热点05 跨学科融合阅读（生物+心理+人文+AI+天文+数学）（时文阅读+重难词汇+长难句精析+全文翻译）2027年高考英语热点时文阅读

热点05 跨学科融合阅读（生物+心理+人文+AI+天文+数学） 1 英语+心理/生物 人与社会：动物认知科学实验 鸽子不爱走老路？它们可能正在改写学习定律 2 英语+生物 人与自然；海洋垃圾污染治理 变废为路：夏威夷用海洋塑料铺筑路面 3 英语+人文 人与社会；能源民生 欧美空调差异：文化、气候与环保的碰撞 4 英语+AI 人与社会：科技创新 轻量级低碳 AI：兼顾科技发展与减碳目标 5 英语+天文 人与社会：天文科研 恒星风会掩盖外星无线电信号 6 英语+生物 人与社会：动物行为实验 果蝇也爱 “旋转木马”？ 7 英语+数学 人与社会：自然现象科学研究 雪花飘落背后的数学规律 ( 0 1 英语+ 心理/生物 ) Living and flying around cities, pigeons have adapted to an ever-shifting environment. But their environment isn’t the only thing that’s constantly changing. New research suggests the birds themselves avoid stability in their decision-making, instead choosing to live “at the edge of chaos.” As model species for learning and behavior, these birds are helping researchers test a century-old law about how humans and other creatures learn. When learning something new, people and animals alike tend to repeat behaviors that are rewarded. First proposed in 1898, this principle is so well established in psychology that it has become known as “the law of effect”. But a new study is challenging this idea. University of Iowa experimental psychologist Edward A．Wasserman and his colleagues conducted a test on pigeons. And the study’s results, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, suggest these birds prefer variability. To see how rewarded behaviors vary, the researchers gave pigeons a series of five colorful buttons to peck (啄). They could peck any buttons in any order, but as long as they pecked five times, a treat (bird food) would appear. Based on previous theories of learning, the scientists expected the pigeons might eventually slip into a routine—perhaps choosing to repeat patterns they know work or simply pecking the button nearest to them five times. Instead they continued pecking in a variety of patterns. “There would be no reason not to expect that the animals would converge (汇聚) on a single favorite, but it never got to that point,” Wasserman says. “You could argue the birds are just completely resistant to locking into anything stable.” The team theorizes that pigeons’ devotion to variability might be an evolutionary advantage that aids handling new challenges in their environment — and they expect birds aren’t the only ones resisting uniformity. The researchers are currently conducting tests to see whether rewarded behaviors remain variable in different animals, which others in the field say might explain how the brain makes behavioral decisions while learning. 1．In paragraph 2, “the law of effect” is described as ______. A．outdated B．groundless C．controversial D．self-contradictory 2．According to paragraph 3, the researchers originally expected the pigeons to ______. A．cooperate with fellows B．obtain a stable pattern C．find the odd button out D．seize the treat quickly 3．How does Wasserman sound in paragraph 4? A．Indifferent. B．Skeptical. C．Relieved. D．Shocked. 4．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that variability ______. A．may be a shared feature across species B．may not be applicable to human beings C．is best displayed in birds’ behaviors D．completely denies “the law of effect” 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】文章介绍一项新研究，发现鸽子做选择时偏好多变、拒绝稳定，挑战了心理学效果律，并探究该特性的进化意义。 【详解】21．细节理解题。根据第二段中“But a new study is challenging this idea.(但一项新的研究正在挑战这一观点)”可知，原本公认的效果律如今受到质疑、存在争议。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Based on previous theories of learning, the scientists expected the pigeons might eventually slip into a routine—perhaps choosing to repeat patterns they know work or simply pecking the button nearest to them five times.(基于以往的学习理论，科学家们原本预计鸽子最终会形成固定套路 —— 或许会选择重复它们已知有效的模式，或只是五次啄击离自己最近的按钮)”可知，研究人员原本预期鸽子会形成稳定的行为模式。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“There would be no reason not to expect that the animals would converge on a single favorite, but it never got to that point (我们完全有理由预期这些动物会固定偏好单一模式，但这种情况从未出现)”可知，实验结果超出预期，Wasserman对此结果感到震惊。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The team theorizes that pigeons’ devotion to variability might be an evolutionary advantage that aids handling new challenges in their environment — and they expect birds aren’t the only ones resisting uniformity.(该研究团队提出理论：鸽子对多样性的执着或许是一种进化优势，这种优势有助于应对生存环境中的新挑战 —— 并且他们认为，鸟类并非是抗拒单一化的唯一物种)”以及研究人员准备对其他动物开展测试可知，偏好多变的特性或许是多个物种的共同特征。 重难词汇: 1. adapt /əˈdæpt/v. 适应 2. constant /ˈkɒnstənt/adj. 不断的；持续的 3. principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/n. 原则；原理 4. conduct /kənˈdʌkt/v. 进行；实施 5. variety /vəˈraɪəti/n. 多样性；变化 6. evolutionary /ˌiːvəˈluːʃənri/adj. 进化的 长难句精析： 1. First proposed in 1898, this principle is so well established in psychology that it has become known as “the law of effect”. 翻译：这一原理最早于 1898 年被提出，在心理学中已得到广泛确立，因此被称为 “效果律”。 分析：本句中 “First proposed in 1898” 为过去分词短语作状语，交代原理提出的时间，主句使用so…that…结果状语从句结构，表达 “如此…… 以至于”，be known as意为 “被称作”，用来介绍这一心理学原理的专有名称。 2. The team theorizes that pigeons’ devotion to variability might be an evolutionary advantage that aids handling new challenges in their environment — and they expect birds aren’t the only ones resisting uniformity. 翻译：该团队推测，鸽子对多样性的坚持可能是一种进化优势，有助于应对环境中的新挑战；他们认为，鸟类并不是唯一拒绝单一模式的动物。 分析：这是由 and 连接的并列复合句，前半部分theorizes后接 that 引导的宾语从句，从句内部又嵌套 that 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词evolutionary advantage，破折号衔接并列分句，分句中现在分词短语resisting uniformity作后置定语，修饰the only ones，补充说明对象的特征。 全文翻译： 鸽子在城市中生活和飞翔，已经适应了不断变化的环境。但环境并不是唯一在持续改变的事物。新研究表明，鸽子自身在做决策时也会避免稳定性，反而选择生活在 “混沌边缘”。作为研究学习与行为的模式物种，这些鸽子正在帮助研究人员检验一项已有百年历史的法则 —— 关于人类和其他动物如何学习。 当学习新事物时，人类和动物都倾向于重复那些会得到奖励的行为。这一原理最早于 1898 年被提出，在心理学中已得到广泛确立，因此被称为 “效果律”。但一项新研究正在对这一观点提出挑战。美国爱荷华大学实验心理学家爱德华・A・瓦瑟曼和他的同事对鸽子进行了一项测试。研究结果发表在《实验心理学杂志：动物学习与认知》上，结果表明这些鸽子更喜欢变化性。 为了观察受奖励的行为如何变化，研究人员给鸽子提供了五个彩色按钮供它们啄击。鸽子可以按任意顺序啄任意按钮，但只要啄够五次，就会出现一份奖励（鸟食）。根据以前的学习理论，科学家原本预计鸽子最终可能会形成固定模式 —— 比如重复它们知道有效的顺序，或者只是五次都啄离它们最近的按钮。然而，鸽子却继续以各种各样的模式啄击。 “人们完全有理由预期这些动物会汇聚到某一种最喜欢的模式上，但情况从未发展到那一步，” 瓦瑟曼说，“你可以说，这些鸟完全抗拒锁定任何稳定的模式。” 该团队推测，鸽子对多样性的坚持可能是一种进化优势，有助于应对环境中的新挑战；他们认为，鸟类并不是唯一拒绝单一模式的动物。研究人员目前正在测试不同动物的受奖励行为是否也保持变化性，该领域的其他研究者表示，这或许能解释大脑在学习过程中如何做出行为决策。 ( 02 英语+化学 ) In Hawaii, researchers are literally paving the roads with good intentions. They have come up with an innovative method for putting the island’s plastic pollution to work, covering its roads with asphalt (沥青) mixed with plastic waste. While plastic paving initiatives are happening in places like Missouri and Texas, the project in Hawaii is the first to use marine waste. It is designed to solve the islands’ unique exposure to discarded fishing gear, tourist waste and the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, which completely covers the island chain every few years. To date, 90 tons of plastic trash have been removed from the Pacific Ocean. One key question is whether wear and tear on that pavement might release microplastics into the environment. Initial results show that the asphalt remains largely undamaged, researchers reported on March 22 at the American Chemical Society meeting. “We’re extremely concerned about the releasing of plastics or other chemicals into the environment, because this can expose humans and animals to toxic plastic additives, leading to a series of health problems,” says chemist Jennifer Lynch. The team used a variety of methods to simulate how microplastics would normally be released into the ecosystem, for example, simulating stormwater by pouring pure water onto the road, then sweeping the roads to collect gravel (砂砾) dust to look for microplastics. “There wasn’t significant microplastic release compared with the road with no plastic mixed into the asphalt,” says Jennifer. Bill Buttlar, director of the Innovation Lab at the University of Missouri, says he’s impressed with the program but notes that the challenges with road performance in Hawaii are different from those in the mainland United States. The tropical climate with its heavy rains and volcanism faces underground volatility (波动), and when the ground is constantly shifting, it can cause road cracking. “The main challenge to scaling this is getting the recipe right with the asphalt because what works in Hawaii may be a little different than what works in the Midwest,” Buttlar says. 1．What does the author point out at the beginning of the text? A．Marine pollution is increasingly serious. B．Plastic waste can be used to pave roads. C．Asphalt can be environmentally friendly. D．Plastic is an excellent building material. 2．What does the underlined word “toxic” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Complicated. B．Flexible. C．Rough. D．Poisonous. 3．Why did the team collect the gravel dust? A．To keep the roads clean. B．To examine the road stability. C．To test it for microplastics. D．To remove the underlying risks. 4．What challenges the road performance in Hawaii? A．Climatic and geological conditions. B．The large construction scale. C．New chemicals mixed in the asphalt. D．Land surface temperature changes. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了夏威夷研究人员利用海洋塑料垃圾与沥青混合铺设道路的创新方法，并探讨了微塑料释放风险及当地道路性能挑战。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“They have come up with an innovative method for putting the island’s plastic pollution to work, covering its roads with asphalt (沥青) mixed with plastic waste. (他们想出了一种创新的方法，将岛上的塑料污染利用起来，用混合了塑料垃圾的沥青铺设道路)”可知，作者在文章开头指出塑料垃圾可以被用来铺路。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“because this can expose humans and animals to toxic plastic additives, leading to a series of health problems (因为这可能使人类和动物接触到toxic塑料添加剂，导致一系列健康问题)”可知，能导致健康问题的添加剂必然是有毒的。故划线词toxic意为“有毒的”，与“Poisonous”同义。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The team used a variety of methods to simulate how microplastics would normally be released into the ecosystem, for example, simulating stormwater by pouring pure water onto the road, then sweeping the roads to collect gravel (砂砾) dust to look for microplastics.(该团队使用了多种方法来模拟微塑料通常如何被释放到生态系统中，例如，通过将纯净水倒在路面上来模拟雨水，然后清扫路面收集砂砾灰尘以寻找微塑料)”可知，研究团队收集砂砾粉尘的目的是为了检测其中是否含有微塑料。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Bill Buttlar, director of the Innovation Lab at the University of Missouri, says he’s impressed with the program but notes that the challenges with road performance in Hawaii are different from those in the mainland United States. The tropical climate with its heavy rains and volcanism faces underground volatility (波动), and when the ground is constantly shifting, it can cause road cracking. (密苏里大学创新实验室主任比尔·巴特拉尔表示，他对该项目印象深刻，但也指出夏威夷的道路性能挑战与美国本土不同。热带气候及其暴雨和火山活动面临着地下的波动，当地面不断移动时，会导致道路开裂)”可知，夏威夷独特的热带气候和地质条件对当地的道路性能构成了挑战。 重难词汇: 1. innovative /ˈɪnəveɪtɪv/adj. 创新的；革新的 2. marine /məˈriːn/adj. 海洋的；海生的 3. discard /dɪˈskɑːd/v. 丢弃，抛弃 4. simulate /ˈsɪmjuleɪt/v. 模拟；模仿 5. volatility /ˌvɒləˈtɪləti/n. 不稳定性；波动 6. scale /skeɪl/v. 扩大规模；缩放 长难句精析： 1. It is designed to solve the islands’ unique exposure to discarded fishing gear, tourist waste and the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, which completely covers the island chain every few years. 翻译：该项目旨在解决夏威夷群岛特有的废弃物问题，包括废弃渔具、游客垃圾以及太平洋垃圾带，这片垃圾带每隔几年就会覆盖整个岛链。 分析：本句主干为 It is designed to solve…，不定式作目的状语，exposure to后接三个并列名词短语作宾语；which 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是 the Great Pacific Garbage Patch，用来补充说明太平洋垃圾带的特点。 2. “We’re extremely concerned about the releasing of plastics or other chemicals into the environment, because this can expose humans and animals to toxic plastic additives, leading to a series of health problems,” says chemist Jennifer Lynch. 翻译：化学家詹妮弗・林奇说：“我们非常担心塑料或其他化学物质释放到环境中，因为这会让人类和动物接触到有毒的塑料添加剂，进而引发一系列健康问题。” 分析：直接引语内部包含 because 引导的原因状语从句，expose...to...是固定搭配，表示 “使…… 接触 / 暴露于……”；句末现在分词短语leading to a series of health problems作结果状语，用来引出有毒添加剂带来的后果。 全文翻译： 在夏威夷，研究人员实实在在地怀着美好的愿景铺路。他们想出了一种创新方法来利用岛上的塑料污染物，将塑料废料混合进沥青铺设路面。 密苏里州、得克萨斯州等地也开展了塑料铺路项目，但夏威夷这个项目是首个使用海洋废弃物的项目。该项目旨在解决夏威夷群岛特有的废弃物问题，包括废弃渔具、游客垃圾以及太平洋垃圾带，这片垃圾带每隔几年就会覆盖整个岛链。迄今为止，研究人员已经从太平洋中清理出 90 吨塑料垃圾。 一个核心问题是：路面磨损是否会向环境释放微塑料。研究人员于 3 月 22 日在美国化学学会会议上报告，初步结果显示沥青大体上保持完好。化学家詹妮弗・林奇表示：“我们十分担心塑料或其他化学物质释放到环境中，因为这会让人类和动物接触到有毒塑料添加剂，引发一系列健康问题。” 研究团队采用多种方法模拟微塑料释放到生态系统的过程，例如往路面淋纯净水模拟雨水冲刷，之后清扫路面收集砂砾粉尘，检测其中的微塑料。詹妮弗说：“和没有混入塑料的普通沥青路面相比，这种路面并不会大量释放微塑料。” 密苏里大学创新实验室主任比尔・巴特拉对该项目印象深刻，但他指出夏威夷路面面临的考验和美国本土不同。当地属于热带气候，降雨量大，存在火山活动，地下地质条件不稳定；地面持续移位会造成路面开裂。巴特拉说：“扩大这项技术规模的主要难题是调配合适的沥青配方，适合夏威夷的配方，放在美国中西部未必适用。” ( 03 英语+人文 ) An interesting cultural phenomenon occurs every summer when Europeans and Americans visit each other’s continents. Europeans complain that shops and restaurants in America are so coldly air-conditioned as to require a jacket. Americans holidaying in Europe grow impatient on finding that European old-world buildings cause them to sweat. The divide is rooted in both climate and culture. Long before American companies began using cooling chemicals for air-conditioning, Southern Europe was built to handle heat. In traditional houses, white paint and shaded courtyards keep things cool. Windows are thrown open and rooms aired in the mornings. Shutters keep out the midday sun. Northern Europe, meanwhile, is mostly spared the problem by its cold weather thanks to geographical advantages. These days, as global warming is putting Europe to test, some Europeans who celebrate green lifestyles still feel pangs of carbon guilt about equipping their houses with air-conditioning. Actually, they needn’t. The rapid expansion of renewable energy in Europe means that lowering the temperature will not do much to melt the glaciers. In Spain, solar capacity has grown nearly ten times in the past decade, so it causes fewer carbon emissions to generate power. Portugal and France do just as well, thanks to dozens of nuclear reactors. Apart from climate morality, many Europeans also worry about the costs, but there is good news on that front as well. Their homes are smaller than American ones, which helps them save two thirds as much electricity on average. Moreover, the solar energy boom means that power is not just greener but cheaper than before. And some governments even offer funding to make old houses energy-efficient. As the world warms, Europe is heating up faster than any other region. Those who prefer to tough out the summer are free to do so. However, as Dr. Elena Rossi, a climate researcher, points out: “Cooling should no longer be a luxury but a basic necessity.” Therefore, the ultimate goal should be to make cheap, clean air-conditioning for everyone. 1．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By criticizing energy waste. B．By describing a tourist trend. C．By presenting a cultural conflict. D．By analyzing different personalities. 2．What contributes to the cooling of houses in Southern Europe? A．Adjusted lighting system. B．Modern cooling technology. C．Unique geographical advantages. D．Traditional architectural wisdom. 3．Which of the following is an example of “climate morality”? A．Using renewable energy to lower electricity bills. B．Refusing air-conditioning to cut carbon emissions. C．Upgrading old houses to gain government funding. D．Expanding power capacity to promote cozy lifestyles. 4．What do Dr. Elena Rossi’s words mean? A．Traditional cooling methods are outdated. B．Affordable air-conditioning should be accessible. C．The public should avoid using air-conditioners. D．People can choose to endure the summer heat. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】文章主要介绍欧美对待空调的文化差异，分析背后原因，提出空调应当成为大众可获得的基础生活必需品。 【详解】1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“An interesting cultural phenomenon occurs every summer when Europeans and Americans visit each other’s continents. Europeans complain that shops and restaurants in America are so coldly air‑conditioned as to require a jacket. Americans holidaying in Europe grow impatient on finding that European old‑world buildings cause them to sweat.(每年夏天都会发生一个有趣的文化现象：欧洲人和美国人互相到访对方的大洲。欧洲人抱怨美国商店和餐馆的空调冷得厉害，得穿上外套。在欧洲度假的美国人发现欧洲旧式建筑让他们满身大汗，于是变得不耐烦。)”可知，作者通过展示一种文化冲突引出本文话题。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Long before American companies began using cooling chemicals for air‑conditioning, Southern Europe was built to handle heat. In traditional houses, white paint and shaded courtyards keep things cool. Windows are thrown open and rooms aired in the mornings. Shutters keep out the midday sun.(早在美国公司开始将制冷化学物质用于空调设备之前，南欧的建筑就已设计用来应对酷暑。传统住宅依靠白色涂料和背阴庭院维持凉爽。早晨窗户全部敞开，房间通风换气。百叶窗隔绝正午的阳光。)”可知，南欧房屋依靠传统建筑智慧实现降温。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“These days, as global warming is putting Europe to test, some Europeans who celebrate green lifestyles still feel pangs of carbon guilt about equipping their houses with air‑conditioning.(如今，随着全球变暖正在考验欧洲，一些崇尚绿色生活方式的欧洲人，在给自己住宅安装空调时，依然会心生强烈的碳排放负罪感。)”以及第四段开头“Apart from climate morality(除了气候道德之外)”可知，“气候道德”指出于减少碳排放而拒绝使用空调，因此，“拒绝空调以削减碳排放”符合语境。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“However, as Dr. Elena Rossi, a climate researcher, points out: “Cooling should no longer be a luxury but a basic necessity.” Therefore, the ultimate goal should be to make cheap, clean air‑conditioning for everyone.(然而，正如气候研究员埃琳娜・罗西博士所指出的：“降温不应再是一种奢侈品，而应成为一项基本必需品。”因此，最终目标应当是为所有人提供廉价、洁净的空调设备。)”可知，罗西博士话语的含义是大众都应该能用上负担得起的空调。 重难词汇: 1. phenomenon /fəˈnɒmɪnən/n. 现象 2. root /ruːt/v. 根源在于；使生根 3. renewable /rɪˈnjuːəbl/adj. 可再生的 4. emission /ɪˈmɪʃn/n. 排放；排放物 5. efficient /ɪˈfɪʃnt/adj. 高效的 6. luxury /ˈlʌkʃəri/n. 奢侈品；奢侈 长难句精析： 1. Europeans complain that shops and restaurants in America are so coldly air‑conditioned as to require a jacket. 翻译：欧洲人抱怨美国的商店和餐馆空调温度太低，冷到需要穿外套。 分析：本句主干为 Europeans complain that…，that 引导宾语从句；从句内部使用`so…as to do`结构，表示 “如此…… 以至于带来某种结果”，用来描述空调温度过低带来的后果。 2. The rapid expansion of renewable energy in Europe means that lowering the temperature will not do much to melt the glaciers.** 翻译：欧洲可再生能源的快速发展意味着，降低室内温度并不会过多加剧冰川融化。 分析：句子主干是 The rapid expansion…means that…，that 引导宾语从句；动名词短语`lowering the temperature在宾语从句中充当主语，do much to do表示 “对…… 造成很大影响”。 全文翻译： 每年夏天，当欧美民众互相到访对方大洲时，一种有趣的文化现象就会出现。欧洲人抱怨美国商店和餐馆的空调开得太冷，得穿上外套才行。去欧洲度假的美国人发现欧洲老式建筑闷热得让他们大汗淋漓，也会变得不耐烦。 这种差异源于气候与文化两方面。早在美国企业使用制冷化学品制造空调之前，南欧的建筑设计就已经用来应对酷暑。传统民居依靠白色涂料与遮荫庭院降温，清晨开窗通风，百叶窗遮挡正午烈日。与此同时，北欧凭借地理优势，气候寒冷，基本不存在酷暑难题。 如今全球变暖正在考验欧洲。一些崇尚绿色生活方式的欧洲人，在家安装空调时仍会产生强烈的碳愧疚感。 但其实他们不必如此。欧洲可再生能源快速扩张，降温制冷并不会过多加剧冰川融化。在西班牙，过去十年太阳能装机量增长了近十倍，发电产生的碳排放更少。葡萄牙和法国也表现不俗，这得益于 大量核反应堆。 除了气候层面的道德顾虑，很多欧洲人还担心空调的使用成本，但这方面也有好消息。欧洲住房面积比美国更小，平均可以节省三分之二的用电量。此外，太阳能蓬勃发展意味着电力不仅更环保，价格也比 以往更低。部分政府还提供资金，改造老房子使其节能。 随着全球变暖，欧洲升温速度超过其他所有地区。人们可以选择硬扛盛夏酷暑。但是气候研究员埃琳娜・罗西博士指出：“制冷不应再是一种奢侈，而是基本必需品。” 因此，最终目标是让所有人都能用上廉价、清洁的空调。 ( 04 英语+AI ) Traditional artificial intelligence models have long been criticized for massive energy consumption and large carbon emissions. As global digital demands expand, data-centers hosting these models have become heavy environmental burdens. Complex algorithm (算法) structures and repeated redundant calculations enable high-precision analysis but require huge computing power, making AI operation a major source of indirect carbon output in the digital industry. Many researchers have warned that unregulated expansion of large-scale AI may worsen the conflict between technological progress and carbon-reduction targets. To address the conflict between intelligent technology development and environmental protection, scientists have developed a new lightweight low-carbon AI system. Different from conventional AI that relies on super computing devices, the new system achieves energy-saving improvement through algorithm restructuring. It filters out invalid data operations and simplifies repeated computing procedures, ensuring stable analytical accuracy while cutting energy consumption by nearly 40 percent. Researchers claim that the core breakthrough lies in its adaptive judgment mechanism (机制), which can automatically adjust computing intensity according to practical task demands. Rather than keeping full computing power running non-stop, the system scales down resources for simple assignments and raises power for relatively challenging ones. Despite its outstanding advantages in energy conservation, the low-carbon AI still faces practical limits in real-world promotion. Its simplified algorithm structure weakens its processing capacity for extreme and ultra-complex data scenarios (应用场景). Currently, the system is only applicable to daily intelligent monitoring and urban public service scenarios, rather than industrial high-precision computing fields. Real-world field tests also remind researchers that unstable signal inputs may cause minor performance drops under harsh field conditions. With further technical upgrading, the team believes the improved low-carbon AI will be widely deployed in smart city construction. It is expected to balance digital technological innovation and carbon reduction goals, providing a feasible (可行的) solution for the sustainable development of the global digital economy. Such technical attempts offer valuable references for future carbon footprint control within the whole digital industry. 1．Why are traditional AI models high in carbon emissions? A．They lack practical application scenarios. B．Their accuracy fails to meet practical needs. C．They need massive computing power for calculation. D．Their algorithm structures are overly simple. 2．How does the new AI system save energy efficiently? A．By upgrading professional computing hardware. B．By removing invalid data computing operations. C．By lowering assessment standards of routine tasks. D．By expanding the scope of data processing business. 3．Which can be inferred about the new AI system? A．It will be applied to all industrial fields shortly. B．It depends mainly on policy support for promotion. C．It needs further technical improvement for wide use. D．It has overcome its technical limitations completely. 4．Which of the following is true of the new AI system’s future? A．It will boost green digital development. B．It has been widely used in urban construction. C．It can handle complex industrial data analysis. D．It will greatly update all traditional AI systems. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文介绍了能耗高、碳排放大的传统AI模型，指出科研人员研发轻量化低碳AI系统，依靠算法重构实现节能，该技术尚有局限，但有望助力数字经济的绿色可持续发展。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Traditional artificial intelligence models have long been criticized for massive energy consumption and large carbon emissions. (传统人工智能模型长期以来因巨大的能耗和大量碳排放饱受诟病。)”及“Complex algorithm (算法) structures and repeated redundant calculations enable high-precision analysis but require huge computing power (复杂的算法结构和重复冗余计算可以实现高精度分析，但是需要巨大的算力)”可知，传统AI模型碳排放高，是因为运算需要消耗海量算力。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“the new system achieves energy-saving improvement through algorithm restructuring (这套新系统通过算法重构实现节能优化)”以及“It filters out invalid data operations and simplifies repeated computing procedures (它筛除无效数据运算，简化重复计算流程)”可知，这套新AI系统通过剔除无效数据运算，实现高效节能。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Despite its outstanding advantages in energy conservation, the low-carbon AI still faces practical limits in real-world promotion. (尽管这款低碳人工智能在节能方面优势突出，但它在实际推广中仍面临现实局限。)”及第四段“With further technical upgrading, the team believes the improved low-carbon AI will be widely deployed in smart city construction. (研究团队认为，经过进一步技术升级，改良后的低碳人工智能将会广泛应用于智慧城市建设。)”可推知，想要广泛投入使用，这套新AI系统还需要进一步技术升级改进。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“It is expected to balance digital technological innovation and carbon reduction goals, providing a feasible (可行的) solution for the sustainable development of the global digital economy. (它有望平衡数字技术创新与减排目标，为全球数字经济的可持续发展提供可行方案。)”可推知，这套新AI系统将会推动数字化绿色发展。 重难词汇: 1. massive /ˈmæsɪv/adj. 大量的；巨大的 2. redundant /rɪˈdʌndənt/adj. 多余的；冗余的 3. conventional /kənˈvenʃənl/adj. 传统的；常规的 4. filter /ˈfɪltə(r)/v. 过滤 5. assignments /əˈsaɪnmənts/n. 任务；作业 6. deployment /dɪˈplɔɪmənt/n. 部署；应用 长难句精析： 1. Complex algorithm structures and repeated redundant calculations enable highprecision analysis but require huge computing power, making AI operation a major source of indirect carbon output in the digital industry. 翻译：复杂的算法结构与反复的冗余计算能够实现高精度分析，却需要巨大算力，这使得人工智能运行成为数字行业间接碳排放的主要来源。 分析：本句由 but 连接两个并列谓语，句末现在分词短语making AI operation…作结果状语，用来引出前面现象所带来的后果，enable表示 “使成为可能”。 2. Researchers claim that the core breakthrough lies in its adaptive judgment mechanism, which can automatically adjust computing intensity according to practical task demands. 翻译：研究人员称，其核心突破在于自适应判断机制，该机制能够根据实际任务需求自动调节运算强度。 分析：句子主干为 Researchers claim that…，that 引导宾语从句；which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词adaptive judgment mechanism，lie in为固定短语，意为 “在于”。 全文翻译： 传统人工智能模型长期以来因巨大的能耗与大量碳排放饱受诟病。随着全球数字需求不断增长，承载这些模型的数据中心给环境带来沉重负担。复杂的算法结构以及反复的冗余计算可以实现高精度分析，却需要庞大算力，使得人工智能运行成为数字行业间接碳排放的主要来源。许多研究人员警示，大规模人工智能不受管控地扩张，可能会加剧技术进步与减碳目标之间的矛盾。为解决智能技术发展与环境保护之间的冲突，科学家研发出一套全新的轻量级低碳人工智能系统。 不同于依赖超级计算设备的传统人工智能，这套新系统通过算法重构实现节能优化。它过滤无效数据运算，简化重复计算流程，在保证分析精度稳定的同时，能耗降低近 40%。研究人员称，核心突破在于自适应判断机制，该机制能够根据实际任务需求自动调节运算强度。系统不会持续满算力运行，面对简单任务就缩减算力资源，遇到难度较高的任务则提升算力。 尽管低碳人工智能在节能方面优势突出，但在现实推广中仍存在实际局限。简化后的算法结构削弱了它处理极端、超复杂数据场景的能力。目前该系统仅适用于日常智能监测、城市公共服务场景，还不能用于工业高精度计算领域。实地测试同时提醒研究人员，在恶劣现场环境下，信号输入不稳定可能会造成小幅性能下降。 该团队认为，随着技术进一步升级，改良后的低碳人工智能将会在智慧城市建设中得到广泛部署。它有望平衡数字技术创新与减碳目标，为全球数字经济的可持续发展提供可行方案。这类技术尝试，也为整个数字行业未来的碳足迹管控提供宝贵参考。 ( 05 阅读理解 ) WE MAY have been missing signals from intelligent aliens (外星人) because of solar wind. Researchers from the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute say this means we have been watching for the wrong type of signal, potentially failing to spot promising evidence of alien life, but the chances of a future discovery are now higher. The not-for-profit organisation carries out research to help prove the existence of alien life, which includes listening for radio signals from outer space that cannot be explained by natural cosmological phenomena. Such a signal was previously expected to be a sharp, distinct radio signal in a narrow frequency range. But the new research suggests that any such signals sent from distant planets may end up being made fainter and wider in the frequency band — essentially blurred slightly — as they pass through the stellar (恒星) winds of stars. Vishal Gajjar and Grayce Brown at the SETI Institute calculated the scale of the effect on radio transmissions (传输) from spacecraft in our own solar system, and then extrapolated that to other stellar environments. They found that a 100-megahertz signal could be widened as much as 100 hertz — enough to “fall below traditional detection thresholds”. A space weather event can similarly increase the amount of broadening experienced by a signal to a significant degree. John Elliott at the University of St Andrews, UK, says he sees the news as the glass being half-full, not half-empty: it means previous searches may have missed evidence, but also means that future searches will be more likely to succeed. “It’s over 50 years that we’ve been actively searching and that’s a blink of the eye, isn’t it, when you think about it,” says Elliott. 1．Why have researchers possibly failed to receive signals from intelligent aliens? A．The signals cannot reach the Earth. B．Their equipment was not advanced enough. C．The signals did not appear in the expected form. D．Space weather events prevented the signal traveling. 2．How is the alien signal affected by the stellar winds of stars? A． B． C． D． (Note: Plots show relative changes in signal width and strength, not absolute values.) 3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．How the new findings were reached. B．How spacecraft send radio signals. C．What affects radio signal transmission. D．What helped researchers make progress. 4．Which statement does John Elliott probably agree with? A．Much progress has been made so far. B．Future discoveries will be fruitful. C．Previous searches wasted a lot of time. D．Fifty years is too long for alien hunting. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了由于恒星风的影响，我们可能错过了来自智能外星人的信号，但未来发现的可能性更高。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Such a signal was previously expected to be a sharp, distinct radio signal in a narrow frequency range. But the new research suggests that any such signals sent from distant planets may end up being made fainter and wider in the frequency band — essentially blurred slightly — as they pass through the stellar (恒星) winds of stars. (此前人们预期这种信号是在窄频段内尖锐、清晰的无线电信号。但新的研究表明，任何从遥远行星发出的此类信号，在穿过恒星的恒星风时，最终可能会在频段内变得更微弱、更宽——本质上会稍微模糊一些。)”可知，研究人员可能没有接收到来自智能外星人的信号，是因为信号没有以预期的形式出现。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But the new research suggests that any such signals sent from distant planets may end up being made fainter and wider in the frequency band — essentially blurred slightly — as they pass through the stellar (恒星) winds of stars. (但新的研究表明，任何从遥远行星发出的此类信号，在穿过恒星的恒星风时，最终可能会在频段内变得更微弱、更宽——本质上会稍微模糊一些。)”可知，外星信号受恒星风影响会变得更微弱、频段更宽且更模糊。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Vishal Gajjar and Grayce Brown at the SETI Institute calculated the scale of the effect on radio transmissions (传输) from spacecraft in our own solar system, and then extrapolated that to other stellar environments. They found that a 100-megahertz signal could be widened as much as 100 hertz — enough to “fall below traditional detection thresholds”. A space weather event can similarly increase the amount of broadening experienced by a signal to a significant degree. (SETI研究所的维沙尔·加贾尔 (Vishal Gajjar)和格雷斯·布朗 (Grayce Brown)计算了这种效应对我们太阳系中航天器无线电传输的影响规模，然后将其外推到其他恒星环境。他们发现，一个100兆赫的信号可能会变宽多达100赫兹——足以“低于传统检测阈值”。太空天气事件同样可以显著增加信号所经历的变宽程度。)”可知，本段主要介绍了研究人员是如何得出新发现的。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“John Elliott at the University of St Andrews, UK, says he sees the news as the glass being half-full, not half-empty: it means previous searches may have missed evidence, but also means that future searches will be more likely to succeed. (英国圣安德鲁斯大学的约翰·埃利奥特(John Elliott)表示，他认为这个消息是半满的，而不是半空的：这意味着之前的搜索可能错过了证据，但也意味着未来的搜索更有可能成功。)”可知，约翰·埃利奥特认为未来的发现将会很有成果。 重难词汇: 1. intelligent /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/adj. 智慧的；智能的 2. cosmological /ˌkɒzməˈlɒdʒɪkl/adj. 宇宙的；宇宙学的 3. faint /feɪnt/adj. 微弱的；模糊的 4. extrapolate /ɪkˈstræpəleɪt/v. 推断；外推 5. threshold /ˈθreʃhəʊld/n. 阈值；界限 6. blink /blɪŋk/n. 眨眼；一瞬间 长难句精析： 1. But the new research suggests that any such signals sent from distant planets may end up being made fainter and wider in the frequency band — essentially blurred slightly — as they pass through the stellar winds of stars. 翻译：但这项新研究表明，从遥远行星发出的这类信号在穿过恒星风时，最终会变得更微弱、频带更宽，本质上会发生轻微模糊。 分析：本句主干为 the new research suggests that…，that 引导宾语从句；过去分词短语 sent from distant planets 作后置定语修饰 signals；破折号之间是插入语补充说明信号变化；as 引导时间状语从句，描述信号发生变化的条件。 2. They found that a 100-megahertz signal could be widened as much as 100 hertz — enough to “fall below traditional detection thresholds”. 翻译：他们发现，一个 100 兆赫兹的信号最多会拓宽 100 赫兹，这足以让信号 “低于传统探测阈值”。 分析：句子主干是 They found that…，that 引导宾语从句；破折号后形容词短语 enough to… 作结果状语，说明信号拓宽带来的后果，fall below表示 “低于”。 全文翻译： 由于太阳风的影响，我们或许一直没能接收到外星智慧生命发出的信号。搜寻地外文明研究所（SETI）的研究人员表示，这意味着我们一直在搜寻错误类型的信号，很可能错过了有价值的外星生命证据，但未来发现信号的概率反而更高了。 这个非营利机构开展研究，试图证明外星生命的存在，其中一项工作就是监听来自外太空、无法用自然宇宙现象解释的无线电信号。 此前人们一直认为，这类信号会是窄频范围内清晰、辨识度高的无线电波。但新研究显示，从遥远行星发出的信号，在穿过恒星风之后，会变得更微弱、频带更宽，也就是信号会轻微模糊。 搜寻地外文明研究所的维沙尔・加贾尔和格雷丝・布朗先计算恒星风对太阳系内航天器无线电传输的影响程度，再将该结果推断到其他恒星环境。他们发现，一个 100 兆赫兹的信号最多会拓宽 100 赫兹，这足以让信号低于传统探测阈值。空间天气事件同样会大幅加剧信号的这种拓宽效应。 英国圣安德鲁斯大学的约翰・埃利奥特认为，这件事应看作杯子还有半杯水，而不是只剩半杯水：虽然过去的搜寻可能漏掉了证据，但未来的探测成功概率会更高。埃利奥特说：“仔细想想，我们持续主动搜寻已经超过 50 年，这不过是弹指一挥间。” ( 06 英语+生物 ) Nearly everyone has fun on a carousel (旋转木马)— including, possibly, fruit flies. Scientists observed some flies riding on a spinning platform voluntarily and repeatedly, suggesting the animals may find the movement appealing for some reason, according to a recent study. Sergio Pellis, a behavioral scientist, notes that it would add to the small but growing pile of evidence for play in invertebrates (无脊椎动物). Co-author Wolf Huetteroth remembers one day accidentally seeing a lone duck floating down a fast-moving river. It flew back upriver and floated back down — over and over again. “I never stopped wondering what motivated the duck to perform such curious behavior,” he says. Later, when Huetteroth attended a conference where researchers were discussing whether insects can act with intention, he considered testing whether flies would do something similar to the rapids-running duck. He and his colleague Tilman Triphan then decided to build a carousel of sorts. They offered male laboratory fruit flies the chance to jump onto a spinning section of the floor in a stress-free environment. He didn’t think the flies would actually go for it. “My expectations were extremely low,” he says. It turned out that some of the flies ignored the setup, but a small group of them acted as if they’d just discovered Disneyland. Triphan and Huetteroth reported that the small group of the flies spent 5% or more of their time on the turning wheel. When the researchers put two disks that spun every 5 minutes by turns, some flies spent their time bouncing back and forth between whichever carousel was spinning. Fruit flies are excellent spatial learners, Huetteroth notes, so if they didn’t like to spin, they could have simply avoided the disks. Were the flies riding the carousels playing? “It’s certainly possible,” Pellis says. Still, Huetteroth was hesitant to claim that; after all, the flies didn’t reveal what stimulated them to spin. However, to Pellis, even invertebrates, like the flies, could be experiencing something similar to what we feel when we ride a carousel. “The next steps in solving this riddle may come from studying the flies’ brain activity involved in the carousel behavior,” Huetteroth adds. 1．What motivated Wolf Huetteroth to study fruit flies? A．A previous study on the behavior of ducks. B．A duck’s repetitive and intentional behavior. C．Encouragement from researchers at a conference. D．Personal experiences with insects in everyday life. 2．What did the researchers find amazing during their experiment? A．The flies showed a great sense of spatial awareness. B．Some flies reacted negatively to the spinning platform. C．The platform was much more successful than expected. D．Some flies were enthusiastic about the spinning platform. 3．What is Huetteroth likely to further investigate? A．The motivation behind the flies’ carousel behavior. B．The impact of flies’ carousel behavior on their brain. C．The social interactions among flies on the carousel. D．The environmental factors affecting the flies’ enjoyment. 4．Which can be the best title for the text? A．Invertebrates might have a good command of spatial skills B．Fruit flies can engage in a series of repetitive actions C．Fruit flies may enjoy taking carousels for a spin D．Invertebrates are much smarter than expected 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】文章介绍研究发现果蝇会反复主动乘坐旋转装置，或喜爱该运动，科学家将进一步探究其行为诱因。 【详解】1细节理解题。根据第二段“ “I never stopped wondering what motivated the duck to perform such curious behavior,” he says. Later, when Huetteroth attended a conference where researchers were discussing whether insects can act with intention, he considered testing whether flies would do something similar to the rapids-running duck.(他说：“我一直好奇是什么促使这只鸭子做出这种奇特的行为。”后来，胡特罗斯参加一场研讨会，研究者们在会上讨论昆虫是否可以有意识地行动，他便考虑测试果蝇是否会做出和这只激流漂流的鸭子类似的行为)”可知，是鸭子重复且有目的性的奇特行为促使他开展果蝇相关研究。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“He didn’t think the flies would actually go for it. “My expectations were extremely low,” he says. It turned out that some of the flies ignored the setup, but a small group of them acted as if they’d just discovered Disneyland.(他本以为果蝇根本不会参与这个装置实验。他说：“我的预期极低。”结果部分果蝇对该装置置之不理，但有一小部分果蝇的表现仿佛发现了迪士尼乐园一般)”可知，让研究者惊讶的是部分果蝇对旋转装置十分热衷、兴致勃勃。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段““The next steps in solving this riddle may come from studying the flies’ brain activity involved in the carousel behavior,” Huetteroth adds.(胡特罗斯补充道：“解开这一谜题的下一步，或许是研究果蝇在旋转行为中的大脑活动。”)”可知，胡特罗斯后续将进一步探究果蝇做出旋转木马行为背后的动机。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段“Nearly everyone has fun on a carousel (旋转木马) — including, possibly, fruit flies. Scientists observed some flies riding on a spinning platform voluntarily and repeatedly, suggesting the animals may find the movement appealing for some reason, according to a recent study.(几乎每个人玩旋转木马都很开心——或许果蝇也包括在内。根据最近一项研究，科学家观察到一些果蝇自愿且反复地待在旋转平台上，表明这种动物或许因为某种原因觉得该运动很有吸引力)”可知，全文围绕果蝇可能喜欢旋转木马式的旋转这一实验展开，并探讨该行为的深层原因。C项“果蝇或许喜欢乘坐旋转木马”能概括文章主旨，适合作本文标题。 重难词汇: 1. voluntarily /ˈvɒləntrəli/adv. 自愿地；主动地 2. invertebrate /ɪnˈvɜːtɪbrət/n. 无脊椎动物 3. motivate /ˈməʊtɪveɪt/v. 激发；促使 4. setup /ˈsetʌp/n. 实验装置；设备 5. spatial /ˈspeɪʃl/adj. 空间的 6. hesitant /ˈhezɪtənt/adj. 犹豫的；迟疑的 长难句精析： 1. Scientists observed some flies riding on a spinning platform voluntarily and repeatedly, suggesting the animals may find the movement appealing for some reason, according to a recent study. 翻译：根据近期一项研究，科学家观察到部分果蝇会主动、反复停留在旋转平台上，这表明出于某种原因，它们或许很喜欢这种旋转运动。 分析：本句主干为 Scientists observed some flies riding…，使用observe sb. doing结构表示 “观察到某物正在做某事”；句尾现在分词suggesting作伴随结果状语，后面接省略 that 的宾语从句，引出观察带来的推论。 2. Fruit flies are excellent spatial learners, Huetteroth notes, so if they didn’t like to spin, they could have simply avoided the disks. 翻译：胡特罗特指出，果蝇拥有出色的空间学习能力，所以如果它们不喜欢旋转，本可以直接避开这些圆盘。 分析：本句中 Huetteroth notes 为插入语，so引导结果分句；分句内部包含 if 引导的条件状语从句，could have done为虚拟语气，表示对过去本可以做到却没有做的事情进行推测。 全文翻译： 几乎每个人都能在旋转木马上获得乐趣 —— 果蝇或许也不例外。根据最近一项研究，科学家观察到部分果蝇会主动、反复待在旋转平台上，说明它们可能因为某种原因很喜欢这种转动。行为科学家塞尔吉奥・佩利斯表示，这会为无脊椎动物存在玩耍行为这一观点增添为数不多但不断增多的证据。 论文合著者沃尔夫・胡特罗特记得有一次偶然看见一只鸭子独自顺着湍急的河流漂下，它飞回上游，再顺流漂下，就这样一遍又一遍重复。他说：“我一直很好奇，是什么驱使这只鸭子做出如此奇特的行为。” 后来，胡特罗特参加一场学术会议，会上研究者探讨昆虫是否可以带有主观意图地行动，于是他想到可以测试果蝇会不会做出和那只激流中鸭子相类似的行为。 之后，他和同事蒂尔曼・特里凡设计出一套类似旋转木马的装置。在无压力的环境中，他们让雄性实验室果蝇可以跳到地面一块旋转区域上。他原本并不认为果蝇真的会去尝试。“我当时的预期极低。” 他说道。结果有些果蝇对这套装置置之不理，但有一小部分果蝇，表现得就像发现了迪士尼乐园一般。 特里凡与胡特罗特记录，这一小部分果蝇会把 5% 甚至更多的时间花在旋转圆盘上。当研究人员放置两个每五分钟交替旋转的圆盘时，一些果蝇会来回穿梭，跳到正在转动的那一个圆盘上。胡特罗特提到，果蝇的空间学习能力很强，所以如果它们讨厌旋转，本可以直接避开这些圆盘。 果蝇是在把骑圆盘当作玩耍吗？佩利斯说：“这当然有可能。” 但胡特罗特对此说法持谨慎态度；毕竟果蝇没有告诉我们是什么刺激它们去进行旋转。不过在佩利斯看来，即便是果蝇这类无脊椎动物，也有可能体会到和人类坐旋转木马相似的感受。胡特罗特补充道：“解开这个谜题的下一步，或许来自研究果蝇在旋转行为中的大脑活动。” ( 07 英语+数学 ) For all snowflakes’ infinite structural variation, their journeys to the ground are surprisingly similar. Researchers studied more than half a million falling snowflakes and found a clear mathematical pattern that describes how they swirl (旋转) through the air. Tim Garrett, an atmospheric scientist from the University of Utah, has studied snowflakes for nearly ten years. Although the behavior of such tiny, temporary objects may seem inconsequential, their falling speed plays a role in predicting weather and climate, even in warm areas. Most rain begins as snow, no matter where it finally falls. Snowflake movement is usually studied in labs, but these conditions don’t show the real complexity of nature. Watching snowflakes fall in the real world has been a challenge for scientists for many years. To solve this, Garrett worked with engineers to build a machine that measures the mass, density, size, and shape of individual snowflakes. By placing this machine under cameras and a laser light, the researchers could track how each snowflake moved in the outdoor air. “We let the atmosphere act naturally,” Garrett says. The researchers discovered a linear correlation (线性关系) between a snowflake’s average acceleration — which, in this study, is equal to how much it swirls — and its Stokes number, a value that describes how quickly an object responds to changes in airflow. For instance, a wide and loose flake swirls more than a streamlined one. Using the Stokes number, scientists can now predict how much a single snowflake will swirl as it falls. Surprisingly, the distribution of average snowflake swirliness fits a nearly perfect exponential curve (指数曲线) — a fixed mathematical pattern — despite variations in air movement and snowflake shapes and sizes. The reason for this pattern remains unknown, but it might be related to how air movement alters the shape and size of snowflakes, affecting their response to the air. “More research is needed to see if this pattern works in different conditions, such as different heights and ground surfaces,” says Jiarong Hong, a university mechanical engineer. “If this pattern is universal, there must be a simple explanation,” Garrett adds, “We just need to find it.” 1．What does the underlined word “inconsequential” probably mean? A．Unimportant. B．Complex. C．Permanent. D．Obvious. 2．How did the researchers study the movement of snowflakes? A．By using weather satellite images. B．By analyzing historical weather data. C．By observing snowflakes in a controlled lab. D．By measuring properties and tracking outdoors. 3．What does the last paragraph suggest for future research? A．Study the impact of snowflakes on global warming. B．Explore the swirling pattern under different conditions. C．Develop a new machine to measure snowflake density. D．Focus on internal structural variation of snowflakes. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Snowflakes Swirl by Math Rules. B．The Secret of Snowflake Structure. C．Snowflakes Affect Weather Pattern. D．Airflow for Snowflake Formation. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】主要介绍科学家通过户外实验发现雪花飘落旋转存在数学规律，同时该规律背后成因仍有待进一步探究。 【详解】1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“Although the behavior of such tiny, temporary objects may seem inconsequential, their falling speed plays a role in predicting weather and climate, even in warm areas. (尽管这类微小、短暂物体的表现看似inconsequential，但它们的下落速度对预测天气和气候起到作用，即使在温暖地区也是如此。)”可知，前后存在转折关系，雪花的运动看似不重要，实则对气象预测有意义，因此画线单词意为“不重要的”。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“To solve this, Garrett worked with engineers to build a machine that measures the mass, density, size, and shape of individual snowflakes. By placing this machine under cameras and a laser light, the researchers could track how each snowflake moved in the outdoor air. (为解决该问题，加勒特和工程师制造机器测量单片雪花质量、密度、大小与形状。将机器置于相机与激光下，研究人员能够追踪雪花在户外空气中的运动。)”可知，研究人员通过测量雪花各项特性并在户外开展追踪观测。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中的“More research is needed to see if this pattern works in different conditions, such as different heights and ground surfaces. (还需要更多研究，验证该模式在不同条件如不同高度、地表下是否成立。)”可知，未来研究要探究该旋转模式在各类不同条件下的实际情况。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Researchers studied more than half a million falling snowflakes and found a clear mathematical pattern that describes how they swirl through the air. (研究人员研究五十多万片飘落雪花，发现描述雪花在空中旋转的清晰数学模式。)”可知，文章围绕雪花飘落旋转遵循数学规律展开介绍，“雪花依照数学规律旋转”最适合作为文章标题。 重难词汇: 1. infinite /ˈɪnfɪnət/adj. 无限的；无穷的 2. inconsequential /ɪnˌkɒnsɪˈkwenʃl/adj. 微不足道的；无足轻重的 3. density /ˈdensəti/n. 密度 4. linear /ˈlɪniə(r)/adj. 线性的 5. correlation /ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn/n. 关联；相关性 6. exponential /ˌekspəˈnenʃl/adj. 指数的 长难句精析： 1. Although the behavior of such tiny, temporary objects may seem inconsequential, their falling speed plays a role in predicting weather and climate, even in warm areas. 翻译：尽管这些微小、转瞬即逝的物体的运动看起来微不足道，但它们的下落速度对天气预报和气候预测有着重要作用，即便是在温暖地区也是如此。 分析：本句开头是 although 引导的让步状语从句，表示 “尽管”，主句主干为 their falling speed plays a role，play a role in是固定搭配，意为 “在…… 方面起作用”，句末 even in warm areas 作地点补充说明。 2. The researchers discovered a linear correlation between a snowflake’s average acceleration — which, in this study, is equal to how much it swirls — and its Stokes number, a value that describes how quickly an object responds to changes in airflow. 翻译：研究人员发现，雪花的平均加速度（在本研究中等同于雪花的旋转程度）与其斯托克斯数之间存在线性关系，斯托克斯数是用来描述物体对气流变化做出反应快慢的数值。 分析: 句子主干是 The researchers discovered a linear correlation between A and B；两个破折号中间插入 which 引导的非限制性定语从句，解释 average acceleration；后面a value that…是同位语结构，解释 Stokes number，同位语内部嵌套 that 引导的定语从句。 全文翻译： 尽管雪花的结构千变万化，但它们飘落至地面的过程却惊人地相似。研究人员观测了超过 50 万片飘落的雪花，找到了一个清晰的数学模型，可以描述雪花在空中旋转飘落的规律。 犹他大学大气科学家蒂姆・加勒特研究雪花已有近十年。虽然这些微小、转瞬即逝的物体的运动看似微不足道，但它们的下落速度对天气预报和气候预测有着重要作用，即便是在温暖地区也是如此。绝大多数雨水，无论最终落在何处，最初都是以雪花的形态形成。 以往对雪花运动的研究大多在实验室中开展，但实验室环境无法展现自然界真实的复杂状况。多年以来，在真实环境中观测雪花飘落一直是科学家面临的难题。为了解决这个问题，加勒特与工程师合作研制了一台仪器，能够测量每一片雪花的质量、密度、尺寸和形状。研究人员把这台仪器安置在摄像头与激光下方，从而追踪每一片雪花在户外空气中的运动轨迹。加勒特说：“我们让大气保持自然状态。” 研究人员发现，雪花的平均加速度（在本研究中等同于雪花的旋转程度）与其斯托克斯数之间存在线性关系，斯托克斯数是用来描述物体对气流变化做出反应快慢的数值。例如，宽大松散的雪花，会比流线型雪花旋转得更剧烈。 借助斯托克斯数，科学家现在可以预测单片雪花下落时的旋转程度。令人惊讶的是，尽管气流、雪花形状和大小各不相同，雪花平均旋转程度的分布却几乎完美贴合一条指数曲线，也就是一个固定的数学规律。 产生这一规律的原因目前尚不明确，但这或许和气流改变雪花形状与大小、进而影响雪花对空气的反应有关。大学机械工程师洪家荣表示：“还需要更多研究验证该规律在不同条件下是否成立，例如不同高度、不同地表环境。” 加勒特补充道：“如果该规律具有普适性，那一定存在一个简单的解释，我们只是还没找到。” 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 热点05 跨学科融合阅读（生物+心理+人文+AI+天文+数学） 1 英语+心理/生物 人与社会：动物认知科学实验 鸽子不爱走老路？它们可能正在改写学习定律 2 英语+生物 人与自然；海洋垃圾污染治理 变废为路：夏威夷用海洋塑料铺筑路面 3 英语+人文 人与社会；能源民生 欧美空调差异：文化、气候与环保的碰撞 4 英语+AI 人与社会：科技创新 轻量级低碳 AI：兼顾科技发展与减碳目标 5 英语+天文 人与社会：天文科研 恒星风会掩盖外星无线电信号 6 英语+生物 人与社会：动物行为实验 果蝇也爱 “旋转木马”？ 7 英语+数学 人与社会：自然现象科学研究 雪花飘落背后的数学规律 ( 0 1 英语+ 心理/生物 ) Living and flying around cities, pigeons have adapted to an ever-shifting environment. But their environment isn’t the only thing that’s constantly changing. New research suggests the birds themselves avoid stability in their decision-making, instead choosing to live “at the edge of chaos.” As model species for learning and behavior, these birds are helping researchers test a century-old law about how humans and other creatures learn. When learning something new, people and animals alike tend to repeat behaviors that are rewarded. First proposed in 1898, this principle is so well established in psychology that it has become known as “the law of effect”. But a new study is challenging this idea. University of Iowa experimental psychologist Edward A．Wasserman and his colleagues conducted a test on pigeons. And the study’s results, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, suggest these birds prefer variability. To see how rewarded behaviors vary, the researchers gave pigeons a series of five colorful buttons to peck (啄). They could peck any buttons in any order, but as long as they pecked five times, a treat (bird food) would appear. Based on previous theories of learning, the scientists expected the pigeons might eventually slip into a routine—perhaps choosing to repeat patterns they know work or simply pecking the button nearest to them five times. Instead they continued pecking in a variety of patterns. “There would be no reason not to expect that the animals would converge (汇聚) on a single favorite, but it never got to that point,” Wasserman says. “You could argue the birds are just completely resistant to locking into anything stable.” The team theorizes that pigeons’ devotion to variability might be an evolutionary advantage that aids handling new challenges in their environment — and they expect birds aren’t the only ones resisting uniformity. The researchers are currently conducting tests to see whether rewarded behaviors remain variable in different animals, which others in the field say might explain how the brain makes behavioral decisions while learning. 1．In paragraph 2, “the law of effect” is described as ______. A．outdated B．groundless C．controversial D．self-contradictory 2．According to paragraph 3, the researchers originally expected the pigeons to ______. A．cooperate with fellows B．obtain a stable pattern C．find the odd button out D．seize the treat quickly 3．How does Wasserman sound in paragraph 4? A．Indifferent. B．Skeptical. C．Relieved. D．Shocked. 4．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that variability ______. A．may be a shared feature across species B．may not be applicable to human beings C．is best displayed in birds’ behaviors D．completely denies “the law of effect” ( 02 英语+化学 ) In Hawaii, researchers are literally paving the roads with good intentions. They have come up with an innovative method for putting the island’s plastic pollution to work, covering its roads with asphalt (沥青) mixed with plastic waste. While plastic paving initiatives are happening in places like Missouri and Texas, the project in Hawaii is the first to use marine waste. It is designed to solve the islands’ unique exposure to discarded fishing gear, tourist waste and the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, which completely covers the island chain every few years. To date, 90 tons of plastic trash have been removed from the Pacific Ocean. One key question is whether wear and tear on that pavement might release microplastics into the environment. Initial results show that the asphalt remains largely undamaged, researchers reported on March 22 at the American Chemical Society meeting. “We’re extremely concerned about the releasing of plastics or other chemicals into the environment, because this can expose humans and animals to toxic plastic additives, leading to a series of health problems,” says chemist Jennifer Lynch. The team used a variety of methods to simulate how microplastics would normally be released into the ecosystem, for example, simulating stormwater by pouring pure water onto the road, then sweeping the roads to collect gravel (砂砾) dust to look for microplastics. “There wasn’t significant microplastic release compared with the road with no plastic mixed into the asphalt,” says Jennifer. Bill Buttlar, director of the Innovation Lab at the University of Missouri, says he’s impressed with the program but notes that the challenges with road performance in Hawaii are different from those in the mainland United States. The tropical climate with its heavy rains and volcanism faces underground volatility (波动), and when the ground is constantly shifting, it can cause road cracking. “The main challenge to scaling this is getting the recipe right with the asphalt because what works in Hawaii may be a little different than what works in the Midwest,” Buttlar says. 1．What does the author point out at the beginning of the text? A．Marine pollution is increasingly serious. B．Plastic waste can be used to pave roads. C．Asphalt can be environmentally friendly. D．Plastic is an excellent building material. 2．What does the underlined word “toxic” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Complicated. B．Flexible. C．Rough. D．Poisonous. 3．Why did the team collect the gravel dust? A．To keep the roads clean. B．To examine the road stability. C．To test it for microplastics. D．To remove the underlying risks. 4．What challenges the road performance in Hawaii? A．Climatic and geological conditions. B．The large construction scale. C．New chemicals mixed in the asphalt. D．Land surface temperature changes. ( 03 英语+人文 ) An interesting cultural phenomenon occurs every summer when Europeans and Americans visit each other’s continents. Europeans complain that shops and restaurants in America are so coldly air-conditioned as to require a jacket. Americans holidaying in Europe grow impatient on finding that European old-world buildings cause them to sweat. The divide is rooted in both climate and culture. Long before American companies began using cooling chemicals for air-conditioning, Southern Europe was built to handle heat. In traditional houses, white paint and shaded courtyards keep things cool. Windows are thrown open and rooms aired in the mornings. Shutters keep out the midday sun. Northern Europe, meanwhile, is mostly spared the problem by its cold weather thanks to geographical advantages. These days, as global warming is putting Europe to test, some Europeans who celebrate green lifestyles still feel pangs of carbon guilt about equipping their houses with air-conditioning. Actually, they needn’t. The rapid expansion of renewable energy in Europe means that lowering the temperature will not do much to melt the glaciers. In Spain, solar capacity has grown nearly ten times in the past decade, so it causes fewer carbon emissions to generate power. Portugal and France do just as well, thanks to dozens of nuclear reactors. Apart from climate morality, many Europeans also worry about the costs, but there is good news on that front as well. Their homes are smaller than American ones, which helps them save two thirds as much electricity on average. Moreover, the solar energy boom means that power is not just greener but cheaper than before. And some governments even offer funding to make old houses energy-efficient. As the world warms, Europe is heating up faster than any other region. Those who prefer to tough out the summer are free to do so. However, as Dr. Elena Rossi, a climate researcher, points out: “Cooling should no longer be a luxury but a basic necessity.” Therefore, the ultimate goal should be to make cheap, clean air-conditioning for everyone. 1．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By criticizing energy waste. B．By describing a tourist trend. C．By presenting a cultural conflict. D．By analyzing different personalities. 2．What contributes to the cooling of houses in Southern Europe? A．Adjusted lighting system. B．Modern cooling technology. C．Unique geographical advantages. D．Traditional architectural wisdom. 3．Which of the following is an example of “climate morality”? A．Using renewable energy to lower electricity bills. B．Refusing air-conditioning to cut carbon emissions. C．Upgrading old houses to gain government funding. D．Expanding power capacity to promote cozy lifestyles. 4．What do Dr. Elena Rossi’s words mean? A．Traditional cooling methods are outdated. B．Affordable air-conditioning should be accessible. C．The public should avoid using air-conditioners. D．People can choose to endure the summer heat. ( 04 英语+AI ) Traditional artificial intelligence models have long been criticized for massive energy consumption and large carbon emissions. As global digital demands expand, data-centers hosting these models have become heavy environmental burdens. Complex algorithm (算法) structures and repeated redundant calculations enable high-precision analysis but require huge computing power, making AI operation a major source of indirect carbon output in the digital industry. Many researchers have warned that unregulated expansion of large-scale AI may worsen the conflict between technological progress and carbon-reduction targets. To address the conflict between intelligent technology development and environmental protection, scientists have developed a new lightweight low-carbon AI system. Different from conventional AI that relies on super computing devices, the new system achieves energy-saving improvement through algorithm restructuring. It filters out invalid data operations and simplifies repeated computing procedures, ensuring stable analytical accuracy while cutting energy consumption by nearly 40 percent. Researchers claim that the core breakthrough lies in its adaptive judgment mechanism (机制), which can automatically adjust computing intensity according to practical task demands. Rather than keeping full computing power running non-stop, the system scales down resources for simple assignments and raises power for relatively challenging ones. Despite its outstanding advantages in energy conservation, the low-carbon AI still faces practical limits in real-world promotion. Its simplified algorithm structure weakens its processing capacity for extreme and ultra-complex data scenarios (应用场景). Currently, the system is only applicable to daily intelligent monitoring and urban public service scenarios, rather than industrial high-precision computing fields. Real-world field tests also remind researchers that unstable signal inputs may cause minor performance drops under harsh field conditions. With further technical upgrading, the team believes the improved low-carbon AI will be widely deployed in smart city construction. It is expected to balance digital technological innovation and carbon reduction goals, providing a feasible (可行的) solution for the sustainable development of the global digital economy. Such technical attempts offer valuable references for future carbon footprint control within the whole digital industry. 1．Why are traditional AI models high in carbon emissions? A．They lack practical application scenarios. B．Their accuracy fails to meet practical needs. C．They need massive computing power for calculation. D．Their algorithm structures are overly simple. 2．How does the new AI system save energy efficiently? A．By upgrading professional computing hardware. B．By removing invalid data computing operations. C．By lowering assessment standards of routine tasks. D．By expanding the scope of data processing business. 3．Which can be inferred about the new AI system? A．It will be applied to all industrial fields shortly. B．It depends mainly on policy support for promotion. C．It needs further technical improvement for wide use. D．It has overcome its technical limitations completely. 4．Which of the following is true of the new AI system’s future? A．It will boost green digital development. B．It has been widely used in urban construction. C．It can handle complex industrial data analysis. D．It will greatly update all traditional AI systems. ( 05 阅读理解 ) WE MAY have been missing signals from intelligent aliens (外星人) because of solar wind. Researchers from the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute say this means we have been watching for the wrong type of signal, potentially failing to spot promising evidence of alien life, but the chances of a future discovery are now higher. The not-for-profit organisation carries out research to help prove the existence of alien life, which includes listening for radio signals from outer space that cannot be explained by natural cosmological phenomena. Such a signal was previously expected to be a sharp, distinct radio signal in a narrow frequency range. But the new research suggests that any such signals sent from distant planets may end up being made fainter and wider in the frequency band — essentially blurred slightly — as they pass through the stellar (恒星) winds of stars. Vishal Gajjar and Grayce Brown at the SETI Institute calculated the scale of the effect on radio transmissions (传输) from spacecraft in our own solar system, and then extrapolated that to other stellar environments. They found that a 100-megahertz signal could be widened as much as 100 hertz — enough to “fall below traditional detection thresholds”. A space weather event can similarly increase the amount of broadening experienced by a signal to a significant degree. John Elliott at the University of St Andrews, UK, says he sees the news as the glass being half-full, not half-empty: it means previous searches may have missed evidence, but also means that future searches will be more likely to succeed. “It’s over 50 years that we’ve been actively searching and that’s a blink of the eye, isn’t it, when you think about it,” says Elliott. 1．Why have researchers possibly failed to receive signals from intelligent aliens? A．The signals cannot reach the Earth. B．Their equipment was not advanced enough. C．The signals did not appear in the expected form. D．Space weather events prevented the signal traveling. 2．How is the alien signal affected by the stellar winds of stars? A． B． C． D． (Note: Plots show relative changes in signal width and strength, not absolute values.) 3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．How the new findings were reached. B．How spacecraft send radio signals. C．What affects radio signal transmission. D．What helped researchers make progress. 4．Which statement does John Elliott probably agree with? A．Much progress has been made so far. B．Future discoveries will be fruitful. C．Previous searches wasted a lot of time. D．Fifty years is too long for alien hunting. ( 06 英语+生物 ) Nearly everyone has fun on a carousel (旋转木马)— including, possibly, fruit flies. Scientists observed some flies riding on a spinning platform voluntarily and repeatedly, suggesting the animals may find the movement appealing for some reason, according to a recent study. Sergio Pellis, a behavioral scientist, notes that it would add to the small but growing pile of evidence for play in invertebrates (无脊椎动物). Co-author Wolf Huetteroth remembers one day accidentally seeing a lone duck floating down a fast-moving river. It flew back upriver and floated back down — over and over again. “I never stopped wondering what motivated the duck to perform such curious behavior,” he says. Later, when Huetteroth attended a conference where researchers were discussing whether insects can act with intention, he considered testing whether flies would do something similar to the rapids-running duck. He and his colleague Tilman Triphan then decided to build a carousel of sorts. They offered male laboratory fruit flies the chance to jump onto a spinning section of the floor in a stress-free environment. He didn’t think the flies would actually go for it. “My expectations were extremely low,” he says. It turned out that some of the flies ignored the setup, but a small group of them acted as if they’d just discovered Disneyland. Triphan and Huetteroth reported that the small group of the flies spent 5% or more of their time on the turning wheel. When the researchers put two disks that spun every 5 minutes by turns, some flies spent their time bouncing back and forth between whichever carousel was spinning. Fruit flies are excellent spatial learners, Huetteroth notes, so if they didn’t like to spin, they could have simply avoided the disks. Were the flies riding the carousels playing? “It’s certainly possible,” Pellis says. Still, Huetteroth was hesitant to claim that; after all, the flies didn’t reveal what stimulated them to spin. However, to Pellis, even invertebrates, like the flies, could be experiencing something similar to what we feel when we ride a carousel. “The next steps in solving this riddle may come from studying the flies’ brain activity involved in the carousel behavior,” Huetteroth adds. 1．What motivated Wolf Huetteroth to study fruit flies? A．A previous study on the behavior of ducks. B．A duck’s repetitive and intentional behavior. C．Encouragement from researchers at a conference. D．Personal experiences with insects in everyday life. 2．What did the researchers find amazing during their experiment? A．The flies showed a great sense of spatial awareness. B．Some flies reacted negatively to the spinning platform. C．The platform was much more successful than expected. D．Some flies were enthusiastic about the spinning platform. 3．What is Huetteroth likely to further investigate? A．The motivation behind the flies’ carousel behavior. B．The impact of flies’ carousel behavior on their brain. C．The social interactions among flies on the carousel. D．The environmental factors affecting the flies’ enjoyment. 4．Which can be the best title for the text? A．Invertebrates might have a good command of spatial skills B．Fruit flies can engage in a series of repetitive actions C．Fruit flies may enjoy taking carousels for a spin D．Invertebrates are much smarter than expected ( 07 英语+数学 ) For all snowflakes’ infinite structural variation, their journeys to the ground are surprisingly similar. Researchers studied more than half a million falling snowflakes and found a clear mathematical pattern that describes how they swirl (旋转) through the air. Tim Garrett, an atmospheric scientist from the University of Utah, has studied snowflakes for nearly ten years. Although the behavior of such tiny, temporary objects may seem inconsequential, their falling speed plays a role in predicting weather and climate, even in warm areas. Most rain begins as snow, no matter where it finally falls. Snowflake movement is usually studied in labs, but these conditions don’t show the real complexity of nature. Watching snowflakes fall in the real world has been a challenge for scientists for many years. To solve this, Garrett worked with engineers to build a machine that measures the mass, density, size, and shape of individual snowflakes. By placing this machine under cameras and a laser light, the researchers could track how each snowflake moved in the outdoor air. “We let the atmosphere act naturally,” Garrett says. The researchers discovered a linear correlation (线性关系) between a snowflake’s average acceleration — which, in this study, is equal to how much it swirls — and its Stokes number, a value that describes how quickly an object responds to changes in airflow. For instance, a wide and loose flake swirls more than a streamlined one. Using the Stokes number, scientists can now predict how much a single snowflake will swirl as it falls. Surprisingly, the distribution of average snowflake swirliness fits a nearly perfect exponential curve (指数曲线) — a fixed mathematical pattern — despite variations in air movement and snowflake shapes and sizes. The reason for this pattern remains unknown, but it might be related to how air movement alters the shape and size of snowflakes, affecting their response to the air. “More research is needed to see if this pattern works in different conditions, such as different heights and ground surfaces,” says Jiarong Hong, a university mechanical engineer. “If this pattern is universal, there must be a simple explanation,” Garrett adds, “We just need to find it.” 1．What does the underlined word “inconsequential” probably mean? A．Unimportant. B．Complex. C．Permanent. D．Obvious. 2．How did the researchers study the movement of snowflakes? A．By using weather satellite images. B．By analyzing historical weather data. C．By observing snowflakes in a controlled lab. D．By measuring properties and tracking outdoors. 3．What does the last paragraph suggest for future research? A．Study the impact of snowflakes on global warming. B．Explore the swirling pattern under different conditions. C．Develop a new machine to measure snowflake density. D．Focus on internal structural variation of snowflakes. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Snowflakes Swirl by Math Rules. B．The Secret of Snowflake Structure. C．Snowflakes Affect Weather Pattern. D．Airflow for Snowflake Formation. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $