【周周有招】新教材同步尖子班讲义第6讲Unit 1 Cultural Heritage（介词+关系代词及关系副词转换）-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版必修第二册（教师版+学生版）

新教材同步尖子班精品讲义2026秋人教版必修二高一英语上 第6讲 Unit 1 Cultural Heritage（介词+关系代词及关系副词转换） 语法新授(教师版) 介词选择三原则 ● 还原法两步 ● 关系副词转换 【课时安排】语法突破课，安排 120 分钟（2 课时连排）。 【学习目标】 1. 能还原先行词，从动词短语、形容词短语、名词搭配三处锁定介词，并把它前置到 which / whom 前。 2. 能判定 in which、on which、for which 与 where、when、why 何时可换、何时不能换，并说出判定依据。 3. 能在文化遗产主题的语篇中填出介词 + 关系词。 4. 能把两个简单句合并成一个含介词关系从句的复句。 【本讲导航】核心点：介词还原法——还原先行词 → 锁定从句内部搭配 → 把介词前置于 which / whom｜附带覆盖：in / on / for which 与 where / when / why 的互换；whose 与 of which；介词 + whose 的嵌套；介词后置与省略。 一、导入 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。 The Sihang Warehouse in Shanghai was one of the ten projects honoured at the 2025 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation. The building, 1______ which the Battle of Shanghai was fought in 1937, still carries the scars on its western wall. The conservation team spent three years studying that wall, 2______ which the whole restoration plan depended, before a single brick was touched. The reason 3______ which the project received the Award of Distinction was its evidence-based method: archival research was combined with modern documentation techniques. 1. A. in　B. on　C. at　D. with 答案 A 解析：还原——the Battle of Shanghai was fought in the building，fight a battle in + 地点，介词 in 来自从句内部的地点状语。B 项 on 只用于 on the wall / on the site 一类“表面”义，与 was fought 不构成搭配；C 项 at 用于 at the gate / at the corner 一类点状地点，不接建筑内部；D 项 with 后接工具或伴随对象，与 was fought 相连会读成“与大楼一起作战”。 常见错误：看到 wall、site 一类名词就选 on，忽略 fought 要求的地点介词是 in。 2. A. for　B. on　C. in　D. to 答案 B 解析：还原——the whole restoration plan depended on the wall（的研究），depend on 是固定动词短语，介词 on 直接照抄。A 项 for 与 depend 不构成搭配；C 项 in 常见于 be interested in、result in，不接 depend；D 项 to 会与 depend 构成 *depend to，形式不存在。 常见错误：把 depend on 记成 depend in 或 depend for，凭语感填介词。 3. A. of　B. for　C. with　D. in 答案 B 解析：还原——the project received the Award of Distinction for the reason，名词 reason 要求的搭配是 the reason for，for which 在此等价于 why。A 项 of 与 reason 相连会读成 the reason of the project，改变所属方向；C 项 with、D 项 in 都无法与 reason 构成固定搭配。 常见错误：见到 reason 先写 of，把“……的原因”写成 the reason of。 这三空的介词都不同，但它们来自同一个动作：把先行词放回从句，看从句里的词要它接什么。介词不是凭语感补出来的，是从句内部“要求”出来的。 二、核心精讲 （一）介词还原法：两步与判据 第一步·还原。把先行词放回从句，按它在从句里充当的成分，问它跟动词、形容词还是名词搭配。 例：the building which the battle was fought → the battle was fought in the building → in 例：the wall which the plan depended → the plan depended on the wall → on 例：the reason which the project was honoured → the project was honoured for the reason → for 第二步·前置。把锁定的介词移到关系代词前面，构成 in which / on which / for which；指人时用 with whom / to whom / from whom。 例：The craftsman from whom the young restorers learned the traditional technique is over seventy. 判据：介词一定“黏”在从句内部的某个词上，不来自主句，也不来自关系代词本身。找不到搭配，就是把先行词放错了位置，重新还原一次。 （二）判断一：介词只在从句内部产生 现象。 同样是 which，有的空要填介词，有的空不能填介词。 The day on which the towers reopened was 20 September 2025. The day (that) we will never forget is 20 September 2025. 机制。 第一句的先行词 the day 在从句里作时间状语（the towers reopened on the day），状语位置需要一个介词把它挂到动词上，所以出现 on which。第二句的 the day 在从句里作 forget 的宾语（we will never forget the day），宾语位置直接由及物动词承接，不需要介词。填不填介词，取决于先行词在从句里作状语还是作宾语，与主句无关。 反例。 This is the very day that the restoration began 与 the very day on which the restoration began 同义；但不能写成 *the very day which the restoration began——此处 the day 作 began 的状语，必须带介词或用 when。反过来，the day that we spent together 里 the day 作 spent 的宾语，写成 the day on which we spent together 则多出一个无处安放的 on。 （三）判断二：动词短语类——介词照抄，方向相反则介词相反 现象。 从句里出现 depend on、spend ... on、graduate from、belong to、learn ... from、borrow ... from、lend ... to 时，介词直接照抄短语里的那一个。 The project on which they spent three years was completed in 2025. The craftsman from whom the young restorers learned the technique is over seventy. 机制。 这类介词是动词短语的组成部分，动词与介词已经凝结成一个整体，先行词只是被还原回这个整体的宾语位置。既然介词属于短语本身，它不随先行词的语义变化，只随短语变化；同一动词接不同方向的宾语时，介词随之相反——borrow ... from 是“从某处借入”，lend ... to 是“借给某处”，方向决定介词。 The person from whom I borrowed the dictionary is my classmate. (借入) The friend to whom I lent the dictionary is my neighbour. (借出) 反例。 belong to 没有被动形式，因此 the town to which the temple belongs 成立，*the town to which the temple is belonged 不成立；belongs 永远是主动形式。另有一类动词本身是及物的，还原后不再需要介词：cross the bridge 里的 cross 直接接宾语，若从句动词是 cross，就不能写成 the bridge across which we crossed；要表达“走过桥”，动词须换成 walk，写成 the old bridge across which we walked to school。 （四）判断三：形容词短语与名词搭配类 现象。 介词同样藏在形容词短语和名词短语里。 The museum for which the city is famous attracts thousands of visitors. (be famous for) The key to which few people pay attention is community engagement. (the key to) The damage to which the murals were exposed was caused by damp air. (the damage to) 机制。 形容词和名词对后置成分的选择是固定的：be famous for + 原因、be proud of + 对象、be responsible for + 事务、the reason for + 原因、the key to + 对象、the way to + 地点、the damage to + 受损物。还原时把先行词放到这些介词的宾语位置，介词即从短语结构里析出。它与动词短语类的差别只在“黏”的对象不同：动词短语里介词黏动词，形容词 / 名词搭配里介词黏形容词或名词，判定的动作仍是还原先行词、找搭配。 反例。 reason 后并非一律 for。当 reason 在从句里作宾语时，介词不出现：The reason (that) he gave was unconvincing 中 that 作 gave 的宾语，写作 the reason for which he gave 则多出 for。判定入口仍是“先行词在从句里作什么成分”，不是“先行词是不是 reason”。 （五）判断四：in which、on which、for which 与 where、when、why 现象。 三组结构在多数情况下可以互相替换。 This is the park in which we played. = This is the park where we played. I remember the day on which the towers reopened. = I remember the day when the towers reopened. The reason for which the walls were repaired is clear. = The reason why the walls were repaired is clear. 机制。 替换成立的条件不在关系词本身，而在先行词的语义类别：先行词表“地点或范围”时，in which 与 where 都由地点状语推导而来；先行词表“具体某一天”时，on which 与 when 都由时间状语推导而来；先行词是 reason 时，for which 与 why 都由原因状语推导而来。先行词的语义类别一致，两种写法才同义。 反例。 The box in which the relics were kept is locked 中 box 表容器而非地点，in which 只能译成“在里面”，不能换成 where；*the box where the relics were kept 不成立。同理，the days during which they studied abroad 中 days 表一段时期而非具体某日，during which 不能换成 when，只有具体到某一日（the day on which）才能换成 when。换不换，看先行词表什么，不看关系词长得像不像。 （六）形式规则：介词后只接 which / whom 介词后关系代词只能用 which（指物）或 whom（指人），不能用 that，也不能用 who。 The expert with whom we discussed the plan is from UNESCO. *The expert with that we discussed the plan is from UNESCO. *The expert with who we discussed the plan is from UNESCO. 介词前置时，关系代词不可省略；介词留在句尾时，关系代词可省略，介词本身不能省。 the old bridge (which) tourists walk over every day（关系词可省） the old bridge over which tourists walk every day（正式语体，介词前置） *the old bridge which tourists walk every day（缺 over，语义不完整） 限制性从句里介词可前可后；非限制性从句里介词倾向前置，读起来更凝练。 The old bridge, over which tourists walk every day, is 300 years old. （七）whose 与 of which，以及介词 + whose whose 表所属，of which 与之同义而语体更正式，且 of which 前常接数词或表数量的词。 the temple whose roofs are made of local wood the temple the roofs of which are made of local wood the temple of which the roofs are made of local wood 三句都可接受，后两句更书面。还原成 the roofs of the temple，即可看到 of 从所属关系里析出。 介词与 whose 可以嵌套：先还原整句，再把所属关系换成 whose，最后把介词前置。 the legend comes from the girl's hometown → the girl from whose hometown the legend comes made of 与 made from 的取舍同样由结构决定：made of 用于看得出原材料（The chair is made of wood），made from 用于看不出原材料（The paper is made from wood）。定语从句里出现 The material of which ... 或 The material from which ... 时，介词归属由“能否看出原材料”决定。 （八）长难句拆解 下面四句均取自 2025—2026 年文化遗产报道，按“找从句起点 → 定先行词 → 还原 → 析出介词”四步拆解。 1. The Sihang Warehouse, in which the Battle of Shanghai was fought in 1937 and the western wall of which still carries the scars of that fighting, was among the ten projects honoured at the 2025 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards. 还原：the Battle of Shanghai was fought in the warehouse；the western wall of the warehouse carries the scars。 拆解：两个定语从句并列修饰同一先行词。第一个从句里 warehouse 作地点状语，介词 in 来自 fight a battle in；第二个从句里 warehouse 与 wall 是所属关系，用 of which。同一先行词带两个从句时，介词来源不同，需分别还原。 2. The towers of Notre-Dame, over which visitors will once again walk during the European Heritage Days on 20 and 21 September 2025, had been closed to the public since the fire of 15 April 2019. 还原：visitors will walk over the towers。 拆解：over 由 walk over（走过……上方）析出，不是 in——登塔路线是沿塔身穿过，而非“在塔内”。句中另有两个时间状语，先行词 towers 只与 over 发生关系，判定时不与它们混淆。 3. The exhibition presents the technical challenges that were overcome by the craftsmen from whom a new generation of Iraqi restorers learned the traditional skills. 还原：a new generation of restorers learned the traditional skills from the craftsmen。 拆解：from whom 嵌在被动结构 by the craftsmen 之后，先行词 craftsmen 同时在上一个从句里作 by 的宾语。关系代词 whom 只承接 learn ... from 的介词，不承接 by；两句的介词各归各的动词。 4. At the Kizil Caves in Xinjiang, the murals on which AI restoration and spectral analysis have been tested are more than 1,700 years old. 还原：AI restoration and spectral analysis have been tested on the murals。 拆解：on 由 test sth on sth（在……上试验）析出。主句地点状语 At the Kizil Caves 与从句介词无关，说明介词只能从从句内部找，主句里的介词不构成依据。 （九）阶梯变式 变式一·辨认。 划出下列句中的介词 + 关系词，写出还原句。 (1) The teahouse in which we used to gather every summer has been repaired. (2) The expert with whom we discussed the plan is from UNESCO. (3) The Hani village, in which the mushroom-shaped dwellings stand, is in Yunnan. 答案 (1) in which；还原：we used to gather in the teahouse every summer（gather in，in which = where）。 (2) with whom；还原：we discussed the plan with the expert（discuss sth with sb，指人用 whom）。 (3) in which；还原：the mushroom-shaped dwellings stand in the village（stand in + 地点）。 变式二·半独立。 给出搭配提示，把每对句子合并成一个含介词关系从句的复句。 (1) The school is very old. He graduated from it three years ago. (graduate from) (2) The old tree was struck by lightning. The villagers used to rest under it. (rest under) (3) The museum is crowded. The exhibition is held in it. (be held in) 答案 (1) The school from which he graduated three years ago is very old. (2) The old tree under which the villagers used to rest was struck by lightning. (3) The museum in which the exhibition is held is crowded. 变式三·迁移。 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词（介词或关系词），材料未在讲中出现过。 （题材：浙江大运河世界文化遗产宣传周） The Grand Canal in Zhejiang is a heritage site 1______ which five cities now work together on protection. The reason 2______ which the province launched a joint publicity week in 2026 is simple: the canal runs through all five cities, and no single one of them can protect it alone. The waterway, 3______ which goods were carried between the north and the south for centuries, still shapes local life today. The old warehouses, the roofs 4______ which were once used to store grain, have been turned into small museums. Local residents, 5______ whom most of the volunteers come, know every bend of the river. 答案 1. on。还原：five cities work together on the site，work on，介词 on 前置。 2. for。还原：the province launched the week for the reason，reason for，for which = why。 3. along / on。还原：goods were carried along / on the waterway，carry goods along a waterway，介词 along（或 on）前置。 4. of。还原：the roofs of the warehouses，所属关系，of which。 5. from。还原：most of the volunteers come from the local residents，come from，介词 from 前置。 （十）规律总结 现象。 介词 + which / whom 的难点不在 which 或 whom，而在那个介词从哪来。 机制。 介词永远来自从句内部：动词短语、形容词短语、名词搭配三处之一。判定动作只有一个——把先行词还原从句，看它跟哪个词搭配，介词即随之析出。锁定的介词移到关系代词前，即成 in which / on which / for which / with whom / to whom / from whom。 不成立的情况。 先行词在从句里作宾语时介词不出现；belong to 无被动，还原后动词须保持主动；cross 一类及物动词还原后不再需要介词；先行词表容器或一段时期而非地点或具体某日时，in which / on which 不能换成 where / when。 三、高频易错速查表 搭配 判定信号 前置结果 易错等级 常见错误 depend on 从句出现 depend，先行词是其宾语 on which 高 写成 for which / in which spend ... on 从句出现 spend + 时间或金钱 on which 极高 写成 for which，把“在某物上花钱”误解成“为某物花钱” borrow ... from 从句出现 borrow，先行词指人 from whom 高 与 lend to 方向混淆 lend ... to 从句出现 lend，先行词指人 to whom 高 与 borrow from 方向混淆 learn ... from 从句出现 learn sth，先行词指人 from whom 中 写成 to whom belong to 从句出现 belong，先行词是其宾语 to which 高 写成被动 is belonged to graduate from 从句出现 graduate，先行词是学校 from which 中 写成 of which / in which be famous for 从句出现 famous，先行词表原因 for which 高 写成 as which（as 用于身份） be responsible for 从句出现 responsible，先行词表事务 for which 中 写成 of which be made of / from 从句出现 made，先行词是材料 of / from which 中 of 与 from 混用 判定信号一列是这张表的入口：先在从句里找到带信号的词（depend、spend、reason、famous），再按该词要求的介词落笔。信号词找不到，说明先行词在从句里不是状语，此时不填介词。 四、特殊结构与易错辨析 （一）介词后置与省略 关系代词在从句里作介词宾语、介词留在句尾时，关系词可省略，介词不能省。 the teahouse (which) we used to gather in（关系词可省） the teahouse in which we used to gather（介词前置） *the teahouse which we used to gather（缺 in，gather 在此需地点介词） （二）belong to 与被动 belong to 无被动形式。The temple belongs to the town. *The temple is belonged to the town. the town to which the temple belongs *the town to which the temple is belonged （三）made of 与 made from 看得见原材料用 of，看不见用 from。 The chair is made of wood.（木料可辨） The paper is made from wood.（纤维形态已变） The material of which the frame is made is local pine. The material from which the paper is made is wood pulp. （四）whose 与 of which 的语体差 whose 口语化、结构简单；of which 更正式，且前接数词或表数量的词时只能用 of which 结构。 The expert team, three of whom are from UNESCO, arrived in May. *The expert team, three of whose are from UNESCO, arrived in May. （五）介词 + whose 的嵌套 先还原整句，再把所属关系换成 whose，最后把介词前置。 the legend comes from the girl's hometown → the girl from whose hometown the legend comes 五、课堂实战 A 档·基础过关 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词（介词或关系词）。 （题材：乌干达卡苏比王陵的重建） The Kasubi Tombs in Kampala, Uganda, were severely damaged by a fire in 2010. After fifteen years of reconstruction, the site 1______ which the Buganda Kingdom has devoted so much care is nearing completion. The main house, the roof 2______ which is made of grass and reeds, has been rebuilt following traditional methods. The craftsmen 3______ whom the young workers learned the craft are now in their sixties. The reason 4______ which the site was removed from the World Heritage in Danger list in September 2023 is the steady progress of the work. High-tech firefighting equipment, 5______ which the kingdom once had no access, has been installed inside the tombs. A UNESCO delegate visited the site on 7 May 2025, 6______ which he praised the joint efforts of the kingdom, the government and UNESCO. The official opening, 7______ which local people have waited for years, is expected before the end of December 2025. The master plan, 8______ which the long-term future of the site depends, is still being developed. 1. 答案 to 解析：还原——the kingdom has devoted so much care to the site。devote to，介词 to 前置。 2. 答案 of 解析：还原——the roof of the main house，所属关系用 of which。 3. 答案 from 解析：还原——the young workers learned the craft from the craftsmen，learn sth from sb。 4. 答案 for 解析：还原——the site was removed for the reason，reason for，for which = why。 5. 答案 to 解析：还原——the kingdom once had no access to the equipment，access to，介词 to 前置。 常见错误：把 have access 后的介词写成 of，写成 of which。 6. 答案 on 解析：还原——he praised the efforts on 7 May 2025，具体某日前的介词是 on，on which = when。 7. 答案 for 解析：还原——local people have waited for the opening for years，wait for，介词 for 前置。 常见错误：把 wait 后的介词写成 to，写成 to which。 8. 答案 on 解析：还原——the long-term future of the site depends on the master plan，depend on，介词 on 前置。 B 档·能力提升 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。 （题材：伊拉克摩苏尔老城的重建，联合国教科文组织直接主导的最大规模重建计划） The Old City of Mosul, 1______ heritage was largely destroyed during the conflict, is being rebuilt through the largest reconstruction programme ever led by UNESCO. The organisation has led the programme 2______, working side by side with local craftsmen and international experts. The al-Nouri Mosque, 3______ the Old City's skyline had leaned for centuries, stands at the centre of the work. Many of the 124 heritage houses, 4______ had lost their roofs, are being restored. 1. A. which　B. of which　C. in which　D. whose 答案 D 解析：先行词 the Old City 与 heritage 是所属关系，the Old City's heritage 换成 whose heritage。A 项 which 不能作定语；B 项 of which 若成立需写成 the heritage of which，此处语序不符；C 项 in which 会把 heritage 读成地点状语，与 destroyed 不搭配。 2. A. in return　B. in detail　C. in person　D. in public 答案 C 解析：还原——the organisation has led the programme in person，介词短语 in person 修饰 lead，表示“亲自领导”。A 项 in return（作为回报）、B 项 in detail（详细地）、D 项 in public（公开地）都与 lead a programme 的语义不相接。 3. A. in which　B. on which　C. for which　D. against which 答案 B 解析：还原——the Old City's skyline had leaned on the minaret for centuries，lean on 是固定动词短语，介词 on 照抄。A 项 in which 会读成“在尖塔内部倾斜”；C 项 for which 无对应搭配；D 项 against which 改变动词搭配，lean against 与 lean on 的方向不同。 常见错误：看到 mosque、city 一类地点名词就填 in which，忽略 leaned 要求的搭配是 on。 4. A. of which　B. in which　C. to which　D. with which 答案 A 解析：还原——many of the 124 heritage houses had lost their roofs，数量词 many + of + which 表“其中许多”。B 项 in which 会把 houses 读成地点，与 lost their roofs 不搭配；C 项 to which 与 D 项 with which 均无对应搭配。 C 档·高考冲刺 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 （题材：法国巴黎圣母院的修复与重新开放） Notre-Dame de Paris reopened to visitors and worship on 8 December 2024. The cathedral, the spire 1______ was lost in the fire of 15 April 2019, has been restored within the scheduled time and budget. A public thematic report 2______ (publish) by the Cour des comptes in September 2025 examined both the cost of the work and the conditions under 3______ the reopening took place. The towers, 4______ had been closed since the fire, were prepared to reopen for the European Heritage Days on 20 and 21 September 2025. The cost of this phase was estimated in May 2022 5______ €552 million. Fire safety has been strengthened: a water mist system 6______ (install) in the frame of the roof timbers, and a new fire safety station is manned around 7______ clock. Visitors walk along a route 8______ passes the restored chapels, and the cathedral 9______ (expect) to receive about 400,000 visitors a year, compared with around 450,000 before 2019. Operating costs 10______ (double) since the fire and now stand at about €5.2 million a year, shared between the State and the Diocese of Paris. 1. 答案 of which 解析：还原——the spire of the cathedral，所属关系。非限制性定语从句中，the spire of which = whose spire。因题干已给出 the spire，只能填 of which，不能填 whose（否则重复）。 2. 答案 was published 解析：report 与 publish 是被动关系，时间状语 in September 2025 表过去，用一般过去时被动。 3. 答案 which 解析：under which 引导定语从句，还原——the reopening took place under the conditions，under the conditions 是固定搭配。 常见错误：填 that 或 what。介词后关系代词只能用 which。 4. 答案 which 解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词 the towers 指物，介词未前置时用 which，不可用 that。 5. 答案 at 解析：estimate sth at + 金额，介词 at 表示“估价为”。 常见错误：填 for 或 to，与 estimate 的搭配不符。 6. 答案 has been installed 解析：主语 system 与 install 是被动关系，强调已完成的现状影响，用现在完成时被动。 7. 答案 the 解析：around the clock 为固定短语，意为“全天候”。 8. 答案 which / that 解析：先行词 route 在从句里作主语，指物，填关系代词 which 或 that。 9. 答案 is expected 解析：be expected to do 为固定结构，主语 cathedral 是第三人称单数，陈述现状用一般现在时。 10. 答案 have doubled 解析：时间状语 since the fire 与现在完成时连用，主语 costs 为复数。 D 档·易混辨析 （一）判断下列句中的介词是否正确，若不正确，改正并写出还原句。 1. The book for which I spent twenty yuan is about the Silk Road. 答案 错误，应为 on。还原：I spent twenty yuan on the book，spend money on sth。for 与 spend 不构成搭配，for which 在此无处安放。 2. The friend to whom I borrowed the dictionary is a volunteer at the museum. 答案 错误，应为 from。还原：I borrowed the dictionary from the friend，borrow ... from 表借入。to whom 用于 lend ... to（借出），方向相反。 3. The village in which I was born is now on the World Heritage List. 答案 正确。还原：I was born in the village，be born in；village 表地点，in which 可换 where。 4. The old bridge which tourists walk every day is 300 years old. 答案 错误，应为 over which 或 across which。还原：tourists walk over / across the bridge，walk 在此需方向介词；原句缺介词，读成“游客每天走这座桥”。 5. The material from which the frame is made is local pine, and you can still see the grain. 答案 错误，应为 of which。还原：the frame is made of local pine 且木纹可见，看得出原材料用 made of。from which 用于看不出原材料的情形。 （二）把下列每对简单句合并成一个含“介词 + 关系词”的定语从句。 1. The restorer is over seventy. The young workers learned the technique from him. 2. This is the teahouse. We used to gather in it every summer. 3. The reason is simple. The old town was protected for the reason. 4. The Hani village is in Yunnan. The mushroom-shaped dwellings stand in it. 5. The database is the largest of its kind in China. Researchers study silk patterns through it. 答案 1. The restorer from whom the young workers learned the technique is over seventy.（learn sth from sb，指人用 whom） 2. This is the teahouse in which we used to gather every summer.（gather in + 地点，in which = where） 3. The reason for which the old town was protected is clear.（reason for，for which = why） 4. The Hani village in which the mushroom-shaped dwellings stand is in Yunnan.（dwellings stand in the village） 5. The database through which researchers study silk patterns is the largest of its kind in China.（study ... through the database，through 表“经由”） （三）判断下列句中的 in which / on which / for which 能否换成 where / when / why，并写出理由。 1. The box in which the relics were kept is locked. 2. I remember the day on which the restoration began. 3. The days during which they studied abroad were unforgettable. 4. The reason for which the walls were repaired is clear. 答案 1. 不能。box 表容器而非地点，in which 只能理解为“在里面”，换成 where 后关系词与先行词语义类别冲突。 2. 能。the day 表具体某日，on which 由时间状语推导而来，与 when 同义。 3. 不能。days 表一段时期而非具体某日，during which 表“在……期间”，换成 when 后时间范围被压缩成时点。 4. 能。先行词是 reason，for which 由原因状语推导而来，与 why 同义。 六、课堂小结 还原：把先行词放回从句，找动词短语、形容词短语、名词搭配要求的介词（live in、be famous for、the reason for）。 前置：把该介词提到关系代词前（in which、for which、with whom）。 判定：in which = where（先行词表地点或范围），on which = when（先行词表具体某日），for which = why（先行词是 reason）。 自检三问： 1. 给我 spend 和 book，我能不能还原出 on？ 2. 给我 borrow 和 friend，我能不能还原出 from，并说清它与 lend to 的方向差？ 3. 给我 the box 和 in which，我能不能说出它为什么不能换成 where？ 三问都能当场答出，介词还原法即从“填空技巧”变成“写句能力”。写作用“介词 + which”确实加分，前提是介词与先行词、从句的搭配无误；对某处介词归属没有把握时，改用 where / when / why 更简单可靠。稳与准排在“显得高级”之前。 七、课后巩固 （一）巩固一·语法填空（10 空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词（介词或关系词）。 （题材：科技赋能下的中国文化遗产保护） China now has 60 World Heritage sites, a number 1______ which the country ranks among the top in the world. At the Kizil Caves in Xinjiang, AI restoration and spectral analysis 2______ which researchers study the murals have brought paintings over 1,700 years old back to life. The caves, the walls 3______ which were fading fast, had long suffered from damp air and salt. In Suzhou, a silk pattern database, 4______ which designers draw inspiration for modern products, has become the largest of its kind in China. The reason 5______ which the database was built is simple: thousands of fragile patterns would otherwise be lost. The law also plays its part. New rules require archaeological work 6______ (carry) out before land is transferred for construction. The Great Wall Museum, 7______ reopened in 2026 after renewal, tells the story of the wall from a national perspective. Procuratorates across the country have published typical cases, several 8______ which involve cross-provincial cooperation on wall protection. None of these efforts would work 9______ the people who live beside the sites. Local villagers, 10______ whom most tourism revenue now goes directly, have become the most reliable guardians of the heritage. 1. 答案 at 解析：还原——the country ranks among the top at the number。at which 表“在这个数字上”。此处 at 来自 rank at / at the number 的搭配。 2. 答案 through 解析：还原——researchers study the murals through AI restoration and spectral analysis，through 表“经由某种手段”。 3. 答案 of which 解析：还原——the walls of the caves，所属关系用 of which。 4. 答案 from which 解析：还原——designers draw inspiration from the database，draw ... from，介词 from 前置。 5. 答案 for which 解析：还原——the database was built for the reason，reason for，for which = why。 6. 答案 to be carried 解析：require sth to be done 结构，考古工作被开展，填 to be carried。 7. 答案 which 解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词 museum 指物，作主语，用 which，不可用 that。 8. 答案 of which 解析：还原——several of the cases，数量词 + of + which 表“其中若干”。 9. 答案 without 解析：句意：离开住在遗产地旁的人，这些努力都无法奏效，填 without。 10. 答案 to 解析：还原——most tourism revenue goes to the local villagers，go to sb，介词 to 前置。 （二）巩固二·完形填空（15 空） 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 （题材：加纳五座沿海堡垒的紧急关闭与修复） On 18 December 2025, the Ghana Museums and Monuments Board closed five historic forts along the coast. The decision, 1______ the Board said would protect both visitors and the monuments, took effect immediately. The forts — Fort Apollonia, Fort St. Anthony, Fort Orange, James Fort and Ussher Fort — were built by European powers and later became 2______ in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Several of them are UNESCO World Heritage properties, 3______ status depends on how well their original character is kept. Engineers and conservation experts were sent to carry 4______ structural evaluations and routine maintenance. The marine environment, 5______ the centuries-old walls have been exposed for generations, speeds 6______ the damage. Salt air eats into the stone, and this is 7______ cracks widen year by year. The Acting Executive Director of the Board explained that the shutdown would last 8______ the sites were declared safe. He apologised to tourists 9______ travel plans would be affected, and asked for patience. The forts are a flagship element of Ghana's "Castles and Forts" route, a heritage trail 10______ the government has promoted for both its historical value and its economic weight. The 11______ for closing all five at once, rather than one by one, is that the safety audits share the same 12______ of specialists and equipment. Local guides, many of 13______ have worked at the forts for over twenty years, welcomed the repairs. "We would rather lose a season of income 14______ lose the forts themselves," one of them said. The Board expects the works to be finished 15______ the end of the following year. 1. A. that　B. what　C. it　D. which 答案 D 解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词 the decision 指物，从句缺主语，用 which。A 项 that 不能引导非限制性从句；B 项 what 不引导定语从句；C 项 it 不能作关系词。 2. A. nodes　B. notes　C. noses　D. notions 答案 A 解析：句意：这些堡垒后来成为跨大西洋奴隶贸易中的“节点”。B 项 notes（笔记）、C 项 noses（鼻子）、D 项 notions（观念）均不接 trade 语境。 3. A. whose　B. which　C. that　D. what 答案 A 解析：还原——the status of the properties，即 whose status = the status of which，此处空后紧跟名词 status，需作定语的关系词，只能填 whose。 4. A. on　B. out　C. off　D. over 答案 B 解析：carry out 为固定短语，意为“开展”。carry on（继续）、carry off（成功完成）、carry over（结转）与 evaluations 不搭配。 5. A. to which　B. in which　C. for which　D. at which 答案 A 解析：还原——the walls have been exposed to the marine environment，be exposed to，介词 to 前置。 常见错误：见到 environment 就填 in which，忽略 exposed 要求的搭配是 to。 6. A. in　B. up　C. off　D. down 答案 B 解析：speed up 为固定短语，意为“加速”。 7. A. that　B. what　C. why　D. where 答案 C 解析：this is why... 为固定结构，why 引导表语从句，表示“这就是……的原因”。A 项 that 引导表语从句时无实义；B 项 what 不引导表语从句；D 项 where 表地点，与句意不符。 8. A. after　B. since　C. until　D. while 答案 C 解析：句意：关闭将持续到这些地点被宣布安全为止，until 表“直到”。 9. A. who　B. which　C. what　D. whose 答案 D 解析：还原——the travel plans of the tourists，空后为名词 travel plans，需作定语的关系词 whose。A 项 who 不能修饰名词。 10. A. what　B. who　C. when　D. which 答案 D 解析：先行词 a heritage trail 指物，在从句里作 promoted 的宾语，用 which。C 项 when 只能引导时间状语从句，此处先行词非时间，不成立。 11. A. cause　B. reason　C. excuse　D. result 答案 B 解析：the reason for doing 为固定搭配，后文的 for closing 已给出信号。cause 侧重客观起因，此处语境强调决策理由，用 reason 更贴切。C、D 项与句意不符。 12. A. sum　B. number　C. pool　D. deal 答案 C 解析：a pool of specialists 意为“专家资源池”，与前文的 share 呼应。A 项 a sum of 接金钱；B 项 a number of 接可数名词但不含“共享”义。 13. A. them　B. who　C. whom　D. which 答案 C 解析：还原——many of the local guides，介词 of 前置且指人，用 whom。B 项 who 不能作介词宾语。 14. A. to　B. than　C. for　D. against 答案 B 解析：would rather ... than ... 为固定结构，意为“宁可……也不愿……”。 15. A. by　B. at　C. in　D. on 答案 A 解析：by the end of 为固定短语，意为“到……结束时”。 （三）巩固三·阅读理解（4 题） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。 （题材：2026 年北京文化论坛中的文化遗产保护议题） At the 2026 Beijing Culture Forum, heritage protection was discussed from several angles at once. Among the seven results released was the first list of Beijing's archival documentary heritage, a record of the city's written memory that had never been assembled before. Another was the renewal of the China Great Wall Museum, which reopened to tell the wall's story as a single national narrative rather than a series of local ones. In 2026, Peking University worked with the Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities at Memphis. The dig filled a century-long gap in the southern part of the Tel Aziz site and gave researchers fresh material for understanding how civilisations around the Mediterranean exchanged ideas and grew together. One session dealt with systemic protection: how to move from saving single monuments to caring for whole historic cities, blocks and villages. Speakers asked how the physical fabric of a site, urban development and the daily life of residents can be balanced, and how government, planning, heritage and housing bodies can be organised so that protection actually lands on the ground. A round-table discussion ended with a call for the whole of society to take part. The legal side was not absent. In June 2026, the Supreme People's Procuratorate published eight typical cases on the judicial protection of cultural relics, four criminal and four public-interest. In one case from Shanxi, prosecutors pushed for a cross-regional mechanism linking the Great Wall sections in Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. In another from Zhejiang, the ancient Xiake Road was protected together with local tourism, so that heritage and visitor income support rather than undercut each other. 1. What does the underlined word "which" in Paragraph 1 refer to? A. The list of archival documentary heritage. B. The China Great Wall Museum. C. The 2026 Beijing Culture Forum. D. The city's written memory. 答案 B 解析：定位第一段末句的定语从句 which reopened to tell the wall's story...，关系词 which 指代最近的先行词 the China Great Wall Museum。A 项与 D 项出现在前一句，C 项是段落话题而非从句先行词。 常见错误：把 which 误认为指代全段话题 the forum，导致 reopened 与 forum 搭配不当。 2. What is special about the Memphis project? A. It was led entirely by Chinese archaeologists. B. It filled a hundred-year gap at one part of the site. C. It was the first dig ever made in Egypt. D. It focused on the northern part of Tel Aziz. 答案 B 解析：定位第二段 The dig filled a century-long gap in the southern part of the Tel Aziz site，century-long 即 a hundred-year。A 项与“联合考古”矛盾；D 项把 southern 说成 northern。 3. What does "systemic protection" mean according to Paragraph 3? A. Repairing the most famous monuments first. B. Protecting heritage sites one by one. C. Caring for whole historic cities, blocks and villages. D. Moving residents out of historic areas. 答案 C 解析：定位第三段 caring for whole historic cities, blocks and villages，即从单点保护转向整体保护。A、B 两项是旧做法；D 项与文中“平衡居民日常生活”相反。 4. What can be inferred from the Zhejiang case? A. Ancient roads are harder to protect than museums. B. Tourism income must be spent outside heritage sites. C. Public-interest cases are more common than criminal ones. D. Tourism and heritage protection can support each other. 答案 D 解析：定位末段末句 the ancient Xiake Road was protected together with local tourism, so that heritage and visitor income support rather than undercut each other，二者可相互支撑。A 项文中未作难度比较；B 项与末句相反；C 项混淆数量，文中刑事案件与公益诉讼案件各 4 件。 （四）巩固四·写作 假定你是校英语报记者李华，请你写一篇短文介绍一处你熟悉的文化遗产保护项目，向校报投稿。内容包括： 1. 这处遗产是什么，位于哪里； 2. 人们为保护它做了什么； 3. 你为什么认为应该保护它。 要求： 1. 词数 100 左右； 2. 至少使用三处“介词 + 关系词”结构（如 in which / for which / from whom / of which）。 【参考范文】 I grew up in a small town in which an old street still carries most of my childhood memories. The street, the houses of which were built more than two hundred years ago, was once close to collapse. Three years ago, a group of volunteers, from whom I learned how to repair old wooden frames, began working on it every weekend. They spent their own money on the materials, and the local government provided the skills training on which the whole project depended. This is the reason for which I believe the street is worth saving: it holds the stories of every family here. 【解析】 in which 修饰小镇，表“在其中”；the houses of which 表所属；from whom 修饰 volunteers，表“从谁那里”；on which 来自 depend on；the reason for which 表原因，可换 why。五处介词 + 关系词各来自不同的搭配类型：地点、所属、动词短语、形容词 / 名词搭配、原因。 （五）巩固五·迁移训练 （一）把下列每对简单句合并成一个含“介词 + 关系词”的定语从句，并写出还原句。 1. The museum is popular. The city is famous for the museum. 2. The craftsmen are over seventy. The young workers learned the skill from them. 3. The village is quiet. We camped in the village last summer. 4. The reason is clear. The old town was protected for the reason. 5. The project was completed in 2025. They spent three years on the project. 答案 1. The museum for which the city is famous is popular.（还原：the city is famous for the museum，be famous for） 2. The craftsmen from whom the young workers learned the skill are over seventy.（还原：the young workers learned the skill from the craftsmen，learn sth from sb） 3. The village in which we camped last summer is quiet.（还原：we camped in the village，camp in，in which = where） 4. The reason for which the old town was protected is clear.（还原：the old town was protected for the reason，reason for，for which = why） 5. The project on which they spent three years was completed in 2025.（还原：they spent three years on the project，spend ... on） （二）把下列含介词关系从句的句子改写成另外两种等价形式，并说明三种写法的关系词变化。 6. The teahouse in which we used to gather has been repaired. 7. The day on which the restoration began was 8 December 2024. 答案 6. The teahouse which we used to gather in has been repaired.（介词后置，关系词可省：The teahouse we used to gather in...） The teahouse where we used to gather has been repaired.（先行词表地点，in which = where） 三种写法中介词 in 均不可省，介词前置时关系词不可省。 7. The day which the restoration began on was 8 December 2024.（介词后置） The day when the restoration began was 8 December 2024.（先行词表具体某日，on which = when） 若把 the day 换成 the period，during which 不能换成 when，先行词的语义类别变了。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 新教材同步尖子班精品讲义·2026 秋人教版必修二　高一英语（上） 第 6 讲　Unit 1 Cultural Heritage（介词 + 关系代词及关系副词转换） 语法新授（学生版） ｜ 介词选择三原则 ● 还原法两步 ● 关系副词转换 班级 ____________　姓名 ____________　学号 ____________　　 【课时安排】 语法突破课，安排 120 分钟（2 课时连排）。 【学习目标】 1. 能还原先行词，从动词短语、形容词短语、名词搭配三处锁定介词，并把它前置到 which / whom 前。 2. 能判定 in which、on which、for which 与 where、when、why 何时可换、何时不能换，并说出判定依据。 3. 能在文化遗产主题的语篇中填出介词 + 关系词。 4. 能把两个简单句合并成一个含介词关系从句的复句。 【本讲导航】 核心点：介词还原法——还原先行词 → 锁定从句内部搭配 → 把介词前置于 which / whom｜附带覆盖：in / on / for which 与 where / when / why 的互换；whose 与 of which；介词 + whose 的嵌套；介词后置与省略。 一、导入 【做题要求】先独立做完 3 题再往下翻。做题时请把先行词放回从句里读一遍，不许凭语感蒙。做完记下：用时 ______ 分钟　正确 ______ / 3。 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。 The Sihang Warehouse in Shanghai was one of the ten projects honoured at the 2025 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation. The building, 1______ which the Battle of Shanghai was fought in 1937, still carries the scars on its western wall. The conservation team spent three years studying that wall, 2______ which the whole restoration plan depended, before a single brick was touched. The reason 3______ which the project received the Award of Distinction was its evidence-based method: archival research was combined with modern documentation techniques. 1. A. in　B. on　C. at　D. with 2. A. for　B. on　C. in　D. to 3. A. of　B. for　C. with　D. in 【答案与解析】 1. ______　还原句：the Battle of Shanghai was fought ______ the building；我锁定的搭配是 fight a battle ____ + 地点；介词来自从句内部的 ______ 状语。 2. ______　还原句：the whole restoration plan depended ______ the wall；depend ____ 是固定动词短语，介词直接照抄。 3. ______　还原句：the project received the Award of Distinction ______ the reason；名词 reason 要求的搭配是 the reason ____，此处 ____ which 等价于 why。 【我的错因归类】（做错的题打钩） □看到 wall、site 一类名词就选 on　□把 depend on 记成 depend in 或 depend for　□见到 reason 先写 of　□凭语感填介词，没有还原 【想一想】这三空的介词都不同，但它们来自同一个动作——把 ______ 放回从句，看 ______ 里的词要它接什么。介词不是凭语感补出来的，是从句 ______（内部 / 外部）"要求"出来的。请把这句默写在下面。 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 二、核心精讲 （一）介词还原法：两步与判据　必考 ★★★ 这一节给你一把万能钥匙。先别背介词表，学会"找"才是本事。 第一步·还原。把先行词放回从句，按它在从句里充当的成分，问它跟动词、形容词还是名词搭配。 例：the building which the battle was fought → the battle was fought ______ the building → ______ 例：the wall which the plan depended → the plan depended ______ the wall → ______ 例：the reason which the project was honoured → the project was honoured ______ the reason → ______ 第二步·前置。把锁定的介词移到关系代词前面，构成 ______ which / ______ which / ______ which；指人时用 ______ whom / ______ whom / ______ whom。 例：The craftsman ______ whom the young restorers learned the traditional technique is over seventy. 判据。介词一定"黏"在从句 ______ 的某个词上，不来自 ______，也不来自 ______ 本身。找不到搭配，就是把 ______ 放错了位置，重新还原一次。 【答案与解析】 例 1 ______；例 2 ______；例 3 ______。 前置例句 ______。依据：________________________________ （二）判断一：介词只在从句内部产生　高频易错 ★★★★ 同样是 which，有的空要填介词，有的空不能填介词。请把下面两句的先行词放回从句，先判成分，再动笔。 1. The day ______ which the towers reopened was 20 September 2025. 2. The day (______) we will never forget is 20 September 2025. 1. the towers reopened ______ the day → the day 在从句中作 ____________ 2. we will never forget ______ ______ → the day 在从句中作 ____________ 差别不在主句，也不在关系词长得像不像——先判成分，再决定介词。这一步能救回一批"关系词对、介词多出来"的分。 我的判据（自己写）：填不填介词，取决于先行词在从句里作 ______ 还是作 ______，与 ______ 无关。 【反例·自己判】 This is the very day (______) the restoration began 与 the very day ______ which the restoration began 同义；但不能写成 *the very day which the restoration began——此处 the day 作 began 的 ______（成分），必须带 ______ 或改用 ______。反过来，the day ______ we spent together 里 the day 作 spent 的 ______，写成 the day on which we spent together 则多出一个无处安放的 ______。 【答案与解析】 1. ______　2. ______ 因为：第 1 句 the day 作 ______，需要介词把它挂到动词上；第 2 句 the day 作 ______，由及物动词直接承接。 （三）判断二：动词短语类——介词照抄，方向相反则介词相反　必考 ★★★ 现象。从句里出现 depend on、spend ... on、graduate from、belong to、learn ... from、borrow ... from、lend ... to 时，介词直接照抄短语里的那一个。 1. The project ______ which they spent three years was completed in 2025. 2. The craftsman ______ whom the young restorers learned the technique is over seventy. 机制。这类介词是动词短语的组成部分，动词与介词已经凝结成一个整体，先行词只是被还原回这个整体的宾语位置。既然介词属于短语本身，它不随先行词的语义变化，只随短语变化；同一动词接不同方向的宾语时，介词随之相反——方向决定介词。 3. The person ______ whom I borrowed the dictionary is my classmate.（借入） 4. The friend ______ whom I lent the dictionary is my neighbour.（借出） 先判方向：东西是朝我流进来，还是从我流出去。方向一错，介词就反——borrow 与 lend 是全年级错得最狠的一对。 【反例·自己判】 5. belong to 没有被动形式，因此 the town ______ which the temple belongs 成立，*the town to which the temple is belonged 不成立；belongs 永远是 ______（主动 / 被动）形式。 6. 另有一类动词本身是及物的，还原后不再需要介词：cross the bridge 里的 cross 直接接宾语，若从句动词是 cross，就不能写成 the bridge across which we ______；要表达"走过桥"，动词须换成 ______，写成 the old bridge ______ which we walked to school。 【答案与解析】 1. ______　2. ______　3. ______　4. ______ 5. ______（belongs 永远是 ______ 形式） 6. ______；动词换成 ______；介词 ______。 （四）判断三：形容词短语与名词搭配类　必考 ★★★ 现象。介词同样藏在形容词短语和名词短语里。先把下面的空填完，再回头看规律。 1. The museum ______ which the city is famous attracts thousands of visitors.（形容词短语：be famous __） 2. The key ______ which few people pay attention is community engagement.（名词搭配：the key __） 3. The damage ______ which the murals were exposed was caused by damp air.（名词搭配：the damage __） 机制。形容词和名词对后置成分的选择是固定的。请把下面这组搭配补全——它是本讲的底层清单，务必自己默写一遍： be famous ____ + 原因　　be proud ____ + 对象　　be responsible ____ + 事务　　the reason ____ + 原因 the key ____ + 对象　　the way ____ + 地点　　the damage ____ + 受损物 它与动词短语类的差别只在"黏"的对象不同：动词短语里介词黏 ______，形容词 / 名词搭配里介词黏 ______ 或 ______，判定的动作仍是 ________________________________。 【反例·自己判】 reason 后并非一律 for。当 reason 在从句里作 ______ 时，介词不出现：The reason (that) he gave was unconvincing 中 that 作 ______ 的宾语，写作 the reason for which he gave 则多出 ______。判定入口是 ________________________________，不是 ________________________________。 【答案与解析】 1. ______　2. ______　3. ______ 底层清单：be famous ____、be proud ____、be responsible ____、the reason ____、the key ____、the way ____、the damage ____。 （五）判断四：in which、on which、for which 与 where、when、why　高频易错 ★★★★ 先填出每组两句的空格，再归纳它们为什么能互换。 1. This is the park ______ which we played. = This is the park ______ we played. 2. I remember the day ______ which the towers reopened. = I remember the day ______ the towers reopened. 3. The reason ______ which the walls were repaired is clear. = The reason ______ the walls were repaired is clear. 替换成立的条件不在 ______ 本身，而在 ______：先行词表"地点或范围"时，______ which 与 where 都由 ______ 状语推导而来；先行词表"具体某一天"时，______ which 与 when 都由 ______ 状语推导而来；先行词是 reason 时，______ which 与 why 都由 ______ 状语推导而来。 【反例·自己判】 4. The box ______ which the relics were kept is locked——box 表 ______（容器 / 地点），只能译成"在里面"，______（能 / 不能）换成 where。 5. the days during which they studied abroad——days 表 ______（一段时期 / 具体某日），during which ______（能 / 不能）换成 when。 换不换，看 ______ 表什么，不看关系词长得像不像。看到 box 就当"地点"、顺手换成 where，是全班错一半的那道题。 【答案与解析】 1. ______ / ______　2. ______ / ______　3. ______ / ______ 4. ______（box 表 ______，______ 换成 where） 5. ______（days 表 ______，during which ______ 换成 when） （六）形式规则：介词后只接 which / whom　必考 ★★★ 下面三句，第一句成立，后两句不成立。请对比后自己归纳规则，别直接看结论。 The expert ______ whom we discussed the plan is from UNESCO. *The expert with that we discussed the plan is from UNESCO. *The expert with who we discussed the plan is from UNESCO. 我的归纳：介词后关系代词只能用 ______（指物）或 ______（指人），不能用 ______，也不能用 ______。 【介词的位置与省略·自己判】 the old bridge (______) tourists walk ______ every day（关系词可省） the old bridge ______ ______ tourists walk every day（正式语体，介词前置） *the old bridge which tourists walk every day（缺 ______，语义不完整） 我的归纳：介词前置时，关系代词 ______（可 / 不可）省略；介词留在句尾时，关系代词 ______（可 / 不可）省略，介词本身 ______（可 / 不可）省略。 限制性从句里介词可前可后；非限制性从句里介词倾向 ______（前置 / 后置），读起来更凝练。 The old bridge, ______ ______ tourists walk every day, is 300 years old. 【答案与解析】 形式规则：介词后用 ______ / ______；不用 ______ / ______。 省略规则：介词前置时关系代词 ______ 省略；介词留句尾时关系代词 ______ 省略，介词本身 ______ 省略。 （七）whose 与 of which，以及介词 + whose　必考 ★★★ whose 表所属，of which 与之同义而语体更正式，且 of which 前常接数词或表数量的词。请把三句的空填完，再比较语体。 the temple ______ roofs are made of local wood the temple the roofs ______ ______ are made of local wood the temple ______ ______ the roofs are made of local wood 三句都可接受，后两句更 ______（口语化 / 书面）。还原成 the roofs ______ the temple，即可看到 ______ 从所属关系里析出。 【介词 + whose 的嵌套·按步骤做】 操作步骤：先还原整句，再把所属关系换成 whose，最后把介词前置。 the legend comes from the girl's hometown → the girl ______ ______ hometown the legend comes 【made of 与 made from·自己归纳】 The chair is made ______ wood.（木料可辨） The paper is made ______ wood.（纤维形态已变） 我的归纳：看得见原材料用 ______，看不见用 ______。 The material ______ which the frame is made is local pine. The material ______ which the paper is made is wood pulp. 【答案与解析】 三句所属：______ / ______ ______ / ______ ______；还原：the roofs ______ the temple。 嵌套：the girl ______ ______ hometown the legend comes。 made 的取舍：看得见用 ______，看不见用 ______；两句分别填 ______、______。 （八）长难句拆解　综合 ★★★★ 四步法：下面四句均取自 2025—2026 年文化遗产报道，按"找从句起点 → 定先行词 → 还原 → 析出介词"四步拆解。原句一字不改，你只负责拆解。 1. The Sihang Warehouse, in which the Battle of Shanghai was fought in 1937 and the western wall of which still carries the scars of that fighting, was among the ten projects honoured at the 2025 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards. 还原：the Battle of Shanghai was fought ______ the warehouse；the western wall ______ the warehouse carries the scars。 拆解：第一个从句里 warehouse 作 ______，介词来自 ____________（短语）；第二个从句里 warehouse 与 wall 是 ______ 关系，用 ______。同一先行词带两个从句时，____________________。 我的提醒：______________________________________________________________ 2. The towers of Notre-Dame, over which visitors will once again walk during the European Heritage Days on 20 and 21 September 2025, had been closed to the public since the fire of 15 April 2019. 还原：visitors will walk ______ the towers。 拆解：______ 由 walk ______（走过……上方）析出，不是 in——理由：____________________。句中另有两个时间状语，判定时 ______（要 / 不要）与它们混淆。 我的提醒：______________________________________________________________ 3. The exhibition presents the technical challenges that were overcome by the craftsmen from whom a new generation of Iraqi restorers learned the traditional skills. 还原：a new generation of restorers learned the traditional skills ______ the craftsmen。 拆解：______ whom 嵌在被动结构 by the craftsmen 之后；关系代词 whom 只承接 ____________ 的介词，______（承接 / 不承接）by；两句的介词各归各的动词。 我的提醒：______________________________________________________________ 4. At the Kizil Caves in Xinjiang, the murals on which AI restoration and spectral analysis have been tested are more than 1,700 years old. 还原：AI restoration and spectral analysis have been tested ______ the murals。 拆解：______ 由 test sth ______ sth（在……上试验）析出。主句地点状语 At the Kizil Caves 与从句介词 ______（有关 / 无关）。 我的提醒：______________________________________________________________ （九）阶梯变式 变式一·辨认　难度：★★☆☆☆（基础） 划出下列句中的介词 + 关系词，写出还原句。 (1) The teahouse ______ which we used to gather every summer has been repaired. (2) The expert ______ whom we discussed the plan is from UNESCO. (3) The Hani village, ______ which the mushroom-shaped dwellings stand, is in Yunnan. 【答案与解析】 (1) ______；还原：we used to gather ______ the teahouse every summer（__________，______ which = ______）。 (2) ______；还原：we discussed the plan ______ the expert（__________，指人用 ______）。 (3) ______；还原：the mushroom-shaped dwellings stand ______ the village（__________）。 变式二·半独立　难度：★★★☆☆（提升） 给出搭配提示，把每对句子合并成一个含介词关系从句的复句。先写合并句，再写还原句。 (1) The school is very old. He graduated from it three years ago. (graduate from) (2) The old tree was struck by lightning. The villagers used to rest under it. (rest under) (3) The museum is crowded. The exhibition is held in it. (be held in) 合并句 (1) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 合并句 (2) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 合并句 (3) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 【答案与解析】 (1) ______　还原：________________________________ (2) ______　还原：________________________________ (3) ______　还原：________________________________ 变式三·迁移　难度：★★★★☆（综合） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词（介词或关系词）。材料未在讲中出现过，建议限时 6 分钟。用时 ______ 分钟　正确 ______ / 5。 （题材：浙江大运河世界文化遗产宣传周） The Grand Canal in Zhejiang is a heritage site 1______ which five cities now work together on protection. The reason 2______ which the province launched a joint publicity week in 2026 is simple: the canal runs through all five cities, and no single one of them can protect it alone. The waterway, 3______ which goods were carried between the north and the south for centuries, still shapes local life today. The old warehouses, the roofs 4______ which were once used to store grain, have been turned into small museums. Local residents, 5______ whom most of the volunteers come, know every bend of the river. 【答案与解析】 1. ______　还原：five cities work together ______ the site（__________）。 2. ______　还原：the province launched the week ______ the reason（__________，______ which = ______）。 3. ______　还原：goods were carried ______ / ______ the waterway。 4. ______　还原：the roofs ______ the warehouses（______ 关系）。 5. ______　还原：most of the volunteers come ______ the local residents（__________）。 （十）规律总结 【我的规律总结】先把下面两段补充完整，再与课堂订正对照。写不完整的地方，就是你这一讲真正的漏洞。 现象。介词 + which / whom 的难点不在 which 或 whom，而在那个介词从哪来。 介词永远来自从句 ______：____________、____________、____________ 三处之一。判定动作只有一个——把先行词 ______ 从句，看它跟哪个词 ______，介词即随之析出。锁定的介词移到关系代词 ______，即成 ______ which / ______ which / ______ which / ______ whom / ______ whom / ______ whom。 【不成立的四种情况·排查清单】 □ 先行词在从句里作 ______ 时，介词不出现 □ belong to 无被动，还原后动词须保持 ______ □ ______ 一类及物动词还原后不再需要介词 □ 先行词表 ______ 或 ______ 而非地点或具体某日时，in which / on which 不能换成 where / when 三、高频易错速查表 判定信号一列是这张表的入口：先在从句里找到带信号的词（depend、spend、reason、famous），再按该词要求的介词落笔。信号词找不到，说明先行词在从句里不是状语，此时不填介词。 【怎么用这张表】用法：先把"前置结果"一列盖住，只看"搭配"和"判定信号"，自己写出介词，再对照课堂订正。 搭配 判定信号 前置结果 （自己填） 易错等级 常见错误 depend on 从句出现 depend，先行词是其宾语 __________ 高 写成 for which / in which spend ... on 从句出现 spend + 时间或金钱 __________ 极高 写成 for which，把"在某物上花钱"误解成"为某物花钱" borrow ... from 从句出现 borrow，先行词指人 __________ 高 与 lend to 方向混淆 lend ... to 从句出现 lend，先行词指人 __________ 高 与 borrow from 方向混淆 learn ... from 从句出现 learn sth，先行词指人 __________ 中 写成 to whom belong to 从句出现 belong，先行词是其宾语 __________ 高 写成被动 is belonged to graduate from 从句出现 graduate，先行词是学校 __________ 中 写成 of which / in which be famous for 从句出现 famous，先行词表原因 __________ 高 写成 as which（as 用于身份） be responsible for 从句出现 responsible，先行词表事务 __________ 中 写成 of which be made of / from 从句出现 made，先行词是材料 __________ 中 of 与 from 混用 【我的补记】讲里没有、但我自己踩过的坑： ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 四、特殊结构与易错辨析 （一）介词后置与省略　高频易错 ★★★ 关系代词在从句里作介词宾语、介词留在句尾时，关系词可省略，介词不能省——请先把三句的空填完，再验证这句话。 the teahouse (______) we used to gather ______（关系词可省） the teahouse ______ ______ we used to gather（介词前置） *the teahouse which we used to gather（缺 ______，gather 在此需地点介词） 介词留在句尾时，关系词 ______（可 / 不可）省略，介词本身 ______（可 / 不可）省略。 【答案与解析】 第一句 ______ / ______；第二句 ______ ______；第三句缺 ______。 （二）belong to 与被动　高频易错 ★★★ belong to 无被动形式。请先判断下面两句的正误，再写还原句。 The temple belongs ______ the town.　　*The temple is belonged ______ the town. the town ______ which the temple belongs *the town to which the temple is belonged belongs 永远是 ______ 形式，不写成 is belonged。 【答案与解析】 两句分别填 ______、______；定语从句用 ______ which。 （三）made of 与 made from　高频易错 ★★★ 判断标准只有一条：原材料还看不看得出来。请自己填，再归纳。 The chair is made ______ wood.（木料可辨） The paper is made ______ wood.（纤维形态已变） 看得见原材料用 ______，看不见用 ______。 The material ______ which the frame is made is local pine. The material ______ which the paper is made is wood pulp. 【答案与解析】 归纳：看得见 ______，看不见 ______；两句分别 ______、______。 （四）whose 与 of which 的语体差　易错 ★★ whose 口语化、结构简单；of which 更正式，且前接数词或表数量的词时只能用 ______ 结构。 The expert team, three of ______ are from UNESCO, arrived in May. *The expert team, three of ______ are from UNESCO, arrived in May. 前一句成立，后一句不成立。请说明：数词 + of 之后，指人用 ______，指物用 ______；______ 不能接在数词之后。 【答案与解析】 两空分别 ______、______；理由：________________________________ （五）介词 + whose 的嵌套　了解即可 ★★ 操作步骤：先还原整句，再把所属关系换成 whose，最后把介词前置。 the legend comes from the girl's hometown → the girl ______ ______ hometown the legend comes 我的仿写 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 【答案与解析】 嵌套结构：the girl ______ ______ hometown the legend comes。 五、课堂实战 四档各自限时，不累加；做完一档立刻自查，再进下一档。 A 档·基础过关　全员必做 ★★☆☆☆ 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词（介词或关系词）。限时 8 分钟　用时 ______　正确 ______ / 8。 （题材：乌干达卡苏比王陵的重建） The Kasubi Tombs in Kampala, Uganda, were severely damaged by a fire in 2010. After fifteen years of reconstruction, the site 1______ which the Buganda Kingdom has devoted so much care is nearing completion. The main house, the roof 2______ which is made of grass and reeds, has been rebuilt following traditional methods. The craftsmen 3______ whom the young workers learned the craft are now in their sixties. The reason 4______ which the site was removed from the World Heritage in Danger list in September 2023 is the steady progress of the work. High-tech firefighting equipment, 5______ which the kingdom once had no access, has been installed inside the tombs. A UNESCO delegate visited the site on 7 May 2025, 6______ which he praised the joint efforts of the kingdom, the government and UNESCO. The official opening, 7______ which local people have waited for years, is expected before the end of December 2025. The master plan, 8______ which the long-term future of the site depends, is still being developed. 【答案与解析】 1. ______　还原：____________________________________________________ 2. ______　还原：____________________________________________________ 3. ______　还原：____________________________________________________ 4. ______　还原：____________________________________________________ 5. ______　还原：____________________________________________________ 6. ______　还原：____________________________________________________ 7. ______　还原：____________________________________________________ 8. ______　还原：____________________________________________________ 【错因勾选】□把 have access 后的介词写成 of　□把 wait 后的介词写成 to　□看到具体日期仍填 in　□把 depend on 记成 depend in B 档·能力提升　全员必做 ★★★☆☆ 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。限时 8 分钟　用时 ______　正确 ______ / 4。 （题材：伊拉克摩苏尔老城的重建，联合国教科文组织直接主导的最大规模重建计划） The Old City of Mosul, 1______ heritage was largely destroyed during the conflict, is being rebuilt through the largest reconstruction programme ever led by UNESCO. The organisation has led the programme 2______, working side by side with local craftsmen and international experts. The al-Nouri Mosque, 3______ the Old City's skyline had leaned for centuries, stands at the centre of the work. Many of the 124 heritage houses, 4______ had lost their roofs, are being restored. 1. A. which　B. of which　C. in which　D. whose 2. A. in return　B. in detail　C. in person　D. in public 3. A. in which　B. on which　C. for which　D. against which 4. A. of which　B. in which　C. to which　D. with which 【答案与解析】 1. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 2. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 3. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 4. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 【错因勾选】□看到 mosque、city 一类地点名词就填 in which　□见到 heritage 就填 which，忽略所属关系　□数量词 + of 结构没认出来 C 档·高考冲刺　扎实生加练 ★★★★☆ 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。限时 10 分钟　用时 ______　正确 ______ / 10。 （题材：法国巴黎圣母院的修复与重新开放） Notre-Dame de Paris reopened to visitors and worship on 8 December 2024. The cathedral, the spire 1______ was lost in the fire of 15 April 2019, has been restored within the scheduled time and budget. A public thematic report 2______ (publish) by the Cour des comptes in September 2025 examined both the cost of the work and the conditions under 3______ the reopening took place. The towers, 4______ had been closed since the fire, were prepared to reopen for the European Heritage Days on 20 and 21 September 2025. The cost of this phase was estimated in May 2022 5______ €552 million. Fire safety has been strengthened: a water mist system 6______ (install) in the frame of the roof timbers, and a new fire safety station is manned around 7______ clock. Visitors walk along a route 8______ passes the restored chapels, and the cathedral 9______ (expect) to receive about 400,000 visitors a year, compared with around 450,000 before 2019. Operating costs 10______ (double) since the fire and now stand at about €5.2 million a year, shared between the State and the Diocese of Paris. 【答案与解析】 1. ______　还原：the spire ______ the cathedral（______ 关系）。 2. ______　依据：report 与 publish 是 ______ 关系，时间状语表 ______。 3. ______　还原：the reopening took place ______ the conditions。 4. ______　依据：非限制性从句，先行词指物，介词未前置时用 ______。 5. ______　搭配：estimate sth ______ + 金额。 6. ______　依据：system 与 install 是 ______ 关系，强调已完成的现状影响。 7. ______　短语：around ______ clock。 8. ______　依据：先行词 route 在从句里作 ______，指物。 9. ______　结构：be expected ______ do，时态 ______。 10. ______　依据：时间状语 since the fire 与 ______ 时态连用，主语为 ______。 【错因勾选】□第 3 题填 that 或 what，忘了介词后只能用 which　□第 5 题填 for 或 to　□非限制性从句用了 that D 档·易混辨析　冲高分 ★★★★★ （一）判断下列句中的介词是否正确，若不正确，改正并写出还原句。限时 12 分钟 1. The book for which I spent twenty yuan is about the Silk Road. 2. The friend to whom I borrowed the dictionary is a volunteer at the museum. 3. The village in which I was born is now on the World Heritage List. 4. The old bridge which tourists walk every day is 300 years old. 5. The material from which the frame is made is local pine, and you can still see the grain. 【答案与解析】 1. ______（正确 / 错误），应为 ______。还原：__________________________ 2. ______（正确 / 错误），应为 ______。还原：__________________________ 3. ______（正确 / 错误），应为 ______。还原：__________________________ 4. ______（正确 / 错误），应为 ______。还原：__________________________ 5. ______（正确 / 错误），应为 ______。还原：__________________________ 依据：____________________________________________________________ （二）把下列每对简单句合并成一个含"介词 + 关系词"的定语从句。 1. The restorer is over seventy. The young workers learned the technique from him. 2. This is the teahouse. We used to gather in it every summer. 3. The reason is simple. The old town was protected for the reason. 4. The Hani village is in Yunnan. The mushroom-shaped dwellings stand in it. 5. The database is the largest of its kind in China. Researchers study silk patterns through it. 合并句 1 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 合并句 2 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 合并句 3 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 合并句 4 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 合并句 5 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 【答案与解析】 1. ______　还原：__________________________________________________ 2. ______　还原：__________________________________________________ 3. ______　还原：__________________________________________________ 4. ______　还原：__________________________________________________ 5. ______　还原：__________________________________________________ 我卡住的题号：______　卡在：□介词选不出　□whom / which 选错　□语序摆不对 （三）判断下列句中的 in which / on which / for which 能否换成 where / when / why，并写出理由。 1. The box in which the relics were kept is locked. 2. I remember the day on which the restoration began. 3. The days during which they studied abroad were unforgettable. 4. The reason for which the walls were repaired is clear. 【答案与解析】 1. ______（能 / 不能）。理由：______________________________________ 2. ______（能 / 不能）。理由：______________________________________ 3. ______（能 / 不能）。理由：______________________________________ 4. ______（能 / 不能）。理由：______________________________________ 我的判定入口：先看 ______ 表什么语义类别，再看关系词。 【订正区】　本讲必交 抄下错题，写清"我错在看成了什么"。只抄句子不够，要写出当时脑子里那句错误的话。 题号 我错在看成了什么 正确的判定依据 __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ 六、课堂小结 【自检默写】（合上讲义写，写不出就回去重做对应环节） 还原：把先行词放回从句，找 ____________、____________、____________ 要求的介词（live ___、be famous ___、the reason ___）。 前置：把该介词提到关系代词 ______（前 / 后）（____ which、____ which、____ whom）。 判定：in which = ______（先行词表 ____________）；on which = ______（先行词表 ____________）；for which = ______（先行词是 ______）。 【自检三问】 1. 给我 spend 和 book，我能不能还原出 on？　　□能　□不能 2. 给我 borrow 和 friend，我能不能还原出 from，并说清它与 lend to 的方向差？　　□能　□不能 3. 给我 the box 和 in which，我能不能说出它为什么不能换成 where？　　□能　□不能 三问都能当场答出，介词还原法即从"填空技巧"变成"写句能力"。写作用"介词 + which"确实加分，前提是介词与先行词、从句的搭配无误；对某处介词归属没有把握时，改用 where / when / why 更简单可靠。稳与准排在"显得高级"之前——这是我最想让你记住的一句。 【我的笔记·最该记住的三句话】 1. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 2. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 3. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 七、课后巩固 （一）巩固一·语法填空（10 空）　限时 8 分钟 ★★★☆☆ 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词（介词或关系词）。用时 ______　正确 ______ / 10。 （题材：科技赋能下的中国文化遗产保护） China now has 60 World Heritage sites, a number 1______ which the country ranks among the top in the world. At the Kizil Caves in Xinjiang, AI restoration and spectral analysis 2______ which researchers study the murals have brought paintings over 1,700 years old back to life. The caves, the walls 3______ which were fading fast, had long suffered from damp air and salt. In Suzhou, a silk pattern database, 4______ which designers draw inspiration for modern products, has become the largest of its kind in China. The reason 5______ which the database was built is simple: thousands of fragile patterns would otherwise be lost. The law also plays its part. New rules require archaeological work 6______ (carry) out before land is transferred for construction. The Great Wall Museum, 7______ reopened in 2026 after renewal, tells the story of the wall from a national perspective. Procuratorates across the country have published typical cases, several 8______ which involve cross-provincial cooperation on wall protection. None of these efforts would work 9______ the people who live beside the sites. Local villagers, 10______ whom most tourism revenue now goes directly, have become the most reliable guardians of the heritage. 【答案与解析】 1. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 2. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 3. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 4. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 5. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 6. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 7. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 8. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 9. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 10. ______　还原 / 依据：____________________________________________ 我错得最多的一类：□动词短语 □形容词短语 □名词搭配 □所属关系 □上下文语义 （二）巩固二·完形填空（15 空）　限时 12 分钟 ★★★★☆ 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。用时 ______　正确 ______ / 15。 （题材：加纳五座沿海堡垒的紧急关闭与修复） On 18 December 2025, the Ghana Museums and Monuments Board closed five historic forts along the coast. The decision, 1______ the Board said would protect both visitors and the monuments, took effect immediately. The forts — Fort Apollonia, Fort St. Anthony, Fort Orange, James Fort and Ussher Fort — were built by European powers and later became 2______ in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Several of them are UNESCO World Heritage properties, 3______ status depends on how well their original character is kept. Engineers and conservation experts were sent to carry 4______ structural evaluations and routine maintenance. The marine environment, 5______ the centuries-old walls have been exposed for generations, speeds 6______ the damage. Salt air eats into the stone, and this is 7______ cracks widen year by year. The Acting Executive Director of the Board explained that the shutdown would last 8______ the sites were declared safe. He apologised to tourists 9______ travel plans would be affected, and asked for patience. The forts are a flagship element of Ghana's "Castles and Forts" route, a heritage trail 10______ the government has promoted for both its historical value and its economic weight. The 11______ for closing all five at once, rather than one by one, is that the safety audits share the same 12______ of specialists and equipment. Local guides, many of 13______ have worked at the forts for over twenty years, welcomed the repairs. "We would rather lose a season of income 14______ lose the forts themselves," one of them said. The Board expects the works to be finished 15______ the end of the following year. 1. A. that　B. what　C. it　D. which 2. A. nodes　B. notes　C. noses　D. notions 3. A. whose　B. which　C. that　D. what 4. A. on　B. out　C. off　D. over 5. A. to which　B. in which　C. for which　D. at which 6. A. in　B. up　C. off　D. down 7. A. that　B. what　C. why　D. where 8. A. after　B. since　C. until　D. while 9. A. who　B. which　C. what　D. whose 10. A. what　B. who　C. when　D. which 11. A. cause　B. reason　C. excuse　D. result 12. A. sum　B. number　C. pool　D. deal 13. A. them　B. who　C. whom　D. which 14. A. to　B. than　C. for　D. against 15. A. by　B. at　C. in　D. on 【答案与解析】 1. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 2. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 3. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 4. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 5. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 6. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 7. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 8. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 9. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 10. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 11. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 12. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 13. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 14. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 15. ______　依据：__________________________________________________ 【错因勾选】□见到 environment 就填 in which，忽略 exposed 要求的搭配　□把 of 后的指人关系词写成 who　□whose 与 which 的定语功能没分清 （三）巩固三·阅读理解（4 题）　限时 10 分钟 ★★★★☆ 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。用时 ______　正确 ______ / 4。 （题材：2026 年北京文化论坛中的文化遗产保护议题） At the 2026 Beijing Culture Forum, heritage protection was discussed from several angles at once. Among the seven results released was the first list of Beijing's archival documentary heritage, a record of the city's written memory that had never been assembled before. Another was the renewal of the China Great Wall Museum, which reopened to tell the wall's story as a single national narrative rather than a series of local ones. In 2026, Peking University worked with the Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities at Memphis. The dig filled a century-long gap in the southern part of the Tel Aziz site and gave researchers fresh material for understanding how civilisations around the Mediterranean exchanged ideas and grew together. One session dealt with systemic protection: how to move from saving single monuments to caring for whole historic cities, blocks and villages. Speakers asked how the physical fabric of a site, urban development and the daily life of residents can be balanced, and how government, planning, heritage and housing bodies can be organised so that protection actually lands on the ground. A round-table discussion ended with a call for the whole of society to take part. The legal side was not absent. In June 2026, the Supreme People's Procuratorate published eight typical cases on the judicial protection of cultural relics, four criminal and four public-interest. In one case from Shanxi, prosecutors pushed for a cross-regional mechanism linking the Great Wall sections in Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. In another from Zhejiang, the ancient Xiake Road was protected together with local tourism, so that heritage and visitor income support rather than undercut each other. 1. What does the underlined word "which" in Paragraph 1 refer to? A. The list of archival documentary heritage. B. The China Great Wall Museum. C. The 2026 Beijing Culture Forum. D. The city's written memory. 2. What is special about the Memphis project? A. It was led entirely by Chinese archaeologists. B. It filled a hundred-year gap at one part of the site. C. It was the first dig ever made in Egypt. D. It focused on the northern part of Tel Aziz. 3. What does "systemic protection" mean according to Paragraph 3? A. Repairing the most famous monuments first. B. Protecting heritage sites one by one. C. Caring for whole historic cities, blocks and villages. D. Moving residents out of historic areas. 4. What can be inferred from the Zhejiang case? A. Ancient roads are harder to protect than museums. B. Tourism income must be spent outside heritage sites. C. Public-interest cases are more common than criminal ones. D. Tourism and heritage protection can support each other. 【答案与解析】 1. ______　定位句：________________________________________________ 2. ______　定位句：________________________________________________ 3. ______　定位句：________________________________________________ 4. ______　定位句：________________________________________________ 【错因勾选】□把 which 误认为指代全段话题　□把 southern 看成 northern　□混淆两类案件的数量 （四）巩固四·写作　限时 20 分钟 ★★★★★ 假定你是校英语报记者李华，请你写一篇短文介绍一处你熟悉的文化遗产保护项目，向校报投稿。内容包括： 1. 这处遗产是什么，位于哪里； 2. 人们为保护它做了什么； 3. 你为什么认为应该保护它。 要求： 1. 词数 100 左右； 2. 至少使用三处"介词 + 关系词"结构（如 in which / for which / from whom / of which）。 先搭三处的"骨架"再动笔：一处写地点或范围，一处写所属，一处写动词短语或原因。每一处都在草稿纸上写一句还原句，确认介词站得住，再誊到作文本上——凭语感硬凑的第三处，阅卷老师一眼就能看出来。 【我的习作】 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 词数：______　我用了 ______ 处"介词 + 关系词"。 【范文自查表】（写完逐条打钩） □ 介词 + 关系词共用 ______ 处，达到 3 处以上 □ 第 1 处来自 ______（地点 / 所属 / 动词短语 / 形容词或名词搭配 / 原因）；还原句：____________ □ 第 2 处来自 ______；还原句：__________________________________________ □ 第 3 处来自 ______；还原句：__________________________________________ □ 有没有一处是凭语感蒙的？有，则划掉重写。 （五）巩固五·迁移训练　综合 ★★★★☆ （一）把下列每对简单句合并成一个含"介词 + 关系词"的定语从句，并写出还原句。 1. The museum is popular. The city is famous for the museum. 2. The craftsmen are over seventy. The young workers learned the skill from them. 3. The village is quiet. We camped in the village last summer. 4. The reason is clear. The old town was protected for the reason. 5. The project was completed in 2025. They spent three years on the project. 合并句 1 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 合并句 2 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 合并句 3 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 合并句 4 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 合并句 5 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 【答案与解析】 1. ______　还原：__________________________________________________ 2. ______　还原：__________________________________________________ 3. ______　还原：__________________________________________________ 4. ______　还原：__________________________________________________ 5. ______　还原：__________________________________________________ 难度自评：□一气呵成 □要还原两次才定 □仍然靠语感 （二）把下列含介词关系从句的句子改写成另外两种等价形式，并说明三种写法的关系词变化。 6. The teahouse in which we used to gather has been repaired. 7. The day on which the restoration began was 8 December 2024. 第 6 句 形式二 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 第 6 句 形式三 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 第 7 句 形式二 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 第 7 句 形式三 ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 【答案与解析】 6. 形式二 ______；形式三 ______。三种写法中，介词 ______（可 / 不可）省；介词前置时关系词 ______（可 / 不可）省。 7. 形式二 ______；形式三 ______。三种写法中，介词 ______（可 / 不可）省；介词前置时关系词 ______（可 / 不可）省。 变化说明：________________________________________________________ 我的追问：若把 the day 换成 the period，______ which ______（能 / 不能）换成 ______，因为先行词的 ____________ 变了。 本讲自评 项目 我的记录 项目 我的记录 导入 3 题 ______ / 3 A 档 8 空 ______ / 8 变式三 5 空 ______ / 5 B 档 4 题 ______ / 4 C 档 10 空 ______ / 10 D 档 14 题 ______ / 14 语法填空 10 空 ______ / 10 完形 15 空 ______ / 15 阅读 4 题 ______ / 4 写作介词 + 关系词 ______ 处 【本讲错因归类】（打钩，写清题号） □介词方向错（borrow / lend、from / to）　□成分判错（状语 / 宾语不分）　□容器与地点混淆（box 换 where） □及物动词多带介词（cross / walk）　□made of 与 made from 混用　□whose 与 of which 语序摆错　□介词后误用 that / who 【我的疑问】（下节课要问的） ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $