的硬伤。
5、 核心精讲三:四步法选过去分词
(1) 四步流程
遇到“括号动词作定语”的填空,按四步走,形式不再靠猜:
第1步 找 ____:先看被修饰的名词是谁。
第2步 判 ____:名词是动作的发出者还是承受者?承受 → 及物 → ____ 义;发出(不及物)→ ____ 义。
第3步 定 ____:单个词前置,短语后置。
第4步 ____ 验证:还原成定语从句,通顺即对。
四步里最关键的是第 ____ 步,最容易被跳过的是第 ____ 步。先写“谁”,再谈“被还是完成”。
(2) 完整示范
The song ____ (sing) by the singer is moving.
[答案与解析]答案:____。
解析:第一步,逻辑主语是 ____;第二步,song 是 sing 的 ____ 者 → ____ 义 → ____;第三步,by the singer 是 ____ 成分 → ____ 置;第四步,还原成定语从句:__________,通顺/不通顺:____。
(3) 两步对照:同一名词,主被动一换形式就变
1. The boy ____ (call) Tom is my friend.
2. The boy ____ (cry) over there is my friend.
[答案与解析]1. ____。因为 _______。 2. ____。因为 _______。
看到“动词作定语”就一律填 done,是这一步最常见的翻车方式。
6、 随堂演练
下面五题,先写“名词是谁”,再定形式。第 ④ 题盯着时间词,做完别急着对答案。
1. We can get the most ____ (update) information from large databases.
2. ____ (fall) leaves cover the ground in autumn.
3. The man ____ (call) Tom is our new classmate.
4. The house ____ (build) now will be our new library.
5. Look at the ____ (rise) sun over the sea.
[答案与解析]1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____
我的归因:五题里我最没把握的是第 ____ 题,因为 _______。
7、 重点难点:being done 单列辨析
being done 是“进行时被动”的非谓语形式,表“正在被”,在语法填空里与 done 正面交锋。三者按时间维度分工:
形式
含义
常见时间信号词
举例(时间词)
done
已发生
yesterday/last week/already
____
being done
正在被
now/at present/at the moment
____
to be done
将来被
soon/next month/tomorrow
____
对照填空:
The building _______ now will be our new library.(正在被建)
The building _______ last year is our old classroom.(去年已建成)
[答案与解析]__________。判据:看动作是“正在进行中”还是“已经结束”,时间词一到立刻分明。
8、 高考怎么考:语法填空怎么考过去分词作定语
(1) 识别信号
当括号动词出现在“名词 ____、另一个谓语 ____”,且名词前面已经有冠词/代词(a、the、my 等),这个空多半是作 ____ 的非谓语。
另一类信号:括号动词紧贴名词 ____ 方,且名词已被冠词锁定,如 the (update) information,则作 ____ 置定语。
(2) 命题的三个落点
第一,及物被动作定语(最常考):the task (finish) → ____,名词是 ____ 者。
第二,不及物完成作定语(最易错):the (fall) leaves → ____,名词是 ____ 者。
第三,时间决定 being done/done:现在建 vs 去年建 → ____ / ____。
(3) 与定语从句的换算题
换算做法:去掉关系代词与 be,保留过去分词,短语 ____ 置;若从句是 have/has done(完成),则改为 ____ 置的单个过去分词。
做题提醒:语法填空里见到括号动词,永远先问“句子有没有 ____”。有谓语,才谈非谓语作定语;没谓语,这个空该填 ____。
(4) 命题最爱埋的三个雷(雷名给你,对策自己写)
雷一 动宾与主谓错位 → 我的对策:_______
雷二 时间词钓出 being done → 我的对策:_______
雷三 及物性伪装 → 我的对策:_______
(5) 一张表分清过去分词与现在分词作定语
形式
含义
决定因素
例句
过去分词 done
被动或完成
名词是承受者/动作已完成
a broken window、a broken vase
现在分词 doing
主动或进行
名词是发出者/动作正在进行
a falling leaf、a boiling kettle
做这类题只问两句话:名词是不是动作的 ____ 者?动作是不是 ____?
两问都“是”,用 ____;否则用 ____。
补充:副词+过去分词(well-behaved、badly-broken、newly-built)常作 ____ 置定语,写作里用对一处就是加分点;拆开写就是硬伤。
9、 实战(讲后即练)
(1) A 组·选词填空(10 题,课堂完成,8 分钟)
用所给动词的过去分词或正确形式填空。
1. We can get the most ____ (update) information from large databases.
2. ____ (fall) leaves cover the ground in autumn.
3. We bought a ____ (use) car last week.
4. The window ____ (break) last night was repaired this morning.
5. The ____ (retire) teachers were invited to the party.
6. The meeting ____ (hold) yesterday was a great success.
7. Look at the ____ (rise) sun over the sea.
8. The man ____ (call) Tom is our new classmate.
9. The problem ____ (discuss) at the meeting needs attention.
10. The bridge ____ (build) in 2000 is still strong.
[答案与解析]1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. ____ 9. ____ 10. ____
自查:第 2、5、7 题是不及物动词的完成义,名词都是发出者。错其中任一题,请回到第 ____ 节,重判 ____ 性。
(2) B 组·定语从句改写(5 组,课堂完成)
把下列定语从句改写为过去分词作定语。
1. the book that was written by her → the book ____ by her
2. the leaves that have fallen → the ____ leaves
3. a man who is called Tom → a man ____ Tom
4. the letter that was received yesterday → the letter ____ yesterday
5. the teacher who has retired → the ____ teacher
[答案与解析]1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____
归因:第 1、3、4 题属 ____ 义,去掉关系代词与 ____;第 2、5 题属 ____ 义,还原为 ____ 置的单个过去分词。
(3) C 组·语法填空语篇(10 空,课堂完成,10 分钟)
阅读下面短文,用所给动词的正确形式填空。
The Internet brings us the most 1. ____ (update) information. Many 2. ____ (interest) young people spend hours online. Yesterday I read an article 3. ____ (write) by a famous scientist. The problem 4. ____ (discuss) now on the forum is about online safety. Some 5. ____ (retire) teachers are learning to shop online. The apps 6. ____ (design) for education help us study better.
Look at the 7. ____ (fall) leaves outside—autumn is here. The bridge 8. ____ (build) last year is beautiful, while the one 9. ____ (build) now will be finished next month. With the problem 10. ____ (solve), we can enjoy a safe online world.
[答案与解析]1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. ____ 9. ____ 10. ____
自查:第 8 题与第 9 题只差一个时间词,判据是 _______。
(4) D 组·诊断填空(3 句,课堂完成)
下面三句各有一处词形或位置错误。先找出错处,再把正确形式填进句后的括号。
1. There are many fall leaves on the ground.(_______)
2. The book writing by her is very popular.(_______)
3. The house being built last year is very new.(_______)
[答案与解析]1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____
三处错对应三个考点:____ 义词形、____ 义词形、being done 的 ____ 限制。
(5) E 组·语篇完形填空(15 空,课堂完成,15 分钟)
阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Our town's old market closed in March. For three months the site stood empty, with 1. ____ leaves covering the ground where the stalls had been.
The new library that opens there in September was 2. ____ by a young architect from the next province. Her plan keeps the old stone wall, 3. ____ in 1938, and puts a glass roof over it. The model 4. ____ at the town hall last spring was liked by almost everyone who saw it.
Inside, there are more than twenty thousand books, many of them 5. ____ by local writers. A corner on the second floor is 6. ____ to children: every shelf there is placed low enough to reach. The reading room faces south, so the light 7. ____ through the glass roof stays soft all afternoon.
The builders finished the frame in June, and the rooms 8. ____ last month are now getting their shelves. Some furniture is 9. ____ from the old market—the long benches were cleaned and kept.
What surprised everyone was the garden. The trees 10. ____ along the north wall were planted by the builders themselves, and behind them a path 11. ____ with gravel leads to a quiet corner.
The librarian, a woman 12. ____ for her patience, has chosen the first hundred books already. She says a library is not a building 13. ____ with books. It is a place 14. ____ for people who have nowhere else to sit.
By the time the doors open, the whole town will have 15. ____ one thing: the market is gone, but the corner is still ours.
1. fallen B. falling C. falls D. fell
2. designing B. design C. designed D. designs
3. building B. built C. builds D. build
4. showing B. show C. shows D. shown
5. written B. writing C. wrote D. write
6. give B. gives C. given D. giving
7. come B. coming C. came D. comes
8. paint B. paints C. painting D. painted
9. keep B. keeps C. kept D. keeping
10. planted B. planting C. plants D. plant
11. cover B. covered C. covering D. covers
12. knowing B. know C. knows D. known
13. filled B. filling C. fills D. fill
14. mean B. means C. meaning D. meant
15. learn B. learned C. learning D. learns
[答案与解析]1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. ____ 9. ____ 10. ____ 11. ____ 12. ____ 13. ____ 14. ____ 15. ____
分档自检:1—5 空考 ____,6—10 空考 ____,11—15 空考 ____。我错得最多的一档是 _______。
10、 分层练习
(1) 基础层(课堂完成)
选位填空,注意该前置还是后置。
1. We drank some ____ (boil) water.
2. The students ____ (invite) to the party arrived early.
3. The ____ (develop) countries are making rapid progress.
4. Something ____ (mention) in the report surprised us.
5. The ____ (excite) audience cheered loudly.
[答案与解析]1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____
(2) 中档层(课堂完成)
being done 与过去分词辨析。
1. The house ____ (build) now will be our new classroom.
2. The house ____ (build) last year is very beautiful.
3. The problem ____ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday remains unsolved.
4. With the project ____ (carry) out, the plan is on schedule.
[答案与解析]1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____
这一组只有两个判据:时间词,与主被动。
(3) 挑战层(课后选做,A 层必做)
用过去分词改写下列复杂句,并标注所属类别(被动义/完成义)。先标名词角色,再定类别,最后放位置,顺序不能乱。
1. The songs that were written by the young singer are popular.
______________________
2. The old man who has retired teaches us calligraphy.
______________________
3. The news that was reported on CCTV spread quickly.
______________________
4. Many leaves that have fallen cover the path.
______________________
[答案与解析]1. _______(____ 义,____ 置) 2. _______(____ 义,____ 置) 3. _______(____ 义,____ 置) 4. _______(____ 义,____ 置)
11、 写作应用:过去分词作定语让表达更老练
作文里一句 The app used by millions of students is easy to use,比反复写定语从句更简洁、更有语言档位。写作替换的黄金口诀:一个定语从句能压缩成过去分词短语时,就 ____。
The book that was written by her → the book written by her
the students who are invited → the students invited
但要守住底线:压缩后句子是否依然 ____、表意是否依然 ____,是唯一的判断标准。太长或表意不清时,保留定语从句反而更稳妥。
课堂小练:把下面两句各压缩成含过去分词作定语的单句。
1. The computer that was bought last year works well.
______________________
2. Many students who are interested in AI join the club.
______________________
[答案与解析]1. __________ 2. __________
12、 课堂小结
三句话带走,够用一学期。先把三句话默写一遍,再看自己的笔记。
1. 及物看 ____、不及物看 ____——能不能加 ____,一试就知道。
2. 词短在 ____、短语靠 ____——带 by her、last night 的一律后置。
3. being done 表 ____,时间词里见分晓——now 和 last year 一换,答案就换。
我的笔记:本讲最该记住的三句话。
________________________
________________________
________________________
13、 课后巩固(独立作业,30 分钟)
(1) 语法填空(10 空)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Our school library has a large collection of 1. ____ (update) books, and the information 2. ____ (provide) by the online system is always helpful. Yesterday I read an article 3. ____ (write) by a famous author, which discussed the problems 4. ____ (face) by teenagers online. The suggestions 5. ____ (offer) in the article are practical.
Look at the 6. ____ (fall) leaves outside the window—autumn has come. The building 7. ____ (build) now beside the library will be a new reading room, while the one 8. ____ (build) in 2010 is still in use. Some 9. ____ (retire) teachers come to read here every afternoon, and with everything well 10. ____ (arrange), the library feels like a second home.
[答案与解析]1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. ____ 9. ____ 10. ____
(2) 阅读理解(4 题)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
The old market in our town closed in March, and for three months nobody knew what would happen to the corner. Two plans were put forward. One was to build a car park; the other was to build a library. The council chose the library, and the decision was not as obvious as it now sounds.
A car park would have brought in money every day. A library, everyone agreed, would bring in nothing at all. What turned the argument was a single question asked at a public meeting: how many people in this town have somewhere quiet to sit? The answer, it turned out, was fewer than anyone wanted to say out loud.
The building that opened in September keeps the old stone wall and puts a glass roof over it. Inside, twenty thousand books sit on shelves that were built low enough for children to reach. The librarian has already noticed something the council did not predict: people come in to sit, and then they take a book.
The car park would have been fuller. That is not the same as better.
1. What were the two plans for the old market site?
A. A school and a car park. B. A car park and a library. C. A library and a museum. D. A shop and a garden.
2. Why was the decision not as obvious as it sounds?
A. A library would bring in money every day. B. Nobody wanted a library in the town. C. A car park would have brought in money while a library would not. D. The council had no money to build anything.
3. What question changed the argument at the public meeting?
A. How much the library would cost. B. How many books the library would hold. C. How long the building would take. D. How many people had somewhere quiet to sit.
4. What has the librarian noticed since the library opened?
A. People come in to sit and then take a book. B. People prefer the car park. C. Nobody uses the children's shelves. D. The glass roof lets in too much light.
[答案与解析]1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____
定位痕:第 2 题我定位到的原句是 __________;第 4 题我定位到的原句是 __________。
(3) 应用文写作(1 篇)
假定你是李华,你校将举办“我身边的变化”主题英语征文。请你用英语写一篇短文,介绍一处你熟悉的地方发生了什么变化,并说明你的感受。
注意:1. 词数 80 左右;2. 可适当增加细节,使行文连贯。
我的作答区:
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
自查清单:本次写作我用了 ____ 处过去分词作定语,其中完成义 ____ 处、被动义 ____ 处;压缩后读起来最顺的一句是 __________。
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
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人教版必修第二册 Unit 3 The Internet 精品讲义语法讲练·尖子班教师版(2026秋·高一上)
第33讲 过去分词作定语:被动义与完成义
语法课·以“及物性”定被动与完成,词短前置、短语后置
[课时安排]120分钟(2课时连排)
目录
一、 本讲定位与学习目标 3
(一) 在非谓语体系中的位置 3
(二) 与谓语被动语态的界线:先分清"是不是非谓语" 3
(三) 学习目标(分层叙写) 3
(四) 课时安排(120 分钟) 4
二、 撞墙导入:过去分词一定表被动吗 4
(一) 两个短语,两种命运 4
(二) 底层判据:及物性 4
(三) 认知冲突:被动义与完成义常常同时存在 4
(四) 教材里的现成锚点 5
三、 核心精讲一:被动义与完成义(及物性判定) 5
(一) 第一类:及物动词过去分词表被动 5
(二) 第二类:不及物动词过去分词表完成 6
(三) 经典易混对照 6
(四) 双通道辨析:兼及物与不及物的动词 6
(五) 两类对比速记 6
四、 核心精讲二:位置规则(前置与后置) 7
(一) 规则 7
(二) 更多示例 7
(三) 与定语从句互换(判定神器) 7
(四) 形容词化的过去分词(前置常客) 7
(五) 修饰不定代词的固定做法 8
五、 核心精讲三:四步法选过去分词 8
(一) 四步流程 8
(二) 完整示范 8
(三) 两步对照:同一名词,主被动一换形式就变 9
六、 随堂演练 9
①②③⑤考及物性,④考时间词。四步法走一遍,五题都不会错。 9
七、 重点难点:being done 单列辨析 9
八、 高考怎么考:语法填空怎么考过去分词作定语 10
(一) 识别信号 10
(二) 命题的三个落点 10
(三) 与定语从句的换算题 10
(四) 命题最爱埋的三个雷 11
(五) 一张表分清过去分词与现在分词作定语 11
九、 实战(讲后即练) 11
(一) A 组·选词填空(10 题,课堂完成,8 分钟) 11
(二) B 组·定语从句改写(5 组,课堂完成) 12
(三) C 组·语法填空语篇(10 空,课堂完成,10 分钟) 12
(四) D 组·诊断填空(3 句,课堂完成) 13
(五) E 组·语篇完形填空(15 空,课堂完成,15 分钟) 13
十、 分层练习 15
(一) 基础层(课堂完成) 15
(二) 中档层(课堂完成) 15
(三) 挑战层(课后选做,A 层必做) 16
十一、 写作应用:过去分词作定语让表达更老练 16
十二、 课堂小结 17
十三、 课后巩固(独立作业,30 分钟) 17
(一) 语法填空(10 空) 17
(二) 阅读理解(4 题) 18
(三) 应用文写作(1 篇) 19
1、 本讲定位与学习目标
(1) 在非谓语体系中的位置
过去分词是高中语法里"变形最多、辨义最细"的一类非谓语。前两讲已经梳理过非谓语的整体框架:句中已有谓语动词,剩下的动词就要"降格"成非谓语,再按成分决定用 to do、doing 还是 done。
本讲聚焦其中的一个分支——过去分词作定语。它负责用最经济的方式,把一个带被动或完成含义的修饰成分,压进名词短语里。
作定语,过去分词要回答两个问题:一是它修饰的那个名词,是动作的承受者还是发出者;二是这个动作发生在"过去/已发生",而不是"正在进行"。
把这两个问题想清楚,形式自然就定了。这也是整个非谓语体系里"过去分词"这一格的共同逻辑,本讲是它的第一块基石。
(2) 与谓语被动语态的界线:先分清"是不是非谓语"
学过去分词作定语,最容易被它"长得像谓语被动语态"迷惑。be done 是谓语,占据句子主干;过去分词(done)不带 be,只是名词旁的一个修饰成分。
判定第一句永远是这样:这个动词形式前面有没有 be,它在句子里是不是谓语。
有一条百试不爽的观察线:一个句子有且只有一个谓语(并列谓语除外)。当你看到动词过去式或过去分词在句中出现,先数句子主干里是否已有一个真正的谓语动词。若是,多出来的这个 done 多半就是非谓语——作定语时它修饰名词,作状语时它修饰整个句子。
把"有没有 be、是不是谓语"这条界线先立住,后面的被动义、完成义、位置规则才有着落。
(3) 学习目标(分层叙写)
A 层(冲刺)能凭"及物性"判定任意过去分词作定语属被动义还是完成义;能按"单个前置、短语后置"放对位置,并完成与定语从句的双向互换;能在语法填空语篇中准确还原括号动词的过去分词形式,20 题正确率不低于 90%。
B 层(达标)能区分及物与不及物动词的过去分词;能改正 fall leaves、writing by her 一类典型错误;能说出"名词是承受者还是发出者"的判断依据,正确率不低于 80%。
C 层(过关)能在提示下识别教材中的过去分词作定语(updated),完成单个过去分词的前置填空。
(4) 课时安排(120 分钟)
第 1 课时 约 60 分钟 两类辨析导入;及物性判据精讲;位置规则精讲
第 2 课时 约 60 分钟 四步法精讲;随堂演练;高考命题视角;实战;分层练习与收尾
2、 撞墙导入:过去分词一定表被动吗
(1) 两个短语,两种命运
先不翻书,凭直觉判断下面两个短语是不是"被动":
1 a used book(一本用过的书)
2 fallen leaves(落叶)
多数同学的直觉反应是"两个都是被动"——因为老师讲过"过去分词表被动"。
可真相恰恰相反。① a used book 是被动,书是被用的,book 是 use 的承受者;② fallen leaves 不是被动,叶子是自己落下来的,leaves 是 fall 的发出者,它表的是"完成",不是"被"。
同一个词形,两个方向的含义。
这就是过去分词作定语的第一道分水岭:它的含义不是"被动"两个字能概括的,而是由动词的及物性说了算。
(2) 底层判据:及物性
为什么同样是过去分词,一个表被动、一个表完成?答案不在分词本身,而在动词的及物性——这个动词能不能带宾语、动作有没有承受者。
能不能在这个过去分词后面加 by(说出"被谁")?能加,就是被动义(the book written by her);加不了,就是完成义(fallen leaves)。
by 是及物性的试金石。
这个判据之所以好使,是因为它把抽象的"及物性"落到了可以动手操作的句法上。及物动词的动作有承受者,被动句里承受者可以接在 by 后面;不及物动词的动作没有承受者,没有 by 可接,它一旦成为过去分词,就只能表"自己发生过了"。
(3) 认知冲突:被动义与完成义常常同时存在
这里要拆掉一个更隐蔽的错误理解。有同学学完两类后会认为"被动义=被,完成义=完成,二者互斥",于是看到 a broken window 就纠结:它到底是"被"还是"完成"?
纠结 a broken window 到底"被"还是"完成",然后硬要二选一,选错了就翻车。
事实上,及物动词的过去分词往往同时包含两层含义:window 既是"被打碎的"(被动),也是"已经碎了的"(完成)。
两类过去分词的真正区别,从来不是"有没有完成",而是"有没有承受者、能不能加 by"。
fall leaves 之所以错,不是因为叶子"没完成落下",而是因为 fall 不及物、leaves 是发出者,必须用完成义的 fallen。
学生写 There are many fall leaves on the ground. 错因:把 fall 当及物动词,用原形直接作定语,既没体现"完成"、也没用对词形。
正:There are many fallen leaves on the ground.
判定链:物→名词 leaves 是发出者→完成义→用过去分词 fallen→单个词前置。
(4) 教材里的现成锚点
回到课本主课文,过去分词作定语最典型的例子是 the most updated information——We can get the most updated information from large databases. 这里 update 是及物动词,information 是 update 的承受者,取被动义,且是单个词,前置。
教材里还有两处含 done 形式的结构,需要跟学生说清楚它们不是定语:she found herself out of work and stuck at home 里的 stuck 是宾语补足语,补足 herself;She was so inspired by the people she met online that... 里的 inspired 前面有 was,是被动谓语。
三句里只有第一句是本讲的例证。把这三句摆在一起过一遍,学生对"先数谓语、再判成分"这条线的印象会比只看例句深得多。
3、 核心精讲一:被动义与完成义(及物性判定)
(1) 第一类:及物动词过去分词表被动
被修饰的名词是动作的承受者。改写验证时,能把它还原成被动定语从句,是这一类最硬的验证法。
例:the most updated information(教材)、a used book、a written report、a broken window、the book written by her、the song sung by the singer、a downloaded file。
验证法:a used book = a book that is used;the book written by her = the book that was written by her。
名词是动作的"对象",就是被动义。反过来说,只要你能顺畅地写出"the + 名词 + that is/was done",这个词就是及物被动义的过去分词。
(2) 第二类:不及物动词过去分词表完成
名词是动作的发出者,只表"已经完成",不表"被"。这一类是"过去分词表被动"这句口诀最大的盲区,也是本讲要反复敲打的地方。
例:fallen leaves(落叶)、a retired teacher(退休教师)、the risen sun(升起的太阳)、a grown-up boy(长大的男孩)、the escaped prisoner(逃走的犯人)、a well-developed child(发育良好的孩子)。
验证法:fallen leaves = leaves that have fallen;a retired teacher = a teacher who has retired。
名词是动作的"发出者",就是完成义。这一类过去分词前面绝加不出 by,因为动作本来就是主语自己完成的。
(3) 经典易混对照
1. a developed country(发达国家,develop 完成义)vs a developing country(发展中国家,现在分词表进行)
1. boiled water(已烧开的水)vs boiling water(正在沸腾的水)
这两组是"过去分词完成义 vs 现在分词进行义"的经典对照,考点常在这里设陷阱。
这两组对照透露一个规律:不及物动词用过去分词表"已完成的状态",用现在分词表"正在进行的动作",靠的是同一个动词的两种非谓语形态来分表"已然"和"正在"。做题时先看时间标志词,再定形态,就不会在 developed/developing 上摔跟头。
(4) 双通道辨析:兼及物与不及物的动词
及物性是动词的属性,但有些动词"一身两兼":同一动词既可及物也可不及物,这时它作过去分词的含义,由具体语境里有没有承受者决定。
最典型的是 grow:grow 作不及物(自己长)→a grown-up boy(长大了的男孩,完成义);grow 作及物(种植/使成长)→a grown crop(长成的庄稼,也可理解完成义)。
再如 develop:country 自己发展是不及物→a developed country(发达国家);人发展某能力是及物→well-developed 侧重"被充分发展"。
把 a developed country 误判为被动义"被发展的国家",错在没想清:国家是自己发展起来的,不是被谁发展,所以 develop 在此是不及物,取完成义。
(5) 两类对比速记
及物看"被"(有承受者,可加 by);不及物看"完成"(自己发生)。
一个 by 定生死。
4、 核心精讲二:位置规则(前置与后置)
(1) 规则
单个过去分词作定语,放在名词前面;过去分词短语作定语,放在名词后面。这是位置规则的全部核心,剩下的是判断"单个还是短语"。
单个前置:a used book、fallen leaves、the most updated information(教材)。
短语后置:the book written by her、the window broken last night、a man called Tom。
词短在前、短语靠后。判断"单个还是短语",看有没有附加成分——带了 by her、last night 这类附加成分就成了短语,必须后置。
(2) 更多示例
前置的过去分词常形容"人或物的状态/表情":a broken heart、an excited voice、a surprised look、a bored expression。
后置的多是带附加成分的动作短语:the news reported on TV、the questions asked by the teacher、the lessons learned from the story。
这里有一个易忽略的细节:单个过去分词若带了副词修饰(如 well、deeply、much),也可以前置,如 a well-known writer、a deeply moved audience。此时 well-known 已趋近一个固定形容词,前后置的规则对它不构成约束。
(3) 与定语从句互换(判定神器)
单个词:the used book = the book that is used;短语:the book written by her = the book that was written by her。
互换关键:过去分词短语作定语时,去掉关系代词与 be,保留过去分词,短语后置;反过来,要把过去分词短语还原成定语从句,就在分词前补上主语与对应的 be。
改写既能验证选择,也能反过来帮你判断"能否用过去分词"——只有"及物被动"和"不及物完成"两种情况能这样改写。若改写后语义不通、时态别扭,说明这个词不适合用过去分词作定语,要换思路。
(4) 形容词化的过去分词(前置常客)
有一批过去分词早已"形容词化",独立成词、词典收录,作定语时天然前置,且常表人的情感或状态:excited(兴奋的)、surprised(惊讶的)、frightened(害怕的)、tired(疲惫的)、interested(感兴趣的)、bored(无聊的)。
这一批词要特别注意它们与现在分词"表兄弟"的区别:exciting 表"令人兴奋的"(事物性质),excited 表"感到兴奋的"(人的感受)。
a boring lecture(令人无聊的讲座)vs a bored student(感到无聊的学生)。这一对辨析是完形、语法填空的高频考点。
(5) 修饰不定代词的固定做法
当过去分词短语修饰 something、anything、nothing、everything 等不定代词时,只能后置:something useful、nothing mentioned in the report。
这一点与形容词修饰不定代词必须后置的规则一致,单独拎出来讲,是因为很多学生在写作里会写成 useful something 这类错序。
5、 核心精讲三:四步法选过去分词
(1) 四步流程
遇到"括号动词作定语"的填空,按四步走,形式不再靠猜:
第1步 找逻辑主语:先看被修饰的名词是谁。
第2步 判主被动:名词是动作的发出者还是承受者?承受→及物→被动义;发出(不及物)→完成义。
第3步 定位置:单个词前置,短语后置。
第4步 改写验证:还原成定语从句,通顺即对。
四步里最关键的是第二步,最容易被跳过的是第一步。判断题做错,多半不是不知道词形,而是没先想清"名词是发出者还是承受者"。
先把"谁"写出来,再谈"被还是完成"。
(2) 完整示范
The song (sing) by the singer is moving.
答案:sung
解析:第一步,逻辑主语是 song。第二步,song 是 sing 的承受者(歌被唱)→被动义→sung。第三步,by the singer 是附加成分,成短语→后置。第四步,The song that was sung by the singer is moving,通顺→确认 sung。
(3) 两步对照:同一名词,主被动一换形式就变
The boy (call) Tom is my friend. 与 The boy (cry) over there is my friend.
第一句 boy 是 call 的承受者(被叫做 Tom),被动义→called;第二句 boy 是 cry 的发出者(自己哭),且正在哭,主动进行→crying(现在分词)。
同样的主语、同样的名词位置,只因为名词是承受者还是发出者不同,一个用过去分词、一个用现在分词。
看到"动词作定语"就一律填 done,把 The boy crying over there 填成 cried。错因:没先判定名词是发出者(crying)还是承受者(called)。
6、 随堂演练
下面五题,先写"名词是谁",再定形式。第⑤题是陷阱,做完别急着对答案。
1 We can get the most ______ (update) information from large databases.
2 ______ (fall) leaves cover the ground in autumn.
3 The man ______ (call) Tom is our new classmate.
4 The house ______ (build) now will be our new library.
5 Look at the ______ (rise) sun over the sea.
答案:① updated ② Fallen ③ called ④ being built ⑤ risen
第①题 information 是 update 的承受者,及物被动,单个词前置。第②题 leaves 是自己落的,fall 不及物,取完成义 fallen,句首大写。第③题 Tom 是 call 的宾语,成短语后置。第④题 now 表"正在被建",不是 built。第⑤题 sun 是自己升起的,rise 不及物,取完成义 risen——不是 risen 的现在分词 rising,那是"正在升起"。
①②③⑤考及物性,④考时间词。四步法走一遍,五题都不会错。
7、 重点难点:being done 单列辨析
being done 是"进行时被动"的非谓语形式,表"正在被",不能和上面两类过去分词混为一谈。它在作定语时同样存在,是语法填空里与 done 正面交锋的对手。
being done 是"正在被",过去分词 done 是"已发生"。
看到时间状语就知道该选哪个:now/at present/at the moment→being done;yesterday/last week/already→done。
这一招在语法填空百试百灵。
教材与语篇里最常见的对照是"同一名词、同一动词,只差一个时间词":
The building being built now will be our new library.(正在被建)
The building built last year is our old classroom.(去年已建成)
前者填 being built,后者填 built。
把 being built 与 built 混用,或者在该用 built(已完成)的地方写成 being built。判据只有一条:看动作是"正在进行中"还是"已经结束",时间词一到立刻分明。
另一点要提醒:being done 作定语表"正在被",若语境强调"将来被",则要用 to be done——done、being done、to be done 三者在"完成/进行/将来"三个时间维度上各司其职。
8、 高考怎么考:语法填空怎么考过去分词作定语
语法填空是全国卷与湖北卷都必考的题型,过去分词作定语是高频考点之一。它的考法高度固定:括号给出动词原形,空后紧跟一个名词,需要你判断"这个动词是修饰名词的定语",再按主被动、时间定形。
(1) 识别信号
当括号动词出现在"名词之后、另一个谓语之前",且名词前面已经有冠词/代词(a、the、my 等),这个空多半是作定语的非谓语。
例如 the problem (solve) needs attention:problem 前有 the,solve 在 problem 后、needs 前,判定为定语,problem 是 solve 的承受者→solved。
另一类识别信号是"名词前面"。当括号动词紧贴名词前方,且名词已被冠词锁定,如 the (update) information,则作前置定语,判断主被动后填 updated。
(2) 命题的三个落点
第一,及物被动作定语(最常考):the task (finish)→finished,名词是承受者。
第二,不及物完成作定语(最易错):the (fall) leaves→fallen,名词是发出者,靠及物性判据。
第三,时间决定 being done/done:现在建 vs 去年建,一个 being built 一个 built。
(3) 与定语从句的换算题
把 who/which was done 形式的定语从句,改写成过去分词短语作定语,是语法填空与写作共用的能力。做法:去掉关系代词与 be,保留过去分词,短语后置;若从句是 have/has done(完成),则改为前置的单个过去分词。
做题提醒:语法填空里见到括号动词,永远先问"句子有没有谓语"。有谓语,才谈非谓语作定语;没谓语,这个空该填谓语(时态、语态、主谓一致)。
把"先定主干"这个动作做扎实,很多低级错误能直接消掉。
(4) 命题最爱埋的三个雷
第一个雷是"动宾与主谓错位"。命题人常给 the (use) information 这类"动词+名词"的填空题,学生容易因为"信息被使用"而直接填 used,却忽略判断到底该前置还是后置。其实这里 use 作前置定语,名词是承受者,填过去分词即可,难点只在"是不是记得词形"。
第二个雷是"时间词钓出 being done"。同一个名词后面接 now、yesterday 两个不同的空,命题人用时间词制造干扰:The house (build) now 与 The house (build) last year 必须分别填 being built 与 built。
谁先看时间词,谁就赢。
第三个雷是"及物性伪装"。给出 fall、rise、retire 这类不及物动词,学生受"过去分词表被动"口诀影响,硬往"被"上靠,结果填不出完成义 fallen、risen、retired。
三个雷,对应的解法分别是"先定主干""先看时间词""先判及物性",恰好是本讲三节课的浓缩。
(5) 一张表分清过去分词与现在分词作定语
过去分词作定语表"被动或完成",现在分词作定语表"主动或进行",二者由"名词与动作的关系+时间"共同决定。
1. a broken window(被动,窗被打破)、a broken vase(完成,花瓶已经碎了)都是过去分词;
1. a falling leaf(正在飘落的叶子,进行)、a boiling kettle(正在沸腾的水壶)都是现在分词。
做这类题只问两句话:名词是不是动作的发出者?动作是不是正在进行?
两问都"是",用现在分词;否则用过去分词。把这两问练成条件反射,过去分词与现在分词作定语的区分就再不会出错。
补充一个连词组:过去分词与介词、副词搭配后可构成固定定语,如 well-behaved(表现良好的)、badly-broken(坏得厉害的)、newly-built(新建的)。这类"副词+过去分词"常作前置定语,写作里用对一处,就是加分点;用错位置(如拆开),就是硬伤。
9、 实战(讲后即练)
(1) A 组·选词填空(10 题,课堂完成,8 分钟)
用所给动词的过去分词或正确形式填空。
1. We can get the most ______ (update) information from large databases.
2. ______ (fall) leaves cover the ground in autumn.
3. We bought a ______ (use) car last week.
4. The window ______ (break) last night was repaired this morning.
5. The ______ (retire) teachers were invited to the party.
6. The meeting ______ (hold) yesterday was a great success.
7. Look at the ______ (rise) sun over the sea.
8. The man ______ (call) Tom is our new classmate.
9. The problem ______ (discuss) at the meeting needs attention.
10. The bridge ______ (build) in 2000 is still strong.
答案:1. updated 2. Fallen 3. used 4. broken 5. retired 6. held 7. risen 8. called 9. discussed 10. built
解析:第 1 题 updated(教材语境),及物被动义,前置。第 2 题 Fallen,fall 不及物→完成义,leaves 是发出者(句首大写)。第 3 题 used,及物被动义,前置。第 4 题 broken 后有 last night 成短语→后置。第 5 题 retired,retire 不及物→完成义,前置。第 6 题 held 后有 yesterday→短语后置。第 7 题 risen,rise 不及物→完成义。第 8 题 called,及物被动,a man called Tom 带宾语 Tom 可视为短语后置。第 9 题 discussed,及物被动,at the meeting 成短语后置。第 10 题 built,及物被动,in 2000 成短语后置。
讲评要点:第 2、5、7 题是不及物动词(fall、retire、rise)的完成义,名词是发出者——这三题正是破除"过去分词=被动"的关键题。错其中任一题,都要回到第三节重判及物性。
(2) B 组·定语从句改写(5 组,课堂完成)
把下列定语从句改写为过去分词作定语。
1. the book that was written by her → the book ______ by her
2. the leaves that have fallen → the ______ leaves
3. a man who is called Tom → a man ______ Tom
4. the letter that was received yesterday → the letter ______ yesterday
5. the teacher who has retired → the ______ teacher
答案:1. written 2. fallen 3. called 4. received 5. retired
解析:第 1、3、4 题是及物被动:去掉关系代词与 be,保留过去分词(第 3 题 called 带宾语 Tom,故短语后置)。第 2、5 题是不及物完成:还原为前置的单个过去分词 fallen/retired。
改写即四步法第四步的实操——被动句还原成短语后置,完成句还原成单个前置。
(3) C 组·语法填空语篇(10 空,课堂完成,10 分钟)
阅读下面短文,用所给动词的正确形式填空。
The Internet brings us the most 1. ______ (update) information. Many 2. ______ (interest) young people spend hours online. Yesterday I read an article 3. ______ (write) by a famous scientist. The problem 4. ______ (discuss) now on the forum is about online safety. Some 5. ______ (retire) teachers are learning to shop online. The apps 6. ______ (design) for education help us study better. Look at the 7. ______ (fall) leaves outside—autumn is here. The bridge 8. ______ (build) last year is beautiful, while the one 9. ______ (build) now will be finished next month. With the problem 10. ______ (solve), we can enjoy a safe online world.
答案:1. updated 2. interested 3. written 4. being discussed 5. retired 6. designed 7. fallen 8. built 9. being built 10. solved
解析:第 1 题 updated,及物被动,前置。第 2 题 interested,形容词化过去分词表"感到有兴趣的",前置修饰人。第 3 题 written,article 被写,及物被动,短语后置。第 4 题 now 表"正在被讨论"→being discussed。第 5 题 retired,不及物完成义,前置。第 6 题 designed,apps 被设计,及物被动,短语后置。第 7 题 fallen,fall 不及物、leaves 是发出者→完成义。第 8 题 last year→已建成 built。第 9 题 now→正在被建 being built。第 10 题 with 复合结构,problem 是 solve 的承受者→solved。
(4) D 组·诊断填空(3 句,课堂完成)
下面三句各有一处词形或位置错误。先找出错处,再把正确形式填进句后的括号。
1. There are many fall leaves on the ground.( )
2. The book writing by her is very popular.( )
3. The house being built last year is very new.( )
答案:1. fallen 2. written 3. built
解析:第 1 题 fall 不及物、leaves 是发出者,须用完成义 fallen 前置。第 2 题 book 是 write 的承受者,须用被动义 written;writing 是现在分词,表主动进行,与"被写"矛盾。第 3 题 last year 是过去时间,不能用表"正在被"的 being built,应改为 built。
三处错对应三个考点:完成义词形、被动义词形、being done 的时间限制。
(5) E 组·语篇完形填空(15 空,课堂完成,15 分钟)
阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Our town's old market closed in March. For three months the site stood empty, with 1. ______ leaves covering the ground where the stalls had been.
The new library that opens there in September was 2. ______ by a young architect from the next province. Her plan keeps the old stone wall, 3. ______ in 1938, and puts a glass roof over it. The model 4. ______ at the town hall last spring was liked by almost everyone who saw it.
Inside, there are more than twenty thousand books, many of them 5. ______ by local writers. A corner on the second floor is 6. ______ to children: every shelf there is placed low enough to reach. The reading room faces south, so the light 7. ______ through the glass roof stays soft all afternoon.
The builders finished the frame in June, and the rooms 8. ______ last month are now getting their shelves. Some furniture is 9. ______ from the old market—the long benches were cleaned and kept.
What surprised everyone was the garden. The trees 10. ______ along the north wall were planted by the builders themselves, and behind them a path 11. ______ with gravel leads to a quiet corner.
The librarian, a woman 12. ______ for her patience, has chosen the first hundred books already. She says a library is not a building 13. ______ with books. It is a place 14. ______ for people who have nowhere else to sit.
By the time the doors open, the whole town will have 15. ______ one thing: the market is gone, but the corner is still ours.
1. fallen B. falling C. falls D. fell
2. designing B. design C. designed D. designs
3. building B. built C. builds D. build
4. showing B. show C. shows D. shown
5. written B. writing C. wrote D. write
6. give B. gives C. given D. giving
7. come B. coming C. came D. comes
8. paint B. paints C. painting D. painted
9. keep B. keeps C. kept D. keeping
10. planted B. planting C. plants D. plant
11. cover B. covered C. covering D. covers
12. knowing B. know C. knows D. known
13. filled B. filling C. fills D. fill
14. mean B. means C. meaning D. meant
15. learn B. learned C. learning D. learns
答案:1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. B
分档:1—5 空考及物性,6—10 空考前后置位置,11—15 空考语境综合。
解析:第 1 题 leaves 是自己落的,fall 不及物,取完成义 fallen 前置;falling 表"正在落",与空地已空三个月不合。第 2 题 was designed by,及物被动,谓语被动语态。第 3 题 wall 是 build 的承受者,且后有 in 1938 成短语→后置 built。第 4 题 model 是 show 的承受者,后有 at the town hall last spring→后置 shown。第 5 题 them 指 books,是 write 的承受者,many of them written by... 是独立主格结构。第 6 题 be given to 表"被分配给",及物被动。第 7 题 light 是自己进来的,come 不及物,取现在分词 coming 表主动进行。第 8 题 rooms 是 paint 的承受者,后有 last month→后置 painted。第 9 题 furniture 是 keep 的承受者,is kept from 被动谓语。第 10 题 trees 是 plant 的承受者,后有 along the north wall→后置 planted。第 11 题 path 是 cover 的承受者,covered with gravel 后置。第 12 题 a woman known for...,know 与 woman 是被动关系,后置。第 13 题 building 是 fill 的承受者,filled with books 后置。第 14 题 a place meant for...,mean 表"打算给……用",被动义后置。第 15 题 will have learned 是将来完成时,填过去分词 learned。
10、 分层练习
(1) 基础层(课堂完成)
选位填空,注意该前置还是后置。
1. We drank some ______ (boil) water.
2. The students ______ (invite) to the party arrived early.
3. The ______ (develop) countries are making rapid progress.
4. Something ______ (mention) in the report surprised us.
5. The ______ (excite) audience cheered loudly.
答案:1. boiled 2. invited 3. developing 4. mentioned 5. excited
解析:第 1 题 boiled 单个前置(已烧开的)。第 2 题 invited 后有 to the party 成短语→后置。第 3 题 developing,develop 在此国自己发展,取"正在发展"→发展中国家,用现在分词;若取 developed 则成了"发达国家",与 making rapid progress 矛盾。第 4 题 something 是不定代词,mentioned 短语只能后置。第 5 题 excited 形容词化过去分词,前置表人的感受。
(2) 中档层(课堂完成)
being done 与过去分词辨析。
1. The house ______ (build) now will be our new classroom.
2. The house ______ (build) last year is very beautiful.
3. The problem ______ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday remains unsolved.
4. With the project ______ (carry) out, the plan is on schedule.
答案:1. being built 2. built 3. discussed 4. carried
解析:第 1 题 now 表"正在被建"→being built。第 2 题 last year 表"已建成"→built。第 3 题 yesterday 表过去,the problem discussed 表"昨天讨论过的",及物被动,短语后置。第 4 题 with 复合结构,project 是 carry out 的承受者→carried。
时间词与主被动是仅有的两个判据。
(3) 挑战层(课后选做,A 层必做)
用过去分词改写下列复杂句,并标注所属类别(被动义/完成义)。
1. The songs that were written by the young singer are popular.
2. The old man who has retired teaches us calligraphy.
3. The news that was reported on CCTV spread quickly.
4. Many leaves that have fallen cover the path.
答案:
1. The songs written by the young singer are popular.(被动义,短语后置)
2. The retired old man teaches us calligraphy.(完成义,单个前置)
3. The news reported on CCTV spread quickly.(被动义,短语后置)
4. Many fallen leaves cover the path.(完成义,单个前置)
解析:第 1、3 句,名词是动作承受者(songs 被写、news 被报道),及物被动义,短语后置。第 2、4 句,名词是动作发出者(old man 自己退休、leaves 自己落下),不及物完成义,单个前置。
改写时先标名词角色,再定类别,最后放位置,顺序不能乱。
11、 写作应用:过去分词作定语让表达更老练
过去分词作定语不只是语法填空的得分点,更是写作里压缩句子、提升语感的关键手段。
作文里一句 The app used by millions of students is easy to use,比反复用定语从句 The app that is used by millions of students 更简洁、更有语言档位。
写作替换的黄金口诀:一个定语从句能压缩成过去分词短语时,就压缩。
1. The book that was written by her → the book written by her
1. the students who are invited → the students invited
压缩后句子更紧、更书面化,是阅卷老师一眼能识别的"高级感"。
但要守住底线:不要为了压缩而压缩。当过去分词短语太长、或还原后语意不清时,保留定语从句反而更稳妥。判断标准只有一个——压缩后句子是否依然通顺、表意是否依然精准。
写作里过去分词作定语还有一个加分用法:用于"名词后置展开",让一个名词后面挂一串修饰而不显得堆砌。
例如 I was moved by the advice given by the teacher, shared by every student, and remembered for years. 三个过去分词短语层层叠加,画面感和语感都出来了。
课堂小练:把下面两句各压缩成含过去分词作定语的单句。
1 The computer that was bought last year works well.
2 Many students who are interested in AI join the club.
前者压缩为 The computer bought last year works well.(被动义);后者压缩为 Many students interested in AI join the club.(形容词化过去分词)。
压缩时保持句意完整,是提分的第一要义。
12、 课堂小结
三句话带走,够用一学期。
1. 及物看被、不及物看完成——能不能加 by,一试就知道。
1. 词短在前、短语靠后——带 by her、last night 的一律后置。
1. being done 正在被,时间词里见分晓——now 和 last year 一换,答案就换。
13、 课后巩固(独立作业,30 分钟)
(1) 语法填空(10 空)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Our school library has a large collection of 1. ______ (update) books, and the information 2. ______ (provide) by the online system is always helpful. Yesterday I read an article 3. ______ (write) by a famous author, which discussed the problems 4. ______ (face) by teenagers online. The suggestions 5. ______ (offer) in the article are practical. Look at the 6. ______ (fall) leaves outside the window—autumn has come. The building 7. ______ (build) now beside the library will be a new reading room, while the one 8. ______ (build) in 2010 is still in use. Some 9. ______ (retire) teachers come to read here every afternoon, and with everything well 10. ______ (arrange), the library feels like a second home.
答案:1. updated 2. provided 3. written 4. faced 5. offered 6. fallen 7. being built 8. built 9. retired 10. arranged
解析:第 1 题 updated 及物被动,前置。第 2 题 information 被提供,及物被动,by the online system 成短语后置。第 3 题 article 被写,及物被动,短语后置。第 4 题 problems 后接 by teenagers,face 取被动义 faced(面临),短语后置。第 5 题 suggestions 被提出,及物被动,短语后置。第 6 题 fall 不及物、leaves 是发出者→完成义 fallen。第 7 题 now→正在被建 being built。第 8 题 in 2010→已建成 built。第 9 题 retire 不及物→完成义 retired。第 10 题 with 复合结构,everything 是 arrange 的承受者→arranged。
(2) 阅读理解(4 题)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
The old market in our town closed in March, and for three months nobody knew what would happen to the corner. Two plans were put forward. One was to build a car park; the other was to build a library. The council chose the library, and the decision was not as obvious as it now sounds.
A car park would have brought in money every day. A library, everyone agreed, would bring in nothing at all. What turned the argument was a single question asked at a public meeting: how many people in this town have somewhere quiet to sit? The answer, it turned out, was fewer than anyone wanted to say out loud.
The building that opened in September keeps the old stone wall and puts a glass roof over it. Inside, twenty thousand books sit on shelves that were built low enough for children to reach. The librarian has already noticed something the council did not predict: people come in to sit, and then they take a book.
The car park would have been fuller. That is not the same as better.
1. What were the two plans for the old market site?
A. A school and a car park.
B. A car park and a library.
C. A library and a museum.
D. A shop and a garden.
2. Why was the decision not as obvious as it sounds?
A. A library would bring in money every day.
B. Nobody wanted a library in the town.
C. A car park would have brought in money while a library would not.
D. The council had no money to build anything.
3. What question changed the argument at the public meeting?
A. How much the library would cost.
B. How many books the library would hold.
C. How long the building would take.
D. How many people had somewhere quiet to sit.
4. What has the librarian noticed since the library opened?
A. People come in to sit and then take a book.
B. People prefer the car park.
C. Nobody uses the children's shelves.
D. The glass roof lets in too much light.
答案:1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A
解析:第 1 题,第一段 One was to build a car park; the other was to build a library,B 是原句概括。A、C、D 都改掉了其中一个对象。
第 2 题,第二段 A car park would have brought in money every day. A library... would bring in nothing at all,C 把两句并成一句。A 说反了;B 与"大家同意建图书馆"不合;D 文中无落点。
第 3 题,第二段 how many people in this town have somewhere quiet to sit,D 是原句改写。A、B、C 都不是文中那个问题。
第 4 题,第三段 people come in to sit, and then they take a book,A 是原句改写。B 与末段"停车场会更满,但更好是另一回事"相反;C、D 文中无落点。
(3) 应用文写作(1 篇)
假定你是李华,你校将举办"我身边的变化"主题英语征文。请你用英语写一篇短文,介绍一处你熟悉的地方发生了什么变化,并说明你的感受。
注意:1. 词数 80 左右;2. 可适当增加细节,使行文连贯。
参考范文
Dear friends,
The old market near my home closed in March. For three months the corner stood empty, with fallen leaves covering the ground where the stalls had been.
In September a new library opened there. Designed by a young architect, it keeps the old stone wall built in 1938 and puts a glass roof over it. Inside, twenty thousand books sit on shelves built low enough for children to reach.
What I like most is not the building. It is that people come in to sit, and then they take a book.
Yours,
Li Hua
范文点评:全文用了本讲六个过去分词作定语——fallen leaves(完成义前置)、Designed by a young architect(被动义短语后置,置于句首作状语)、built in 1938(后置)、built low enough(后置)。第二段落在"坐下的人顺手拿书"上,是本讲"名词后置展开"写法的直接应用。词数约 100,略超;若需压到 80,删去第二段最后一句即可。
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