专题01 句子成分与基本句型(期中复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪教版

2026-10-08
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专题01 句子成分与基本句型 01 期中考情透视 02 复习目标锚定 03 知识体系构建 04 核心考点精讲 考点一 主语 / 考点二 谓语 / 考点三 宾语 / 考点四 表语 / 考点五 宾语补足语 / 考点六 定语 / 考点七 状语 / 考点八 同位语 / 考点九 六种基本句型 05 限时分层演练 基础固本练 / 综合进阶练 本专题核心考点覆盖8种句子成分的辨析、6种基本句型的识别、并列连词与从属连词的选择、长难句主干快速提取。期中命题常结合语法填空、阅读理解长难句、完形填空语义搭配、书面表达句子结构进行考查。整体以基础送分题型为主;定语vs状语、宾语补足语vs双宾语、同位语从句vs定语从句是拉开分数的重难点。 识记 准确复述主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语的定义与常见构成;牢记SV / SVP / SVO / SVOO / SVOC / There be六种基本句型。 理解 精准辨析易混成分:定语与状语、宾语补足语与双宾语、同位语从句与定语从句;理清并列连词与从属连词的功能差异。 应用 能在语法填空中判断空格充当的句子成分;能够拆分阅读理解长难句主干;能写出结构正确、逻辑通顺的简单句、并列句、复合句。 考点一 主语 1. 位置:陈述句一般位于句首、谓语动词之前;疑问句中放在助动词/情态动词之后。 2. 作用:句子叙述的主体,动作的发出者,说明句子讲的人或事物。 3. 常见构成 ①名词:The cat is sleeping on the sofa.猫正在沙发上睡觉。 ②代词(主格):She loves playing the piano.她喜欢弹钢琴。 ③数词:Two‑thirds of the students are from China.三分之二学生来自中国。 ④动词不定式(to do):To travel around the world is my dream.环游世界是我的梦想。 ⑤动名词(doing):Swimming is a good exercise.游泳是很好的运动。 ⑥名词化形容词the+adj:The poor need more help.穷人需要更多帮助。 ⑦主语从句:How he solved the problem inspired everyone.他解决问题的方式鼓舞所有人。 ⚠️概念辨析 📌易混辨析:形式主语 vs 真正主语 当主语过长,用it作形式主语,把真正主语(不定式、动名词、主语从句)后置。 例:It is important to learn English well.(it形式主语;to learn English well真正主语) ⚠️避坑指南 There be句型中,there是引导词,不是主语;be动词后面名词才是真正主语。 考点二 谓语 1. 位置:放在主语之后,是句子的动词核心。 2. 作用:描述主语做什么、是什么、怎么样;包含时态、语态、人称变化。 3. 分类 ①实义动词:及物动词vt(后面接宾语);不及物动词vi(后面不能直接接宾语)。 ②系动词:be动词;感官动词(look/sound/smell/taste/feel);变化类(become/get/turn/grow);保持类(keep/stay/remain)。 ③复合谓语:助动词/情态动词+实义动词;如have finished;can speak。 ⚠️避坑指南 谓语必须是动词;一个简单句通常只有一套谓语动词,多个动词要处理为非谓语。 考点三 宾语 1. 位置:放在及物动词或介词后面。 2. 作用:动作的承受对象,分为动宾(动词后)、介宾(介词后)。 3. 构成:名词、代词宾格、数词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句。 例:I enjoy reading novels.我喜欢读小说。(动名词作宾语) Please pay attention to what he says.(宾语从句作介宾) ⚠️概念辨析 📌易混辨析:直接宾语 vs 间接宾语 间接宾语IO:多指人,表示动作接收对象; 直接宾语DO:多指物,表示动作内容。 例:He gave me a book. me(间接宾语);a book(直接宾语) 考点四 表语 1. 位置:紧跟系动词之后。 2. 作用:描述主语身份、性质、状态。 3. 构成:名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、表语从句。 例:He became a doctor.(名词作表语) The plan sounds perfect.(形容词作表语) ⚠️避坑指南 只有系动词后面才叫表语;实义动词后接的是宾语。 考点五 宾语补足语 1. 作用:补充说明宾语的身份、状态、动作;去掉之后句子语义不完整。 2. 常见形式:名词、形容词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。 例:We made him monitor.我们选他当班长。(名词作宾补,补充him) I found the book interesting.我发现这本书很有趣。(形容词作宾补) ⚠️概念辨析 📌易混辨析:双宾语VS宾语补足语 ✅SVOO双宾语:两个宾语互相独立;He gave me a pen.→不能说me=a pen ✅SVOC宾补:宾语和宾补逻辑上是主表/主谓关系;We made him monitor.→him=monitor ⚠️避坑指南 There be句型中,there是引导词,不是主语;be动词后面名词才是真正主语。 考点六 定语 1. 作用:修饰限定名词/代词,翻译“……的”。 2. 位置:前置定语放名词前;后置定语放名词后(介词短语、不定式、分词、从句)。 例:The beautiful girl is my cousin.(前置定语beautiful) The girl in red is my cousin.(介词短语作后置定语in red) 考点七 状语 1. 作用:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子;表时间、地点、方式、原因、条件、目的、让步等。 2. 形式:副词、介词短语、分词、状语从句。 例:He runs fast.(副词作方式状语) We study hard to pass the exam.(不定式作目的状语) ⚠️概念辨析 📌易混辨析:定语VS状语 定语修饰名词代词;状语修饰动词、形容词、整句。 The boy in the room is Tom.修饰boy→定语; He studies in the room.修饰studies→地点状语。 考点八 同位语 1. 作用:对前面名词进一步解释说明;前后指代同一个人/物。 2. 形式:名词、代词、数词、同位语从句。 例:My friend Tom will visit me. Tom就是my friend,Tom作同位语。 We students should work hard. students作we的同位语。 ⚠️概念辨析 📌易混辨析:同位语从句 vs 定语从句 同位语从句:解释名词内容;that不作成分,不省略; 定语从句:修饰限定名词;that充当从句主语/宾语,作宾语时可省略。 考点九 六种基本简单句句型 SV 主谓 主语+不及物动词(+状语) 动词不能直接接宾语;The sun rises.太阳升起。 SVP主系表 主语+系动词+表语 系动词后接表语;She looks tired.她看起来疲惫。 SVO主谓宾 主语+及物动词+宾语 动词后面必须接动作对象;I love music.我爱音乐。 SVOO主谓双宾 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 give/show/buy/lend等;He bought me a gift. SVOC主谓宾宾补 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补 make/find/keep/ask等;Keep the room clean. There be存在句 There be +主语 +地点/时间 be单复数由后面真正主语决定;There are some books on the desk. 记忆口诀:谓是核心,系后为表;及物带宾,宾补补宾;同指同位,定修名词,状修动句。 基础固本练(限时:15分钟) 一、指出划线部分的句子成分,选择正确选项 1.She runs in the park every morning. A.宾语 B.状语 C.主语 D.表语 2.We made him monitor. A.宾语补足语 B.谓语 C.定语 D.状语 3.My friend Tom is coming to see me. A.宾语 B.同位语 C.表语 D.谓语 4.To learn English well is important. A.状语 B.宾语 C.主语 D.表语 5.Swimming is good for health. A.谓语 B.主语 C.宾语补足语 D.定语 二、判断下列句子的句型(填写SV/SVP/SVO/SVOO/SVOC/There be) 1. The rain stopped. ________ 2. The flower smells sweet. ________ 3. My mom bought me a new bag. ________ 4. We keep our classroom tidy. ________ 5. There is a library in our school. ________ 综合进阶练(限时:15分钟) 一、语法填空(结合句子成分解题,2021全国I卷改编) Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song“The Long and Winding Road”. 1______is so breathtaking about the experience is the out‑of‑this‑world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 2 ______(human) are. The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will 3 ______(undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 4______ (hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it? But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 5______ (astonish). What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it 6 ______(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 7 ______offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 8______ (ache) legs. As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in 9______ (I).While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is 10 ______must to visit! 二、长难句主干提取(划出句子主谓核心主干) 1. The little girl wearing a red dress beside the window sang a beautiful English song yesterday afternoon. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 2. All the students in our class consider the hard‑working monitor a good example for us all. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 3. Under the bright moonlight, a group of young tourists remained quiet and enjoyed the peaceful night by the lake. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 4. To improve his oral English, Tom’s father bought him a useful audio book last summer vacation. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 5. The experienced teacher standing at the front of the classroom looks patient and full of energy. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 6. Many volunteers from different cities kept the local public libraries open during the long holiday. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 7. In the corner of the old park, there stands a tall ancient tree with thick green leaves. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 8. Encouraged by his teacher, the shy boy finished his whole science project within two weeks. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 9. The warm‑hearted grandma who lives next door often tells us interesting stories about her childhood. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 10. After three hours of hard work, all the members of the team felt greatly satisfied with their final result. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 3 / 3 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $ 专题01 句子成分与基本句型 01 期中考情透视 02 复习目标锚定 03 知识体系构建 04 核心考点精讲 考点一 主语 / 考点二 谓语 / 考点三 宾语 / 考点四 表语 / 考点五 宾语补足语 / 考点六 定语 / 考点七 状语 / 考点八 同位语 / 考点九 六种基本句型 05 限时分层演练 基础固本练 / 综合进阶练 本专题核心考点覆盖8种句子成分的辨析、6种基本句型的识别、并列连词与从属连词的选择、长难句主干快速提取。期中命题常结合语法填空、阅读理解长难句、完形填空语义搭配、书面表达句子结构进行考查。整体以基础送分题型为主;定语vs状语、宾语补足语vs双宾语、同位语从句vs定语从句是拉开分数的重难点。 识记 准确复述主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语的定义与常见构成;牢记SV / SVP / SVO / SVOO / SVOC / There be六种基本句型。 理解 精准辨析易混成分:定语与状语、宾语补足语与双宾语、同位语从句与定语从句;理清并列连词与从属连词的功能差异。 应用 能在语法填空中判断空格充当的句子成分;能够拆分阅读理解长难句主干;能写出结构正确、逻辑通顺的简单句、并列句、复合句。 考点一 主语 1. 位置:陈述句一般位于句首、谓语动词之前;疑问句中放在助动词/情态动词之后。 2. 作用:句子叙述的主体,动作的发出者,说明句子讲的人或事物。 3. 常见构成 ①名词:The cat is sleeping on the sofa.猫正在沙发上睡觉。 ②代词(主格):She loves playing the piano.她喜欢弹钢琴。 ③数词:Two‑thirds of the students are from China.三分之二学生来自中国。 ④动词不定式(to do):To travel around the world is my dream.环游世界是我的梦想。 ⑤动名词(doing):Swimming is a good exercise.游泳是很好的运动。 ⑥名词化形容词the+adj:The poor need more help.穷人需要更多帮助。 ⑦主语从句:How he solved the problem inspired everyone.他解决问题的方式鼓舞所有人。 ⚠️概念辨析 📌易混辨析:形式主语 vs 真正主语 当主语过长,用it作形式主语,把真正主语(不定式、动名词、主语从句)后置。 例:It is important to learn English well.(it形式主语;to learn English well真正主语) ⚠️避坑指南 There be句型中,there是引导词,不是主语;be动词后面名词才是真正主语。 考点二 谓语 1. 位置:放在主语之后,是句子的动词核心。 2. 作用:描述主语做什么、是什么、怎么样;包含时态、语态、人称变化。 3. 分类 ①实义动词:及物动词vt(后面接宾语);不及物动词vi(后面不能直接接宾语)。 ②系动词:be动词;感官动词(look/sound/smell/taste/feel);变化类(become/get/turn/grow);保持类(keep/stay/remain)。 ③复合谓语:助动词/情态动词+实义动词;如have finished;can speak。 ⚠️避坑指南 谓语必须是动词;一个简单句通常只有一套谓语动词,多个动词要处理为非谓语。 考点三 宾语 1. 位置:放在及物动词或介词后面。 2. 作用:动作的承受对象,分为动宾(动词后)、介宾(介词后)。 3. 构成:名词、代词宾格、数词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句。 例:I enjoy reading novels.我喜欢读小说。(动名词作宾语) Please pay attention to what he says.(宾语从句作介宾) ⚠️概念辨析 📌易混辨析:直接宾语 vs 间接宾语 间接宾语IO:多指人,表示动作接收对象; 直接宾语DO:多指物,表示动作内容。 例:He gave me a book. me(间接宾语);a book(直接宾语) 考点四 表语 1. 位置:紧跟系动词之后。 2. 作用:描述主语身份、性质、状态。 3. 构成:名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、表语从句。 例:He became a doctor.(名词作表语) The plan sounds perfect.(形容词作表语) ⚠️避坑指南 只有系动词后面才叫表语;实义动词后接的是宾语。 考点五 宾语补足语 1. 作用:补充说明宾语的身份、状态、动作;去掉之后句子语义不完整。 2. 常见形式:名词、形容词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。 例:We made him monitor.我们选他当班长。(名词作宾补,补充him) I found the book interesting.我发现这本书很有趣。(形容词作宾补) ⚠️概念辨析 📌易混辨析:双宾语VS宾语补足语 ✅SVOO双宾语:两个宾语互相独立;He gave me a pen.→不能说me=a pen ✅SVOC宾补:宾语和宾补逻辑上是主表/主谓关系;We made him monitor.→him=monitor ⚠️避坑指南 There be句型中,there是引导词,不是主语;be动词后面名词才是真正主语。 考点六 定语 1. 作用:修饰限定名词/代词,翻译“……的”。 2. 位置:前置定语放名词前;后置定语放名词后(介词短语、不定式、分词、从句)。 例:The beautiful girl is my cousin.(前置定语beautiful) The girl in red is my cousin.(介词短语作后置定语in red) 考点七 状语 1. 作用:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子;表时间、地点、方式、原因、条件、目的、让步等。 2. 形式:副词、介词短语、分词、状语从句。 例:He runs fast.(副词作方式状语) We study hard to pass the exam.(不定式作目的状语) ⚠️概念辨析 📌易混辨析:定语VS状语 定语修饰名词代词;状语修饰动词、形容词、整句。 The boy in the room is Tom.修饰boy→定语; He studies in the room.修饰studies→地点状语。 考点八 同位语 1. 作用:对前面名词进一步解释说明;前后指代同一个人/物。 2. 形式:名词、代词、数词、同位语从句。 例:My friend Tom will visit me. Tom就是my friend,Tom作同位语。 We students should work hard. students作we的同位语。 ⚠️概念辨析 📌易混辨析:同位语从句 vs 定语从句 同位语从句:解释名词内容;that不作成分,不省略; 定语从句:修饰限定名词;that充当从句主语/宾语,作宾语时可省略。 考点九 六种基本简单句句型 SV 主谓 主语+不及物动词(+状语) 动词不能直接接宾语;The sun rises.太阳升起。 SVP主系表 主语+系动词+表语 系动词后接表语;She looks tired.她看起来疲惫。 SVO主谓宾 主语+及物动词+宾语 动词后面必须接动作对象;I love music.我爱音乐。 SVOO主谓双宾 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 give/show/buy/lend等;He bought me a gift. SVOC主谓宾宾补 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补 make/find/keep/ask等;Keep the room clean. There be存在句 There be +主语 +地点/时间 be单复数由后面真正主语决定;There are some books on the desk. 记忆口诀:谓是核心,系后为表;及物带宾,宾补补宾;同指同位,定修名词,状修动句。 基础固本练(限时:15分钟) 一、指出划线部分的句子成分,选择正确选项 1.She runs in the park every morning. A.宾语 B.状语 C.主语 D.表语 【答案】B 【解析】句意:她每天早上在公园里跑步。主语She,谓语runs;in the park表示动作发生地点,作地点状语。 2.We made him monitor. A.宾语补足语 B.谓语 C.定语 D.状语 【答案】A 【解析】句意:我们选他当班长。主语We,谓语made,宾语him;monitor补充说明宾语him的身份,作宾语补足语。 3.My friend Tom is coming to see me. A.宾语 B.同位语 C.表语 D.谓语 【答案】B 【解析】句意:我的朋友汤姆要来看我。Tom和My friend指代同一个人,作同位语。 4.To learn English well is important. A.状语 B.宾语 C.主语 D.表语 【答案】C 【解析】句意:学好英语很重要。不定式To learn English well在句中充当叙述主体,作主语。 5.Swimming is good for health. A.谓语 B.主语 C.宾语补足语 D.定语 【答案】B 【解析】句意:游泳有益于健康。动名词Swimming作句子主语。 二、判断下列句子的句型(填写SV/SVP/SVO/SVOO/SVOC/There be) 1. The rain stopped. ________ 2. The flower smells sweet. ________ 3. My mom bought me a new bag. ________ 4. We keep our classroom tidy. ________ 5. There is a library in our school. ________ 【参考答案】1.SV 2.SVP 3.SVOO 4.SVOC 5.There be 综合进阶练(限时:15分钟) 一、语法填空(结合句子成分解题,2021全国I卷改编) Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song“The Long and Winding Road”. 1______is so breathtaking about the experience is the out‑of‑this‑world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 2 ______(human) are. The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will 3 ______(undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 4______ (hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it? But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 5______ (astonish). What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it 6 ______(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 7 ______offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 8______ (ache) legs. As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in 9______ (I).While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is 10 ______must to visit! 【答案与解析】 1. What 【解析】主语从句,从句缺少主语,what指代这件经历。 2. humans 【解析】we的同位语,we复数,human变复数humans。 3. undoubtedly【解析】修饰动词help,作状语,副词形式。 4. hotter【解析】the+比较级,the+比较级结构。 5. astonished【解析】leave+宾语+宾补;修饰人us用‑ed形容词astonished。 6. was【解析】宾语从句真正主语to put…;then表示过去,be动词用was。 7. and【解析】并列谓语highlights与offers,并列连词and。 8. aching【解析】修饰名词legs作定语,现在分词aching疼痛的。 9. mine【解析】介词in后面作宾语,mine=my memory名词性物主代词。 10. a【解析】must此处转化为可数名词,意为“必去之地”,a must。 二、长难句主干提取(划出句子主谓核心主干) 1. The little girl wearing a red dress beside the window sang a beautiful English song yesterday afternoon. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 2. All the students in our class consider the hard‑working monitor a good example for us all. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 3. Under the bright moonlight, a group of young tourists remained quiet and enjoyed the peaceful night by the lake. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 4. To improve his oral English, Tom’s father bought him a useful audio book last summer vacation. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 5. The experienced teacher standing at the front of the classroom looks patient and full of energy. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 6. Many volunteers from different cities kept the local public libraries open during the long holiday. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 7. In the corner of the old park, there stands a tall ancient tree with thick green leaves. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 8. Encouraged by his teacher, the shy boy finished his whole science project within two weeks. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 9. The warm‑hearted grandma who lives next door often tells us interesting stories about her childhood. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 10. After three hours of hard work, all the members of the team felt greatly satisfied with their final result. 主干:________________________ 句型:________ 【答案与解析】 1. The little girl sang a song. 句型:SVO(主谓宾) 解析:wearing a red dress beside the window(后置定语);yesterday afternoon(时间状语)删去。 2. All the students consider the monitor a good example. 句型:SVOC(主谓宾宾补) 解析:in our class(定语);hard‑working(定语);for us all(后置定语)删去。monitor是宾语,a good example作宾语补足语。 3. A group of young tourists remained quiet and enjoyed the night. 句型:SVP + SVO(并列句) 解析:Under the bright moonlight(状语);peaceful、by the lake(修饰成分)删去。 4. Tom’s father bought him an audio book. 句型:SVOO(主谓双宾) 解析:To improve his oral English(目的状语);useful(定语);last summer vacation(时间状语)删去;him间接宾语,an audio book直接宾语。 5. The teacher looks patient and full of energy. 句型:SVP(主系表) 解析:experienced(定语);standing at the front of the classroom(后置定语)删去;looks是系动词。 6. Many volunteers kept the local public libraries open. 句型:SVOC(主谓宾宾补) 解析:from different cities(后置定语);during the long holiday(时间状语)删去;open为宾语补足语。 7. There stands a tall ancient tree. 句型:There be(存在句) 解析:In the corner of the old park(地点状语);with thick green leaves(后置定语)删去。 8. The shy boy finished his science project. 句型:SVO(主谓宾) 解析:Encouraged by his teacher(状语);whole(定语);within two weeks(时间状语)删去。 9. The warm‑hearted grandma tells us stories. 句型:SVOO(主谓双宾) 解析:who lives next door(定语从句);often(状语);interesting、about her childhood(定语)删去;us间接宾语,stories直接宾语。 10. All the members felt satisfied. 句型:SVP(主系表) 解析:After three hours of hard work(状语);of the team(定语);greatly(状语);with their final result(状语)删去;felt为系动词。 3 / 3 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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专题01 句子成分与基本句型(期中复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪教版
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专题01 句子成分与基本句型(期中复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪教版
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专题01 句子成分与基本句型(期中复习讲义)高一英语上学期沪教版
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