2027届新高考模拟卷阅读理解之科技类说明文专练（二）

2026-2027学年最新高考模拟卷阅读理解之科技类 说明文专练（二） (1) （2025·浙江嘉兴·二模） In the north Indian desert town of Jaisalmer, which is also known as “The Golden City” for its array of yellow sandstone architecture, temperatures can reach about 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49℃) at the height of summer. Here, buildings have long been designed to adapt to the heat, a tradition that New York architect Diana Kellogg has followed with her work on the Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls’ School. The project is meant to empower girls through education in a region where the female literacy rate (识字率) is the lowest in India. Named the 2020 “Building of the Year” by Architectural Digest India, the eco-friendly sandstone school opened in November 2021 and 120 girls are currently admitted in its curriculum. Designing a comfortable learning space can be challenging in the heart of the Thar desert, where climate change is making drought longer and more intense. Kellogg, who usually designs high-end residential projects, was motivated by a 2014 trip to Jaisalmer. She wanted the building to symbolize the hope of the desert by combining aspects of time-honored Jaisalmer architecture with a modern design. “There are methods to cool spaces that have been used for centuries. What I did is to put them together in a combination that worked,” Kellogg said, adding that indoor temperatures at the school are approximately 20-30 degrees Fahrenheit lower than the outdoors. For the structure, she chose to use locally sourced sandstone — a climate-resilient material that’s been long used for buildings in the area. “It’s so abundant in this area. It’s very reasonable in price and the stone is so manageable that talented stonemasons can shape it like magicians,” Kellogg said. Air conditioning isn’t used anywhere in the building, not just because of its environmental impact but because it isn’t common in the area. By adopting traditional and natural cooling mechanisms that the students are familiar with instead, she believes they can get sense of comfort from their surroundings, leading to greater confidence. 1. What was the Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls’ School intended to do? A. To strengthen girls’ abilities by schooling. B. To showcase its modern architectural skills. C. To attract more tourists to the Indian desert. D. To offer free education to the local children. 2. How did Kellogg overcome the challenge? A. By shortening the time of construction. B. By using the most advanced cooling technology. C. By copying the style of high-end residential projects. D. By combining traditional methods with modern design. 3. Why was sandstone chosen to build the school? A. It represented the spirit of hope. B. It was the only material available there. C. It was local, cheap and easy to work with. D. It made the building look more advanced. 4. What’s the best title for the text? A. The Challenges of Building in the Thar Desert B. A School Empowering Girls with Smart Design C. The Hottest City and Its Traditional Architecture D. Diana Kellogg: A Famous Architect in New York 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 【难度】0.85 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了印度杰伊瑟尔梅尔的一所女子学校，采用当地砂岩和传统降温设计，无需空调即可保持室内凉爽，旨在提升该地区女性教育水平并适应沙漠气候。 【详解】1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“The project is meant to empower girls through education in a region where the female literacy rate (识字率) is the lowest in India.(该项目旨在通过教育来提升该地区女孩的素质，因为在印度这个地区，女性的识字率是最低的)”可知，拉杰库玛丽·拉特纳瓦蒂女子学校当初的办学目的是通过教育来增强女生的能力。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Designing a comfortable learning space can be challenging in the heart of the Thar desert, where climate change is making drought longer and more intense.(在塔尔沙漠中心设计一个舒适的学习空间可能是一个挑战，因为气候变化使干旱时间更长、更严重。)”以及“She wanted the building to symbolize the hope of the desert by combining aspects of time-honored Jaisalmer architecture with a modern design. (她希望这座建筑能够通过将历史悠久的贾伊萨勒姆建筑风格与现代设计相结合，来象征沙漠地区的希望)”可知，凯洛格通过将传统方法与现代设计相结合来克服沙漠气候变化所带来的挑战。故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据第五段“For the structure, she chose to use locally sourced sandstone-a climate-resilient material that’s been long used for buildings in the area. “It’s so abundant in this area. It’s very reasonable in price and the stone is so manageable that talented stonemasons can shape it like magicians,” Kellogg said.(在建筑结构方面，她选择了使用当地开采的砂岩——这是一种具有气候适应性的材料，在该地区长期以来一直被用于建筑建设。“这种材料在这一地区非常丰富。价格也很合理，而且这种石头易于处理，技艺精湛的石匠们能够像魔术师一样将其雕琢成型。”凯洛格说道)”可知，选择用砂岩来建造这所学校是因为它是当地的材料，价格低廉，而且易于加工。故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Here, buildings have long been designed to adapt to the heat, a tradition that New York architect Diana Kellogg has followed with her work on the Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls’ School. The project is meant to empower girls through education in a region where the female literacy rate (识字率) is the lowest in India. (在这里，建筑的设计一直会考虑到如何应对炎热的气候，而纽约建筑师戴安娜·凯洛格在其设计的拉杰库玛丽·拉特纳瓦蒂女子学校项目中，也延续了这一传统。该项目旨在通过教育手段提升该地区女孩的受教育水平，因为在印度这个地区，女性的识字率是最低的)”以及全文以“女校”为核心，双线并进：①通过教育赋能女孩；②以智能生态设计应对酷热。可知，B选项“一座通过巧妙设计赋予女孩力量的学校”最符合文章标题。故选B。 (2) （26-27高三上·浙江宁波·开学考试） Cities are 1-3℃ hotter than surrounding rural areas, a phenomenon called the urban heat island effect. This heat threatens human safety, causing heat exhaustion and even death during extremely hot spells. Urban trees act as natural air conditioners through ground shading and the release of water from leaves, yet their cooling power is distributed unevenly across the globe. Researchers analyzed temperature and tree cover data of nearly 9,000 global cities housing 3.6 billion residents, comparing real urban environments with an imagined situation without any trees. Unlike previous satellite studies measuring overheated building and road surfaces, this research centered on air temperature that directly reflects people’s real experience of heat. The outcome exceeded expectations: trees nearly halve urban heat island warming, cooling most cities by 0.5-1.5℃ and effectively relieving heat pressure for over 200 million people. Cooling effects differ greatly — dry hot cities show obvious temperature differences between leafy and bare lands, while mild temperate (温带的) cities enjoy gentler, more consistent cooling. However, a city’s trees are not spread evenly. They’re often concentrated in wealthier neighbourhoods and suburban areas. Cities in cooler or more humid (湿润的) climates tend to have more. There’s a strong link with wealth. In the United States, lower-income areas average 15% fewer trees than wealthier areas — and are 1.5℃ hotter. This means vulnerable populations who need free cooling from trees the most are often the least likely to receive it. Though low-cost and beneficial to air quality and mental health, trees alone cannot fix urban overheating. Current urban trees only reduce 10% of predicted heat rise under moderate (适度的) climate conditions, and ambitious tree planting can merely raise this proportion to 20%. Therefore, cities must combine targeted tree planting in heat-baked neighborhoods with reflective building materials, green roofs and well-designed airflow plans. All local cooling strategies still depend on deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to slow global climate change and secure comfortable living spaces for future urban residents. 5. How is the new research different from earlier studies? A. It covers more global cities. B. It focuses on building surfaces. C. It tracks actual air temperature. D. It models a treeless environment. 6. What can we learn about tree cooling effects from paragraph 2? A. They change with climate types. B. They match the predicted heat rise. C. They average a 1.5℃ drop globally. D. They work best in low-income cities. 7. What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Permanent. B. Uneducated. C. Disadvantaged. D. Urbanized. 8. What does the writer suggest to deal with urban overheating effectively? A. Stopping greenhouse gas release. B. Focusing on low-cost roof projects. C. Adopting multiple measures together. D. Expanding living spaces for the youth. 【答案】5. C 6. A 7. C 8. C 【难度】0.77 【导语】本文围绕城市热岛效应这一现象展开，介绍了全球城市树木降温效果的相关最新研究，剖析了树木降温能力在不同区域分布不均的现实问题，最终指出仅靠树木无法彻底解决城市过热难题，需要结合多种适配的本地降温方案与温室气体减排行动，共同为城市居民打造宜居的生活空间。 【详解】5. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Unlike previous satellite studies measuring overheated building and road surfaces, this research centered on air temperature that directly reflects people’s real experience of heat.(与此前针对过热建筑和路面的卫星研究不同，这项研究聚焦于直接反映人们真实受热体验的气温)”可知，这项新研究和早期研究的区别在于它追踪的是实际的空气温度，而非建筑和路面表面温度。 6. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Cooling effects differ greatly — dry hot cities show obvious temperature differences between leafy and bare lands, while mild temperate (温带的) cities enjoy gentler, more consistent cooling. (降温效果差异巨大：干热城市的绿化区域与裸地之间温差明显，而温和的温带城市则能获得更温和、更稳定的降温效果)”可推知，树木的降温效果会随着气候类型的不同发生变化。 7. 词句猜测题。根据第三段“In the United States, lower-income areas average 15% fewer trees than wealthier areas — and are 1.5℃ hotter. This means vulnerable populations who need free cooling from trees the most are often the least likely to receive it.(在美国，低收入区域的树木平均比富裕区域少15%，气温高出1.5℃。这意味着最需要树木提供的免费降温效果的vulnerable群体，往往最无法获得这类资源)”可知，这里vulnerable populations与lower-income对应，描述的是处于不利处境、缺少资源保障的群体，对应“Disadvantaged(弱势的、处境不利的)”的含义。 8. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Therefore, cities must combine targeted tree planting in heat-baked neighborhoods with reflective building materials, green roofs and well-designed airflow plans. All local cooling strategies still depend on deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to slow global climate change and secure comfortable living spaces for future urban residents.(因此，城市必须将在高温社区针对性植树的举措，与反光建筑材料、绿色屋顶以及精心设计的通风方案相结合。所有本地降温策略仍然依赖于温室气体的深度减排，以减缓全球气候变化，并为未来的城市居民提供舒适的生活空间)”可知，作者认为城市必须把针对性种树和反光建材、绿色屋顶、通风规划等手段结合，同时还要减少温室气体排放，由此可推测，作者建议同时采用多种措施协同推进。 (3) （2026·浙江宁波·二模） Despite decades of medical advances, detecting health-related molecule (分子) still relies on bodily liquids like blood, requiring blood draws from most patients, especially people with diabetes who need frequent finger blood tests. However, researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a lightweight device named ABLE, which collects and detects molecules in the air. This 4×8-inch device is a potential game-changer for medicine and public health. Detecting molecules in the air has long fallen behind liquid detection, mainly because target particles (微粒) are extremely rare — there may be only one in a trillion. To solve this problem, the team turned air into liquid. The device draws in air, adds water vapor with a humidifier, and cools it to turn air into small drops. These drops trap particles and slide into a small container, making detection easy with common tools used for liquid analysis. Early tests proved its effectiveness. It caught easily evaporated (挥发的) coffee vapor, detected glucose in breath, identified E. coli in the air, and found signs of inflammation (炎症) in mice with unhealthy gut bacteria. Obviously, it solved the problem of collecting molecules that evaporate easily — a major worry during the device’s development. The device was first inspired by the need for painless tests for early-born babies in ICUs. These fragile babies are likely to have health problems, and repeated blood tests may put them in danger. Doctors hope the device can track health signs without taking blood, protecting these high-risk patients. It also shows promise for diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease, though the related breath signs first need to be recorded. The team plans to improve and make it smaller to create a wearable device for daily use. Besides medical uses, this achievement may open the door to new physics research on air impurities and state changes of matter. As a new tool for detecting air chemistry, ABLE fills the space between air and liquid molecule analysis, creating possibilities for various new developments in healthcare and science. 9. Why did the researchers develop ABLE? A. To change medicine and public health. B. To identify health molecules without liquid. C. To reduce finger blood checks for patients with diabetes. D. To take the place of blood tests in hospitals. 10. What can we infer about ABLE? A. It is small and wearable for daily use. B. It diagnoses inflammatory bowel disease easily. C. It has proved useful for newly born babies. D. It has overcome a key technical challenge. 11. Who will least likely benefit from ABLE? A. A chemist. B. A physician. C. A psychologist. D. A physicist. 12. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. A Tool for Bodily Liquid Analysis. B. A Tool for Airborne Particle Counting. C. A Device for Modern Physics Research. D. A Device for Air Molecule Detection. 【答案】9. B 10. D 11. C 12. D 【难度】0.68 【导语】文章主要讲述了一种名为ABLE的轻便设备，用于空气中分子的检测。 【详解】9. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a lightweight device named ABLE, which collects and detects molecules in the air. (然而，芝加哥大学的研究人员开发了一种名为ABLE的轻便设备，用于收集和检测空气中的分子)”可知，研究人员开发ABLE是为了在不使用液体的情况下识别健康分子。 10. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Early tests proved its effectiveness. It caught easily evaporated (挥发的) coffee vapor, detected glucose in breath, identified E. coli in the air, and found signs of inflammation (炎症) in mice with unhealthy gut bacteria. Obviously, it solved the problem of collecting molecules that evaporate easily — a major worry during the device’s development.(早期测试证明了它的有效性。它能捕捉到容易挥发的咖啡蒸气，检测呼气中的葡萄糖，识别空气中的大肠杆菌，并在肠道细菌不健康的小鼠体内发现炎症迹象。显然，它解决了收集容易蒸发的分子的问题——这是设备开发过程中一个主要担忧)”可推断，ABLE已经克服了一个关键的技术挑战。 11. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Besides medical uses, this achievement may open the door to new physics research on air impurities and state changes of matter.(除了医学用途外，这一成就可能为空气杂质和物质状态变化的物理学研究打开大门)”可知，ABLE对化学家、医生和物理学家都有益处，而心理学家研究的是人的心理现象和行为，与ABLE的用途不相关，因此心理学家不太可能从ABLE中受益。 12. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“However, researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a lightweight device named ABLE, which collects and detects molecules in the air. This 4×8-inch device is a potential game-changer for medicine and public health.(然而，芝加哥大学的研究人员开发了一种名为ABLE的轻便设备，用于收集和检测空气中的分子。这款4×8英寸的设备有可能改变医学和公共卫生的游戏规则)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了一种名为ABLE的轻便设备，用于空气中分子的检测，因此D选项“一种用于空气分子检测的设备”最符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。 (4) （26-27高三上·浙江杭州·开学考试） I’ve previously written that artificial intelligence operates differently from the human mind. My idea of anti-intelligence is an attempt to describe that difference more precisely. When people hear the prefix “anti,” they tend to assume opposition or inferiority. However, what we’re encountering in large language models (LLM) is not a weaker form of thinking but a fundamentally different architecture operating behind the same medium. A recent paper in Nature Machine Intelligence notes that LLMs often behave in ways that are strikingly realistic yet remain fundamentally “unhuman” in their underlying structure. The word “unhuman” highlights the strange condition where language similar to human expression comes from a system that has none of those human experiences, while human mind is a system in which meaning arises from our lived experience. When we speak or write, our words carry marks of that experience. The “anti” part of “anti-intelligence” is that LLMs operate without that continuity, but generate sentences through statistical relationships within vast collections of information. Current discussion around AI assumes that humans and machines occupy the same range of intelligence. And then, the debate quickly turns to whether machines will outperform us or when artificial systems might eventually outthink humans. Those questions feel natural because we imagine a single line where intelligence progresses — and where humans and AI sit along points on that single line. But that may be wrong. If AI operates in a different way altogether, the comparison itself becomes misleading. Human cognition brings experience, consequences and judgment into every thought. Artificial systems bring pattern recognition. When these two interact, the results can be productive and even transformative. Scientific progress often begins with what looks like a mistake. The imaginary number “i” once appeared to be a mathematical curiosity before it became essential to modern imaging technologies. In such cases, the discovery did not deny what scientists already understood. It expanded the conceptual space in which that knowledge made sense.Anti-intelligence may represent a similar expansion. What LLMs reveal isn’t that machines have become intelligent in the human sense, but that language itself can now operate within a system that has no mind behind it. 13. What does the author indicate by coining the term “anti-intelligence”? A. It is a weaker version of human thinking. B. It will eventually outperform human intelligence. C. It detects statistical patterns from lived experience. D. It operates without inner processing of the experience. 14. Which of the following best describes the author’s view on the interaction between human cognition and AI? A. Concerned. B. Dismissive. C. Optimistic. D. Reserved. 15. Why does the author mention the imaginary number i in the last paragraph? A. To prove that LLMs are a mathematical curiosity. B. To show that new concepts can expand our understanding. C. To argue that AI will become as essential as modern imaging. D. To illustrate that scientific progress often comes from mistakes. 16. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Anti-intelligence: How LLMs Use Statistics to Generate Feelings B. Anti-intelligence: When Language Operates Independently of Mind C. Anti-intelligence: How Statistical Patterns Replace Lived Experience D. Anti-intelligence: The Risk of Machines Imitating Human Expression 【答案】13. D 14. C 15. B 16. B 【难度】0.65 【导语】文章主要讲述作者提出反智能概念，阐释大语言模型脱离人类心智的运行本质。 【详解】13. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The “anti” part of “anti-intelligence” is that LLMs operate without that continuity, but generate sentences through statistical relationships within vast collections of information. (“反智能”中的“反”部分在于：大型语言模型在没有这种连续性的情况下运作，而是通过海量信息集合中的统计关系来生成句子。)”可知，反智能指大语言模型运行时没有人类经历这一内在处理过程。 14. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“When these two interact, the results can be productive and even transformative. (当这两者相互作用时，其结果可能富有成效，甚至具有变革性。)”可知，作者认为人类认知与人工智能的互动可以富有成效、甚至具有变革性，说明作者对此持乐观态度。 15. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“In such cases, the discovery did not deny what scientists already understood. It expanded the conceptual space in which that knowledge made sense. (在这些情况下，这一发现并没有否定科学家已经理解的东西。它扩展了使那些知识得以成立的概念空间。)”可知，作者提及虚数i是为了说明新概念能够拓展我们的认知。 16. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段中“What LLMs reveal isn’t that machines have become intelligent in the human sense, but that language itself can now operate within a system that has no mind behind it. (大型语言模型所揭示的，并不是机器已经在人类意义上变得智能，而是语言本身现在可以在一个背后没有心智的系统中运作。)”可知，全文围绕“反智能”的核心内涵展开，最终点明大语言模型揭示了语言可以在无思维支撑的系统中独立运行，B选项“反智能：当语言独立于心智运作”精准覆盖文章核心主旨，适合作为文章的最佳标题。 (5) （26-27高三上·浙江宁波·开学考试） Most of us have an “inner voice,” and we assume everybody does. Recent evidence suggests people vary widely in the extent to which they experience inner speech. The study by cognitive (认知的) scientists Gary Lupyan and Johanne Nedergaard shows these differences are real and impact our cognition. As part of their ongoing research, Lupyan previously assessed 1,037 people using a measure called the Internal Representations Questionnaire (IRQ). For the verbal (口头的) part of the IRQ, participants indicated agreement with statements like: “I think about problems in my mind in the form of a conversation with myself” on a one-to-five rating. For their new study, Lupyan and Nedergaard selected 47 participants who scored high for having an inner voice and 46 who scored low. They then gave participants four language-related tasks they thought might be influenced by the use of inner speech. In the first, participants were shown five words and asked to repeat them back. The second involved saying whether the names of objects in two pictures rhymed. In both tasks, the group with less inner speech was less accurate. For the rhyme judgments, people with more inner speech were also faster. “This study really tests what inner speech gives us in terms of cognitive benefits,” says psychologist Charles Fernyhough. The other two experiments tested task switching and participants’ ability to spot differences between two silhouettes (轮廓图形) that were from either the same or a different category. The groups showed no differences on these tasks. “People can probably employ numerous other strategies for task switching,” suggests Lupyan. The research may have medical implications. “Someone with more inner speech might be more reliant on language in their thinking,” Lupyan says, “so language difficulty from a stroke (中风) could have a more severe effect.” Understanding how inner speech develops has implications for education, says neuroscientist Ladislas Nalborczyk. “Variations in children’s ability to represent speech sounds may impact their ability to learn the relation between sounds and writing,” he says. This may affect the way they learn to read and write, which probably has a huge impact on education. The researchers propose giving a lack of inner speech a name: “anendophasia.” “It helps scientists find and integrate research on a topic,” Lupyan says. “If people studying something are calling it by different names, the research becomes more disorganized.” 17. What was the purpose of using IRQ? A. To change people’s experience of inner speech. B. To find out how many people have an inner voice. C. To measure people’s agreement with certain statements. D. To make people think about problems in a conversation form. 18. How does inner speech help with tasks? A. It offers more inspiration. B. It aids in better performance. C. It makes people more patient. D. It changes the way of thinking. 19. What does Lupyan suggest about task switching? A. Inner speech is the primary strategy for it. B. It is mainly affected by external environment. C. It can be achieved through various methods. D. Inner speech has little influence on its complexity. 20. Why do the researchers try to name the lack of inner speech? A. To make it easier to remember. B. To create a new concept for study. C. To tell it apart from other speech forms. D. To assist scientists in arranging research on it. 【答案】17. C 18. B 19. C 20. D 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文介绍了一项关于内心话语的研究，探究其对人们完成语言类任务的影响，还阐述了该研究在医学、教育领域的意义以及命名相关现象的原因。 【详解】17. 细节理解题。根据第二段“For the verbal (口头的) part of the IRQ, participants indicated agreement with statements like: “I think about problems in my mind in the form of a conversation with myself” on a one-to-five rating. (在内在表征问卷的口头测试部分，参与者按照一至五分制，表明自己对诸如“我在脑海中以自我对话的形式思考问题”这类说法的认同程度。)” 可知，使用该问卷的目的是衡量人们对特定表述的认同程度。 18. 推理判断题。根据第四段“In both tasks, the group with less inner speech was less accurate. For the rhyme judgments, people with more inner speech were also faster.(在这两项任务中，内心话语较少的一组准确率更低。而在押韵判断任务里，内心话语丰富的人作答速度也更快。)”可知，内心话语有助于人们在任务中表现得更好。 19. 细节理解题。根据第五段“People can probably employ numerous other strategies for task switching,(人们或许可以运用许多其他方法来完成任务转换，)”可知，卢皮扬认为任务转换可以通过多种方式实现。 20. 细节理解题。根据最后一段““It helps scientists find and integrate research on a topic,” Lupyan says. “If people studying something are calling it by different names, the research becomes more disorganized.”(卢皮扬说：“它有助于科学家发现和整合某一主题的研究。如果研究某事物的人用不同的名字称呼它，研究就会变得更加混乱。”)”可知，研究者为“无内心话语”现象命名，是为了方便科学家整理相关研究。 (6) （2026·浙江绍兴·模拟预测） Feeling anxious about getting older, especially worrying about declining health, may do more than weigh on the mind. New research from NYU School of Global Public Health suggests that these fears could be linked to faster aging at the cellular level in women. “We know from previous research that anxiety, depression, and mental health in general are associated with a number of physical health outcomes, but until now researchers haven’t focused on whether there is a correlation between worrying about aging and the process of aging itself,” said Mariana Rodrigues, a PhD student at NYU School of Global Public Health. Women, especially those in midlife, may be especially vulnerable to anxiety about aging. Social expectations around youth and appearance, along with concerns about fertility, can heighten stress during midlife. To explore the connection between aging anxiety and biological aging, researchers examined data from 726 women participating in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Participants reported how much they worried about aging-related issues. Meanwhile, blood samples were analyzed using two established epigenetic (表观遗传) clocks. One measured the speed of biological aging, while the other estimated accumulated biological damage over time. The results showed that women who reported higher levels of anxiety about growing older showed signs of faster epigenetic aging which has been linked in prior research to physical decline and greater risk of age-related diseases. The findings underscore how closely mental and physical health are connected across the lifespan, even though they are often treated separately. At the same time, the researchers caution that the study captures only a single point in time. It cannot determine cause and effect or rule out the influence of other factors. Some coping behaviors associated with anxiety, such as smoking or alcohol use, may help explain the link. When the team adjusted their analysis to account for these health behaviors, the association between aging anxiety and epigenetic aging weakened and was no longer statistically significant. Further research will be needed to understand how anxiety about aging affects long-term biological aging and how best to support people experiencing these fears. 21. What does the new study find about women? A. Aging anxiety harms their mental health. B. Aging fears may leave a mark on the body. C. Mental issues affect biological aging equally. D. Mental stress is connected with epigenetic changes. 22. What does Mariana Rodrigues mainly emphasize? A. Earlier studies paid little attention to aging anxiety. B. Aging anxiety has become a serious social problem. C. Researchers are exploring ways to slow biological aging. D. Mental health research mainly focuses on older women. 23. According to paragraph 3, we can conclude that ________. A. fertility concerns are linked to worries about aging B. women with greater aging anxiety age faster epigenetically C. appearance concerns accelerate biological aging significantly D. both epigenetic clocks managed to measure biological aging speed 24. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Aging anxiety will cause faster biological aging. B. The study has determined causes of accelerated aging. C. The findings undervalue the mental-physical health connection. D. Unhealthy habits may partly account for the anxiety-aging link. 【答案】21. B 22. A 23. B 24. D 【难度】0.65 【导语】主要说明了新研究发现女性的衰老焦虑或与细胞层面更快衰老相关，但不能确定因果，焦虑带来的不良生活习惯或是中间因素，还需要进一步开展研究。 【详解】21. 细节理解题。根据第一段“New research from NYU School of Global Public Health suggests that these fears could be linked to faster aging at the cellular level in women.(纽约大学全球公共卫生学院的最新研究指出，这些担忧可能与女性在细胞层面加速衰老有关)”可知，这项新研究发现老龄化恐惧可能在女性身体上留下印记。 22. 细节理解题。根据第二段“We know from previous research that anxiety, depression, and mental health in general are associated with a number of physical health outcomes, but until now researchers haven’t focused on whether there is a correlation between worrying about aging and the process of aging itself, (我们从以往的研究中知道，焦虑、抑郁以及整体心理健康与多种身体健康状况有关，但直到现在，研究人员尚未关注过对衰老的担忧是否与衰老过程本身存在关联)”可知，玛丽安娜·罗德里格斯主要强调早期研究对衰老焦虑关注甚少。 23. 推理判断题。根据第三段“The results showed that women who reported higher levels of anxiety about growing older showed signs of faster epigenetic aging which has been linked in prior research to physical decline and greater risk of age-related diseases.(研究结果表明，那些报告对衰老更焦虑的女性表现出更快的表观遗传衰老迹象，而此前的研究已发现，这种现象与身体机能下降以及患年龄相关疾病的风险增加有关)”可知，衰老焦虑程度更高的女性在表观遗传上衰老得更快。 24. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Some coping behaviors associated with anxiety, such as smoking or alcohol use, may help explain the link.(一些与焦虑相关的应对行为，例如吸烟或饮酒，可能有助于解释这种关联)”可知，不健康的生活习惯可能在一定程度上解释了焦虑与衰老之间的关联。 (7) （2026·浙江杭州·三模） In a quiet corner of Oxford University’s Bodleian Library, a robotic arm flips through a 15th-century manuscript, its high-resolution cameras capturing every faded ink stroke. This is ARCHiVE (Automated Robotic Cultural Heritage Inspection and Verification Engine), a £2.3 million project revolutionizing how fragile artifacts are preserved and studied. Combining robotics, artificial intelligence, and advanced imaging, ARCHiVE represents a model shift in cultural conservation. Traditional conservation methods often risk damaging delicate materials. ARCHiVE’s robotic system, equipped with micro-sensors and AI algorithms, can detect cracks invisible to the human eye and predict structural weaknesses before they worsen. “It’s like having a doctor for ancient books,” explains Dr. Emily Carter, lead conservator. Since its 2022 launch, ARCHiVE has scanned over 8,000 items, from Egyptian papyri to medieval maps, with 99.7% accuracy in damage assessment. Its non-invasive approach has reduced physical handling by 85%, significantly lowering the risk of accidental damage. The project’s digital twin technology creates exact virtual copies, allowing global access to restricted collections. During the 2023 Cairo Museum flood, ARCHiVE’s digital models enabled researchers to virtually “restore” water-damaged artifacts within hours. “We’re not just saving objects,” says Carter, “we’re preserving humanity’s collective memory.” This technology has also democratized access, with over 50,000 digital artifacts now available to researchers and the public worldwide. However, some scholars argue that over-reliance on technology may distance researchers from hands-on experience. “You can’t smell history through a screen,” protests Prof. James Whitaker, a traditionalist at Cambridge. Others worry about data ownership, as scanned artifacts become digital assets potentially controlled by tech corporations. A 2024 survey revealed that 62% of conservators fear losing control over digitized cultural heritage. ARCHiVE’s next phase involves 4D scanning, capturing how materials change over time. Pilot tests on Viking ship timbers have already revealed previously unknown construction techniques. Meanwhile, UNESCO is developing global standards for digital heritage, ensuring these technological marvels serve humanity rather than corporate interests. As Carter reflects, “Our ancestors left us these treasures; our duty is to pass them forward — both physically and digitally.” 25. What is the main function of ARCHiVE’s robotic system? A. Repairing damaged artifacts. B. Creating virtual museum tours. C. Identifying and forecasting damage. D. Selling digital copies of artifacts. 26. How did ARCHiVE help during the Cairo Museum flood? A. By raising emergency funds online. B. By training local conservation staff. C. By physically moving artifacts to safety. D. By providing digital models for restoration. 27. What is Prof. Whitaker’s main concern about ARCHiVE? A. High operating costs. B. Loss of direct experience. C. Environmental impact. D. Data ownership concerns. 28. Which of the following would be the best title for the article? A. ARCHiVE: Digital Guardians of the Past. B. Heritage Conservation: Traditional or Digital. C. Human Conservators: Why They Still Matter. D. AI in Museums: Ethical Dilemmas and Solutions. 【答案】25. C 26. D 27. B 28. A 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文介绍牛津大学 ARCHiVE 智能机器人项目，依托机器人、人工智能等技术无损检测文物、建立数字副本助力文物保护与全球共享，同时谈及学界对过度依赖科技、数字产权的争议，并介绍项目未来发展规划。 【详解】25. 细节理解题。根据第二段“ARCHiVE’s robotic system, equipped with micro-sensors and AI algorithms, can detect cracks invisible to the human eye and predict structural weaknesses before they worsen. (ARCHiVE的机器人系统配备了微传感器和人工智能算法，能够检测到人眼看不见的裂缝，并在结构弱点恶化之前预测到它们。)”可知，ARCHiVE机器人系统的主要功能是识别和预测损坏情况。 26. 细节理解题。根据第三段“During the 2023 Cairo Museum flood, ARCHiVE’s digital models enabled researchers to virtually “restore” water-damaged artifacts within hours. (在2023年开罗博物馆洪水期间，ARCHiVE的数字模型使研究人员能够在几小时内对水浸损坏的文物进行虚拟“修复”。)”可知，在开罗博物馆洪水期间，ARCHiVE通过提供数字模型用于修复来提供帮助。 27. 细节理解题。根据第四段““You can’t smell history through a screen,” protests Prof. James Whitaker, a traditionalist at Cambridge. (剑桥大学的传统主义者詹姆斯·惠特克教授抗议道：“你无法通过屏幕闻到历史的味道”)”可知，惠特克教授主要担心的是研究人员会失去直接体验。 28. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a quiet corner of Oxford University’s Bodleian Library, a robotic arm flips through a 15th-century manuscript, its high-resolution cameras capturing every faded ink stroke. This is ARCHiVE (Automated Robotic Cultural Heritage Inspection and Verification Engine), a £2.3 million project revolutionizing how fragile artifacts are preserved and studied. Combining robotics, artificial intelligence, and advanced imaging, ARCHiVE represents a model shift in cultural conservation. (在牛津大学博德利图书馆一处僻静角落，一只机械臂翻阅着一份十五世纪的手稿，搭载的高清摄像头逐帧记录下每一处褪色的墨迹。这便是 ARCHiVE 项目，全称自动化机器人文物勘检核验系统，这项耗资230万英镑的工程正革新珍稀易碎文物的保存与研究方式。该项目融合机器人技术、人工智能与高端成像技术，标志着文物保护领域迎来范式变革。)”可知，文章围绕ARCHiVE项目展开，介绍其对文物的保护作用，通过数字化手段守护历史，A选项“ARCHiVE: Digital Guardians of the Past.” （ARCHiVE：过去的数字守护者）为最佳标题。 (8) （25-26高三下·浙江杭州·阶段检测） Can music help you concentrate at work? Researchers from the University of Wales Institute in Cardiff conducted a new study, and it has some interesting results. The research examined the ability of 25 people, aged 18 to 30, to remember information while listening to various sounds. In one task they had to remember a list of eight consonant (辅音) letters, which were dictated to them. Participants in the study were tested under three different conditions: in a quiet environment, while listening to music they liked, and while listening to music they didn’t like. The participants generally did better when they were working in silence. The background music seemed to make memorization and recall more difficult. However, scientists also found that listening to music before doing the tests seemed to help concentration. “Despite describing their self-selected music as more pleasant, their performance was poor, just as it was when they listened to music they disliked,” explained one of the researchers. So, even if you’re listening to music you like, it’ll still interfere with your work. This would appear to contradict the findings of scientists who have researched what is popularly known as the “Mozart Effect”. This concept was invented by French scientist Dr. Alfred A. Tomatitis in 1991. Tomatitis published a book, Why Mozart?, which described what he believed were the healing powers of listening to Mozart’s music. He also suggested that Mozart’s music could aid brain development. Later studies indicated it might enhance children’s spatial intelligence, leading to a widespread belief that classical music could boost a child’s IQ. The governor of the state of Georgia even once advocated allocating over $100,000 annually to supply classical CDs to every newborn in the state. Another study seemed to further contradict the idea that music could help with concentration. The researchers found that surveyed university students mostly preferred studying in silence. Those listening to music preferred instrumental songs, saying that lyrics are distracting. So, if you’re studying for an exam, turn off your music! 29. Under which condition did participants perform best in the University of Wales study? A. Prior exposure to music. B. Listening to disliked music. C. Working in silence. D. Listening to favorite music. 30. What is suggested about the impact of the “Mozart Effect”? A. It has led to some real-world practices. B. It has been proven to enhance adult intelligence. C. It mainly promotes the enjoyment of classical music. D. It originates from governmental educational policies. 31. What is paragraph 7 mainly about? A. Lyrics distract more than tunes. B. Instrumental music aids concentration. C. Students’ music tastes vary widely. D. Quiet is often preferred for study. 32. What can be inferred about background music? A. It best aids creative work. B. Its effects are inconsistent across studies. C. It improves performance in concentration tasks. D. It affects people differently based on preference. 【答案】29. C 30. A 31. D 32. B 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕“音乐是否有助于专注”这一主题，介绍了威尔士大学的一项新研究，并将其与广为人知的“莫扎特效应”以及其他研究进行对比，呈现了关于背景音乐对工作学习影响的不同科学发现。 【详解】29. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The participants generally did better when they were working in silence. (参与者们在安静的环境中工作时表现通常会更好)”可知，参与者在完全安静的环境下表现最佳。故选C。 30. 推理判断题。根据第六段“He also suggested that Mozart’s music could aid brain development. Later studies indicated it might enhance children’s spatial intelligence, leading to a widespread belief that classical music could boost a child’s IQ. The governor of the state of Georgia even once advocated allocating over $100,000 annually to supply classical CDs to every newborn in the state. (他还指出，莫扎特的音乐有助于大脑发育。后来的研究表明，这种音乐或许能提高儿童的空间认知能力，从而导致人们普遍认为古典音乐能够提升孩子的智商。佐治亚州的州长甚至曾提议每年拨出超过10万美元的资金，为该州的每一个新生儿提供古典音乐光盘)”可知，这一理论已经影响了一些现实世界的观念并促成了具体的实践提议。故选A。 31. 主旨大意题。根据第七段“Another study seemed to further contradict the idea that music could help with concentration. The researchers found that surveyed university students mostly preferred studying in silence. Those listening to music preferred instrumental songs, saying that lyrics are distracting.(另一项研究似乎进一步反驳了音乐有助于提高注意力这一观点。研究人员发现，接受调查的大学生大多更喜欢在安静的环境中学习。而那些听音乐的学生则更倾向于欣赏纯音乐，他们认为歌词会分散注意力)”可知，该段主要是在阐述一项支持“安静环境更受偏爱”的研究。故选D。 32. 推理判断题。文章依次呈现了多项研究或观点：威尔士大学的研究发现背景音乐（无论喜欢与否）会干扰记忆表现（第3–4段）；“莫扎特效应”则认为特定的古典音乐可能有益于儿童大脑发育（第5–6段）；另一项研究则表明多数学生实际上偏好安静的学习环境（第7段）。这些发现彼此之间并不一致，甚至存在矛盾。因此，最合理的推断是，关于背景音乐效果的科学证据在不同的研究中呈现出不一致的结论。故选B。 (9) （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·期末） When you hear the word “uncertainty”, what emotions arise? Fear, anxiety, excitement, or determination? As humans, we experience conflicting needs: part of us needs to feel safe, secure and to have some routine, and another part of us needs variety and opportunity. Life inevitably brings uncertainty and change — a reality that has been particularly evident in recent years. How does our brain detect uncertainty? Research reveals that noradrenaline (去甲肾上腺素) plays a central role in our response to uncertain events. As a neuromodulator (神经调质), noradrenaline influences whether brain cells receive calming or stimulating signals, thereby regulating our mental state. To investigate the role noradrenaline plays, scientists at MIT conducted an experiment with mice. The animals were trained to push a lever upon hearing a high-frequency noise, receiving a drink of water as a reward. They also learned that activating the lever during a low-frequency noise would result in an unpleasant puff of air. The researchers then introduced uncertainty by including a sound of unclear frequency. The researchers discovered that the locus coeruleus (蓝斑) — a small brainstem area that modulates noradrenaline — was essential in detecting uncertainty. When the outcome wasn’t clear, and the reward was a surprise, the release was much larger. For example, when a mouse received a puff of air instead of the expected reward, the locus coeruleus sent out a large burst of noradrenaline. Over time, the mice became less likely to press the lever when rewards were uncertain. The study concluded that the brain learns to manage varying uncertainty levels, with the locus coeruleus playing a fundamental role. Complementary research at University College London identified two additional neuromodulators involved: acetylcholine (乙酰胆碱) helps us adapt to environmental changes, while dopamine motivates action during uncertain situations. 33. What is the primary function of noradrenaline? A. Enhancing brain sensitivity to stimuli. B. Creating emotional responses to uncertain events. C. Regulating brain signals through chemical release. D. Detecting various frequency sounds from different sources. 34. What can be inferred about mice from the experiment? A. They preferred uncertain rewards to certain ones. B. They avoided risks after unexpected outcomes. C. They could distinguish all frequency differences. D. They gradually learned to ignore the unclear sound. 35. How do neuromodulators work together? A. They coordinate adaptation and action systems. B. They compete to control human emotional states. C. They function independently in separate brain areas. D. They mainly work during laboratory experiments. 36. Which would be the best title for the text? A. Laboratory Experiments with Animal Behavior B. Chemical Responses to Environmental Changes C. Human Emotions in Challenging Situations D. Brain Mechanisms for Handling Uncertainty 【答案】33. C 34. B 35. A 36. D 【难度】0.65 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍不确定性会引发复杂情绪，麻省理工等机构通过小鼠实验，揭示去甲肾上腺素等神经调质与脑区，共同调控大脑应对不确定性的机制。 【详解】33. 细节理解题。根据第二段“As a neuromodulator (神经调质), noradrenaline influences whether brain cells receive calming or stimulating signals, thereby regulating our mental state.(作为一种神经调质，去甲肾上腺素能够影响脑细胞接收的是镇静信号还是刺激信号，从而调节我们的精神状态)”可知，去甲肾上腺素的主要功能是通过化学释放来调节大脑信号。故选C。 34. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over time, the mice became less likely to press the lever when rewards were uncertain. (随着时间的推移，当奖励情况不确定时，这些老鼠就越不愿意去按压杠杆了)”可知，老鼠在出现意外结果后会避免风险。故选B。 35. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Complementary research at University College London identified two additional neuromodulators involved: acetylcholine (乙酰胆碱) helps us adapt to environmental changes, while dopamine motivates action during uncertain situations.(伦敦大学学院的补充性研究发现了另外两种参与其中的神经调节物质：乙酰胆碱有助于我们适应环境变化，而多巴胺则能在不确定的情况下激发行动)”可知，神经调节剂通过协调适应和行动系统协同工作。故选A。 36. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“How does our brain detect uncertainty? Research reveals that noradrenaline (去甲肾上腺素) plays a central role in our response to uncertain events. As a neuromodulator (神经调质), noradrenaline influences whether brain cells receive calming or stimulating signals, thereby regulating our mental state. (我们的大脑是如何察觉不确定性的呢？研究表明，去甲肾上腺素在我们对不确定事件的反应中起着核心作用。作为一种神经调质，去甲肾上腺素能够影响脑细胞接收的是镇静信号还是刺激信号，从而调节我们的精神状态)”可知，文章介绍了不确定性会引发复杂情绪，麻省理工等机构通过小鼠实验，揭示去甲肾上腺素等神经调质与脑区，共同调控大脑应对不确定性的机制。由此可知，D选项“处理不确定性的大脑机制”最符合文章标题。故选D。 (10) （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·阶段检测） China has achieved a major breakthrough in renewable energy by launching a world-record floating wind turbine (涡轮机). Developed by state- owned China Huaneng Group and Dongfang Electric Corporation, this new turbine can generate 17 megawatts (MW) of electricity each year — enough to power about 40, 000 households. This innovation could greatly expand the use of wind energy worldwide, helping countries move away from fossil fuels. Unlike traditional offshore wind turbines, which are fixed to the seabed in shallow waters, this floating model can be placed in deep ocean areas where winds are stronger and more steady. The turbine stands 152 meters tall, with blades spanning 262 meters. Each rotation (旋转) covers an area the size of 7.5 standard soccer fields, making it highly efficient. By producing more power per turbine, this design reduces the number of turbines needed, cutting costs and speeding up the setup of new wind farms. It is also built to survive tough ocean conditions, including waves over 24 meters high and typhoons at level 17. The turbine will soon undergo testing off the coast of Yangjiang in southern China. If successful, it could be used in deep-water regions around the globe. Most of the world’s offshore wind potential lies in deep water — about 80% — where fixed-bottom turbines cannot be used. This makes floating technology imperative for the future of wind energy. Countries like Japan, which aims to develop up to 45 gigawatts of offshore wind by 2040, could benefit greatly from this technology. Floating wind power represents a key step toward a cleaner energy future. It allows more countries to access steady, powerful wind resources far from shore, supporting energy independence and reducing carbon emissions. This Chinese-built turbine is not just an engineering achievement — it offers a practical solution for generating large amounts of clean energy in places once considered unsuitable for wind farms. As the world looks for ways to fight climate change, innovations like this will play an important role in building a sustainable future. 37. What can we infer about the new floating wind turbine? A. It may contribute to global sustainable energy. B. It is an end result of international cooperation. C. It can provide electricity for 6, 300 homes daily. D. It will mainly generate power for coastal cities. 38. How does the new turbine differ from traditional ones? A. It can use winds in deep ocean areas. B. It is more affordable to construct. C. It requires minimal maintenance. D. It is fixed to the seabed in shallow seas. 39. What does the underlined word “imperative” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Standard. B. Vital. C. Distant. D. unrealistic. 40. What is the text mainly about? A. How a new power source is being looked into. B. Why traditional wind turbines are low in productivity. C. What China’s breakthrough is in wind energy technology. D. Where some countries are competing for renewable energy. 【答案】37. A 38. A 39. B 40. C 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国在可再生能源领域的重大突破——全球最大功率浮动式风力涡轮机的研发，介绍其技术特点、优势及对全球能源转型的意义。 37. 推理判断题。根据第一段的句子“This innovation could greatly expand the use of wind energy worldwide, helping countries move away from fossil fuels.(这一创新可能极大扩展全球风能使用，帮助各国摆脱化石燃料)”和最后一段的句子“As the world looks for ways to fight climate change, innovations like this will play an important role in building a sustainable future. (随着世界寻找应对气候变化的方法，这样的创新将在建设可持续发展的未来中发挥重要作用)”可推断出，该涡轮机对全球可持续能源有贡献。故选A项。 38. 细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“Unlike traditional offshore wind turbines, which are fixed to the seabed in shallow waters, this floating model can be placed in deep ocean areas where winds are stronger and more steady. (与固定在浅水海床上的传统海上风力涡轮机不同，这种浮动模型可以放置在风力更强、更稳定的深海地区)”可知，新型涡轮机与传统涡轮机的不同在于新型涡轮机可利用深海强风。故选A项。 39. 词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上一句“Most of the world’s offshore wind potential lies in deep water — about 80% — where fixed-bottom turbines cannot be used (世界上大部分海上风电的潜力都在深水中 —— 大约80% —— 在那里固定底部的涡轮机无法使用)，可推断浮动技术对未来风能发展“至关重要”。所以划线单词imperative的意义为“至关重要的”，与vital意义一致。故选B项。 40. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是文章第一句“China has achieved a major breakthrough in renewable energy by launching a world-record floating wind turbine (涡轮机).(中国在可再生能源方面取得了重大突破，推出了一个世界纪录的浮动风力涡轮机)”可知，全文核心是“中国研发出世界最大浮动式风力涡轮机，突破传统技术限制，推动全球风能发展”。选项C“What China’s breakthroughs is in wind energy technology (中国在风能技术上的突破)”准确概括主旨。故选C项。 (11) （25-26高三上·浙江宁波·阶段检测） When you ask adults about their first memory, their answer typically dates back no earlier than preschool. This suggests that adults’ lack of infant (婴儿) memories is not just the result of forgetting. The gap in our memory from when we were a baby is known as “infantile amnesia”. There are two potential explanations for this. One is that infants cannot store memories. The slow development of the hippocampus, a seahorse-shaped region deep in the brain, may be responsible. It grows throughout childhood, so it might not be available to infants. Another possibility is that the infant brain can store memories, but we lose access to them. Recent studies in mice show that the hippocampus is able to store memories early in life and may carry them into adulthood. But what about humans? My lab has been on a decade-long research to study awake infants with functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) , a form of brain imaging that measures activity from regions like the hippocampus. Although it was safe for infants, it wasn’t previously used to study babies’ memory. Why was that the case? Infants move a lot and have a short attention span, all of which make it difficult to collect good data. After countless efforts, we had innovative techniques to keep awake infants still and engaged. In a recent study, a team at my lab led by Tristan Yates, now a researcher at Columbia University, used FMRI to discover the infant hippocampus can store memories beginning around one year of age. We showed infants photographs. Shortly, we showed these now-familiar photographs alongside new images of the same type. If the infant looked longer at the photograph they had seen before, we labeled that image as remembered. Our findings support the idea that infants store memories, but they are unable to access when grown up. Revealing how the youngest brains remember may help advance understanding of language acquisition and could have implications for parenting and early education. More generally, the mysterious workings of memory early in life may hold clues about why we lose memory in the normal course of aging. 41. What can we infer about “infantile amnesia” from the second paragraph? A. The hippocampus plays a key role in illustrating it. B. Adults lose memories during infancy due to brain damage. C. It occurs because infants’ brains are unable to form memories. D. Mice studies prove humans fail to recall early childhood memories. 42. Why was FMRI rarely used to study infants’ memory before? A. The technology was unsafe for infants. B. Parents refused to join in such experiments. C. Infants are unable to stay awake in the process. D. Infants tend to be lively with limited attention duration. 43. What is a finding of the recent study led by Tristan Yates? A. New images are more appealing to infants. B. Memory declines with the growth of infants. C. Infants can form memories from around age one. D. FMRI is the most reliable tool for memory research. 44. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. The significance of the study. B. Kids’ language learning. C. Parenting in early education. D. Memory loss in aging. 【答案】41. A 42. D 43. C 44. A 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文 。本文主要讲述了婴儿期记忆缺失现象及其可能原因，通过FMRI技术研究发现婴儿约从一岁起能存储记忆，揭示最年幼大脑的记忆机制对理解语言习得、育儿及早期教育有重要意义。 【详解】41. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“One is that infants cannot store memories. The slow development of the hippocampus, a seahorse-shaped region deep in the brain, may be responsible.(一种解释是婴儿无法存储记忆。这可能是由于海马体——大脑深处一个海马形状的区域——发育缓慢。)”由此可知，海马体在解释婴儿记忆缺失，即“婴儿遗忘症”方面起着关键作用。因此，海马体在解释婴儿遗忘症方面起着关键作用。故选A。 42. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“Infants move a lot and have a short attention span, all of which make it difficult to collect good data.(婴儿经常动，注意力持续时间短，所有这些都使得收集好的数据变得困难。)”可知，以前很少使用FMRI来研究婴儿的记忆，是因为婴儿活泼好动，注意力持续时间有限，这使得收集数据变得困难。故选D。 43. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段中“In a recent study, a team at my lab led by Tristan Yates, now a researcher at Columbia University, used FMRI to discover the infant hippocampus can store memories beginning around one year of age.(在最近的一项研究中，由现在哥伦比亚大学的研究员Tristan Yates领导的我的实验室团队使用FMRI发现，婴儿的海马体可以从大约一岁开始存储记忆。)”可知，Tristan Yates领导的最近一项研究发现，婴儿从大约一岁开始就能形成记忆。故选C。 44. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中“Revealing how the youngest brains remember may help advance understanding of language acquisition and could have implications for parenting and early education. More generally, the mysterious workings of memory early in life may hold clues about why we lose memory in the normal course of aging.(揭示最年幼的大脑如何记忆可能有助于增进对语言习得的理解，并可能对育儿和早期教育产生影响。更一般地说，生命早期记忆的神秘运作可能为我们为何在正常衰老过程中失去记忆提供线索。)”由此可知，最后一段主要讨论了揭示最年幼的大脑如何记忆的重要性，包括对语言习得的理解、对育儿和早期教育的影响，以及对人类在正常衰老过程中失去记忆的原因的启示。因此，最后一段主要讲述了研究的意义。故选A。 (12) （2025·浙江杭州·模拟预测） A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint”, a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.” The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us? To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours. The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96.8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!” Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood. However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications. 45. Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned? A. To explain how the brain processes smell. B. To introduce a newly-invented tracking device. C. To show a link between breathing and depression. D. To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern. 46. What does the underlined word mean? A. Connected. B. Powered. C. Controlled. D. Trained. 47. What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood? A. Changes in breath cure anxiety. B. Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing. C. Their exact relationship remains unclear. D. Breathing is responsible for negative mood. 48. What is the main finding of this research? A. Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health. B. Breathing patterns link to identity and health. C. A groundbreaking device reveals mental health. D. Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods. 【答案】45. D 46. A 47. C 48. B 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项新研究发现呼吸模式具有独特性，可用于身份识别，且与身心健康指标存在关联。 【详解】45. 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint”, a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. (以色列魏茨曼科学研究所的科学家发现，每个人都有独特的呼吸模式，被称为鼻呼吸“指纹”，这种独特的模式能揭示出一个人身心健康的相关线索。)”可知，提到呼吸“指纹”是为了强调个人呼吸模式的独特性。故选D项。 46. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired—and be unique to each of us? (人类的大脑在吸气过程中处理气味信息，大脑与呼吸之间的这种紧密联系让研究团队产生了一个疑问：我们的呼吸模式是否能反映出大脑的连接方式——并且每个人的模式都是独一无二的呢？)”可知，此处“wired”指的是大脑内部的神经连接方式，与“Connected”意思相近。故选A项。 47. 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. (重要的是，研究人员指出，他们只知道呼吸和情绪之间存在关联，但并不知道两者之间的因果关系——究竟是焦虑情绪改变了呼吸，还是某种呼吸模式引发了焦虑。)”可知，呼吸和情绪之间的确切关系目前仍不明确。故选C项。 48. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are.(一项新研究发现，呼吸的作用绝不仅仅是让空气在肺部进出 —— 它甚至还能用来识别个人身份。)”以及第四段中的“Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. (除了用于身份识别外，该研究还发现呼吸模式与身体质量指数、睡眠-觉醒周期以及焦虑、抑郁等心理健康特征之间存在明显关联。)”可知，这项研究的主要发现是呼吸模式与身份识别和健康状况都存在关联。故选B项。 (13) （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·阶段检测） Microscopic pieces of plastic are everywhere. Now, they’ve been found in bottled water in concentrations 10 to 100 times more than previously estimated. Researchers found roughly 240,000 detectable plastic particles in a typical liter of bottled water. About 10% of the detected plastic particles were micro-plastics, and the other 90% were nanoplastic. Micro-plastics are between 5 millimeters and 1 micrometer; nanoplastic are particles less than 1 micrometer in size. For context, a human hair is about 70 micrometers thick. Micro-plastics have already been found in people’s lungs and blood. Nanoplastic could be even more dangerous than micro-plastics because when inside the human body, “the smaller it goes, the easier for it to be misidentified as the natural component of the cell,” says Wei Min, a professor of chemistry at Columbia University. The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) said in a statement that it has had “very limited notice and time” to review the study. But the group said the new detection method “needs to be fully reviewed by the scientific community and more research needs to be done to develop standardized methods for measuring and quantifying nanoplastic in our environment.” The association said there is “no scientific agreement on the potential health impacts of nano-and micro-plastic particles.” The particles they could identify accounted for only 10% of total particles they found — the rest could be minerals, other types of plastics, or something else, says Beizhan Yan, a research professor and co-author on the study. They hope the research will lead to a better understanding of how much plastic humans are regularly putting into their bodies and its effects. Yan says they plan future research employing the same technology to look at plastic particles in tap water, in the air, in food and in human tissues. “This is basically just to open a new window for us to see what was this invisible world before.” 49. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning human hair in paragraph 2? A. To show the harm of plastic particles. B. To stress the source of plastic particles. C. To illustrate the size of plastic particles. D. To prove plastic particles are everywhere. 50. Why is it possible that nanoplastic are more dangerous than micro-plastics? A. They are more difficult to remove. B. They are more poisonous to humans. C. They are more likely to pass as harmless. D. They are more changeable than micro-plastics. 51. What is IBWA’s attitude to the study? A. Skeptical. B. Indifferent. C. Supportive. D. Neutral. 52. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. Effects of plastic particles. B. Further direction of the research. C. Significance of early plan for technology. D. Potential discovery of the invisible world. 【答案】49. C 50. C 51. A 52. B 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，该研究发现瓶装水中微塑料和纳米塑料的含量远超预期，并探讨了其潜在健康风险及未来研究方向。 49. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Micro-plastics are between 5 millimeters and 1 micrometer; nanoplastic are particles less than 1 micrometer in size. For context, a human hair is about 70 micrometers thick. (微塑料的粒径介于5毫米至1微米之间，而纳米塑料的粒径小于1微米。作为参考，人类一根头发的直径大约为70微米。)”可推知，作者提及人类头发是为了通过熟悉的事物（头发直径）直观说明微塑料和纳米塑料的微小尺寸，帮助读者理解。故选C。 50. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Nanoplastic could be even more dangerous than micro-plastics because when inside the human body, ‘the smaller it goes, the easier for it to be misidentified as the natural component of the cell,’ says Wei Min, a professor of chemistry at Columbia University. (哥伦比亚大学化学教授魏敏表示，纳米塑料可能比微塑料更危险，因为进入人体后，‘塑料微粒的尺寸越小，就越容易被误认为是细胞的天然成分。’)”可知，纳米塑料更危险是因为它们更可能被当作无害的细胞天然成分。故选C。 51. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) said in a statement that it has had ‘very limited notice and time’ to review the study. But the group said the new detection method ‘needs to be fully reviewed by the scientific community and more research needs to be done to develop standardized methods for measuring and quantifying nanoplastic in our environment.’ The association said there is ‘no scientific agreement on the potential health impacts of nano-and micro-plastic particles.’ (国际瓶装水协会在一份声明中表示，其用于审查该研究的‘通知时间和审查时长都非常有限’。但该协会称，这种新的检测方法‘需要科学界进行全面审查，且还需开展更多研究，以制定出衡量和量化环境中纳米塑料的标准化方法’。该协会还表示，‘对于纳米塑料和微塑料微粒的潜在健康影响，目前尚无科学共识。’)”可推知，国际瓶装水协会对该研究持怀疑态度，认为检测方法需审查、健康影响无共识。故选A。 52. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Yan says they plan future research employing the same technology to look at plastic particles in tap water, in the air, in food and in human tissues. ‘This is basically just to open a new window for us to see what was this invisible world before.’ (严教授表示，研究团队计划在未来采用相同技术，检测自来水、空气、食物以及人体组织中的塑料颗粒。‘这项研究的本质，是为我们打开一扇新的窗口，让我们得以窥见这个此前一直隐匿无形的世界。’)”可知，最后一段核心内容是研究者的未来研究计划，选项B“Further direction of the research. (后续的研究方向。)”能概括本段主旨，符合题意。故选B。 (14) （25-26高三上·浙江宁波·阶段检测） In health research, determining true causes — like whether drinking wine affects health — is vital for informed decisions. But “correlation does not equal causation (因果关系)” is widely recognized. Then how do researchers move beyond correlations to find answers? Correlations often exist without implying causation. For instance, chocolate consumption correlates with the number of Nobel Prize winners in some countries. Does eating chocolate boost Nobel wins? No. This correlation likely exists because chocolate consumption serves as a proxy for wealth. In turn, wealth relates to education and research funding — key factors behind Nobel achievements. So, just finding a link isn’t enough. Scientists need more strong evidence to establish causation. Unlike highly controlled chemistry or physics experiments, which can easily show how X affects Y, human biology often relies on indirect evidence. It requires “inductive reasoning” —drawing general conclusions from available evidence. It’s like how a prosecutor (检察官) builds a criminal case using circumstantial evidence. While individual pieces might not be persuasive, their build-up strengthens the case. There’s one interesting contrast, however. In criminal cases, the standard of proof is “beyond reasonable doubt”, but science demands proof based “on the balance of probabilities”. This reflects scientists’ willingness to revise their beliefs when better evidence emerges. Indirect evidence is crucial for inferring causation, but it is not always conclusive. The gold standard for direct evidence of causation is the randomised controlled trial (RCT), where participants are randomly assigned to either receive an intervention or to be a “control”. This ensures if you see a difference between the two groups, this can only be due to the effect of the intervention, which effectively proves causation. Unfortunately, ethical (道德的) considerations often prevent us conducting RCTs. For instance, we lack RCT evidence that smoking causes lung cancer because the indirect evidence is so strong that such studies would be unethical. Causation in health doesn’t work in a simple way. Factors like lifestyle, genes, and environment interact to determine disease risk. Achieving perfect health requires a variety of actions, as no single habit, superfood, or magic pill is the answer. 53. What does the underlined word “proxy” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Replacement. B. Condition. C. Indicator. D. Preference. 54. How do scientists’ inferences differ from prosecutors’ conclusions? A. They remain open to update. B. They guarantee absolute certainty. C. They rely largely on indirect evidence. D. They require higher standard of proof. 55. Why is RCT considered the gold standard for establishing causation? A. It offers wide application. B. It ensures fair assignment. C. It avoids ethical considerations. D. It identifies intervention effects. 56. What is the author’s suggestion for health improvement? A. Counting on good habits. B. Integrating multiple strategies. C. Taking a cure-all pill. D. Leading an active lifestyle. 【答案】53. C 54. A 55. D 56. B 【难度】0.65 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讨论了健康研究中确定真正原因的重要性，以及研究人员如何超越相关性来寻找答案。 【详解】53. 词句猜测题。根据前文“Correlations often exist without implying causation. For instance, chocolate consumption correlates with the number of Nobel Prize winners in some countries.(相关性常常存在，但并不意味着因果关系。例如，在一些国家，巧克力的消费量与诺贝尔奖获得者的数量有关)”以及后文“In turn, wealth relates to education and research funding — key factors behind Nobel achievements.(反过来，财富与教育和研究经费有关——这是诺贝尔奖成就背后的关键因素)”可知，讨论巧克力和诺贝尔奖的联系，所以前句应是“巧克力消费是财富的指标”之意，推知proxy意为“指标”和C项意思相近。故选C项。 54. 细节理解题。根据第三段“There’s one interesting contrast, however. In criminal cases, the standard of proof is “beyond reasonable doubt”, but science demands proof based “on the balance of probabilities”. This reflects scientists’ willingness to revise their beliefs when better evidence emerges.(然而，有一个有趣的对比。在刑事案件中，证明标准是“排除合理怀疑”，但科学要求证明基于“可能性平衡”。这反映了科学家在出现更好的证据时愿意修正自己的观点。)”可知，科学家的推断与检察官的结论不同之处在于，科学家愿意在出现更好的证据时修正自己的观点，即他们的推断是开放的、可以更新的。故选A项。 55. 细节理解题。根据第四段“The gold standard for direct evidence of causation is the randomised controlled trial (RCT), where participants are randomly assigned to either receive an intervention or to be a “control”. This ensures if you see a difference between the two groups, this can only be due to the effect of the intervention, which effectively proves causation.（因果关系直接证据的金标准是随机对照试验(RCT)，参与者被随机分配到接受干预组或“对照组”。这就确保了如果你看到两组之间的差异，这只能是由于干预的效果，从而有效地证明了因果关系。）''可知，RCT被认为是确定因果关系的金标准是因为它确定了干预措施的效果，从而有效地证明了因果关系。故选D项。 56. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Causation in health doesn’t work in a simple way. Factors like lifestyle, genes, and environment interact to determine disease risk. Achieving perfect health requires a variety of actions, as no single habit, superfood, or magic pill is the answer.(健康的因果关系并不简单。生活方式、基因和环境等因素相互作用决定疾病风险。达到完美的健康需要各种各样的行动，因为没有单一的习惯，超级食物或神奇药丸是答案。)”可知，作者建议要整合多种策略来改善健康。故选B项。 (15) （2025·浙江湖州·一模） Quick: what’s your best friend’s phone number? Don’t feel bad if you couldn’t answer off the top of your head. You have no reason to commit phone numbers to memory: it’s just there in your phone. Or perhaps you once had a phone book to store them. In either case, an object does the remembering for you. “Prosthetic memory” (人工记忆) is nothing new. Writing itself has been a means of storing information. Yet the information revolution has generated more data than ever before. We are flooded with information. We’re creating more of it, and keeping more of it. The storage capacity of the human brain has since been eclipsed. No wonder, then, that we’re increasingly dependent on memory prostheses, from libraries to smartphones. Not everyone thinks this trend in external memory is good. Historically, memory prostheses were expensive. As technologies such as printing and photography become more affordable, sharing experiences with others is easier than ever. So every breakfast, every sunset, every encounter with a cat finds its way on to social media. And here comes the worry. When we devote ourselves to capturing and sharing the world in this way, something immensely valuable is lost; when recording so much of our lives, we’re forgetting to actually live them, and so disconnect ourselves from experience. But is our social media-driven transformation wholly bad? If we’re still creating and sharing memories like this, perhaps this is because we’ve not had sufficient time to learn how to do these things without thinking about what we’re doing. It is easy to ignore that the mass social media era is less than a decade old. That’s just a short blink (眨眼) in human history, yet it has totally changed how we live. I suspect we’re not far off from being directly faced with experience yet with the ability to share experience in ways less bounded by geography and time. After all, technology can protect all the moments of a life that would otherwise be lost. 57. What can be inferred from paragraph 1? A. Technology weakens our brains. B. We are burdened with phone numbers. C. We rely more on tools to memorize. D. Technology distances us from our friends. 58. What does the underlined word “eclipsed” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Improved. B. Undervalued. C. Restricted. D. Outperformed. 59. What negative effect does online sharing bring about? A. An overflow of posts. B. High cost of digital devices. C. Addiction to the virtual world. D. Disregard for authentic experience. 60. What does the author advise us to do in the last paragraph? A. Have faith in human brains. B. Take time to adapt to digital age. C. Quicken the pace of development. D. Make efforts to enhance memory. 【答案】57. C 58. D 59. D 60. B 【难度】0.65 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章介绍人们依赖手机等人工记忆工具，有人担忧社交媒体分享让人们忽视真实生活，但作者认为无需全盘否定，科技也能留存珍贵时刻。 【详解】57. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“You have no reason to commit phone numbers to memory: it’s just there in your phone. Or perhaps you once had a phone book to store them. In either case, an object does the remembering for you.(你没有理由把电话号码记在记忆里：它就在你的手机里。或者你曾经有一个电话簿来存储它们。在任何一种情况下，一个物体为你做记忆。)”推知，我们更多地依赖工具进行记忆。故选C。 58. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“The storage capacity of the human brain has since been eclipsed. No wonder, then, that we’re increasingly dependent on memory prostheses, from libraries to smartphones.(人类大脑的存储能力从此eclipsed。因此，从图书馆到智能手机，我们越来越依赖人工记忆也就不足为奇了。)”可知，我们越来越依靠人工记忆，其原因是我们大脑的储存能力已经被超越，人工记忆可以记得更多。由此猜测，划线词eclipsed意为“超越”的意思，与outperformed同义。故选D。 59. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“When we devote ourselves to capturing and sharing the world in this way, something immensely valuable is lost; when recording so much of our lives, we’re forgetting to actually live them, and so disconnect ourselves from experience.(当我们执着于以这种方式捕捉并分享世界时，某种极具价值的东西便会悄然流失；我们记录了生活中太多片段，却忘了真正去体验生活，也因此与当下的感受渐行渐远。)”可知，网上分享带来的负面影响是对真实体验的忽视。故选D。 60. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But is our social media-driven transformation wholly bad? If we’re still creating and sharing memories like this, perhaps this is because we’ve not had sufficient time to learn how to do these things without thinking about what we’re doing. It is easy to ignore that the mass social media era is less than a decade old. (但这种由社交媒体驱动的转变就完全是坏事吗？倘若我们如今依然还在用这种方式创造并分享回忆，或许是因为我们尚未有足够时间，学会自然而然地去做这些事（而无需刻意盘算）。我们很容易忽略，大众社交媒体时代至今还不到十年。)”可知，大规模社交媒体时代时间不算太久，且人们还没有做到自然而然地去创造和分享回忆。由此推知，作者建议人们花时间去适应数字时代。故选B。 试卷第1页（共3页） 试卷第1页（共3页） 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2026-2027学年最新高考模拟卷阅读理解之科技类 说明文专练（二） (1) （2025·浙江嘉兴·二模） In the north Indian desert town of Jaisalmer, which is also known as “The Golden City” for its array of yellow sandstone architecture, temperatures can reach about 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49℃) at the height of summer. Here, buildings have long been designed to adapt to the heat, a tradition that New York architect Diana Kellogg has followed with her work on the Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls’ School. The project is meant to empower girls through education in a region where the female literacy rate (识字率) is the lowest in India. Named the 2020 “Building of the Year” by Architectural Digest India, the eco-friendly sandstone school opened in November 2021 and 120 girls are currently admitted in its curriculum. Designing a comfortable learning space can be challenging in the heart of the Thar desert, where climate change is making drought longer and more intense. Kellogg, who usually designs high-end residential projects, was motivated by a 2014 trip to Jaisalmer. She wanted the building to symbolize the hope of the desert by combining aspects of time-honored Jaisalmer architecture with a modern design. “There are methods to cool spaces that have been used for centuries. What I did is to put them together in a combination that worked,” Kellogg said, adding that indoor temperatures at the school are approximately 20-30 degrees Fahrenheit lower than the outdoors. For the structure, she chose to use locally sourced sandstone — a climate-resilient material that’s been long used for buildings in the area. “It’s so abundant in this area. It’s very reasonable in price and the stone is so manageable that talented stonemasons can shape it like magicians,” Kellogg said. Air conditioning isn’t used anywhere in the building, not just because of its environmental impact but because it isn’t common in the area. By adopting traditional and natural cooling mechanisms that the students are familiar with instead, she believes they can get sense of comfort from their surroundings, leading to greater confidence. 1. What was the Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls’ School intended to do? A. To strengthen girls’ abilities by schooling. B. To showcase its modern architectural skills. C. To attract more tourists to the Indian desert. D. To offer free education to the local children. 2. How did Kellogg overcome the challenge? A. By shortening the time of construction. B. By using the most advanced cooling technology. C. By copying the style of high-end residential projects. D. By combining traditional methods with modern design. 3. Why was sandstone chosen to build the school? A. It represented the spirit of hope. B. It was the only material available there. C. It was local, cheap and easy to work with. D. It made the building look more advanced. 4. What’s the best title for the text? A. The Challenges of Building in the Thar Desert B. A School Empowering Girls with Smart Design C. The Hottest City and Its Traditional Architecture D. Diana Kellogg: A Famous Architect in New York (2) （26-27高三上·浙江宁波·开学考试） Cities are 1-3℃ hotter than surrounding rural areas, a phenomenon called the urban heat island effect. This heat threatens human safety, causing heat exhaustion and even death during extremely hot spells. Urban trees act as natural air conditioners through ground shading and the release of water from leaves, yet their cooling power is distributed unevenly across the globe. Researchers analyzed temperature and tree cover data of nearly 9,000 global cities housing 3.6 billion residents, comparing real urban environments with an imagined situation without any trees. Unlike previous satellite studies measuring overheated building and road surfaces, this research centered on air temperature that directly reflects people’s real experience of heat. The outcome exceeded expectations: trees nearly halve urban heat island warming, cooling most cities by 0.5-1.5℃ and effectively relieving heat pressure for over 200 million people. Cooling effects differ greatly — dry hot cities show obvious temperature differences between leafy and bare lands, while mild temperate (温带的) cities enjoy gentler, more consistent cooling. However, a city’s trees are not spread evenly. They’re often concentrated in wealthier neighbourhoods and suburban areas. Cities in cooler or more humid (湿润的) climates tend to have more. There’s a strong link with wealth. In the United States, lower-income areas average 15% fewer trees than wealthier areas — and are 1.5℃ hotter. This means vulnerable populations who need free cooling from trees the most are often the least likely to receive it. Though low-cost and beneficial to air quality and mental health, trees alone cannot fix urban overheating. Current urban trees only reduce 10% of predicted heat rise under moderate (适度的) climate conditions, and ambitious tree planting can merely raise this proportion to 20%. Therefore, cities must combine targeted tree planting in heat-baked neighborhoods with reflective building materials, green roofs and well-designed airflow plans. All local cooling strategies still depend on deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to slow global climate change and secure comfortable living spaces for future urban residents. 5. How is the new research different from earlier studies? A. It covers more global cities. B. It focuses on building surfaces. C. It tracks actual air temperature. D. It models a treeless environment. 6. What can we learn about tree cooling effects from paragraph 2? A. They change with climate types. B. They match the predicted heat rise. C. They average a 1.5℃ drop globally. D. They work best in low-income cities. 7. What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Permanent. B. Uneducated. C. Disadvantaged. D. Urbanized. 8. What does the writer suggest to deal with urban overheating effectively? A. Stopping greenhouse gas release. B. Focusing on low-cost roof projects. C. Adopting multiple measures together. D. Expanding living spaces for the youth. (3) （2026·浙江宁波·二模） Despite decades of medical advances, detecting health-related molecule (分子) still relies on bodily liquids like blood, requiring blood draws from most patients, especially people with diabetes who need frequent finger blood tests. However, researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a lightweight device named ABLE, which collects and detects molecules in the air. This 4×8-inch device is a potential game-changer for medicine and public health. Detecting molecules in the air has long fallen behind liquid detection, mainly because target particles (微粒) are extremely rare — there may be only one in a trillion. To solve this problem, the team turned air into liquid. The device draws in air, adds water vapor with a humidifier, and cools it to turn air into small drops. These drops trap particles and slide into a small container, making detection easy with common tools used for liquid analysis. Early tests proved its effectiveness. It caught easily evaporated (挥发的) coffee vapor, detected glucose in breath, identified E. coli in the air, and found signs of inflammation (炎症) in mice with unhealthy gut bacteria. Obviously, it solved the problem of collecting molecules that evaporate easily — a major worry during the device’s development. The device was first inspired by the need for painless tests for early-born babies in ICUs. These fragile babies are likely to have health problems, and repeated blood tests may put them in danger. Doctors hope the device can track health signs without taking blood, protecting these high-risk patients. It also shows promise for diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease, though the related breath signs first need to be recorded. The team plans to improve and make it smaller to create a wearable device for daily use. Besides medical uses, this achievement may open the door to new physics research on air impurities and state changes of matter. As a new tool for detecting air chemistry, ABLE fills the space between air and liquid molecule analysis, creating possibilities for various new developments in healthcare and science. 9. Why did the researchers develop ABLE? A. To change medicine and public health. B. To identify health molecules without liquid. C. To reduce finger blood checks for patients with diabetes. D. To take the place of blood tests in hospitals. 10. What can we infer about ABLE? A. It is small and wearable for daily use. B. It diagnoses inflammatory bowel disease easily. C. It has proved useful for newly born babies. D. It has overcome a key technical challenge. 11. Who will least likely benefit from ABLE? A. A chemist. B. A physician. C. A psychologist. D. A physicist. 12. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. A Tool for Bodily Liquid Analysis. B. A Tool for Airborne Particle Counting. C. A Device for Modern Physics Research. D. A Device for Air Molecule Detection. (4) （26-27高三上·浙江杭州·开学考试） I’ve previously written that artificial intelligence operates differently from the human mind. My idea of anti-intelligence is an attempt to describe that difference more precisely. When people hear the prefix “anti,” they tend to assume opposition or inferiority. However, what we’re encountering in large language models (LLM) is not a weaker form of thinking but a fundamentally different architecture operating behind the same medium. A recent paper in Nature Machine Intelligence notes that LLMs often behave in ways that are strikingly realistic yet remain fundamentally “unhuman” in their underlying structure. The word “unhuman” highlights the strange condition where language similar to human expression comes from a system that has none of those human experiences, while human mind is a system in which meaning arises from our lived experience. When we speak or write, our words carry marks of that experience. The “anti” part of “anti-intelligence” is that LLMs operate without that continuity, but generate sentences through statistical relationships within vast collections of information. Current discussion around AI assumes that humans and machines occupy the same range of intelligence. And then, the debate quickly turns to whether machines will outperform us or when artificial systems might eventually outthink humans. Those questions feel natural because we imagine a single line where intelligence progresses — and where humans and AI sit along points on that single line. But that may be wrong. If AI operates in a different way altogether, the comparison itself becomes misleading. Human cognition brings experience, consequences and judgment into every thought. Artificial systems bring pattern recognition. When these two interact, the results can be productive and even transformative. Scientific progress often begins with what looks like a mistake. The imaginary number “i” once appeared to be a mathematical curiosity before it became essential to modern imaging technologies. In such cases, the discovery did not deny what scientists already understood. It expanded the conceptual space in which that knowledge made sense.Anti-intelligence may represent a similar expansion. What LLMs reveal isn’t that machines have become intelligent in the human sense, but that language itself can now operate within a system that has no mind behind it. 13. What does the author indicate by coining the term “anti-intelligence”? A. It is a weaker version of human thinking. B. It will eventually outperform human intelligence. C. It detects statistical patterns from lived experience. D. It operates without inner processing of the experience. 14. Which of the following best describes the author’s view on the interaction between human cognition and AI? A. Concerned. B. Dismissive. C. Optimistic. D. Reserved. 15. Why does the author mention the imaginary number i in the last paragraph? A. To prove that LLMs are a mathematical curiosity. B. To show that new concepts can expand our understanding. C. To argue that AI will become as essential as modern imaging. D. To illustrate that scientific progress often comes from mistakes. 16. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Anti-intelligence: How LLMs Use Statistics to Generate Feelings B. Anti-intelligence: When Language Operates Independently of Mind C. Anti-intelligence: How Statistical Patterns Replace Lived Experience D. Anti-intelligence: The Risk of Machines Imitating Human Expression (5) （26-27高三上·浙江宁波·开学考试） Most of us have an “inner voice,” and we assume everybody does. Recent evidence suggests people vary widely in the extent to which they experience inner speech. The study by cognitive (认知的) scientists Gary Lupyan and Johanne Nedergaard shows these differences are real and impact our cognition. As part of their ongoing research, Lupyan previously assessed 1,037 people using a measure called the Internal Representations Questionnaire (IRQ). For the verbal (口头的) part of the IRQ, participants indicated agreement with statements like: “I think about problems in my mind in the form of a conversation with myself” on a one-to-five rating. For their new study, Lupyan and Nedergaard selected 47 participants who scored high for having an inner voice and 46 who scored low. They then gave participants four language-related tasks they thought might be influenced by the use of inner speech. In the first, participants were shown five words and asked to repeat them back. The second involved saying whether the names of objects in two pictures rhymed. In both tasks, the group with less inner speech was less accurate. For the rhyme judgments, people with more inner speech were also faster. “This study really tests what inner speech gives us in terms of cognitive benefits,” says psychologist Charles Fernyhough. The other two experiments tested task switching and participants’ ability to spot differences between two silhouettes (轮廓图形) that were from either the same or a different category. The groups showed no differences on these tasks. “People can probably employ numerous other strategies for task switching,” suggests Lupyan. The research may have medical implications. “Someone with more inner speech might be more reliant on language in their thinking,” Lupyan says, “so language difficulty from a stroke (中风) could have a more severe effect.” Understanding how inner speech develops has implications for education, says neuroscientist Ladislas Nalborczyk. “Variations in children’s ability to represent speech sounds may impact their ability to learn the relation between sounds and writing,” he says. This may affect the way they learn to read and write, which probably has a huge impact on education. The researchers propose giving a lack of inner speech a name: “anendophasia.” “It helps scientists find and integrate research on a topic,” Lupyan says. “If people studying something are calling it by different names, the research becomes more disorganized.” 17. What was the purpose of using IRQ? A. To change people’s experience of inner speech. B. To find out how many people have an inner voice. C. To measure people’s agreement with certain statements. D. To make people think about problems in a conversation form. 18. How does inner speech help with tasks? A. It offers more inspiration. B. It aids in better performance. C. It makes people more patient. D. It changes the way of thinking. 19. What does Lupyan suggest about task switching? A. Inner speech is the primary strategy for it. B. It is mainly affected by external environment. C. It can be achieved through various methods. D. Inner speech has little influence on its complexity. 20. Why do the researchers try to name the lack of inner speech? A. To make it easier to remember. B. To create a new concept for study. C. To tell it apart from other speech forms. D. To assist scientists in arranging research on it. (6) （2026·浙江绍兴·模拟预测） Feeling anxious about getting older, especially worrying about declining health, may do more than weigh on the mind. New research from NYU School of Global Public Health suggests that these fears could be linked to faster aging at the cellular level in women. “We know from previous research that anxiety, depression, and mental health in general are associated with a number of physical health outcomes, but until now researchers haven’t focused on whether there is a correlation between worrying about aging and the process of aging itself,” said Mariana Rodrigues, a PhD student at NYU School of Global Public Health. Women, especially those in midlife, may be especially vulnerable to anxiety about aging. Social expectations around youth and appearance, along with concerns about fertility, can heighten stress during midlife. To explore the connection between aging anxiety and biological aging, researchers examined data from 726 women participating in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Participants reported how much they worried about aging-related issues. Meanwhile, blood samples were analyzed using two established epigenetic (表观遗传) clocks. One measured the speed of biological aging, while the other estimated accumulated biological damage over time. The results showed that women who reported higher levels of anxiety about growing older showed signs of faster epigenetic aging which has been linked in prior research to physical decline and greater risk of age-related diseases. The findings underscore how closely mental and physical health are connected across the lifespan, even though they are often treated separately. At the same time, the researchers caution that the study captures only a single point in time. It cannot determine cause and effect or rule out the influence of other factors. Some coping behaviors associated with anxiety, such as smoking or alcohol use, may help explain the link. When the team adjusted their analysis to account for these health behaviors, the association between aging anxiety and epigenetic aging weakened and was no longer statistically significant. Further research will be needed to understand how anxiety about aging affects long-term biological aging and how best to support people experiencing these fears. 21. What does the new study find about women? A. Aging anxiety harms their mental health. B. Aging fears may leave a mark on the body. C. Mental issues affect biological aging equally. D. Mental stress is connected with epigenetic changes. 22. What does Mariana Rodrigues mainly emphasize? A. Earlier studies paid little attention to aging anxiety. B. Aging anxiety has become a serious social problem. C. Researchers are exploring ways to slow biological aging. D. Mental health research mainly focuses on older women. 23. According to paragraph 3, we can conclude that ________. A. fertility concerns are linked to worries about aging B. women with greater aging anxiety age faster epigenetically C. appearance concerns accelerate biological aging significantly D. both epigenetic clocks managed to measure biological aging speed 24. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Aging anxiety will cause faster biological aging. B. The study has determined causes of accelerated aging. C. The findings undervalue the mental-physical health connection. D. Unhealthy habits may partly account for the anxiety-aging link. (7) （2026·浙江杭州·三模） In a quiet corner of Oxford University’s Bodleian Library, a robotic arm flips through a 15th-century manuscript, its high-resolution cameras capturing every faded ink stroke. This is ARCHiVE (Automated Robotic Cultural Heritage Inspection and Verification Engine), a £2.3 million project revolutionizing how fragile artifacts are preserved and studied. Combining robotics, artificial intelligence, and advanced imaging, ARCHiVE represents a model shift in cultural conservation. Traditional conservation methods often risk damaging delicate materials. ARCHiVE’s robotic system, equipped with micro-sensors and AI algorithms, can detect cracks invisible to the human eye and predict structural weaknesses before they worsen. “It’s like having a doctor for ancient books,” explains Dr. Emily Carter, lead conservator. Since its 2022 launch, ARCHiVE has scanned over 8,000 items, from Egyptian papyri to medieval maps, with 99.7% accuracy in damage assessment. Its non-invasive approach has reduced physical handling by 85%, significantly lowering the risk of accidental damage. The project’s digital twin technology creates exact virtual copies, allowing global access to restricted collections. During the 2023 Cairo Museum flood, ARCHiVE’s digital models enabled researchers to virtually “restore” water-damaged artifacts within hours. “We’re not just saving objects,” says Carter, “we’re preserving humanity’s collective memory.” This technology has also democratized access, with over 50,000 digital artifacts now available to researchers and the public worldwide. However, some scholars argue that over-reliance on technology may distance researchers from hands-on experience. “You can’t smell history through a screen,” protests Prof. James Whitaker, a traditionalist at Cambridge. Others worry about data ownership, as scanned artifacts become digital assets potentially controlled by tech corporations. A 2024 survey revealed that 62% of conservators fear losing control over digitized cultural heritage. ARCHiVE’s next phase involves 4D scanning, capturing how materials change over time. Pilot tests on Viking ship timbers have already revealed previously unknown construction techniques. Meanwhile, UNESCO is developing global standards for digital heritage, ensuring these technological marvels serve humanity rather than corporate interests. As Carter reflects, “Our ancestors left us these treasures; our duty is to pass them forward — both physically and digitally.” 25. What is the main function of ARCHiVE’s robotic system? A. Repairing damaged artifacts. B. Creating virtual museum tours. C. Identifying and forecasting damage. D. Selling digital copies of artifacts. 26. How did ARCHiVE help during the Cairo Museum flood? A. By raising emergency funds online. B. By training local conservation staff. C. By physically moving artifacts to safety. D. By providing digital models for restoration. 27. What is Prof. Whitaker’s main concern about ARCHiVE? A. High operating costs. B. Loss of direct experience. C. Environmental impact. D. Data ownership concerns. 28. Which of the following would be the best title for the article? A. ARCHiVE: Digital Guardians of the Past. B. Heritage Conservation: Traditional or Digital. C. Human Conservators: Why They Still Matter. D. AI in Museums: Ethical Dilemmas and Solutions. (8) （25-26高三下·浙江杭州·阶段检测） Can music help you concentrate at work? Researchers from the University of Wales Institute in Cardiff conducted a new study, and it has some interesting results. The research examined the ability of 25 people, aged 18 to 30, to remember information while listening to various sounds. In one task they had to remember a list of eight consonant (辅音) letters, which were dictated to them. Participants in the study were tested under three different conditions: in a quiet environment, while listening to music they liked, and while listening to music they didn’t like. The participants generally did better when they were working in silence. The background music seemed to make memorization and recall more difficult. However, scientists also found that listening to music before doing the tests seemed to help concentration. “Despite describing their self-selected music as more pleasant, their performance was poor, just as it was when they listened to music they disliked,” explained one of the researchers. So, even if you’re listening to music you like, it’ll still interfere with your work. This would appear to contradict the findings of scientists who have researched what is popularly known as the “Mozart Effect”. This concept was invented by French scientist Dr. Alfred A. Tomatitis in 1991. Tomatitis published a book, Why Mozart?, which described what he believed were the healing powers of listening to Mozart’s music. He also suggested that Mozart’s music could aid brain development. Later studies indicated it might enhance children’s spatial intelligence, leading to a widespread belief that classical music could boost a child’s IQ. The governor of the state of Georgia even once advocated allocating over $100,000 annually to supply classical CDs to every newborn in the state. Another study seemed to further contradict the idea that music could help with concentration. The researchers found that surveyed university students mostly preferred studying in silence. Those listening to music preferred instrumental songs, saying that lyrics are distracting. So, if you’re studying for an exam, turn off your music! 29. Under which condition did participants perform best in the University of Wales study? A. Prior exposure to music. B. Listening to disliked music. C. Working in silence. D. Listening to favorite music. 30. What is suggested about the impact of the “Mozart Effect”? A. It has led to some real-world practices. B. It has been proven to enhance adult intelligence. C. It mainly promotes the enjoyment of classical music. D. It originates from governmental educational policies. 31. What is paragraph 7 mainly about? A. Lyrics distract more than tunes. B. Instrumental music aids concentration. C. Students’ music tastes vary widely. D. Quiet is often preferred for study. 32. What can be inferred about background music? A. It best aids creative work. B. Its effects are inconsistent across studies. C. It improves performance in concentration tasks. D. It affects people differently based on preference. (9) （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·期末） When you hear the word “uncertainty”, what emotions arise? Fear, anxiety, excitement, or determination? As humans, we experience conflicting needs: part of us needs to feel safe, secure and to have some routine, and another part of us needs variety and opportunity. Life inevitably brings uncertainty and change — a reality that has been particularly evident in recent years. How does our brain detect uncertainty? Research reveals that noradrenaline (去甲肾上腺素) plays a central role in our response to uncertain events. As a neuromodulator (神经调质), noradrenaline influences whether brain cells receive calming or stimulating signals, thereby regulating our mental state. To investigate the role noradrenaline plays, scientists at MIT conducted an experiment with mice. The animals were trained to push a lever upon hearing a high-frequency noise, receiving a drink of water as a reward. They also learned that activating the lever during a low-frequency noise would result in an unpleasant puff of air. The researchers then introduced uncertainty by including a sound of unclear frequency. The researchers discovered that the locus coeruleus (蓝斑) — a small brainstem area that modulates noradrenaline — was essential in detecting uncertainty. When the outcome wasn’t clear, and the reward was a surprise, the release was much larger. For example, when a mouse received a puff of air instead of the expected reward, the locus coeruleus sent out a large burst of noradrenaline. Over time, the mice became less likely to press the lever when rewards were uncertain. The study concluded that the brain learns to manage varying uncertainty levels, with the locus coeruleus playing a fundamental role. Complementary research at University College London identified two additional neuromodulators involved: acetylcholine (乙酰胆碱) helps us adapt to environmental changes, while dopamine motivates action during uncertain situations. 33. What is the primary function of noradrenaline? A. Enhancing brain sensitivity to stimuli. B. Creating emotional responses to uncertain events. C. Regulating brain signals through chemical release. D. Detecting various frequency sounds from different sources. 34. What can be inferred about mice from the experiment? A. They preferred uncertain rewards to certain ones. B. They avoided risks after unexpected outcomes. C. They could distinguish all frequency differences. D. They gradually learned to ignore the unclear sound. 35. How do neuromodulators work together? A. They coordinate adaptation and action systems. B. They compete to control human emotional states. C. They function independently in separate brain areas. D. They mainly work during laboratory experiments. 36. Which would be the best title for the text? A. Laboratory Experiments with Animal Behavior B. Chemical Responses to Environmental Changes C. Human Emotions in Challenging Situations D. Brain Mechanisms for Handling Uncertainty (10) （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·阶段检测） China has achieved a major breakthrough in renewable energy by launching a world-record floating wind turbine (涡轮机). Developed by state- owned China Huaneng Group and Dongfang Electric Corporation, this new turbine can generate 17 megawatts (MW) of electricity each year — enough to power about 40, 000 households. This innovation could greatly expand the use of wind energy worldwide, helping countries move away from fossil fuels. Unlike traditional offshore wind turbines, which are fixed to the seabed in shallow waters, this floating model can be placed in deep ocean areas where winds are stronger and more steady. The turbine stands 152 meters tall, with blades spanning 262 meters. Each rotation (旋转) covers an area the size of 7.5 standard soccer fields, making it highly efficient. By producing more power per turbine, this design reduces the number of turbines needed, cutting costs and speeding up the setup of new wind farms. It is also built to survive tough ocean conditions, including waves over 24 meters high and typhoons at level 17. The turbine will soon undergo testing off the coast of Yangjiang in southern China. If successful, it could be used in deep-water regions around the globe. Most of the world’s offshore wind potential lies in deep water — about 80% — where fixed-bottom turbines cannot be used. This makes floating technology imperative for the future of wind energy. Countries like Japan, which aims to develop up to 45 gigawatts of offshore wind by 2040, could benefit greatly from this technology. Floating wind power represents a key step toward a cleaner energy future. It allows more countries to access steady, powerful wind resources far from shore, supporting energy independence and reducing carbon emissions. This Chinese-built turbine is not just an engineering achievement — it offers a practical solution for generating large amounts of clean energy in places once considered unsuitable for wind farms. As the world looks for ways to fight climate change, innovations like this will play an important role in building a sustainable future. 37. What can we infer about the new floating wind turbine? A. It may contribute to global sustainable energy. B. It is an end result of international cooperation. C. It can provide electricity for 6, 300 homes daily. D. It will mainly generate power for coastal cities. 38. How does the new turbine differ from traditional ones? A. It can use winds in deep ocean areas. B. It is more affordable to construct. C. It requires minimal maintenance. D. It is fixed to the seabed in shallow seas. 39. What does the underlined word “imperative” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Standard. B. Vital. C. Distant. D. unrealistic. 40. What is the text mainly about? A. How a new power source is being looked into. B. Why traditional wind turbines are low in productivity. C. What China’s breakthrough is in wind energy technology. D. Where some countries are competing for renewable energy. (11) （25-26高三上·浙江宁波·阶段检测） When you ask adults about their first memory, their answer typically dates back no earlier than preschool. This suggests that adults’ lack of infant (婴儿) memories is not just the result of forgetting. The gap in our memory from when we were a baby is known as “infantile amnesia”. There are two potential explanations for this. One is that infants cannot store memories. The slow development of the hippocampus, a seahorse-shaped region deep in the brain, may be responsible. It grows throughout childhood, so it might not be available to infants. Another possibility is that the infant brain can store memories, but we lose access to them. Recent studies in mice show that the hippocampus is able to store memories early in life and may carry them into adulthood. But what about humans? My lab has been on a decade-long research to study awake infants with functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) , a form of brain imaging that measures activity from regions like the hippocampus. Although it was safe for infants, it wasn’t previously used to study babies’ memory. Why was that the case? Infants move a lot and have a short attention span, all of which make it difficult to collect good data. After countless efforts, we had innovative techniques to keep awake infants still and engaged. In a recent study, a team at my lab led by Tristan Yates, now a researcher at Columbia University, used FMRI to discover the infant hippocampus can store memories beginning around one year of age. We showed infants photographs. Shortly, we showed these now-familiar photographs alongside new images of the same type. If the infant looked longer at the photograph they had seen before, we labeled that image as remembered. Our findings support the idea that infants store memories, but they are unable to access when grown up. Revealing how the youngest brains remember may help advance understanding of language acquisition and could have implications for parenting and early education. More generally, the mysterious workings of memory early in life may hold clues about why we lose memory in the normal course of aging. 41. What can we infer about “infantile amnesia” from the second paragraph? A. The hippocampus plays a key role in illustrating it. B. Adults lose memories during infancy due to brain damage. C. It occurs because infants’ brains are unable to form memories. D. Mice studies prove humans fail to recall early childhood memories. 42. Why was FMRI rarely used to study infants’ memory before? A. The technology was unsafe for infants. B. Parents refused to join in such experiments. C. Infants are unable to stay awake in the process. D. Infants tend to be lively with limited attention duration. 43. What is a finding of the recent study led by Tristan Yates? A. New images are more appealing to infants. B. Memory declines with the growth of infants. C. Infants can form memories from around age one. D. FMRI is the most reliable tool for memory research. 44. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. The significance of the study. B. Kids’ language learning. C. Parenting in early education. D. Memory loss in aging. (12) （2025·浙江杭州·模拟预测） A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint”, a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.” The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us? To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours. The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96.8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!” Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood. However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications. 45. Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned? A. To explain how the brain processes smell. B. To introduce a newly-invented tracking device. C. To show a link between breathing and depression. D. To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern. 46. What does the underlined word mean? A. Connected. B. Powered. C. Controlled. D. Trained. 47. What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood? A. Changes in breath cure anxiety. B. Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing. C. Their exact relationship remains unclear. D. Breathing is responsible for negative mood. 48. What is the main finding of this research? A. Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health. B. Breathing patterns link to identity and health. C. A groundbreaking device reveals mental health. D. Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods. (13) （25-26高三上·浙江杭州·阶段检测） Microscopic pieces of plastic are everywhere. Now, they’ve been found in bottled water in concentrations 10 to 100 times more than previously estimated. Researchers found roughly 240,000 detectable plastic particles in a typical liter of bottled water. About 10% of the detected plastic particles were micro-plastics, and the other 90% were nanoplastic. Micro-plastics are between 5 millimeters and 1 micrometer; nanoplastic are particles less than 1 micrometer in size. For context, a human hair is about 70 micrometers thick. Micro-plastics have already been found in people’s lungs and blood. Nanoplastic could be even more dangerous than micro-plastics because when inside the human body, “the smaller it goes, the easier for it to be misidentified as the natural component of the cell,” says Wei Min, a professor of chemistry at Columbia University. The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) said in a statement that it has had “very limited notice and time” to review the study. But the group said the new detection method “needs to be fully reviewed by the scientific community and more research needs to be done to develop standardized methods for measuring and quantifying nanoplastic in our environment.” The association said there is “no scientific agreement on the potential health impacts of nano-and micro-plastic particles.” The particles they could identify accounted for only 10% of total particles they found — the rest could be minerals, other types of plastics, or something else, says Beizhan Yan, a research professor and co-author on the study. They hope the research will lead to a better understanding of how much plastic humans are regularly putting into their bodies and its effects. Yan says they plan future research employing the same technology to look at plastic particles in tap water, in the air, in food and in human tissues. “This is basically just to open a new window for us to see what was this invisible world before.” 49. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning human hair in paragraph 2? A. To show the harm of plastic particles. B. To stress the source of plastic particles. C. To illustrate the size of plastic particles. D. To prove plastic particles are everywhere. 50. Why is it possible that nanoplastic are more dangerous than micro-plastics? A. They are more difficult to remove. B. They are more poisonous to humans. C. They are more likely to pass as harmless. D. They are more changeable than micro-plastics. 51. What is IBWA’s attitude to the study? A. Skeptical. B. Indifferent. C. Supportive. D. Neutral. 52. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. Effects of plastic particles. B. Further direction of the research. C. Significance of early plan for technology. D. Potential discovery of the invisible world. (14) （25-26高三上·浙江宁波·阶段检测） In health research, determining true causes — like whether drinking wine affects health — is vital for informed decisions. But “correlation does not equal causation (因果关系)” is widely recognized. Then how do researchers move beyond correlations to find answers? Correlations often exist without implying causation. For instance, chocolate consumption correlates with the number of Nobel Prize winners in some countries. Does eating chocolate boost Nobel wins? No. This correlation likely exists because chocolate consumption serves as a proxy for wealth. In turn, wealth relates to education and research funding — key factors behind Nobel achievements. So, just finding a link isn’t enough. Scientists need more strong evidence to establish causation. Unlike highly controlled chemistry or physics experiments, which can easily show how X affects Y, human biology often relies on indirect evidence. It requires “inductive reasoning” —drawing general conclusions from available evidence. It’s like how a prosecutor (检察官) builds a criminal case using circumstantial evidence. While individual pieces might not be persuasive, their build-up strengthens the case. There’s one interesting contrast, however. In criminal cases, the standard of proof is “beyond reasonable doubt”, but science demands proof based “on the balance of probabilities”. This reflects scientists’ willingness to revise their beliefs when better evidence emerges. Indirect evidence is crucial for inferring causation, but it is not always conclusive. The gold standard for direct evidence of causation is the randomised controlled trial (RCT), where participants are randomly assigned to either receive an intervention or to be a “control”. This ensures if you see a difference between the two groups, this can only be due to the effect of the intervention, which effectively proves causation. Unfortunately, ethical (道德的) considerations often prevent us conducting RCTs. For instance, we lack RCT evidence that smoking causes lung cancer because the indirect evidence is so strong that such studies would be unethical. Causation in health doesn’t work in a simple way. Factors like lifestyle, genes, and environment interact to determine disease risk. Achieving perfect health requires a variety of actions, as no single habit, superfood, or magic pill is the answer. 53. What does the underlined word “proxy” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Replacement. B. Condition. C. Indicator. D. Preference. 54. How do scientists’ inferences differ from prosecutors’ conclusions? A. They remain open to update. B. They guarantee absolute certainty. C. They rely largely on indirect evidence. D. They require higher standard of proof. 55. Why is RCT considered the gold standard for establishing causation? A. It offers wide application. B. It ensures fair assignment. C. It avoids ethical considerations. D. It identifies intervention effects. 56. What is the author’s suggestion for health improvement? A. Counting on good habits. B. Integrating multiple strategies. C. Taking a cure-all pill. D. Leading an active lifestyle. (15) （2025·浙江湖州·一模） Quick: what’s your best friend’s phone number? Don’t feel bad if you couldn’t answer off the top of your head. You have no reason to commit phone numbers to memory: it’s just there in your phone. Or perhaps you once had a phone book to store them. In either case, an object does the remembering for you. “Prosthetic memory” (人工记忆) is nothing new. Writing itself has been a means of storing information. Yet the information revolution has generated more data than ever before. We are flooded with information. We’re creating more of it, and keeping more of it. The storage capacity of the human brain has since been eclipsed. No wonder, then, that we’re increasingly dependent on memory prostheses, from libraries to smartphones. Not everyone thinks this trend in external memory is good. Historically, memory prostheses were expensive. As technologies such as printing and photography become more affordable, sharing experiences with others is easier than ever. So every breakfast, every sunset, every encounter with a cat finds its way on to social media. And here comes the worry. When we devote ourselves to capturing and sharing the world in this way, something immensely valuable is lost; when recording so much of our lives, we’re forgetting to actually live them, and so disconnect ourselves from experience. But is our social media-driven transformation wholly bad? If we’re still creating and sharing memories like this, perhaps this is because we’ve not had sufficient time to learn how to do these things without thinking about what we’re doing. It is easy to ignore that the mass social media era is less than a decade old. That’s just a short blink (眨眼) in human history, yet it has totally changed how we live. I suspect we’re not far off from being directly faced with experience yet with the ability to share experience in ways less bounded by geography and time. After all, technology can protect all the moments of a life that would otherwise be lost. 57. What can be inferred from paragraph 1? A. Technology weakens our brains. B. We are burdened with phone numbers. C. We rely more on tools to memorize. D. Technology distances us from our friends. 58. What does the underlined word “eclipsed” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Improved. B. Undervalued. C. Restricted. D. Outperformed. 59. What negative effect does online sharing bring about? A. An overflow of posts. B. High cost of digital devices. C. Addiction to the virtual world. D. Disregard for authentic experience. 60. What does the author advise us to do in the last paragraph? A. Have faith in human brains. B. Take time to adapt to digital age. C. Quicken the pace of development. D. Make efforts to enhance memory. 试卷第1页（共3页） 试卷第1页（共3页） 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $