专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，四川专用）高二英语上学期

专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川成都青羊区石室中学-12月·期中）If you ask a Westerner to name a successful Chinese consumer-goods brand, most would have struggled until recently. Although China is the world’s leading manufacturing power, it has long fallen behind in creating imaginative, home-grown retail (零售) brands and products. That, however, is beginning to change. Innovative Chinese brands are appearing everywhere. From Stockholm to Sydney, the electric cars silently passing by are increasingly likely to be Chinese. Mixue, an ice-cream and cold drinks company, has overtaken McDonald’s to become the world’s largest fast-food chain by number of outlets. It is expanding in South America, as is Meituan, a Beijing-based delivery app. Chagee, a chain of tea shops, is on track to have at least 1, 300 stores outside China by the end of 2027, mostly in Southeast Asia; just a few years ago, it had almost none. Meanwhile, Pop Mart, a Chinese toy company, has created a buzz as much as Disney with its unusual grinning nine-toothed dolls, called Labubus. It is impossible not to admire the creative force behind these successful enterprises. Western consumers have been buying products made in China for decades. However, these goods were mostly designed by and produced for foreign companies. Chinese brands were long regarded as low-quality and lacking creativity. New companies are now challenging these old assumptions. Many proudly emphasize their Chinese heritage. For example, Chagee’s logo features a Peking Opera singer in full costume, and its name comes from “Farewell, My Concubine,” a classic Chinese opera. The video game “Black Myth: Wukong,” one of the most successful ever, features the Monkey King from the 16th-century novel Journey to the West. Today, many Chinese brands compete not only on price but also on quality. Chagee’s drinks can even be as expensive as Starbucks’. Western companies will need to wake up and take notice of bubble tea. In the future, they will have to make more efforts to understand Chinese consumers’ unique tastes. Some may even partner with innovative Chinese firms to gain insight and inspiration. Competition from China could eventually push Disney, Mattel toys, and other major Western brands to reach new levels of creativity. 1.What does the underlined part “created a buzz” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Caused public excitement. B. Made a loud noise. C. Lost great popularity. D. Received negative comments. 2.How did the western consumers find Chinese brands? A. Full of imagination. B. Short of creativity. C. Quality guaranteed. D. Mass produced. 3.What is the author’s advice for the western brands? A. Notice different bubble tea. B. Ignore the Chinese influence. C. Cooperate with Chinese brands. D. Lower the price of the products. 4.What is the passage mainly about? A. The history of Chinese retail brands. B. How foreign firms win Chinese customers. C. Why Chinese products were unpopular before. D. The rise of innovative Chinese brands globally. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川成都树德中学·期中）Fooled by Randomness is a famous book in Nassim Nicholas Taleb’s landmark Incerto series, an investigation of luck, uncertainty, probability, human error, risk, and decision-making in a world we don’t understand. Now in a striking new hardcover edition, Fooled by Randomness will change the way you think about business and the world. Nassim Nicholas Taleb has written a modern classic that turns on its head what we believe about luck and skill. This book is about luck — or more precisely, about how we perceive and deal with luck in life and business. Set against the background of the most notable forum in which luck is mistaken for skill — the world of trading — Fooled by Randomness provides captivating insight into one of the least understood factors in all our lives. Writing in an entertaining narrative style, the author tackles major intellectual issues related to the underestimation of the influence of happenstance on our lives. The book is populated with a number of characters, some of whom have grasped, in their own way, the significance of chance: the baseball legend Yogi Berra; the philosopher of knowledge KarlPopper; the modern financier George Soros; and the Greek voyager Odysseus. We also meet the fictional Nero, who seems to understand the role of randomness in his professional life but falls victim to his own irrational foolishness. However, the most recognizable character of all remains unnamed — the lucky fool who happens to be in the right place at the right time — he embodies the “survival of the least fit.” Such individuals attract devoted followers who believe in their mentor’s (导师) insights and methods. But no one can copy what is obtained by chance. Are we capable of distinguishing the fortunate charlatan (冒充内行的人) from the genuine innovator? Must we always try to uncover nonexistent messages in random events? It may be impossible to guard ourselves against the unpredictability of the goddess. Fortunately, but after reading Fooled by Randomness we can be a little better prepared. 1.What is Fooled by Randomness mainly about? A. The success of modern traders. B. The importance of skill in trading. C. The role of luck in life and business. D. The impact of human errors on decision-making. 2.What’s the purpose of mentioning the characters in paragraph 4? A. To emphasize their success in the trading world. B. To highlight the significance of their achievements. C. To illustrate how foolishness always leads to failure. D. To show examples of those who understood randomness. 3.What does “lucky fool” in paragraph 5 really refer to? A. A trader known for their skill and achievements. B. A scholar famous for their insights and methods. C. A person who foolishly undervalues hard work and devotion. D. Someone who succeeds mainly by chance rather than by skill. 4.According to the passage, what mistake do people often make? A. They underestimate their personal abilities. B. They overlook significant events in daily life. C. They depend heavily on guidance from mentors. D. They fail to see how chance contributes to their success. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·四川绵竹中学·期中）The concept of “China chic”, or guochao, has become popular in recent years. According to relevant data, the search volume for the keyword “Guochao” increased by 392.66% year-on-year from January to July 2022. The Baidu 2021 Guochao Pride Search Big Data Report revealed that interest in guochao has skyrocketed over the past 10 years. Domestic products are now in fashion, and domestic consumption has increasingly become an important choice for the new generation of consumers. China chic integrates unique cultural elements with the latest trends across various industries. It not only meets younger consumers’ desire for personality and fashion but also helps revive traditional culture. The rise of China chic is a result of China’s rapid economic development and is driven by certain cultural motivations. Additionally, the continuous improvement of Chinese people’s consumption power is an important factor behind the rise of China chic. Most importantly, cultural confidence is the driving force behind the rise of China chic. Five thousand years of Chinese civilization have left behind a rich cultural heritage. In many ways, guochao is the perfect representative of the new wave of Chinese cultural pride. Originating in the fashion industry, this trend reflects Chinese consumers’ renewed interest in their cultural heritage. The guochao trend is strongest among young adults who have grown up in an increasingly powerful China and thus possess a strong sense of national pride. China’s national strength is growing, and its soft power is also on the rise. Even so, we still have a long way to go in promoting China chic. But as it has become a part of people’s lives, there is no doubt that even more diverse China chic products will emerge in the future to showcase Chinese charm. 1.What does the underlined word “skyrocketed” in the first paragraph mean? A. Risen sharply. B. Dropped obviously. C. Remained stable. D. Changed slightly. 2.Which best describes “China chic”? A. It aims mainly to promote Chinese exports. B. It mixes traditional culture with current trends. C. It attracts mostly middle-aged and older consumers. D. It draws major inspiration from Western fashion styles. 3.What is identified as the primary driver behind the rise of China chic? A. The expansion of China’s economy. B. The growth in people’s purchasing power. C. A renewed sense of cultural identity. D. The influence of social media on the youth. 4.What does the author imply about the future of China chic? A. It will soon lead global fashion. B. It will need more policy support. C. It will remain a small market. D. It will continue to develop and diversify. Passage 4 （25-26高二上·四川射洪中学校·期中）Blind boxes are probabilistic products, which are products that allow consumers to purchase one of a set of products at random under specific conditions. B. F. Skinner, a famous American psychologist, who believes that human behavior is mastered by external factors. If the external stimulus (刺激物) is favorable to the person, the behavior will be repeated. The randomness of the blind box inspires consumers to buy, and for the buyer, the purchase of the blind box gains inner satisfaction. It is this unique experience that stimulates repeated purchases and thus addiction. The blind box market is popular with the “Generation Z” crowd. Most of them are only children, with strong loneliness and a desire for a sense of belonging. According to a survey, 57% of Gen Z said they “have to have what others have and don’t want to be disliked by their peers”. The group of trendy players shares emotions, thus establishing more connections and boosting the identity of the group. Blind boxes can soften the awkwardness of interactions in social situations as they are integrated into people’s daily lives. Probabilistic selling can be used as a tool to clearly identify target consumers and their needs. It seemed that Pop Mart’s popularity was an overnight success, but its first store opened in Beijing in 2010. Ever since, it has been exploring and upgrading the products through blind box marketing, finding the most popular items, to figure out product packages that suit the company’ s sales strategies and make the company more and more welcomed by the market. While trying to stimulate consumption demand with such marketing, companies should be aware of the hidden risks. Blind box sellers should not hold the surprise tricks as a way to fool consumers, nor randomly include products in blind boxes. Consumers may not return for repeat purchases if they feel cheated once. Also, the knowledge of how to plan blind box combinations and how to sell them is critical. Once the wave of blind boxes subsides, a company without good products may never be able to catch the next wave. 1.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. The buyers’ attempt to gain inner satisfaction. B. The official definition of random purchase. C. The external factors about repetitive behavior. D. The psychological mechanism behind blind boxes. 2.What do the blind boxes function as in the “Generation Z” crowd? A. The social tools. B. The emotional cues. C. The confidence boosters. D. The financial indicators. 3.What is the key to Pop Mart’s success? A. The cautious planning of production. B. The ongoing upgrade of sales strategies. C. The interaction with target consumers. D. The sharp insight into the market. 4.How can blind box sellers survive in the market? A. Publicizing the company to earn reputation. B. Using surprise tricks to attract consumers. C. Providing solid products that deliver value. D. Avoiding the hidden risks of false advertising. 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·四川绵竹中学·期中）Prehistoric people may have used firelight to create the illusion (错觉) of movement in their art. An analysis of 50 carved stones dug up in France suggests that when the stones were placed near a fire, the light made the carved animals appear to move, researchers reported on April 20 in PLOS ONE. These stones, or “plaquettes”, were discovered in the 1860s in a rock shelter called Montastruc and were carved with images of animals such as horses and deer. The site was used by Magdalenian people, hunter-gatherers who inhabited the area between 23,000 and 14,000 years ago. The researchers analyzed heat damage on the stones, which indicated that they had been exposed directly to high temperatures for prolonged periods, and created 3D models of the stones. These models were imported into virtual reality software and placed next to a virtual hearth (壁炉炉床) so that the heat-damaged areas were closest to the flames, simulating how the stones might have been arranged in real life. The researchers then observed the visual effects under the virtual firelight. “It was surprising to see how dynamic the art was and how much your experience of the art changed with something as simple as placing it near a fire,” says Andy Needham, an archaeologist at the University of York in England. He suggests that the artists intentionally carved along the contours (轮廓) of the rock to use the flickering firelight to create an impression of meaningful movement. The finding enhances archaeologists’ understanding of the relationship between early humans’ artwork and fire. Another recent study found that Stone Age humans created “hidden” art in dark caves that could only be illuminated and viewed with appropriate lighting. 1.What is known about the carved stones from the text? A. They were found in Spain in the 1860s. B. They were carved with animals in motion. C. They were made by Magdalenian people about 14,000 years ago. D. They showed animals like horses and deer. 2.Why did the researchers create 3D models and place them near a virtual hearth? A. To measure the exact temperature of the flames. B. To imitate how the stones might have been used with fire. C. To repair the heat-damaged areas on the stones. D. To identify the types of animals carved on the stones. 3.What does Andy Needham suggest about the ancient artists? A. They preferred to work in dark caves. B. They avoided carving near the edges of the stones. C. They had a deep understanding of visual effects. D. They might have relied on firelight while carving the stones. 4.What is a suitable title for the text? A. Hidden Art in Dark Caves B. How Ancient People Made Tools from Stones C. A New Study on Hunter-Gatherer Life in France D. The Effect of Firelight on Ancient Art Perception 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·四川仁寿第一中学·期中）Here’s what Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: “It is only ideas gained from walking that have any worth.” Researchers have discovered numerous connections between walking and producing ideas. A Stanford University study found that participants were 81 percent more creative when walking in contrast with sitting. The movement aspect of walking is obviously key. You’ve probably heard the phrase “exercise your creativity”, which refers to the brain as muscle. Our creative mindset is triggered (触发) by physical movement, which is exactly why walking-with your dog, a friend, or alone-feeds creative thinking. But the scenery is almost as important as the sweat. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey indicates that Americans spend 87 percent of their time indoors. Being inside, you’re more prone (倾向于) to stagnation, the opposite of energy. Without energy, you can’t wonder or create. Just by going outside, you are stepping out of your habitual surroundings and your comfort zone, which is necessary if you want to open your mind to new possibilities. Our brains work harder to process in different environments, so walking outside develops our ability to learn new ideas, to take in new sights, sounds, smells, and flavors. Shinrin-yoku, or “forest bathing,” is a common form of relaxation and medicine in Japan. It was developed in 1982, and recent studies show that being in the forest and walking among the trees lowers your stress levels. But you don’t have to live near a forest to receive the psychological benefits. Research has shown that being in nature, and the disconnection from multimedia and technology, increased performance on a creative problem-solving task by a full 50 percent in a group of hikers. So instead of setting a fitness goal, why not set a creativity goal that starts with walking? Engage more closely with your surroundings for the next four weeks. Turn off your phone and give yourself the chance to be present in the world, to hear conversations and natural sounds, to notice the way people move, the way the sun reflects in a puddle. Walk not just for exercise. Walk for wonder. 1.What does the author stress in Paragraph 2? A. Physical activity contributes to mental production. B. People release their creativity in company. C. Walking dogs promotes creative thinking. D. Brain will develop with regular use. 2.What contributes to people’s energy according to the National Human Activity Pattern Survey? A. The chance encounter. B. The comfort zone. C. A change of scene. D. A workout. 3.What does the author suggest? A. Taking a walk in a forest. B. Improving the physical fitness. C. Connecting with the outside world. D. Getting rid of electronic devices. 4.Which of the following is the best title of the text? A. Relaxation is inseparable from creative inspiration B. Your brain was made for walking C. Walk out of your comfort zone D. Mind and body are closely related 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川仁寿第一中学校南校区-11月·期中）Keeping pace with teachers is a fine way to study English. Teachers are experienced and their plans are systematic. But remember to work in a way that suits you. It's important to learn from past mistakes as well. Keep a notebook to make a record of the mistakes you make — It'll help you avoid making the same ones later. The time of life may be hard, but you're not alone. You may be busy studying, but you can show your care by calling your friends or sending short messages. Don't let your friendships die. It's as important to live well as it is to study well. Going to bed no later than 11:30 pm is important. It puts you in the right mood for the next day. You needn't follow a special diet, but make sure you are eating nutritious meals each day. The person who plays well studies well. Having a lot of schoolwork doesn't mean having to give up other activities. Playing basketball or having a talk with your classmates can relax yourself.Time out is not a waste of time but helps you study more efficiently. Besides taking the College Entrance Examination, you have other choices for college. Some students even apply for studying abroad. Pay attention to the useful information you can find, whether it's from school, the news media or other sources. 1.What should you do if you want to keep your friendship fresh? A. Have frequent talks with them. B. Always have lunch with them. C. Make them at some distance. D. Keep connected by some means. 2.The third paragraph is mainly about________. A. health B. friendship C. relaxation D. study 3.What does the underlined phrase “Time out” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. An activity without a break. B. Sleeping outdoors. C. A pause from studying. D. Studying outside. 4.Who is the passage mainly written for? A. Headmasters. B. Students. C. Teachers. D. Parents. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川射洪中学校·期中）Since 2010, nearly every country has seen an increase in the number of cancer patients. The WHO reports one in six people will develop cancer in their lifetime. At least 10 million people will die from the disease every year. If the current trend continues, new cancer cases will rise by 60 percent by the year 2040. In low- and middle-income countries, they will rise by more than 80 percent. Andre Ilbawi, WHO’s technical officer in cancer control, says more people are dying from cancer in poorer countries. Controlling the disease does not have to cost a lot. The WHO report, he explained, shows that by investing in cancer services, governments can save 7 million lives by 2030. “And that is at the cost of 8.15 per person in upper middle-income countries. This is feasible,” Ilbawi said. WHO says cancer does not have to be a death sentence. Prevention works. There have been great improvements in research on cancer prevention and treatment. These measures are successfully keeping many people alive who otherwise would have died. Preventive policies can work in powerful ways to reduce not only cancer numbers and death rates, but also the social and economic inequality in cancer cases. An example of such a policy is one that reduces workers’ contact with cancer-causing materials. Other examples are measures to control tobacco use, vaccination against cancer-causing infectious agents and testing for early stages of cancer. In its report, WHO describes a series of measures proven to help in preventing new cancer cases. For example, it notes that tobacco-related diseases are responsible for 25 percent of cancer deaths. Deciding not to smoke, it says, can save billions of dollars and millions of lives. WHO adds that a vaccine against hepatitis B (乙肝) can prevent liver cancer. It notes another vaccine against HPV can nearly fight off cervical cancer (宫颈癌). 1.How does the author lead in the topic? A. By citing specific data. B. By making a comparison. C. By giving a vivid example. D. By clarifying a personal viewpoint. 2.What does the underlined word “feasible” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. Practicable. B. Valuable. C. incredible. D. Responsible. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards cancer prevention? A. Unclear. B. Unconcerned. C. Hopeful. D. Critical. 4.What can be the suitable title for the text? A. The Latest Report By The WHO. B. Prevention Is Better Than cure. C. Cancers Increasing But Not a Death Sentence. D. WHO: Cancer Poses a Great Threat To Humanity. 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·四川南充西充中学·期中）People have been recycling household waste for roughly two decades. Nevertheless, some uncertainty exists regarding which items are recyclable and which are not. As technology progresses, an increasing number of items have become recyclable. COFFEE CAPSULES On average, Australians are using more than three million coffee capsules per day, and about 1.5million households have automatic coffee machines. While the capsules are disastrous for the environment, they can still be recycled. Nespresso offers a free return program and has drop-off locations, allowing you to bring the capsules to Nespresso stores for disposal (处理). LIGHT BULBS Instead of discarding light bulbs in the trash, some local governments run recycling centers, where you can place such items. If you regularly recycle household glass, kindly remember to wash the glass and remove any lids beforehand. PIZZA BOXES Normally pizza boxes don’t make it into recycling because they’ re covered in grease (油脂) and leftover bits of cheese. When a pizza box is too oily, it won’t be taken to a recycling processing plant. If possible, remove as much of the leftovers as you can before recycling. If the pizza box can’t be recycled, tear off the lid which can still be recycled. HOUSEHOLD BATTERIES Household batteries can also be recycled. Batteries that do end up in landfills can cause a serious problem to the environment as they can release poisonous chemicals into the soil which are harmful to both humans and animals. Button-cell batteries, which are used in hearing aids and watches, can also be recycled. 1.How does Nespresso help with the coffee capsules? A. By offering good coffee for free. B. By collecting capsules for recycling. C. By exchanging coffee machines regularly. D. By warning people of the harm of coffee capsules. 2.What do people need to do first to recycle pizza boxes? A. Wash them many times. B. Drop off boxes at the pizza shop. C. Take them to the local government. D. Clear the leftovers as much as possible. 3.In which section of a magazine can we read the text? A. Health. B. Entertainment. C. Environment. D. Culture. 主题语境06 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·四川成都树德中学·期中）In oceans across the globe, a tiny jellyfish (水母) species shows a remarkable death-defying ability. After reaching sexual maturity, this jellyfish can turn back into its young form and then mature again — a process similar to a butterfly turning back into a caterpillar and then changing into a butterfly again. The deep-sea creature’s life cycle could theoretically be repeated forever, earning this species, called Turritopsis dohrnii, the nickname: the “immortal jellyfish”. Like a typical jellyfish, T. dohrnii begins its life as a free-floating larva (幼体) and matures into a branching, plant-like polyp (水螅体) . From there, multiple young jellyfish grow out of the polyp and turn into adults. However, the difference is that when an adult T. dohrnii is damaged or stressed, instead of dying, it absorbs its own arms and becomes a blob that settles to the sea floor. Over the next day and a half, this blob transforms into a new polyp, which can then form more jellyfish. Therefore, though T. dohrnii may be eaten by predators, it does not die of old age. A new study compared T. dohrnii to T. rubra, a related jellyfish species that undergoes normal aging. Compared to its relative, researchers found that T. dohrnii has twice as many genes that repair and protect DNA. This allows T. dohrnii to generate more restorative proteins. Researchers also found differences in several other genes, including those associated with replication and the stem cell population. These differences may be key to the jellyfish’s immortality. Researchers say these findings could help humans — but not in the exact same way. They believe their study could help find better answers to the many diseases associated with aging. They also hope a better understanding of these jellyfish genes might inspire regenerative medicine for humans. 1.Why does the author mention a butterfly in the first paragraph? A. To explain the aging process of T. dohrnii. B. To emphasize the small size of T. dohrnii. C. To present the living habits of T. dohrnii. D. To show the special life cycle of T. dohrnii. 2.How does T. dohrnii differ from other jellyfish species? A. It can avoid dying of old age. B. It goes through a polyp stage. C. It can transform to defend itself. D. It has very few natural enemies. 3.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The specific findings of the new study. B. The social significance of the research. C. The detailed procedures of the research. D. The possible limitations of the new study. 4.What can be a suitable title of the text? A. Predators of the Deep: How the “Immortal Jellyfish” Survives through Various Conditions. B. Unlocking Immortality: The Genetic Secret s of the Jellyfish That Reverses Aging. C. From Polyp to Jellyfish: The Unique Lifecycle of a Deep-Sea Jellyfish. D. Human Immortality on the Horizon? Lessons from a Jellyfish. 主题语境01 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·四川德阳什邡中学·期中）Does the popular activity benchmark (基准) of walking 10,000 steps a day feel too distant? New research finds you can gain health benefits just by moving a little more than usual. Aiming for 7,000 steps daily is a good goal when possible, said lead study author Dr. Melody Ding, public health professor at the University of Sydney. Compared with adults who took 2,000 steps (the minimal count), those with 7,000 steps had a 47% lower risk of all-cause death, 25% less risk of cardiovascular (心血管)disease and 38% less risk of mental illnesses. Many fitness tracker users see 10,000 steps as a daily activity standard, but this number lacks solid evidence, noted Dr. Sean Heffron from NYU, who was not involved in the research. A 2019 study found aiming for 10,000 steps likely originated from a Japanese pedometer marketing campaign by Yamasa Clock and Instrument Company, called “Manpo-kei” (“10,000 steps meter”). “More than 7,000 steps isn’t harmful and may even bring extra benefits, though.” Ding said, “Active people doing 10,000+ steps don’t need to cut back to 7,000!” Dr. Gulati from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center said step counts help estimate overall exercise levels. “The less you move, the fewer exerkines — special chemicals released during muscle contractions that not only benefit blood vessel health, but also improve insulin (胰岛素)sensitivity — and the higher your health risks,” he explained. 1.What can we learn from Dr. Melody Ding’s research? A. 10,000 steps a day is the best daily activity benchmark. B. 7,000 daily steps cuts all-cause death risk by 47% vs 2,000 steps. C. Moving less than 2,000 steps a day has no health risks at all. D. People with 10,000+ steps daily should cut back to 7,000 steps. 2.Why is the 10,000-step standard questioned? A. It came from marketing with no solid supporting evidence. B. Most adults can hardly achieve the 10,000-step goal daily. C. It has been proved harmful to people’s cardiovascular health. D. It totally ignores the health benefits of fewer daily steps. 3.What is the function of exerkines according to Dr. Gulati? A. They help track daily step counts in an accurate way. B. They reduce people’s need for regular daily exercise. C. They benefit blood vessel health and insulin sensitivity. D. They raise mental illness risk when released by muscles. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. It talks about the history of the 10,000-step activity standard. B. Research shows 7,000 daily steps bring health benefits to people. C. It tells how to choose a suitable fitness tracker for step counting. D. It introduces doctors’ views on the harm of being physically inactive. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川南江中学·期中）Researchers in Washington University in St. Louis have developed a filter that treats wastewater and also generates electricity—an advance that could reshape energy use at treatment plants. The new system uses bacteria to produce an electric charge while breaking down organic material otherwise seen as waste. The findings from the lab of Zhen He, a professor of energy, environmental and chemical engineering, were detailed in the academic journal Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. The research fits into a growing set of technologies that pushes back against the traditional view of regarding wastewater as waste and looks instead to put it to beneficial use. Depending on how thoroughly it is treated, recovered water can be repurposed for anything from “undrinkable” uses like crop-watering to drinking water. The Washington U. team’s new filter, however, provides an added bonus. The system uses a cloth to collect organic matter from the wastewater and to provide bacteria with a place to settle. Then, as bacteria consume the organic materials, electrons are released and gathered by the cloth, creating electricity. Steel around the filter sends the electric current from the “bacteria fuel cell” to an external circuit. That two-way function is what makes the electrode unique. Treating one cubic meter of wastewater could, in theory, generate 20 watts of power for an hour. That means a larger unit or a collection of units could power lights or larger electrical devices! The team, next, aims to develop further and make it leap into the real world. Ideally, He would love to see the filters used by urban wastewater treatment facilities. But He says a more likely, transitional step could be for the filters to first catch on in smaller individual industrial factories that have wastewater to treat. The ultimate aim is to change wastewater treatment from an energy user into a power source. “Is it really a waste?” He asked. “Or can we treat it as a resource?” Viewing wastewater as a resource rather than waste enables sustainable energy generation and promotes environmental protection, presenting a mutually beneficial approach to wastewater treatment. 1.What determines the use of the recovered water? A. The storage time. B. The extent of treatment. C. The amount of bacteria. D. The source of original water. 2.What does the underlined phrase “an added bonus” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Power generation. B. Less pollution. C. Water purification. D. More electrons. 3.What might be the next step for the team? A. Exploring potential markets of the filters. B. Improving the performance of the system. C. Fitting the filters in urban wastewater plants. D. Popularizing the filters in small-sized workshops. 4.Why does He raise questions in the last paragraph? A. To highlight wastewater-not-waste concept. B. To recognize the achievement of the research. C. To stress the urgency of the wastewater treatment. D. To discuss the possible direction for further study. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川内江第六中学·期中）The extinction of the largest dinosaurs to walk the Earth may have played a critical role in creating an environment that helped fruits evolve (进化) , thus indirectly shaping the evolution of our own fruit-eating ancestors, according to new research. The study, published Feb. 17, provides solid evidence in favor of this. Dinosaurs were ecosystem engineers, greatly changing their environments by knocking down trees and eating high volumes of vegetation. Following the extinction of dinosaurs, the forests grew back thicker, blocking the sun from reaching the ground layer, which, many generations later, led to the growth of large seeds and fruit. Researchers have assumed this happened because in thicker forests, competition for light pushed trees to grow taller and faster than their neighbors, and trees grown from larger seeds had a head start in that competition. As a benefit, investing in large, tasty fruit made them more likely to be consumed and spread by animals, helping the plants to survive. However, there hasn’t been much evidence to support this theory. To address this, the research team created a model where seed and fruit size increased as a response to the darker forest understory that followed dinosaur extinctions, matching actual seed size trends in the past 65 million years. They incorporated (结合) recently gained understanding of how large animals affect forest structure, how seeds grow into trees and how animal size has changed over time. The result: The model closely replicated the observed trends in seed and animal size over time. No surprises so far. But what came next, when they continued running the model, was a surprise. The data pointed to a mysterious phenomenon in the fossil (化石) record: About 35 million years ago, seeds started getting smaller, because land animals had once again become sufficiently large to have a similar effect on the forests as the dinosaurs did. “These results provide a striking example of how large dinosaurs — and their eventual extinction — not only shaped their contemporary environment but also had great effects on ecosystems for millions of years,” said Benjamin Wiebe, a Ph.D student at NAU and second author on the paper. 1.What did researchers assume in paragraph 2? A. Dinosaurs were ecosystem engineers. B. Animals contributed to thicker forests. C. Competition for light led to larger seeds. D. Forests thinned after dinosaur extinction. 2.What does the underlined word “replicated” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Reproduced. B. Changed. C. Assessed. D. Opposed. 3.What astonished the researchers when continuing running the model? A. The decrease in seed size. B. The emergence of fossils. C. The population of land animals. D. The comeback of fruit eaters. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. Dinosaurs: The Ecosystem Protectors. B. Humans: The Modern-Day Dinosaurs. C. Love Fruit? Thank Dinosaur Mass Extinction. D. Surprised? Dinosaurs Shaped Fruit Varieties. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·四川内江第六中学·期中）Have you ever noticed how some people seem to handle difficulties calmly while others let small problems ruin their entire day? This difference often comes down to how we respond to challenges. American social psychologist Leon Festinger proposed a famous theory later known as “Festinger’s Law”, which states that10 percent of life’s events are beyond your control, but 90 percent is within your control. To explain this, let’s examine two events. First, imagine a business professional who has an important presentation. On the way to work, they spill coffee on his shirt. If he reacts with frustration, rushes angrily, and arrives hurriedly, his presentation may suffer due to his distracted state. Now, consider an alternative response: he calmly cleans up, changes clothes, and uses the extra time in transit to review his notes. The initial problem is the same, but the outcomes differ dramatically because of his reactions. The influences of Festinger’s Law extend beyond individual situations to interpersonal relationships as well. In family conflicts, for instance, an unpleasant response to a minor disagreement can increase tensions, while a patient, understanding approach often leads to resolution. Similarly, in team projects, how members respond to setbacks — whether with blame or constructive problem-solving — can determine the group’s ultimate success. What makes this principle particularly valuable is its universal applicability. Whether dealing with academic pressures, workplace (challenges, or personal relationships, the common thread is that our reactions often matter more than the problems themselves. By cultivating self-awareness and emotional 1regulation, we can significantly improve our ability to navigate life’s unavoidable difficulties. Developing this skill requires practice. It involves pausing before reacting, assessing situations objectively, and consciously choosing productive responses. Over time, this approach becomes habitual, leading to better outcomes and reduced stress. Festinger’s Law ultimately teaches us while we can’t control everything that happens to us, we can always control how we respond — and that makes all the difference. 1.Why does the author pose a question at the beginning? A. To emphasize the Law’s difficulties. B. To rate readers’ psychology knowledge. C. To create a personal connection to the topic. D. To introduce Dr. Festinger’s life experiences. 2.What is the main lesson from the coffee spill example? A. Spare clothes should always be ready. B. Your reaction matters more than the problem. C. Business people face many challenges. D. Small problems can ruin your whole day. 3.What is the significant value of Festinger’s Law? A. It helps people better address life’s challenges. B. It provides useful guidance for different life situations. C. It encourages us to focus on the things we can’t control. D. It suggests most problems are less serious than they seem. 4.What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A. The methods to practice Festinger’s Law. B. The occasions to control personal feelings. C. The benefits of reducing stress. D. The impact of immediate reactions. Passage 4 （25-26高二上·四川成都列五中学·期中）Perfume (香味；香水) has held a special place in human history. The traditional making process involves collecting raw materials, producing oils, mixing, aging and quality control. For centuries, perfumers have merely relied on their own senses. But now modern-day perfumers are beginning to look beyond their noses. They are, instead, turning to neurotechnology (神经技术). Perfume now can be designed to stimulate emotional responses using neuroscents (神经气味) shown by biometric measures — the use of biological data to analyze human responses — to help inspire different positive feelings such as calm, joy or sleepiness. Neurotechnology can also help perfumers analyze the chemical composition of these neuroscents and find new combinations of raw materials that can produce similar or enhanced effects. Researcher Hugo Ferreira is trying to build a database of neuroscents. “With sight and hearing, you can imagine the face of a loved one or the favourite tune. It’s hard to imagine a smell though it can stimulate a series of emotions and memories.” Ferreira explains this is due to the structure of the olfactory (嗅觉的) system. Messages from scent receptors are sent through the olfactory bulb to different brain areas that control everything from memory or thirst to stress reactions. Olfaction is the most diverse sense with many different receptors. It’s estimated that there are about 400 different olfactory receptor gene families. Among other things these various connections may explain how we can “smell fear, or victory.” L’Oréal, a French multinational personal care company, has partnered with neurotechnology company Emotiv to create a scent choice “experience”. During 2023, shoppers at certain stores used a device to discover which scents appealed to them. Results so far show that 95% of customers who used the device found the right perfume. Another perfume from Givenchy, a French luxury fashion and perfume house, has been a bestseller for years, which includes a special substance chosen after biometric research. However, perfume writer Katie Puckrik says she’d like to “design her own perfume”. “Leave the magic to the artists. Why do we need a computer to tell us what our nose already knows? Finding a new favorite scent by chance is a rare moment of grace we should allow ourselves,” she says. 1.How can neurotechnology function in the perfume-making process? A. By distinguishing one scent from the other. B. By exploring the best way to obtain special oil. C. By finding the scents most appealing to people. D. By offering perfumers information of materials. 2.What does Ferreira want to indicate in paragraph 3? A. The close connection among our senses. B. The great complexity of the olfactory system. C. The relationship between emotion and memory. D. The significance of having a good imagination. 3.Why are the perfume brands mentioned in the text? A. To show applications of neurotechnology. B. To collect more data for biometric research. C. To illustrate the fierce competition between them. D. To stress their dominance in the perfume industry. 4.What is Katie Puckrik’s attitude towards the new technology? A. Tolerant. B. Unclear. C. Supportive. D. Negative. Passage 5 （25-26高二上·四川成都列五中学·期中）A study by Tulane University reveals that frequent illness may accelerate brain aging and increase the risk of dementia (痴呆) or cognitive decline. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining good health to prevent infections, especially among the elderly and dementia-prone individuals. The study examined aging male mice and found that repeated, intermittent experiences with moderate inflammation (发炎), such as that caused by the flu or a seasonal head cold, caused impaired cognition and disrupted communication between neurons in those mice. “We were interested in asking whether differences in infection experience could account, at least in part, for the differences in rates of dementia we see in the population,” said lead author Elizabeth Engler-Chiurazzi, PhD. “The mice we were studying were healthy adults approaching middle age, and yet, when exposed to intermittent inflammation, they remembered less and their neurons functioned more poorly.” This study is the first to model repeated, intermittent infections in mice and examine the long-term consequences for brain function and health. Humans often experience infections and inflammation at substantially higher rates than laboratory mice. But given that impairments were observed in mice after only five intermittent inflammatory treatments, the cognitive change in humans may be more severe. “Our mice only experienced intermittent sickness-like inflammation a handful of times, so the fact that we observed impairments at all was surprising,” Engler-Chiurazzi said. “The effects were subtle, but that’s why I find these results meaningful: in a human, cognitive impairments from a similar number of inflammatory experiences might not be noticeable in their daily lives but could have accumulative effects that negatively impact the aging brain.” The findings may have important implications for standard of care around how infections are handled among the elderly and those at risk for dementia. Going forward, Engler-Chiurazzi said more work needs to be done to understand why infections impact the brain and how to mitigate those effects. In addition, she hopes follow-up studies will investigate whether weaker populations face a higher burden of neurological effects. “The biggest takeaway from this research, in our opinion, is the importance of staying as healthy and infection-free as possible,” she said. 1.The researchers conduct the study in order to_________. A. highlight the frequent illness is harmless to human beings. B. identify whether the repeated inflammation will cause impaired cognition. C. explain the adult male mice are more likely to have impaired cognitive function. D. show cognitive impairments from a few inflammatory experiences is not noticeable. 2.What can we learn about the study? A. The brains of these mice were unaffected by the disease. B. The infections have little effect on impacting the aging brain. C. Humans will suffer even more severe cognitive decline because of the frequent illness. D. Researchers used to examine the effects of repeated infections on brain function and health. 3.What does the underlined word “mitigate” in Paragraph 7 mean? A. relieve B. strengthen C. promote D. emphasize 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. The standard of care has been revealed. B. Mice will suffer from impaired cognition by flu. C. We human beings should stay as healthy and infection-free as possible. D. The connection between frequent illness and dementia has been discovered. Passage 6 （25-26高二上·四川德阳什邡中学·期中）Learning a musical instrument is good for your hands, language skills, memory, and brain. Musicians often practice a lot, even when it causes them pain from repeated movements. Researchers wanted to know if this kind of training changes how musicians feel pain. Scientists know that pain makes us react quickly, like pulling your hand away from a hot stove. Short-term pain protects us. But long-term pain can cause problems. For example, if you don’t move an injured ankle for weeks, it makes the pain worse and affects the brain areas that handle pain. In the study, scientists gave musicians and non-musicians temporary hand pain. They applied a safe protein for this. They then measured brain activity to see how each person’s brain reacted to their hand before and after the pain. The results showed that musicians’ brains were different. Musicians felt less pain, and their brain’s “hand map” (how the brain understands the hand) did not shrink like non-musicians’ maps did. This study involved only 40 people, but it suggests that musical training helps musicians’ brains react to pain differently. While music cannot cure long-term pain, this training might help us understand how people deal with pain and develop new treatments. 1.What is the purpose of this article? A. To talk about the benefit of playing music. B. To explain why musicians are smarter than others. C. To introduce a new way to treat long-term pain. D. To show how music training changes pain feelings. 2.Why does the author mention an “injured ankle” in the second paragraph? A. To explain how short-term pain might be of good use. B. To describe an injury musicians often get in their lives. C. To show the bad effects of pain that lasts a long time. D. To prove that pain could help us make quicker reaction. 3.How did the scientists make people feel pain in the study? A. By using a harmless protein. B. By shrinking their brain’s “hand map”. C. By measuring their brain activity. D. By causing them long-term hand pain. 4.What can we guess from this article? A. The study included many people. B. The pain used in the study lasted forever. C. Music training might help you deal with pain better. D. The more you play music, the more pain you will feel. Passage 7 （25-26高二上·四川南充高级中学·期中）You stayed up too late browsing through your phone, answering emails or watching just one more episode. The next morning, you feel sleepy and impatient. That dessert or sandwich suddenly looks more appealing than your usual yogurt and berries. This isn't just about willpower. Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie fixes. Research shows that insufficient sleep disturbs hunger signals, weakens self-control and increases your risk of weight gain. Sleep inadequacy affects millions. More than one-third of U.S. adults regularly get less than seven hours of sleep per night. Nearly three-quarters of adolescents fall short of the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep during the school week. First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are especially vulnerable due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules. These patterns disturb the body's internal clock and are linked to increased appetite, poor eating habits and elevated risks for obesity and metabolic disease. Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation, reward-related areas such as the amygdala (杏仁核), a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to inviting food. Your brain becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivation studies not only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them, regardless of how hungry they actually felt. Sleep is as important as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight. Fortunately, even a few nights of consistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start to reverse some of these effects. In a culture that glorifies hustle and late nights, sleep is often treated as optional. So the next time you find yourself reaching for junk food after a short night, recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for appetite control, energy regulation and long-term health. 1.What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Sleep loss stimulates the brain for appetite. B. Staying up late can make people dizzy. C. High-calorie foods are more attractive. D. People are addicted to using mobile phones. 2.Why are first responders more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation? A. They bear expectation of the society. B. They have unhealthy lifestyles. C. They have demanding and shifting schedules. D. They have much pressure from the workload. 3.Why is the brain more likely to shift into the reward mode after sleep insufficiency? A. The brain reacts more quickly to the environment. B. Sleep loss changes how the brain evaluates food. C. The brain becomes more excited and unrealistic. D. Sleep loss changes how the body absorbs nutrients. 4.Which would be the best title for the text? A. How Sleep Loss Disturbs Body’s Internal Clock B. Why Quality Sleep Matters for Weight Management C. Sleep, Diet and Exercise: Keys to Healthy Living D. Sleep Shortage: The Hidden Driver of Junk Food Cravings Passage 8 （25-26高二上·四川南充西充中学·期中）One of the defining characteristics of children is that they play. They run around in circles, crash with things, and jump in puddles — not with any purpose in mind, but simply for the fun of it. And that’s exactly how psychologists define play: as a self-directed, intrinsically (内在地) motivated activity with no purpose outside the activity itself. Play is what we do just for the joy of it. In children, play is seen as normal and natural, and as a powerful way to learn. But as we grow up, we come to see play as unnecessary. We may fault ourselves for playing when we could be getting things done. At best, we see play as reward for a long day’s work, a means to uplift ourselves or a way to relax before diving back into the troubles of our everyday lives. But play isn’t just a way to let off steam and reduce stress. Fitting playtime into your day is important for working productivity. Play is a basic emotional system, essential in both child development and adult creativity. Studies also show that it increases job satisfaction, resourcefulness and innovation. More importantly, play prepares us to tackle the unexpected by broadening the breadth of experiences you have to draw from when meeting new challenges. What separates play from real life is the lack of risks. Play provides a safe environment to learn cognitive (认知的), motor and social skills and to make mistakes without serious consequences. When a soldier on the battlefield tries to avoid enemy fire, it may cause them psychological damage because their life is on the line. But if you do the same movement in a game, you’re probably having a good time. Like other basic drives such as eating, play is pleasurable. But what evolutionary purpose does it serve? The most possible scientific explanation is that play teaches us how to address the unexpected. The world is unpredictable, and to survive, we need to adapt to new situations. Play is a way of experimenting with various combinations to see what works and developing flexible responses to unforeseen events. We’re not born with an understanding of how the world works. Play is how we figure it out. 1.What is the motivation for children to play? A. The pure joy of playing itself. B. Their keen interest in everything. C. Their desire to challenge themselves. D. The working productivity they receive form playing. 2.What do the underlined words “let off steam” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Get fresh experience. B. Brave the difficulties. C. Relieve negative emotions. D. Become powerful gradually. 3.What is the evolutionary purpose of play? A. To improve adults’ creativity. B. To prepare us for the unknown future. C. To help with the psychological damage. D. To boost children’s cognitive development. 4.What can we learn about play from this passage? A. Play comes to be the best source of entertainment. B. Play promotes creativity and exploration in us all. C. Play serves little practical purpose in evolution. D. Play benefits personal lives in numerous ways. 主题语境03 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川阆中中学校·期中）Recently, I accidentally found a set of Hanfu I only wore once from the bottom of the cupboard. I remember buying them simply to match the ancient-style hair accessories (配饰) a friend gave me. It occurred to me that I had been trapped in the “birdcage effect”. “Birdcage effect” means that when you get an item one day, you will prepare more things to match it. Weeks ago, I was in the company of friends engaged in shopping. One said that she wanted to buy a good writing pen to match the delicate notebook that her sister gave her, so that she would fall in love with taking notes on reading, and thus love reading, not just reading. I joked that she must have fallen for the “birdcage effect”. But the friend said with a smile: “Why not use the ‘birdcage effect’ instead?” For the first time, I heard that the “birdcage effect” can be used in reverse (逆向). However, this can’t help but remind me of middle school, and I seem to have used the “birdcage effect”. Passing by a bookstore one day, I purchased a magazine and saw the call for contributions published in the magazine, so I started writing with eager hands, and then I fell in love with writing. After shopping with my friends that time, I began to proceed to use the “birdcage effect”. I bought a small fresh tablecloth to decorate my desk, and a beautiful notebook to record my inspiration. When everything was ready, I started writing again. But how can we get rid of the “birdcage effect” in many things, and even use the “birdcage effect” in the opposite way? Various “birdcages” unavoidably appear in life, but we can distinguish them. If it is not in line with the actual situation, it is a “negative birdcage”, then we must learn to stop losses in time and maintain a heart of abandonment and separation. If it is a “positive birdcage” that motivates us to develop upward, we can clarify our goals, shop or decorate appropriately, and motivate ourselves to move towards our goals. At this time, you will find that the “birdcage effect” is actually not so terrible! 1.What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The application of the “birdcage effect” in life. B. The necessity of using the “birdcage effect” in life. C. The turning point of the author’s idea on the “birdcage effect”. D. The author’s conflict with her friend over the “birdcage effect”. 2.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning her middle school experience? A. To recall her delightful days at school. B. To explain the reason for her love with writing. C. To confirm the positive of the “birdcage effect”. D. To prove her knowledge of the “birdcage effect”. 3.How can we make use of the “birdcage effect” positively? A. By realizing this effect has two sides. B. By promoting our personal consumption. C. By recognizing this effect is not so terrible. D. By guiding our acts to go with reasonable goals. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Getting Rid of the Birdcage Effect Confidently B. Motivating Ourselves to Move Towards Our Goals C. The Birdcage Effect: Influence on Consumer Behavior D. The Birdcage Effect: How to Use It to Your Advantage Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川成都川大附中·期中）Humor has long been recognized for its positive effects, even in the darkest times. Laughter serves as a bridge, helping individuals get through pain. This is shown in Amy Herzog’s new play, Mary Jane. The play balances humor and heartbreak, providing a fresh idea on the trials of care giving and the strength of the human spirit. Mary Jane tells the story of a single mother who raises her disabled son, Alex. The play explores friendship, unconditional mother love, and hope and despair. Despite all the challenges she faces, Mary Jane’s life is filled with humor, offering the audience brief respites (喘息) from her emotional trouble. The play focuses on the characters’ emotional and psychological experiences rather than the physical presence of Alex who is mostly hidden from the audience. This is achieved by showing the influence of Alex’s condition through the eyes of those who care for him. The audience feels the weight of his absence and his various needs, which take up most of Mary Jane’s life. Mary Jane tries hard to meet the demands of her job while managing her son’s constant medical needs. Her interactions with the supporting characters show the importance of community support and humor that help her fight with her daily struggles. One of the most moving parts of the play is that of Mary Jane’s interactions with other mothers of disabled children. They exchange advice, encourage and entertain each other with humor. Norman Cousins, a professor, recorded his recovery from a severe illness through daily laughter. Cousins discovered that ten minutes of genuine laughter had an anesthetic (麻醉的) effect and gave him at least two hours of pain-free sleep. His findings show humor’s physical and psychological benefits. Research also supports the importance of laughter and humor, showing that it can reduce stress, improve mood and resilience. Humor positively and directly affects people’s health. This indicated that humor could buffer against stress and improve overall mental health. 1.What is the purpose of the text? A. To advertise a new play. B. To provide humor in our daily life. C. To introduce the way to be humorous. D. To emphasize the importance of humor. 2.Which words can describe Mary Jane? A. Careful and friendly. B. Loyal and hardworking. C. Strong and humorous. D. Curious and sensitive. 3.What can we learn from the play? A. The audience seldom see Alex in the play. B. Mary Jane has no friends. C. Mary Jane never goes out to work. D. Mary Jane has a considerate husband. 4.How do we know about Norman Cousins? A. He interacts with other mothers of disabled children. B. The community helps him a lot. C. He has a balanced diet. D. He recovers from his illness by laughing a lot. 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川南江中学·期中）People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why. Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes. “We demonstrate that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions,” Jack said. “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and overlook the mouth.” According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery reveals that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously assumed. As a consequence, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations. The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sorrowful, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies. It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than Westerners did. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions,” Jack said. “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.” In short, the data indicate that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation. 1.According to the passage, how do Easterners usually look at faces to read expressions? A. They look at the whole face evenly. B. They pay most attention to the eyes. C. They focus equally on the eyes and the mouth. D. They move their attention between different features quickly. 2.What were the subjects asked to do in the study? A. To make their faces impressive. B. To observe the researchers’ faces. C. To classify certain facial images. D. To make their eyes move in a specific pattern. 3.What are Easterners likely to do when compared with Westerners? A. Examine the eyes more attentively. B. Perform translation more skillfully. C. Focus more on the mouth frequently. D. Read facial expressions more accurately. 4.What is the best title for the passage? A. The Eye Serving as a Window into the Soul. B. Cultural Distinctions in Interpreting Emotions. C. How to Promote Cross-cultural Understanding. D. Effective Approaches to Developing Social Skills. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川成都川大附中·期中）Screens are replacing paper in almost every area of communication, but is this good for our mental health? Research shows that reading has many mental health benefits, yet most people choose screen time over books for entertainment. Even in schools, digital learning is taking over, making backpacks lighter but challenging students to stay focused. Reading short posts on social media reduces our attention span, making long books harder to enjoy. This type of reading also uses simple language, offering less exposure to rich vocabulary and ideas. Research indicates that comprehension is six to eight times better with physical books than e-readers. While people may read faster on devices, distractions like social media, ads, and notifications (通知) often prevent them from remembering what they read. Physical books provide a more immersive experience, helping readers understand and remember the content better. Holding a book, turning its pages, and highlighting favorite parts engage the body. Researchers say turning pages helps create a “mental map”, linking what we read to specific pages, which aids memory. The physical actions of reading a book— how you hold it, how your eyes move across the pages— create a unique experience. Unlike e-books, physical books offer a tangible (可感知的) experience, which is important for building strong mental connections. Physical books also offer a social experience that e-readers do not. Visiting a bookstore, asking a librarian for recommendations, or sharing a book with a friend are enjoyable aspects of reading. These social interactions are missed when downloading e-books. Most people strongly prefer printed books. In one study, 92 percent of students said they preferred print over e-books. There’s something special about holding a book, admiring its cover, and seeing your progress with a bookmarks. Reading physical books not only improves comprehension but also provides a richer, more engaging experience. 1.Why does digital learning challenge students? A. The content is too much. B. Digital devices are costly. C. The distractions are many. D. E-books are hard to find. 2.Which helps readers remember content better? A. Reading short media posts. B. Using e-readers to read. C. Surfing news websites. D. Reading physical books. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards physical books? A. Objective. B. Supportive. C. Critical. D. Tolerant. 4.What is the main focus of the text? A. Strengths of physical books. B. Benefits of digital learning. C. Dangers of digital devices. D. Changes in reading habits 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川德阳第五中学·期中）A major reason why plastic bags and yogurt containers aren’t recycled is that it’s much more frugal to make these products from the ground up than to recycle them. However, a new recycling technique promises a cost-effective way to turn these common plastic waste items into high-quality liquid fuels. What makes plastics useful, namely their strength and resistance to high temperatures, becomes an annoyance when it comes to recycling the materials. The strong carbon-carbon bonds in these plastics requires very high temperatures to break, making the process energy-consuming. Once the bonds break, the smaller molecules (分子) quickly form new bonds, resulting in unwanted chemicals. These byproducts then have to be broken down again, adding time and complexity. Researchers developed a way to transform these plastics into useful fuels at temperatures below 100℃, without creating any side products. They conduct the chemical reaction in the presence of a new type of catalyst (催化剂) in a special acidic solution. In these reaction conditions, as soon as the carbon bonds in the plastic break apart, new bonds form in a controlled way, giving off the chemicals called alkanes. The alkanes can be used either as a fuel or as raw material for new plastics. The entire reaction takes place in a single reaction container. It takes only three hours and occurs at 70℃. By comparison, existing recycling techniques typically require two stages, take much more time, and need temperatures of over 200°C. Up to now, this catalyst has been used in some factories. But it will take more research to know whether the technique can be translated to more occasions. If so, such a low-cost method to turn single-use plastics into high-value materials could go a long way in making the plastic economy sustainable. 1.What does the underlined word “frugal” mean in paragraph 1? A. typical. B. expensive. C. inexpensive. D. reasonable. 2.What can we know about plastics from paragraph 2? A. They stretch easily and quickly. B. They are productive in poisonous gases. C. They fail to resist heat perfectly. D. They are stable in chemical properties. 3.What does the new way of recycling plastics feature? A. Keeping new bonds from forming. B. Controlling acidity of the solution. C. Stressing cleanliness and speed. D. Extending functions of plastics. 4.What is researchers’ attitude toward the technique’s wide application? A. Cautious. B. Hopeless. C. Critical. D. Optimistic. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川阆中中学校·期中）Coral reefs(珊瑚礁) are a unique ocean ecosystem consisting of rocky structures mainly formed by coral animals and some other ocean life. Despite only covering 0. 2 percent of the ocean floor, coral reefs support at least 25 percent of marine species, as well as providing food and economic security for hundreds of millions of people. However, coral reefs across the world are under threat. Warmer oceans can cause the coral bleaching(漂白). It happens when the corals lose colored algae(海藻) living in their bodies and turn completely white. Without the algae, the corals lose their main food source and can die. In addition, as oceans become more acidic(酸性的) from absorbing CO₂, corals in acidic conditions become weak in forming reefs. In 2021, the United Nations reported a 14 percent loss of corals across the world largely from rising sea temperatures in the previous 13 years. Australia declared mass bleaching events in 2022 across large parts of the Great Barrier Reef, four times since 2016. Data from the Philippines showed higher than usual ocean temperatures between 2015 and 2017 had caused a serious three-year bleaching events in reefs across the planet. Scientists have been cooperating to see how coral reefs can be protected. Thankfully, they find those coral reefs in the hot parts of the globe are the worst affected. They contain corals with better heat resistance. So their research focus on finding genes(基因) for heat tolerance so that they can be passed on to future generations. Biologists also mix corals that are more resilient to higher temperatures with those that are not and the resulting generation has a better chance of survival. Ultimately, scientists add that without a serious decline in greenhouse gas, 99 percent of the world’s coral reefs will be gone by the end of the century. There is a limit to how quickly corals can adapt warm climate, but if temperatures rise rapidly, then extinction is certain. 1.Which is the main threat to coral reefs? A. Declining ocean acidification. B. Loss of colored algae. C. Increasing sea temperatures. D. Lack of food source. 2.What do we know from paragraph 3? A. No actions are taken to protect coral reefs. B. Coral bleaching is the worst in Australia. C. Coral reefs have grown rapidly for years. D. Coral reefs receive impacts globally. 3.What can be the basic way to protect coral reefs? A. Reducing greenhouse gas emission. B. Transplanting them to the hot parts. C. Relying on genes science. D. Limiting their spread. 4.Which can be the best title for the text? A. Where Are Coral Reefs Spread? B. How Can Coral Reefs Survive? C. Coral Reefs, A New Threat To Ocean Life D. Coral Reefs, A Busy Underwater Community Passage 3 （25-26高二上·四川南充高级中学·期中）Of the 8,300 million tons of new plastic produced up to the end of 2015, 6,300 million tons have been thrown away. Most of that plastic waste is still with us, buried in landfills or polluting the environment. Micro plastics have been found in Antarctic sea ice, in the guts of animals that live in the deepest ocean trenches (海沟) and in drinking water around the world. But what if we could wave a magic wand and remove all plastics from our lives? For the sake of the planet, it would be an attractive prospect — but we’d quickly find out just how far plastic has spread to every aspect of our existence. In hospitals, the loss of plastic would be disastrous. “Imagine trying to run a dialysis (透析) unit with no plastic,” says Sharon George, senior lecturer in environmental sustainability and green technology at Keele University in the UK. Plastic is used in gloves, tubing, blood bags, sample tubes and more. Some everyday plastic items are also vital for protecting health. Face masks — including plastic-based surgical masks and respirators (呼吸面罩) — have helped slow the spread of the COVID-19 virus. “A mask that you have for COVID is related to our safety and the safety of others,” says George. “The impact of taking that away could be loss of life if you took it away on a big scale.” Our food system would also quickly come apart. We use packaging to protect food from damage in transit and preserve it long enough to reach supermarket shelves. “I cannot imagine how plastic would be replaced completely in our system,” says Eleni Iacovidou, a lecturer in environmental management at Brunel University London. Replacing plastic packaging would set off a chain reaction in the environment. While glass has some advantages over plastic, such as being endlessly recyclable, a one-liter glass bottle can weigh as much as 800g compared to a 40g plastic one. When those heavier bottles and jars need to be transported over long distances, carbon emissions grow even more. It’s clear that replacing one material with another won’t solve all our plastic problems. 1.What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A. To give a definition. B. To report on a study. C. To introduce an argument. D. To describe a phenomenon. 2.Why does Sharon George mention a dialysis unit? A. To show the high cost of plastic medical products. B. To illustrate plastic’s necessity in medical work. C. To explain how dialysis units are usually operated. D. To compare plastic with other medical materials. 3.What is Eleni Iacovidou’s attitude toward removing plastic totally in food system? A. Doubtful. B. Supportive. C. Optimistic. D. Uninterested. 4.What does the author want to convey through the text? A. Plastic is too important to human life and should never be replaced. B. Medical and food industries depend entirely on plastic for development. C. Plastic pollution is the most serious environmental issue worldwide. D. Solving plastic problems requires more than simply replacing it with other materials. 主题语境06 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·四川德阳第五中学·期中）Have you ever been bitten by mosquitoes on a summer evening and wondered why they seem to target humans so persistently? A recent study published in a top scientific journal has uncovered a fascinating discovery: two hormones in female mosquitoes control their urge to bite. Female mosquitoes need blood to help their eggs develop, a process linked to their body cycles. Before searching for a host, their bodies produce more NPF, a hormone that makes them extremely hungry for blood. Think of it like a switch turning on their biting instinct. Once they bite and drink blood. NPF levels drop quickly, and their interest in biting fades. Scientists wanted to test if NPF really controls biting behavior. They used special tools to change the genes of female mosquitoes so they couldn’t produce NPF. The results were surprising: these mosquitoes showed 78% less interest in humans compared to normal mosquitoes. Lead scientist Dr. Li Hua explained, “Without NPF, mosquitoes lose the motivation to bite. It’s like turning off their hunger completely.” Another hormone, RYamide, acts like a brake. After a mosquito bites, RYamide levels rise and make the mosquito feel full. In experiments, when scientists gave RYamide to mosquitoes without eggs, their desire to bite decreased by 65%. However, this effect was weaker in mosquitoes that were carrying eggs. This shows that a mosquito’s egg-laying state also affects how much it wants to bite. Mosquitoes spread serious diseases like dengue and Zika, which make millions of people sick every year. Current methods like pesticides have problems — mosquitoes are becoming resistant to them, and they can harm the environment. This new study offers hope. By targeting these hormones, scientists might develop better ways to stop mosquitoes from spreading diseases. “We could create traps that trick mosquitoes into thinking they’re full,” said Dr. Michael O’Connor, another researcher. As global warming expands mosquito habitats, this research offers timely solutions. Future applications may include gene-edited mosquitoes unable to produce NPF or sprays that mimic RYamide to block biting behavior. Understanding these hormones not only solves a mystery of nature but also brings us closer to protecting public health. Next time you swat a mosquito, remember: science is working to make those bites a thing of the past. 1.What is the primary function of NPF in female mosquitoes? A. It helps eggs develop after feeding. B. It signals the body to start searching for blood. C. It increases hunger after blood consumption. D. It blocks the effects of RYamide. 2.What can be inferred about NPF? A. NPF is essential for mosquito survival. B. NPF makes mosquitoes hungry for blood. C. NPF controls biting behavior. D. NPF levels increase sharply after biting. 3.How might scientists use hormones to stop mosquito-related diseases? A. Increase NPF to cut mosquito feeding. B. Use RYamide traps to kill mosquitoes. C. Edit genes for NPF or RYamide control. D. Block RYamide to make mosquitoes bite more. 4.What is the suitable title for the passage? A. A slow process of NPF experiments. B. A helpful hormone for egg development. C. A practical solution to global warming. D. A scientific finding in mosquito control. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川南充西充中学·期中）The Double Ninth or the Chongyang Festival is a significant traditional festival in China, which falls on the ninth day of the ninth month of the lunar calendar. On this day, people celebrate the elderly people in society. The festival is a traditional festival in China, together with the New Year’s Eve, the Qingming Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Dragon Boat Festival all across China. Note that for the Chinese people, the number 9 is considered as the pole of a “Yang” number. So on the 9th day of the 9th month on the lunar calendar, it is called the double ninth day or Chongyang, which is where the festival gets its name from. Chinese and other Asian people celebrate the day. According to Chinese tradition, “Yang” is a symbol of good luck, which makes the Double-Ninth Day a great day. Celebrating the Double Ninth Festival allows you to appreciate the best of Chinese culture. The day’s activities include caring for the elderly people in society, eating the most fortunate food to drive danger out, like eating Chongyang cake, as well as drinking tea or wine from the chrysanthemum (菊花) and also enjoying outdoor activities like hiking the mountains on the day as a way of honoring nature and sending off evil spirits. Hiking up the mountain on the Double Ninth Festival started in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many poems about climbing high in Tang Dynasty, most of which are about the custom of Chongyang Festival. Du Fu’s seven-law “climbing high” is a famous poem about climbing high on Chongyang. There are no uniform (统一的) rules for climbing mountains or towers. 1.What’s the significance of the Double Ninth Festival? A. A day for remembering famous people. B. A traditional festival for honouring the aged. C. A traditional festival for ancestors worldwide. D. A day for welcoming Autumn and celebrating harvest. 2.What is one of the reasons why the Double Ninth Festival is important? A. Its being celebrated widely. B. Its custom. C. Its origin. D. Its “Yang” standing for good luck. 3.What do people do on the Double Ninth Festival? A. Care for the elders. B. Make chrysanthemum wine. C. Return home for the reunion dinner. D. Help the elderly climb up the mountain. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. The History of Double Ninth Festival B. The Celebration of Double Ninth Festival C. The Introduction to Double Ninth Festival D. The Activities of Double Ninth Festival Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川成都第七中学·期中）When unethical (不道德的) behavior is criticized, demands are often met with defensiveness and denial. How can we overcome this reaction? New research by Lauren Howe, an assistant professor at the University of Zurich, identifies a way that criticism can be more effective. A series of experiments involving more than 1,400 participants shows that criticized groups are more likely to take criticism to heart when the messenger not only criticizes the groups, but also shows concern for the issues that the criticized groups themselves face. When criticizing groups, messengers often address the group by pointing out how the group is causing harm to another group and asking them to change their ways. “What messengers may not realize is that when a person accuses a group of causing harm like this, right away, members of the group may believe that the messenger views their group as immoral and does not care about their outcomes,” Howe explains. “We find in our research that when messages include dual (双重的) concern by expressing concern for the group that is criticized while still accusing the group of causing harm, it reduces this problematic inference, and thus dual concern messages are more effective at encouraging members of a group to agree with the criticism of their own group.” The research tested the idea in campaigns: Participants read a poster advocating stopping prejudice against a group with whom they personally disagreed. The poster led participants to agree 8.6% more strongly that their disfavored group faced unfair and specific prejudices when the poster conveyed that the advocates also were concerned about the prejudices that many other groups faced. What the research shows, Howe summarizes, is that criticism works better when it is done with care. She suggests, “When messengers point out harm or wrongdoing, they might consider what challenges the group that they are accusing of harm faces.” Messengers may want to acknowledge these challenges, if appropriate, to signal to their audience that they are not dismissed as immoral. As messengers raise their voices to criticize one group for harming another group, their arguments are more persuasive when they emphasize concern for the criticized group. 1.What does the study by Lauren Howe mainly focus on? A. The impact of public criticism on individuals. B. The strategies for making criticism more effective. C. The effectiveness of public criticism in changing behavior. D. The importance of reducing defensive reactions to criticism. 2.Why might dual concern messages be useful? A. They focus on the benefits of changing behavior. B. They make the criticized group feel more powerful. C. They highlight the harm caused by the criticized group. D. They reduce the perceived moral judgment of the messenger. 3.What is mainly discussed in paragraph 4? A. How the researchers tested their idea. B. What the participants faced in criticism. C. How criticism helped participants in life. D. Why most participants couldn’t handle criticism. 4.What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Bitter criticism is much more effective. B. The harm caused by criticism is unavoidable. C. Expressing concern can make criticism more persuasive. D. Messengers should avoid criticizing groups facing challenges. 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·四川荣县中学校·期中）In a world of music streaming services, access to almost any song is just a few clicks away. Yet, the live concert lives on. People still poured into concert halls to hear their favourite musicians play. And now neuroscientists might know why: live music engages the brain’s emotion centres more than recorded music. Concerts are immersive (沉浸式的) social experiences in which people listen to and feel the music together. Moreover, they are dynamic — artists can adapt their playing according to the crowd’s reaction. It was this last difference that led neuroscientists, based at the Universities of Zurich and Oslo, to study the brain responses of people listening to music. In the “live” experiment, participants lay in an MRI scanner listening to the music through earphones, while a pianist was positioned outside the room. The pianist was shown the participant’s real-time brain activity as a form of feedback. In the recorded condition, participants listened to pre-recorded versions of the same tunes. The scientists were interested in how live music affected the areas of the brain responsible for processing emotions, particularly the amygdala, an area deep inside the brain. The results, just published in the journal PNAS, revealed that live music had a significantly greater emotional impact. Whether the music conveyed happiness or sadness, dynamic live performances led to increased activity not only in the amygdala but also other parts of the brain’s emotion processing network. The researchers also found that participants’ brain activity tracked the acoustic (声学的) features of the music, like tempo and pitch, far more closely when it was played live. While the study didn’t fully recreate the live concert experience, the findings suggest that artists’ ability to adjust their performance in real time contributes to the emotional resonance (共鸣) of live music. Some musical acts now attempt to recreate live concerts, such as ABBA Voyage, an immersive pre-recorded VR concert, but without artists’ capacity to read audience’s mood and respond accordingly, it will never quite match the real thing. 1.What caused the scientists to study music listeners’ brain response? A. People’s preference to recorded music. B. The important social function of concerts. C. The changeable characteristic of live music. D. The easy accessibility of streaming services. 2.How does scientists conduct the experiment? A. By comparing brain responses. B. By observing the crowds’ reaction. C. By analyzing participants’ feedback. D. By scanning listeners’ brain structure. 3.Why does live music feel better than recorded music? A. It offers a more traditional and raw sound. B. It engages the brain’s emotion centers more. C. It produces a sense of community and shared energy. D. It guarantees a deeper understanding of the music. 4.What does the author think of ABBA Voyage in the last paragraph? A. It fails to create a perfect performing atmosphere. B. It matches the sound quality of live performances. C. It greatly stirs up the audience’s emotional response. D. It lacks artists’ response based on audience’s feedback. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川南充西充中学·期中）In a study published in Nature Communications, researchers from the University of Zurich told 50 people they’d be receiving about $100. Half of the people were asked to spend that money on themselves, and half were asked to spend it on someone they knew. Before giving out any money, the researchers brought everyone into the lab and asked them to think about a friend they’d like to give a gift to and how much they would spend. They then performed functional MRI scans ( 扫描) to get to know activity in three parts of the brain related to social behavior, generosity, happiness and decision-making. Their choices — and their brain activity — seemed to depend on how they had promised to spend the money earlier. Those who had promised to spend money on other people tended to make more generous decisions throughout the experiment ( 实验). They also had more interaction between the parts of the brain related to altruism ( 无私) and happiness, and they reported higher levels of happiness after the experiment was over. Another piece of good news was that planning to give away just a little bit of money had the same effects on happiness as giving away a lot. “At least in our study, the amount spent did not matter,” says lead author Philippe Tobler. “Even little things have a beneficial effect — like bringing coffee to one’s workmates.” It’s not yet clear how long these warm feelings last after being generous. But studies have shown that older people who are generous tend to have better health, says Tobler, and other research has suggested that spending money on others can be effective at lowering blood pressure. “Moreover, there is a positive connection between helping others and life expectancy (预期寿命) ,” he adds. Next time you think that the best way to make yourself feel better is to buy yourself a treat, consider that the opposite is likely true. “It is worth giving it a try, even if you think it would not work,” Tobler says. “Repeated practice is probably needed so that giving becomes second nature.” 1.What did the researchers find out about those promising to spend money on other people? A. They were much happier. B. They had less brain activity. C. They were slower at making decisions. D. They experienced higher levels of stress. 2.What does Tobler want to explain by mentioning bringing coffee to workmates? A. It isn’t hard to behave generously. B. Being generous will pay off in the end. C. The amount of generosity did not matter. D. Small acts of generosity can be seen everywhere. 3.What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A. Ways to show generosity. B. Health benefits of being generous. C. Reasons for performing acts of generosity. D. Influences generous people have on others. 4.What does Tobler suggest people do in the last paragraph? A. Practice giving and make it a habit. B. Don’t expect anything in return when giving. C. Don’t believe happiness depends on a good treat. D. Perform something good even if it may have a bad result. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川成都第七中学·期中）This is a story about two kinds of intelligence: artificial intelligence and emotional intelligence. How often do we hear these two terms together? But now SoftBank, a Japanese company, is using AI to create a tool known as Soft Voice. This tool adjusts the voices of angry customers so that call center employees can avoid dealing with trouble. The new tool, Soft Voice, will monitor callers’ voices in real time, detect if they become abusive (辱骂的), and change their tone (语气) of voice to make it easier on the employee’s ears. SoftBank insists it won’t change the words that customers say, but instead will do things like lower an angry voice to make it less grating. SoftVoice supposedly won’t remove 100 percent of the angry tone, so that call center employees will know objectively that a customer is angry. But it will remove enough to remove any sign of abuse. As an added feature, the SoftVoice AI product will also detect if a customer’s abuse has gone on too long and play an automated message that says: “We regret to inform you that we are going to discontinue our service.” Now, as much as this is an artificial intelligence development, it’s also a great example of using AI to increase emotional intelligence. And that’s what this AI product does: remove the expression of other people’s unhelpful emotions, making it easier for employees to do their jobs. The possibilities seem endless — and I admit, potentially worrying. Imagine a future where many people in the same conversation could use technology like Soft Voice in real time to change each other’s emotions — or even their word choice. Or imagine people using AI to change the tone of what they say. The tone sometimes determines the content; would companies be on the hook (担负责任) for an employee’s AI-driven promise to a customer if it slightly changed the meaning? Still, at least it sounds like it’s designed to improve people’s lives. 1.Why does SoftBank develop Soft Voice? A. To protect employees from angry customers. B. To simplify difficult work. C. To treat mental problems. D. To comfort customers. 2.What does the underlined word “grating” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Hurried. B. Pleasant. C. Annoying. D. Understandable. 3.What potential future concern does the author mention regarding technologies like Soft Voice? A. It will break promises. B. It will mainly be used in call centers. C. It may cause potential problems later. D. It may completely remove customers’ anger. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. The Rise of Artificial Intelligence in Japan B. SoftBank: A Leader in Emotional Intelligence C. Using AI to Manage Human Emotions at Work D. The Challenges Faced by Call Center Employees Passage 3 （25-26高二上·四川泸州泸县·期中）Established earthquake warning systems provide at best just a minute or two of notice, leaving little time for preparedness. Decades of searching for a better warning sign-changes in the geochemistry of groundwater, electromagnetic effects in the upper atmosphere, and even changes in animal behavior-have failed. Many question whether such a precursor (先兆) even exists. This situation may change soon, as recent research is providing a glimmer of hope for improved earthquake prediction. Researchers Quentin Bletery and Jean-Mathieu Nocquet from Cote d’Azur University in France collected data from over 90 earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 7 that had occurred in the past two decades.They focused on GPS station records near these quakes, which accurately captured land movement every 5 minutes with millimeter precision. They analyzed more than 3,000 time series of motion in the 48 hours leading up to the main ruptures (断裂). They noticed that, in the first 46 hours, the records showed no significant features. However, during the 2 hours before the earthquake, they noticed signs of increasing movement along the fault zones (断层带). Essentially, there’s a slip between plates causing the land above them to move in a measurable, horizontal direction. Could this be just a coincidence? The probability of this increase happening just before the quake and being unrelated is extremely low, and the researchers confirmed this by analyzing 100,000 random time windows in non-earthquake GPS data. The pattern occurred only 0.03% of the time in non-earthquake data. While this precursor signal won’t be used for warnings anytime soon, officials from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) admit that this new study provides valuable insights into how to improve their warning systems-GPS data can grease the wheels of early earthquake warnings. The researchers admit there are still a number of steps away from putting this precursor signal into use, particularly since detecting subtle signals at individual faults requires more GPS stations. But the biggest problem is that many of the world’s earthquake regions have no instrumentation. “We can’t realize the detection at the scale of one earthquake, so we cannot make predictions,” Bletery said. 1.What remains a tough problem for scientists? A. Determining the magnitude of an earthquake. B. Finding a way to detect earthquakes in early stages. C. Measuring atmospheric changes during earthquakes. D. Identifying animals’ possible responses to earthquakes. 2.What did the researchers find through their data analysis? A. The chance of main ruptures occurring in fault zones. B. The accuracy of GPS in recording land movement. C. The existence of a two-hour precursory phase. D. The horizontal slip within the first 46 hours. 3.What does the underlined part “grease the wheels of” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Distinguish. B. Contradict. C. Overmatch. D. Facilitate. 4.What holds back the practical application of the new findings? A. The inaccessibility of precursor signals. B. The complexity of updating GPS equipment. C. The challenge of identifying earthquake regions. D. The inconsistent slip patterns of different earthquakes. 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·四川内江威远中学·期中）We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007. As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices—we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放)more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. So what’s the solution? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%. 1.Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research? A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product. C. To update consumers on new technology. D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices. 2.Which of the following uses the least energy? A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer. 3.What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices? A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川成都青羊区石室中学-12月·期中）If you ask a Westerner to name a successful Chinese consumer-goods brand, most would have struggled until recently. Although China is the world’s leading manufacturing power, it has long fallen behind in creating imaginative, home-grown retail (零售) brands and products. That, however, is beginning to change. Innovative Chinese brands are appearing everywhere. From Stockholm to Sydney, the electric cars silently passing by are increasingly likely to be Chinese. Mixue, an ice-cream and cold drinks company, has overtaken McDonald’s to become the world’s largest fast-food chain by number of outlets. It is expanding in South America, as is Meituan, a Beijing-based delivery app. Chagee, a chain of tea shops, is on track to have at least 1, 300 stores outside China by the end of 2027, mostly in Southeast Asia; just a few years ago, it had almost none. Meanwhile, Pop Mart, a Chinese toy company, has created a buzz as much as Disney with its unusual grinning nine-toothed dolls, called Labubus. It is impossible not to admire the creative force behind these successful enterprises. Western consumers have been buying products made in China for decades. However, these goods were mostly designed by and produced for foreign companies. Chinese brands were long regarded as low-quality and lacking creativity. New companies are now challenging these old assumptions. Many proudly emphasize their Chinese heritage. For example, Chagee’s logo features a Peking Opera singer in full costume, and its name comes from “Farewell, My Concubine,” a classic Chinese opera. The video game “Black Myth: Wukong,” one of the most successful ever, features the Monkey King from the 16th-century novel Journey to the West. Today, many Chinese brands compete not only on price but also on quality. Chagee’s drinks can even be as expensive as Starbucks’. Western companies will need to wake up and take notice of bubble tea. In the future, they will have to make more efforts to understand Chinese consumers’ unique tastes. Some may even partner with innovative Chinese firms to gain insight and inspiration. Competition from China could eventually push Disney, Mattel toys, and other major Western brands to reach new levels of creativity. 1.What does the underlined part “created a buzz” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Caused public excitement. B. Made a loud noise. C. Lost great popularity. D. Received negative comments. 2.How did the western consumers find Chinese brands? A. Full of imagination. B. Short of creativity. C. Quality guaranteed. D. Mass produced. 3.What is the author’s advice for the western brands? A. Notice different bubble tea. B. Ignore the Chinese influence. C. Cooperate with Chinese brands. D. Lower the price of the products. 4.What is the passage mainly about? A. The history of Chinese retail brands. B. How foreign firms win Chinese customers. C. Why Chinese products were unpopular before. D. The rise of innovative Chinese brands globally. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了中国消费品牌在全球范围内迅速崛起的现象。尽管过去中国以制造为主，缺乏自主品牌，但现在像Mixue、Meituan、Chagee等创新品牌已在全球市场取得成功，引发西方品牌的关注和反思，迫使它们重视中国市场和合作。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据文章第二段中“Meanwhile, Pop Mart, a Chinese toy company, has created a buzz as much as Disney with its unusual grinning nine - toothed dolls, called Labubus.(与此同时，中国玩具公司泡泡玛特凭借其不同寻常的咧嘴露九颗牙的玩偶Labubus，引起了和迪士尼一样的……。)”可知，泡泡玛特凭借其独特的玩偶和迪士尼一样引起了公众的广泛关注和兴奋，所以“created a buzz”意思是“引起了公众的兴奋”。A选项“Caused public excitement.(引发公众的兴奋)”符合语境。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“However, these goods were mostly designed by and produced for foreign companies. Chinese brands were long regarded as low-quality and lacking creativity. (然而，这些商品大多是由外国公司设计并生产的。长期以来，中国品牌一直被认为质量低劣且缺乏创新性。)”可知，西方消费者认为中国品牌缺乏创造力。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Some may even partner with innovative Chinese firms to gain insight and inspiration.(一些西方公司甚至可能与创新的中国公司合作，以获得洞察力和灵感。)”可知，作者建议西方品牌与中国品牌合作。C选项“Cooperate with Chinese brands.( 与中国品牌合作。)”符合题意。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中“Although China is the world’s leading manufacturing power, it has long fallen behind in creating imaginative, home-grown retail (零售) brands and products. That, however, is beginning to change.(尽管中国是全球领先的制造业大国，但长期以来，在打造富有创意、本土原创的零售品牌及产品方面，中国一直落后于其他国家。不过，这种情况正在发生改变。)”以及第二段中“Innovative Chinese brands are appearing everywhere.(创新的中国品牌无处不在。)”以及后文对中国品牌在全球崛起的描述可知，文章主要讲述了创新的中国品牌在全球的崛起。D选项“The rise of innovative Chinese brands globally.(中国创新品牌在全球范围内的崛起。)”符合题意。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川成都树德中学·期中）Fooled by Randomness is a famous book in Nassim Nicholas Taleb’s landmark Incerto series, an investigation of luck, uncertainty, probability, human error, risk, and decision-making in a world we don’t understand. Now in a striking new hardcover edition, Fooled by Randomness will change the way you think about business and the world. Nassim Nicholas Taleb has written a modern classic that turns on its head what we believe about luck and skill. This book is about luck — or more precisely, about how we perceive and deal with luck in life and business. Set against the background of the most notable forum in which luck is mistaken for skill — the world of trading — Fooled by Randomness provides captivating insight into one of the least understood factors in all our lives. Writing in an entertaining narrative style, the author tackles major intellectual issues related to the underestimation of the influence of happenstance on our lives. The book is populated with a number of characters, some of whom have grasped, in their own way, the significance of chance: the baseball legend Yogi Berra; the philosopher of knowledge KarlPopper; the modern financier George Soros; and the Greek voyager Odysseus. We also meet the fictional Nero, who seems to understand the role of randomness in his professional life but falls victim to his own irrational foolishness. However, the most recognizable character of all remains unnamed — the lucky fool who happens to be in the right place at the right time — he embodies the “survival of the least fit.” Such individuals attract devoted followers who believe in their mentor’s (导师) insights and methods. But no one can copy what is obtained by chance. Are we capable of distinguishing the fortunate charlatan (冒充内行的人) from the genuine innovator? Must we always try to uncover nonexistent messages in random events? It may be impossible to guard ourselves against the unpredictability of the goddess. Fortunately, but after reading Fooled by Randomness we can be a little better prepared. 1.What is Fooled by Randomness mainly about? A. The success of modern traders. B. The importance of skill in trading. C. The role of luck in life and business. D. The impact of human errors on decision-making. 2.What’s the purpose of mentioning the characters in paragraph 4? A. To emphasize their success in the trading world. B. To highlight the significance of their achievements. C. To illustrate how foolishness always leads to failure. D. To show examples of those who understood randomness. 3.What does “lucky fool” in paragraph 5 really refer to? A. A trader known for their skill and achievements. B. A scholar famous for their insights and methods. C. A person who foolishly undervalues hard work and devotion. D. Someone who succeeds mainly by chance rather than by skill. 4.According to the passage, what mistake do people often make? A. They underestimate their personal abilities. B. They overlook significant events in daily life. C. They depend heavily on guidance from mentors. D. They fail to see how chance contributes to their success. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. D　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了纳西姆・尼古拉斯・塔勒布的著作《随机漫步的傻瓜》：该书聚焦“运气在生活与商业中的作用”，以交易领域为背景，通过真实与虚构人物案例，探讨人们对随机性的认知误区，帮助读者更好地应对不确定性。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“This book is about luck — or more precisely, about how we perceive and deal with luck in life and business. (这本书是关于运气的，或者更确切地说，是关于我们如何在生活和商业中感知和处理运气的)”可知，该书核心内容是运气在生活与商业中的角色。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“The book is populated with a number of characters, some of whom have grasped, in their own way, the significance of chance: the baseball legend Yogi Berra; the philosopher of knowledge Karl Popper; the modern financier George Soros; and the Greek voyager Odysseus. (这本书中有许多人物，其中一些人以自己的方式掌握了机会的意义：棒球传奇人物尤吉·贝拉；知识哲学家卡尔·波普尔；现代金融家乔治·索罗斯；还有希腊航海家奥德修斯)”可知，提及这些人物是为了举例说明那些以自身方式理解随机性重要性的人。故选D。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第五段“However, the most recognizable character of all remains unnamed — the lucky fool who happens to be in the right place at the right time — he embodies the “survival of the least fit.”(然而，最知名的角色仍然没有命名——the lucky fool ，碰巧在正确的时间出现在正确的地方——他体现了“最不合适的人的生存”)”以及第六段“Such individuals attract devoted followers who believe in their mentor’s (导师) insights and methods. But no one can copy what is obtained by chance.(这些人吸引了忠实的追随者，他们相信导师的见解和方法。但没有人能复制偶然获得的东西)”可知，lucky fool碰巧在正确的时间出现在正确的地方，指“恰好天时地利成功、靠运气而非技能的人”。故选D。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Writing in an entertaining narrative style, the author tackles major intellectual issues related to the underestimation of the influence of happenstance on our lives.(作者以一种有趣的叙事风格写作，探讨了与低估偶然事件对我们生活的影响有关的主要知识问题)”、第五段 “However, the most recognizable character of all remains unnamed — the lucky fool who happens to be in the right place at the right time — he embodies the “survival of the least fit.”(然而，最知名的角色仍然没有命名——the lucky fool ，碰巧在正确的时间出现在正确的地方——他体现了“最不合适的人的生存”)”以及第六段“Such individuals attract devoted followers who believe in their mentor’s (导师) insights and methods. But no one can copy what is obtained by chance.(这些人吸引了忠实的追随者，他们相信导师的见解和方法。但没有人能复制偶然获得的东西)”可知，人们常犯的错误是未能意识到运气对成功的贡献，将运气误认为技能。故选D。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·四川绵竹中学·期中）The concept of “China chic”, or guochao, has become popular in recent years. According to relevant data, the search volume for the keyword “Guochao” increased by 392.66% year-on-year from January to July 2022. The Baidu 2021 Guochao Pride Search Big Data Report revealed that interest in guochao has skyrocketed over the past 10 years. Domestic products are now in fashion, and domestic consumption has increasingly become an important choice for the new generation of consumers. China chic integrates unique cultural elements with the latest trends across various industries. It not only meets younger consumers’ desire for personality and fashion but also helps revive traditional culture. The rise of China chic is a result of China’s rapid economic development and is driven by certain cultural motivations. Additionally, the continuous improvement of Chinese people’s consumption power is an important factor behind the rise of China chic. Most importantly, cultural confidence is the driving force behind the rise of China chic. Five thousand years of Chinese civilization have left behind a rich cultural heritage. In many ways, guochao is the perfect representative of the new wave of Chinese cultural pride. Originating in the fashion industry, this trend reflects Chinese consumers’ renewed interest in their cultural heritage. The guochao trend is strongest among young adults who have grown up in an increasingly powerful China and thus possess a strong sense of national pride. China’s national strength is growing, and its soft power is also on the rise. Even so, we still have a long way to go in promoting China chic. But as it has become a part of people’s lives, there is no doubt that even more diverse China chic products will emerge in the future to showcase Chinese charm. 1.What does the underlined word “skyrocketed” in the first paragraph mean? A. Risen sharply. B. Dropped obviously. C. Remained stable. D. Changed slightly. 2.Which best describes “China chic”? A. It aims mainly to promote Chinese exports. B. It mixes traditional culture with current trends. C. It attracts mostly middle-aged and older consumers. D. It draws major inspiration from Western fashion styles. 3.What is identified as the primary driver behind the rise of China chic? A. The expansion of China’s economy. B. The growth in people’s purchasing power. C. A renewed sense of cultural identity. D. The influence of social media on the youth. 4.What does the author imply about the future of China chic? A. It will soon lead global fashion. B. It will need more policy support. C. It will remain a small market. D. It will continue to develop and diversify. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍国潮的流行、特点及发展动因与前景。 (1)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第一段中“According to relevant data, the search volume for the keyword “Guochao” increased by 392.66% year-on-year from January to July 2022. (根据相关数据显示，2022年1月至7月，“国潮”关键词的搜索量同比增长了392.66%)”可知，国潮关键词搜索量同比大幅增长，由此可推测划线词与选项A含义相近，意为“急剧上升”。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“China chic integrates unique cultural elements with the latest trends across various industries. (“国潮”将独特的文化元素与各行业的最新潮流相融合)”可知，国潮将独特文化元素与最新潮流融合。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Most importantly, cultural confidence is the driving force behind the rise of China chic. (最重要的是，文化自信是国潮兴起的核心驱动力)”可知，国潮兴起的核心驱动力是文化自信，即“重新焕发的文化认同感”。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But as it has become a part of people’s lives, there is no doubt that even more diverse China chic products will emerge in the future to showcase Chinese charm. (但随着它已逐渐融入人们的日常生活，毫无疑问，未来将涌现出更多样化的国潮产品，向世界展现独特的中国魅力)”可知，作者认为未来会出现更多元的国潮产品，即国潮将“继续发展并多元化”。故选D。 Passage 4 （25-26高二上·四川射洪中学校·期中）Blind boxes are probabilistic products, which are products that allow consumers to purchase one of a set of products at random under specific conditions. B. F. Skinner, a famous American psychologist, who believes that human behavior is mastered by external factors. If the external stimulus (刺激物) is favorable to the person, the behavior will be repeated. The randomness of the blind box inspires consumers to buy, and for the buyer, the purchase of the blind box gains inner satisfaction. It is this unique experience that stimulates repeated purchases and thus addiction. The blind box market is popular with the “Generation Z” crowd. Most of them are only children, with strong loneliness and a desire for a sense of belonging. According to a survey, 57% of Gen Z said they “have to have what others have and don’t want to be disliked by their peers”. The group of trendy players shares emotions, thus establishing more connections and boosting the identity of the group. Blind boxes can soften the awkwardness of interactions in social situations as they are integrated into people’s daily lives. Probabilistic selling can be used as a tool to clearly identify target consumers and their needs. It seemed that Pop Mart’s popularity was an overnight success, but its first store opened in Beijing in 2010. Ever since, it has been exploring and upgrading the products through blind box marketing, finding the most popular items, to figure out product packages that suit the company’ s sales strategies and make the company more and more welcomed by the market. While trying to stimulate consumption demand with such marketing, companies should be aware of the hidden risks. Blind box sellers should not hold the surprise tricks as a way to fool consumers, nor randomly include products in blind boxes. Consumers may not return for repeat purchases if they feel cheated once. Also, the knowledge of how to plan blind box combinations and how to sell them is critical. Once the wave of blind boxes subsides, a company without good products may never be able to catch the next wave. 1.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. The buyers’ attempt to gain inner satisfaction. B. The official definition of random purchase. C. The external factors about repetitive behavior. D. The psychological mechanism behind blind boxes. 2.What do the blind boxes function as in the “Generation Z” crowd? A. The social tools. B. The emotional cues. C. The confidence boosters. D. The financial indicators. 3.What is the key to Pop Mart’s success? A. The cautious planning of production. B. The ongoing upgrade of sales strategies. C. The interaction with target consumers. D. The sharp insight into the market. 4.How can blind box sellers survive in the market? A. Publicizing the company to earn reputation. B. Using surprise tricks to attract consumers. C. Providing solid products that deliver value. D. Avoiding the hidden risks of false advertising. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，主要分析了盲盒受欢迎的心理学机制、其在 Z 世代中的社交功能、泡泡玛特等品牌的成功原因，以及盲盒商家需注意的风险与生存关键。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段“The randomness of the blind box inspires consumers to buy, and for the buyer, the purchase of the blind box gains inner satisfaction. It is this unique experience that stimulates repeated purchases and thus addiction.(盲盒的随机性激发消费者购买，对购买者而言，购买盲盒能获得内心满足。正是这种独特体验刺激了重复购买，进而导致成瘾)”可知，该段解释了盲盒促使消费者重复购买并成瘾的心理层面原因，即盲盒背后的心理机制。 故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“The group of trendy players shares emotions, thus establishing more connections and boosting the identity of the group. Blind boxes can soften the awkwardness of interactions in social situations as they are integrated into people’s daily lives.(潮流玩家群体分享情感，从而建立更多联系，增强群体认同感。随着盲盒融入人们的日常生活，它们能够缓解社交场景中互动的尴尬)”可知，盲盒能帮助 Z 世代缓解社交尴尬、促进群体交流，起到了社交工具的作用。 故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Ever since, it has been exploring and upgrading the products through blind box marketing, finding the most popular items, to figure out product packages that suit the company’ s sales strategies and make the company more and more welcomed by the market.(从那以后，该公司通过盲盒营销不断探索和升级产品，寻找最受欢迎的单品，制定符合公司销售策略的产品包装，从而使其在市场上越来越受欢迎)”可知，Pop Mart的成功在于通过盲盒营销持续探索、升级产品并优化销售策略，核心是对销售策略的持续升级。 故选B。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段“Blind box sellers should not hold the surprise tricks as a way to fool consumers, nor randomly include products in blind boxes.(盲盒销售者不应将 “惊喜” 手段当作欺骗消费者的方式，也不应随意在盲盒中放置产品)”以及“Once the wave of blind boxes subsides, a company without good products may never be able to catch the next wave.(一旦盲盒热潮退去，没有好产品的公司可能永远无法抓住下一波机遇)”可知，盲盒商家要在市场中生存，关键是提供优质、有价值的产品。 故选C。 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·四川绵竹中学·期中）Prehistoric people may have used firelight to create the illusion (错觉) of movement in their art. An analysis of 50 carved stones dug up in France suggests that when the stones were placed near a fire, the light made the carved animals appear to move, researchers reported on April 20 in PLOS ONE. These stones, or “plaquettes”, were discovered in the 1860s in a rock shelter called Montastruc and were carved with images of animals such as horses and deer. The site was used by Magdalenian people, hunter-gatherers who inhabited the area between 23,000 and 14,000 years ago. The researchers analyzed heat damage on the stones, which indicated that they had been exposed directly to high temperatures for prolonged periods, and created 3D models of the stones. These models were imported into virtual reality software and placed next to a virtual hearth (壁炉炉床) so that the heat-damaged areas were closest to the flames, simulating how the stones might have been arranged in real life. The researchers then observed the visual effects under the virtual firelight. “It was surprising to see how dynamic the art was and how much your experience of the art changed with something as simple as placing it near a fire,” says Andy Needham, an archaeologist at the University of York in England. He suggests that the artists intentionally carved along the contours (轮廓) of the rock to use the flickering firelight to create an impression of meaningful movement. The finding enhances archaeologists’ understanding of the relationship between early humans’ artwork and fire. Another recent study found that Stone Age humans created “hidden” art in dark caves that could only be illuminated and viewed with appropriate lighting. 1.What is known about the carved stones from the text? A. They were found in Spain in the 1860s. B. They were carved with animals in motion. C. They were made by Magdalenian people about 14,000 years ago. D. They showed animals like horses and deer. 2.Why did the researchers create 3D models and place them near a virtual hearth? A. To measure the exact temperature of the flames. B. To imitate how the stones might have been used with fire. C. To repair the heat-damaged areas on the stones. D. To identify the types of animals carved on the stones. 3.What does Andy Needham suggest about the ancient artists? A. They preferred to work in dark caves. B. They avoided carving near the edges of the stones. C. They had a deep understanding of visual effects. D. They might have relied on firelight while carving the stones. 4.What is a suitable title for the text? A. Hidden Art in Dark Caves B. How Ancient People Made Tools from Stones C. A New Study on Hunter-Gatherer Life in France D. The Effect of Firelight on Ancient Art Perception 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于史前人类可能利用火光使雕刻动物产生运动错觉的研究。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“These stones, or “plaquettes”, were discovered in the 1860s in a rock shelter called Montastruc and were carved with images of animals such as horses and deer. (这些石板，或称为plaquettes，最早于19世纪60年代在一处名为Montastruc的岩棚中被发现，上面刻有马、鹿等动物的图像)”可知，这些石板上雕刻着马和鹿等动物的图像。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“These models were imported into virtual reality software and placed next to a virtual hearth so that the heat-damaged areas were closest to the flames, simulating how the stones might have been arranged in real life. The researchers then observed the visual effects under the virtual firelight. (这些模型被导入虚拟现实软件中，并放置在虚拟壁炉旁，使受热损坏的区域最靠近火焰，以此模拟这些石板在现实生活中的可能摆放方式。随后，研究人员观察了在虚拟火光下的视觉效果)”可知，研究人员是为了模拟这些石头在现实生活中可能被摆放的方式，并观察在虚拟火光下的视觉效果。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中“He suggests that the artists intentionally carved along the contours of the rock to use the flickering firelight to create an impression of meaningful movement. (他提出，艺术家们可能是有意沿着岩石的轮廓进行雕刻，以便利用摇曳的火光创造出富有意义的动态印象)”可知,这种有意地利用光影效果来达到有意义的运动的艺术表现，表明他们对视觉效果有深入的理解。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段中“Prehistoric people may have used firelight to create the illusion of movement in their art. (史前人类可能曾利用火光在他们的艺术作品中制造出运动的错觉)”可知，文章开篇就提出史前人类利用火光，随后第二、三段详细描述了研究人员如何通过模拟火光来验证这一假设，并引用考古学家的观点支持火光在艺术感知中的作用。最后一段也提到火光与早期人类艺术的关系。因此，文章的核心内容是探讨火光对古代艺术感知的影响。故选D。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·四川仁寿第一中学·期中）Here’s what Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: “It is only ideas gained from walking that have any worth.” Researchers have discovered numerous connections between walking and producing ideas. A Stanford University study found that participants were 81 percent more creative when walking in contrast with sitting. The movement aspect of walking is obviously key. You’ve probably heard the phrase “exercise your creativity”, which refers to the brain as muscle. Our creative mindset is triggered (触发) by physical movement, which is exactly why walking-with your dog, a friend, or alone-feeds creative thinking. But the scenery is almost as important as the sweat. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey indicates that Americans spend 87 percent of their time indoors. Being inside, you’re more prone (倾向于) to stagnation, the opposite of energy. Without energy, you can’t wonder or create. Just by going outside, you are stepping out of your habitual surroundings and your comfort zone, which is necessary if you want to open your mind to new possibilities. Our brains work harder to process in different environments, so walking outside develops our ability to learn new ideas, to take in new sights, sounds, smells, and flavors. Shinrin-yoku, or “forest bathing,” is a common form of relaxation and medicine in Japan. It was developed in 1982, and recent studies show that being in the forest and walking among the trees lowers your stress levels. But you don’t have to live near a forest to receive the psychological benefits. Research has shown that being in nature, and the disconnection from multimedia and technology, increased performance on a creative problem-solving task by a full 50 percent in a group of hikers. So instead of setting a fitness goal, why not set a creativity goal that starts with walking? Engage more closely with your surroundings for the next four weeks. Turn off your phone and give yourself the chance to be present in the world, to hear conversations and natural sounds, to notice the way people move, the way the sun reflects in a puddle. Walk not just for exercise. Walk for wonder. 1.What does the author stress in Paragraph 2? A. Physical activity contributes to mental production. B. People release their creativity in company. C. Walking dogs promotes creative thinking. D. Brain will develop with regular use. 2.What contributes to people’s energy according to the National Human Activity Pattern Survey? A. The chance encounter. B. The comfort zone. C. A change of scene. D. A workout. 3.What does the author suggest? A. Taking a walk in a forest. B. Improving the physical fitness. C. Connecting with the outside world. D. Getting rid of electronic devices. 4.Which of the following is the best title of the text? A. Relaxation is inseparable from creative inspiration B. Your brain was made for walking C. Walk out of your comfort zone D. Mind and body are closely related 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是篇说明文。作者主要向人们讲述了走路对创意灵感产生的重要性。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段的“Our creative mindset is triggered (触发) by physical movement, which is exactly why walking-with your dog, a friend, or alone-feeds creative thinking.(我们的创造性思维是由身体运动引发的，这就是为什么散步——和你的狗、朋友或独自散步——能激发创造性思维的原因。)”可知，本段作者在强调“体力活动有助于脑力劳动”。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段的“But the scenery is almost as important as the sweat. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey indicates that Americans spend 87 percent of their time indoors. Being inside, you’re more prone (倾向于) to stagnation, the opposite of energy. Without energy, you can’t wonder or create. Just by going outside, you are stepping out of your habitual surroundings and your comfort zone, which is necessary if you want to open your mind to new possibilities.(但风景几乎和汗水一样重要。美国国家人类活动模式调查显示，美国人87%的时间是在室内度过的。在室内，你更容易陷入停滞，这与能量相反。没有能量，你就无法惊奇或创造。只要走出去，你就走出了你习惯的环境和你的舒适区，如果你想打开你的思想，接受新的可能性，这是必要的。)”可知，根据National Human Activity Pattern Survey的调查换换环境对人们的能量有贡献，故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Engage more closely with your surroundings for the next four weeks. Turn off your phone and give yourself the chance to be present in the world, to hear conversations and natural sounds, to notice the way people move, the way the sun reflects in a puddle.(在接下来的四周里，更密切地接触你周围的环境。关掉你的手机，给自己一个机会，让自己活在这个世界上，去听人们的谈话和自然的声音，去注意人们的行动方式，去注意太阳在水坑里反射的方式。)”可知，作者建议人们走出去，打开视野，建立与人和自然的连接。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Researchers have discovered numerous connections between walking and producing ideas. A Stanford University study found that participants were 81 percent more creative when walking in contrast with sitting.(研究人员已经发现了走路和产生想法之间的许多联系。斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，与坐着相比，参与者走路时的创造力要高出81%。)”可知，作者向人们讲述了走路对创意灵感产生的重要性，因此最好的题目是B选项“Your brain was made for walking(你的大脑是为行走而生的)”，故选B。 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川仁寿第一中学校南校区-11月·期中）Keeping pace with teachers is a fine way to study English. Teachers are experienced and their plans are systematic. But remember to work in a way that suits you. It's important to learn from past mistakes as well. Keep a notebook to make a record of the mistakes you make — It'll help you avoid making the same ones later. The time of life may be hard, but you're not alone. You may be busy studying, but you can show your care by calling your friends or sending short messages. Don't let your friendships die. It's as important to live well as it is to study well. Going to bed no later than 11:30 pm is important. It puts you in the right mood for the next day. You needn't follow a special diet, but make sure you are eating nutritious meals each day. The person who plays well studies well. Having a lot of schoolwork doesn't mean having to give up other activities. Playing basketball or having a talk with your classmates can relax yourself.Time out is not a waste of time but helps you study more efficiently. Besides taking the College Entrance Examination, you have other choices for college. Some students even apply for studying abroad. Pay attention to the useful information you can find, whether it's from school, the news media or other sources. 1.What should you do if you want to keep your friendship fresh? A. Have frequent talks with them. B. Always have lunch with them. C. Make them at some distance. D. Keep connected by some means. 2.The third paragraph is mainly about________. A. health B. friendship C. relaxation D. study 3.What does the underlined phrase “Time out” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. An activity without a break. B. Sleeping outdoors. C. A pause from studying. D. Studying outside. 4.Who is the passage mainly written for? A. Headmasters. B. Students. C. Teachers. D. Parents. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. C　4. B 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了高中生活充满了挑战，要想实现自己的理想，就要遵循提示和建议。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“but you can show your care by calling your friends or sending short messages.”（但是可以通过给朋友打电话或发送短消息来表示关心。）可知，要保持友谊，就要与他们通过某种方式保持联系。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。由第三段“It's as important to live well as it is to study well.”（良好的生活和良好的学习同样重要。）以及“You needn't follow a special diet, but make sure you are eating nutritious meals each day.”（你无需特殊饮食，但要确保你每天都在吃营养餐。）可知，本段主要讲述的是精神和身体的健康。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。由倒数第二段“Having a lot of schoolwork doesn't mean having to give up other activities. Playing basketball or having a talk with your classmates can relax yourself.”（进行大量的功课并不意味着必须放弃其他活动。打篮球或与同学交谈可以使自己放松一下。）可知，time out意为暂停原来的学习行为让自己放松。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Besides taking the College Entrance Examination, you have other choices for college.”（除了参加高考以外，你还有其他大学的选择。）可推知，这篇文章是针对学生的。故选B项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川射洪中学校·期中）Since 2010, nearly every country has seen an increase in the number of cancer patients. The WHO reports one in six people will develop cancer in their lifetime. At least 10 million people will die from the disease every year. If the current trend continues, new cancer cases will rise by 60 percent by the year 2040. In low- and middle-income countries, they will rise by more than 80 percent. Andre Ilbawi, WHO’s technical officer in cancer control, says more people are dying from cancer in poorer countries. Controlling the disease does not have to cost a lot. The WHO report, he explained, shows that by investing in cancer services, governments can save 7 million lives by 2030. “And that is at the cost of 8.15 per person in upper middle-income countries. This is feasible,” Ilbawi said. WHO says cancer does not have to be a death sentence. Prevention works. There have been great improvements in research on cancer prevention and treatment. These measures are successfully keeping many people alive who otherwise would have died. Preventive policies can work in powerful ways to reduce not only cancer numbers and death rates, but also the social and economic inequality in cancer cases. An example of such a policy is one that reduces workers’ contact with cancer-causing materials. Other examples are measures to control tobacco use, vaccination against cancer-causing infectious agents and testing for early stages of cancer. In its report, WHO describes a series of measures proven to help in preventing new cancer cases. For example, it notes that tobacco-related diseases are responsible for 25 percent of cancer deaths. Deciding not to smoke, it says, can save billions of dollars and millions of lives. WHO adds that a vaccine against hepatitis B (乙肝) can prevent liver cancer. It notes another vaccine against HPV can nearly fight off cervical cancer (宫颈癌). 1.How does the author lead in the topic? A. By citing specific data. B. By making a comparison. C. By giving a vivid example. D. By clarifying a personal viewpoint. 2.What does the underlined word “feasible” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. Practicable. B. Valuable. C. incredible. D. Responsible. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards cancer prevention? A. Unclear. B. Unconcerned. C. Hopeful. D. Critical. 4.What can be the suitable title for the text? A. The Latest Report By The WHO. B. Prevention Is Better Than cure. C. Cancers Increasing But Not a Death Sentence. D. WHO: Cancer Poses a Great Threat To Humanity. 【答案】1. A　2. A　3. C　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了癌症病例的增加情况，同时指出癌症并非绝症，预防措施有效且可行。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Since 2010, nearly every country has seen an increase in the number of cancer patients. The WHO, reports one in six people will develop cancer in their lifetime. At least 10 million people will die from the disease every year. If the current trend continues, new cancer cases will rise by 60 percent by the year 2040. In low- and middle-income countries, they will rise by more than 80 percent.(自2010年以来，几乎每个国家的癌症患者数量都有所增加。据世界卫生组织报道，六分之一的人在一生中会患上癌症。每年至少有1000万人死于这种疾病。如果目前的趋势继续下去，到2040年，新的癌症病例将增加60%。在中低收入国家，这一比例将上升80%以上。)”可知，作者通过引用具体数据来引入癌症患者数量增加这个话题。故选A。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据上文“Andre Ilbawi, WHO’s technical officer in cancer control, says more people are dying from cancer in poorer countries. Controlling the disease does not have to cost a lot. The WHO report, he explained, shows that by investing in cancer services, governments can save 7 million lives by 2030. “And that is at the cost of 8.15 per person in upper middle-income countries.(世界卫生组织（WHO）癌症防控技术官员安德烈・伊尔巴维表示，较贫困国家有更多人死于癌症。但防控这种疾病的成本并非高不可攀。他解释称，世卫组织的报告显示，通过投资癌症医疗服务，各国政府到2030年可挽救700万人的生命。而这一投入的成本，在低收入国家为人均2.70美元，在中高收入国家为人均8.15美元。)”可知，Ilbawi认为通过投资癌症服务来挽救生命这个措施是可行的，因此，“feasible”在此处的意思是“可行的，切实可行的”。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“WHO says cancer does not have to be a death sentence. Prevention works.(世卫组织表示，癌症不一定是死刑。预防是有效的。)”、第四段“There have been great improvements in research on cancer prevention and treatment. These measures are successfully keeping many people alive who otherwise would have died.(癌症预防和治疗的研究取得了很大进展。这些措施成功地让许多本会死亡的人活了下来。)”和第五段“In its report, WHO describes a series of measures proven to help in preventing new cancer cases.(在其报告中，世卫组织描述了一系列经证实有助于预防新癌症病例的措施。)”可知，作者对癌症预防持乐观态度。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章第一段讲述了自2010年以来，几乎每个国家的癌症患者数量都有所增加，第二段讲述了世卫组织的技术官员Andre Ilbawi表示，在较贫穷的国家，死于癌症的人更多，但控制这种疾病并不需要花费很多，通过投资癌症服务，政府可以在2030年前挽救700万人的生命，第三段到第五段讲述了世卫组织表示癌症不一定是死刑，预防是有效的，癌症预防和治疗的研究取得了很大进展，并且世卫组织在其报告中描述了一系列经证实有助于预防新癌症病例的措施。由此可知，文章主要讲述了癌症病例的增加情况，同时指出癌症并非绝症，预防措施有效且可行，因此选项C“癌症在增加，但并非绝症”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选C。 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·四川南充西充中学·期中）People have been recycling household waste for roughly two decades. Nevertheless, some uncertainty exists regarding which items are recyclable and which are not. As technology progresses, an increasing number of items have become recyclable. COFFEE CAPSULES On average, Australians are using more than three million coffee capsules per day, and about 1.5million households have automatic coffee machines. While the capsules are disastrous for the environment, they can still be recycled. Nespresso offers a free return program and has drop-off locations, allowing you to bring the capsules to Nespresso stores for disposal (处理). LIGHT BULBS Instead of discarding light bulbs in the trash, some local governments run recycling centers, where you can place such items. If you regularly recycle household glass, kindly remember to wash the glass and remove any lids beforehand. PIZZA BOXES Normally pizza boxes don’t make it into recycling because they’ re covered in grease (油脂) and leftover bits of cheese. When a pizza box is too oily, it won’t be taken to a recycling processing plant. If possible, remove as much of the leftovers as you can before recycling. If the pizza box can’t be recycled, tear off the lid which can still be recycled. HOUSEHOLD BATTERIES Household batteries can also be recycled. Batteries that do end up in landfills can cause a serious problem to the environment as they can release poisonous chemicals into the soil which are harmful to both humans and animals. Button-cell batteries, which are used in hearing aids and watches, can also be recycled. 1.How does Nespresso help with the coffee capsules? A. By offering good coffee for free. B. By collecting capsules for recycling. C. By exchanging coffee machines regularly. D. By warning people of the harm of coffee capsules. 2.What do people need to do first to recycle pizza boxes? A. Wash them many times. B. Drop off boxes at the pizza shop. C. Take them to the local government. D. Clear the leftovers as much as possible. 3.In which section of a magazine can we read the text? A. Health. B. Entertainment. C. Environment. D. Culture. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是篇说明文。文章主要列举了一些可以回收利用的生活垃圾。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Nespresso offers a free return program and has drop-off locations, allowing you to bring the capsules to Nespresso stores for disposal (处理).(Nespresso咖啡机提供免费退还计划，并设有放置地点，允许您将胶囊带到Nespresso商店进行处理。)”可知，Nespresso通过收集胶囊回收利用来帮助处理咖啡胶囊。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“If possible, remove as much of the leftovers as you can before recycling.(如果可能的话，在回收之前尽可能多地清理残留的饭菜。)”可知，要回收比萨盒子，首先就要尽可能将盒子上残留的饭菜清理干净。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“People have been recycling household waste for roughly two decades.(大约二十年来，人们一直在回收生活垃圾。)”、第二段“While the capsules are disastrous for the environment, they can still be recycled.(虽然这些胶囊对环境是灾难性的，但它们仍然可以回收利用。)”、第三段“Instead of discarding light bulbs in the trash, some local governments run recycling centers, where you can place such items.(一些地方政府没有把灯泡扔进垃圾桶，而是开设了回收中心，你可以把这些东西放在那里。)”和最后一段“Batteries that do end up in landfills can cause a serious problem to the environment as they can release poisonous chemicals into the soil which are harmful to both humans and animals.(最终被填埋的电池会对环境造成严重问题，因为它们会向土壤中释放有毒化学物质，对人类和动物都有害。)”可知，文章主要讲述了对一些对环境有害的生活垃圾的回收利用。故选C。 主题语境06 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·四川成都树德中学·期中）In oceans across the globe, a tiny jellyfish (水母) species shows a remarkable death-defying ability. After reaching sexual maturity, this jellyfish can turn back into its young form and then mature again — a process similar to a butterfly turning back into a caterpillar and then changing into a butterfly again. The deep-sea creature’s life cycle could theoretically be repeated forever, earning this species, called Turritopsis dohrnii, the nickname: the “immortal jellyfish”. Like a typical jellyfish, T. dohrnii begins its life as a free-floating larva (幼体) and matures into a branching, plant-like polyp (水螅体) . From there, multiple young jellyfish grow out of the polyp and turn into adults. However, the difference is that when an adult T. dohrnii is damaged or stressed, instead of dying, it absorbs its own arms and becomes a blob that settles to the sea floor. Over the next day and a half, this blob transforms into a new polyp, which can then form more jellyfish. Therefore, though T. dohrnii may be eaten by predators, it does not die of old age. A new study compared T. dohrnii to T. rubra, a related jellyfish species that undergoes normal aging. Compared to its relative, researchers found that T. dohrnii has twice as many genes that repair and protect DNA. This allows T. dohrnii to generate more restorative proteins. Researchers also found differences in several other genes, including those associated with replication and the stem cell population. These differences may be key to the jellyfish’s immortality. Researchers say these findings could help humans — but not in the exact same way. They believe their study could help find better answers to the many diseases associated with aging. They also hope a better understanding of these jellyfish genes might inspire regenerative medicine for humans. 1.Why does the author mention a butterfly in the first paragraph? A. To explain the aging process of T. dohrnii. B. To emphasize the small size of T. dohrnii. C. To present the living habits of T. dohrnii. D. To show the special life cycle of T. dohrnii. 2.How does T. dohrnii differ from other jellyfish species? A. It can avoid dying of old age. B. It goes through a polyp stage. C. It can transform to defend itself. D. It has very few natural enemies. 3.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The specific findings of the new study. B. The social significance of the research. C. The detailed procedures of the research. D. The possible limitations of the new study. 4.What can be a suitable title of the text? A. Predators of the Deep: How the “Immortal Jellyfish” Survives through Various Conditions. B. Unlocking Immortality: The Genetic Secret s of the Jellyfish That Reverses Aging. C. From Polyp to Jellyfish: The Unique Lifecycle of a Deep-Sea Jellyfish. D. Human Immortality on the Horizon? Lessons from a Jellyfish. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了灯塔水母（Turritopsis dohrnii）这一特殊的水母种类，它具有一种非凡的逆生长能力，理论上可以无限循环其生命周期，因此被称为“不老水母”。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“After reaching sexual maturity, this jellyfish can turn back into its young form and then mature again — a process similar to a butterfly turning back into a caterpillar and then changing into a butterfly again.(这种水母在达到性成熟后，可以变回幼体形态，然后再次成熟——这个过程类似于蝴蝶变回毛毛虫，然后再变成蝴蝶。)”可知，作者提到蝴蝶是为了展示灯塔水母的特殊生命周期。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Therefore, though T. dohrnii may be eaten by predators, it does not die of old age.(因此，尽管T. dohrnii可能会被捕食者吃掉，但它不会因衰老而死亡。)”可知，T. dohrnii与其他水母种类的不同之处在于它可以避免死于衰老。故选A。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段“A new study compared T. dohrnii to T. rubra, a related jellyfish species that undergoes normal aging. Compared to its relative, researchers found that T. dohrnii has twice as many genes that repair and protect DNA. This allows T. dohrnii to generate more restorative proteins. Researchers also found differences in several other genes, including those associated with replication and the stem cell population. These differences may be key to the jellyfish’s immortality.(一项新研究将灯塔水母（T. dohrnii）与相近物种T. rubra进行了对比 —— 后者会经历正常的衰老过程。研究人员发现，与这种近亲水母相比，灯塔水母拥有两倍于其的 DNA 修复与保护相关基因。这使得灯塔水母能够产生更多具有修复功能的蛋白质。研究人员还发现了其他多个基因的差异，包括那些与 DNA 复制及干细胞群相关的基因。这些差异可能是这种水母实现永生的关键所在。)”可知，第三段主要介绍了新研究的具体发现。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了灯塔水母（Turritopsis dohrnii）这一特殊的水母种类，它具有一种非凡的逆生长能力，理论上可以无限循环其生命周期，因此被称为“不老水母”。短文还介绍了研究人员对灯塔水母的研究，发现其不老的原因可能与其修复和保护DNA的基因数量较多有关。由此可知，短文主要介绍了灯塔水母逆转衰老的基因秘密，选项B“解锁不老之谜：逆转衰老的水母的基因秘密”适合作为本文标题。故选B。 主题语境01 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·四川德阳什邡中学·期中）Does the popular activity benchmark (基准) of walking 10,000 steps a day feel too distant? New research finds you can gain health benefits just by moving a little more than usual. Aiming for 7,000 steps daily is a good goal when possible, said lead study author Dr. Melody Ding, public health professor at the University of Sydney. Compared with adults who took 2,000 steps (the minimal count), those with 7,000 steps had a 47% lower risk of all-cause death, 25% less risk of cardiovascular (心血管)disease and 38% less risk of mental illnesses. Many fitness tracker users see 10,000 steps as a daily activity standard, but this number lacks solid evidence, noted Dr. Sean Heffron from NYU, who was not involved in the research. A 2019 study found aiming for 10,000 steps likely originated from a Japanese pedometer marketing campaign by Yamasa Clock and Instrument Company, called “Manpo-kei” (“10,000 steps meter”). “More than 7,000 steps isn’t harmful and may even bring extra benefits, though.” Ding said, “Active people doing 10,000+ steps don’t need to cut back to 7,000!” Dr. Gulati from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center said step counts help estimate overall exercise levels. “The less you move, the fewer exerkines — special chemicals released during muscle contractions that not only benefit blood vessel health, but also improve insulin (胰岛素)sensitivity — and the higher your health risks,” he explained. 1.What can we learn from Dr. Melody Ding’s research? A. 10,000 steps a day is the best daily activity benchmark. B. 7,000 daily steps cuts all-cause death risk by 47% vs 2,000 steps. C. Moving less than 2,000 steps a day has no health risks at all. D. People with 10,000+ steps daily should cut back to 7,000 steps. 2.Why is the 10,000-step standard questioned? A. It came from marketing with no solid supporting evidence. B. Most adults can hardly achieve the 10,000-step goal daily. C. It has been proved harmful to people’s cardiovascular health. D. It totally ignores the health benefits of fewer daily steps. 3.What is the function of exerkines according to Dr. Gulati? A. They help track daily step counts in an accurate way. B. They reduce people’s need for regular daily exercise. C. They benefit blood vessel health and insulin sensitivity. D. They raise mental illness risk when released by muscles. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. It talks about the history of the 10,000-step activity standard. B. Research shows 7,000 daily steps bring health benefits to people. C. It tells how to choose a suitable fitness tracker for step counting. D. It introduces doctors’ views on the harm of being physically inactive. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍每天走7000步可带来健康益处，同时质疑了万步走标准，并解释了运动因子的作用。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Compared with adults who took 2,000 steps (the minimal count), those with 7,000 steps had a 47% lower risk of all-cause death, 25% less risk of cardiovascular disease and 38% less risk of mental illnesses.(与每天走2000 步（最低步数）的成年人相比，每天走7000步的人全因死亡风险降低47%，心血管疾病风险降低25%，精神疾病风险降低38%)”可知，丁博士的研究表明，相较于每天走2000步的人，每天走7000步能使全因死亡风险降低 47%。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Many fitness tracker users see 10,000 steps as a daily activity standard, but this number lacks solid evidence, noted Dr. Sean Heffron from NYU, who was not involved in the research. A 2019 study found aiming for 10,000 steps likely originated from a Japanese pedometer marketing campaign by Yamasa Clock and Instrument Company, called “Manpo-kei” (“10,000 steps meter”).(纽约大学的肖恩・赫夫龙博士并未参与这项研究，他指出，许多健身追踪器用户将每日万步视为日常活动标准，但这一数字缺乏确凿的证据支撑。2019年的一项研究发现，每日万步的目标很可能源于日本山佐钟表仪器公司推出的一款计步器营销活动，该活动名为“万步计”)”可知，万步标准之所以受到质疑，是因为它源于一场营销活动，没有可靠的证据支撑。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The less you move, the fewer exerkines — special chemicals released during muscle contractions that not only benefit blood vessel health, but also improve insulin sensitivity — and the higher your health risks.(运动量越少，运动因子就越少 —— 运动因子是肌肉收缩时释放的特殊化学物质，不仅有益于血管健康，还能提高胰岛素敏感性 —— 健康风险也就越高)”可知，古拉蒂博士认为运动因子的作用是有益血管健康且能提高胰岛素敏感性。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“New research finds you can gain health benefits just by moving a little more than usual.(研究发现，只要比平时多动一点，就能获得健康益处)”以及第二段中的“Aiming for 7,000 steps daily is a good goal when possible, said lead study author Dr. Melody Ding, public health professor at the University of Sydney.(悉尼大学公共卫生教授、该研究的主要作者梅洛迪·丁博士说，尽可能每天走7000步是个不错的目标)”可知，文章核心是围绕每天走7000步能给人带来健康益处展开。故选B项。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川南江中学·期中）Researchers in Washington University in St. Louis have developed a filter that treats wastewater and also generates electricity—an advance that could reshape energy use at treatment plants. The new system uses bacteria to produce an electric charge while breaking down organic material otherwise seen as waste. The findings from the lab of Zhen He, a professor of energy, environmental and chemical engineering, were detailed in the academic journal Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. The research fits into a growing set of technologies that pushes back against the traditional view of regarding wastewater as waste and looks instead to put it to beneficial use. Depending on how thoroughly it is treated, recovered water can be repurposed for anything from “undrinkable” uses like crop-watering to drinking water. The Washington U. team’s new filter, however, provides an added bonus. The system uses a cloth to collect organic matter from the wastewater and to provide bacteria with a place to settle. Then, as bacteria consume the organic materials, electrons are released and gathered by the cloth, creating electricity. Steel around the filter sends the electric current from the “bacteria fuel cell” to an external circuit. That two-way function is what makes the electrode unique. Treating one cubic meter of wastewater could, in theory, generate 20 watts of power for an hour. That means a larger unit or a collection of units could power lights or larger electrical devices! The team, next, aims to develop further and make it leap into the real world. Ideally, He would love to see the filters used by urban wastewater treatment facilities. But He says a more likely, transitional step could be for the filters to first catch on in smaller individual industrial factories that have wastewater to treat. The ultimate aim is to change wastewater treatment from an energy user into a power source. “Is it really a waste?” He asked. “Or can we treat it as a resource?” Viewing wastewater as a resource rather than waste enables sustainable energy generation and promotes environmental protection, presenting a mutually beneficial approach to wastewater treatment. 1.What determines the use of the recovered water? A. The storage time. B. The extent of treatment. C. The amount of bacteria. D. The source of original water. 2.What does the underlined phrase “an added bonus” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Power generation. B. Less pollution. C. Water purification. D. More electrons. 3.What might be the next step for the team? A. Exploring potential markets of the filters. B. Improving the performance of the system. C. Fitting the filters in urban wastewater plants. D. Popularizing the filters in small-sized workshops. 4.Why does He raise questions in the last paragraph? A. To highlight wastewater-not-waste concept. B. To recognize the achievement of the research. C. To stress the urgency of the wastewater treatment. D. To discuss the possible direction for further study. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了圣路易斯华盛顿大学的研究人员开发出一种既能处理废水又能发电的滤器，这种滤器有望改变污水处理厂的能源使用方式，将污水处理从能源消耗转变为能源来源。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Depending on how thoroughly it is treated, recovered water can be repurposed for anything from “undrinkable” uses like crop-watering to drinking water.(根据处理的彻底程度，回收的水可以被重新利用，从“不可饮用”的用途，如浇灌庄稼到饮用水。)”可知，回收水的用途取决于处理的程度。故选B。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“Then, as bacteria consume the organic materials, electrons are released and gathered by the cloth, creating electricity.(然后，当细菌消耗有机材料时，电子被释放并被布料收集，从而产生电力。)”以及划线部分上文“The Washington U. team’s new filter, however, provides(然而，华盛顿大学团队的新滤器提供了)”可知，该团队的新滤器不仅能处理废水，还能产生电能，这是额外的收获，所以“an added bonus”指的是“发电”。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The team, next, aims to develop further and make it leap into the real world.(接下来，该团队的目标是进一步开发，使其跃入现实世界。)”以及“But He says a more likely, transitional step could be for the filters to first catch on in smaller individual industrial factories that have wastewater to treat.(但He说，更有可能的过渡步骤是，过滤器首先在需要处理废水的小型个体工业工厂中流行起来。)”可推知，该团队的下一步可能是在小型车间推广这些滤器。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘Is it really a waste?’ He asked. ‘Or can we treat it as a resource?’ Viewing wastewater as a resource rather than waste enables sustainable energy generation and promotes environmental protection, presenting a mutually beneficial approach to wastewater treatment.(他问道：“这真的算是废弃物吗？又或者，我们能否将其视为一种资源呢？”将废水视为资源而非废弃物，能够实现可持续的能源生产，并促进环境保护，为废水处理提供了一种互利共赢的方法。)”可推知，何教授在最后一段提出问题是为了强调“废水非废物”的概念。故选A。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川内江第六中学·期中）The extinction of the largest dinosaurs to walk the Earth may have played a critical role in creating an environment that helped fruits evolve (进化) , thus indirectly shaping the evolution of our own fruit-eating ancestors, according to new research. The study, published Feb. 17, provides solid evidence in favor of this. Dinosaurs were ecosystem engineers, greatly changing their environments by knocking down trees and eating high volumes of vegetation. Following the extinction of dinosaurs, the forests grew back thicker, blocking the sun from reaching the ground layer, which, many generations later, led to the growth of large seeds and fruit. Researchers have assumed this happened because in thicker forests, competition for light pushed trees to grow taller and faster than their neighbors, and trees grown from larger seeds had a head start in that competition. As a benefit, investing in large, tasty fruit made them more likely to be consumed and spread by animals, helping the plants to survive. However, there hasn’t been much evidence to support this theory. To address this, the research team created a model where seed and fruit size increased as a response to the darker forest understory that followed dinosaur extinctions, matching actual seed size trends in the past 65 million years. They incorporated (结合) recently gained understanding of how large animals affect forest structure, how seeds grow into trees and how animal size has changed over time. The result: The model closely replicated the observed trends in seed and animal size over time. No surprises so far. But what came next, when they continued running the model, was a surprise. The data pointed to a mysterious phenomenon in the fossil (化石) record: About 35 million years ago, seeds started getting smaller, because land animals had once again become sufficiently large to have a similar effect on the forests as the dinosaurs did. “These results provide a striking example of how large dinosaurs — and their eventual extinction — not only shaped their contemporary environment but also had great effects on ecosystems for millions of years,” said Benjamin Wiebe, a Ph.D student at NAU and second author on the paper. 1.What did researchers assume in paragraph 2? A. Dinosaurs were ecosystem engineers. B. Animals contributed to thicker forests. C. Competition for light led to larger seeds. D. Forests thinned after dinosaur extinction. 2.What does the underlined word “replicated” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Reproduced. B. Changed. C. Assessed. D. Opposed. 3.What astonished the researchers when continuing running the model? A. The decrease in seed size. B. The emergence of fossils. C. The population of land animals. D. The comeback of fruit eaters. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. Dinosaurs: The Ecosystem Protectors. B. Humans: The Modern-Day Dinosaurs. C. Love Fruit? Thank Dinosaur Mass Extinction. D. Surprised? Dinosaurs Shaped Fruit Varieties. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究指出，恐龙灭绝后森林变密、光照竞争加剧，促使果实和种子变大以利传播；人类活动现正扮演类似“生态系统工程师”角色，再度影响种子演化方向。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Researchers have assumed this happened because in thicker forests, competition for light pushed trees to grow taller and faster than their neighbors, and trees grown from larger seeds had a head start in that competition.(研究人员认为这种情况之所以会发生，是因为在植被较为茂密的森林中，树木之间对光照的竞争促使它们长得比周围的树木更高更快，而由较大种子长成的树木在这一竞争中占据了先机)”可知，研究人员假设竞争获取光照的结果是种子变得更大。故选C。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第三段“To address this, the research team created a model where seed and fruit size increased as a response to the darker forest understory that followed dinosaur extinctions, matching actual seed size trends in the past 65 million years.(为了解决这个问题，研究团队构建了一个模型，该模型显示种子和果实的大小随着恐龙灭绝后森林下层环境变暗而增大，这与过去6500万年中实际的种子大小趋势相吻合)”以及划线词后文“observed trends(观察到的趋势)”可知，模型结果与实际化石记录一致，即模型密切重现了观察到的趋势。故划线词意思是“重现，复制”。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“No surprises so far. But what came next, when they continued running the model, was a surprise. The data pointed to a mysterious phenomenon in the fossil (化石) record: About 35million years ago, seeds started getting smaller, because land animals had once again become sufficiently large to have a similar effect on the forests as the dinosaurs did.(目前一切进展顺利。但接下来发生的事情却令人惊讶。当他们继续运行这个模型时，又出现了一个意外发现。数据表明，在化石记录中存在一种神秘的现象：大约3500万年前，种子开始变小，这是因为陆地动物再次变得足够大，从而对森林产生了与恐龙相同的影响)”可知，当研究人员继续运行该模型时，令他们感到惊讶的是种子尺寸减小。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“The extinction of the largest dinosaurs to walk the Earth may have played a critical role in creating an environment that helped fruits evolve (进化) , thus indirectly shaping the evolution of our own fruit-eating ancestors, according to new research.(根据最新研究，地球上曾经出现过的体型最大的恐龙的灭绝，可能对创造有利于果实进化的环境起到了关键作用，从而间接影响了我们这些以水果为食的祖先的进化过程)”并纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了恐龙及现代人类对森林的破坏影响了水果的大小，尤其曾经由于恐龙的原因促使植物长出更大的果实。C选项“爱水果？要归功于恐龙的大规模灭绝”最符合文章标题。故选C。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·四川内江第六中学·期中）Have you ever noticed how some people seem to handle difficulties calmly while others let small problems ruin their entire day? This difference often comes down to how we respond to challenges. American social psychologist Leon Festinger proposed a famous theory later known as “Festinger’s Law”, which states that10 percent of life’s events are beyond your control, but 90 percent is within your control. To explain this, let’s examine two events. First, imagine a business professional who has an important presentation. On the way to work, they spill coffee on his shirt. If he reacts with frustration, rushes angrily, and arrives hurriedly, his presentation may suffer due to his distracted state. Now, consider an alternative response: he calmly cleans up, changes clothes, and uses the extra time in transit to review his notes. The initial problem is the same, but the outcomes differ dramatically because of his reactions. The influences of Festinger’s Law extend beyond individual situations to interpersonal relationships as well. In family conflicts, for instance, an unpleasant response to a minor disagreement can increase tensions, while a patient, understanding approach often leads to resolution. Similarly, in team projects, how members respond to setbacks — whether with blame or constructive problem-solving — can determine the group’s ultimate success. What makes this principle particularly valuable is its universal applicability. Whether dealing with academic pressures, workplace (challenges, or personal relationships, the common thread is that our reactions often matter more than the problems themselves. By cultivating self-awareness and emotional 1regulation, we can significantly improve our ability to navigate life’s unavoidable difficulties. Developing this skill requires practice. It involves pausing before reacting, assessing situations objectively, and consciously choosing productive responses. Over time, this approach becomes habitual, leading to better outcomes and reduced stress. Festinger’s Law ultimately teaches us while we can’t control everything that happens to us, we can always control how we respond — and that makes all the difference. 1.Why does the author pose a question at the beginning? A. To emphasize the Law’s difficulties. B. To rate readers’ psychology knowledge. C. To create a personal connection to the topic. D. To introduce Dr. Festinger’s life experiences. 2.What is the main lesson from the coffee spill example? A. Spare clothes should always be ready. B. Your reaction matters more than the problem. C. Business people face many challenges. D. Small problems can ruin your whole day. 3.What is the significant value of Festinger’s Law? A. It helps people better address life’s challenges. B. It provides useful guidance for different life situations. C. It encourages us to focus on the things we can’t control. D. It suggests most problems are less serious than they seem. 4.What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A. The methods to practice Festinger’s Law. B. The occasions to control personal feelings. C. The benefits of reducing stress. D. The impact of immediate reactions. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. B　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了费斯汀格法则(Festinger’s Law)的核心观点：生活中10%的事件不可控，但90%取决于我们的反应方式。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Have you ever noticed how some people seem to handle difficulties calmly while others let small problems ruin their entire day?(你有没有注意到，为什么有些人似乎能冷静地处理困难，而另一些人却会让小问题毁掉他们一整天？)”，这样的问题直接与读者相关，能够引起读者的兴趣，让读者与文章讨论的关于如何应对挑战的话题产生个人联系。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。在第二段提到的咖啡洒在衬衫的例子中，同样是咖啡洒在衬衫这一问题，不同的反应（愤怒和冷静）导致了不同的结果（演讲受影响和可以利用时间复习笔记）。根据第四段 “Whether dealing with academic pressures, workplace (challenges, or personal relationships, the common thread is that our reactions often matter more than the problems themselves.(无论是处理学业压力、工作挑战还是人际关系，我们的反应往往比问题本身更重要)” 可知，这个例子主要教训是你的反应比问题本身更重要。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“What makes this principle particularly valuable is its universal applicability. Whether dealing with academic pressures, workplace challenges, or personal relationships, the common thread is that our reactions often matter more than the problems themselves.(个原则特别有价值的地方在于它的普遍适用性。无论是应对学业压力、工作挑战还是人际关系,我们的反应往往比问题本身更重要)” 可知，费斯廷格法则的重要价值在于它能为不同的生活情境提供有用的指导。故选B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Developing this skill requires practice. It involves pausing before reacting, assessing situations objectively, and consciously choosing productive responses.Over time, this approach becomes habitual, leading to better outcomes and reduced stress.(培养这种技能需要练习。它包括在做出反应之前停顿一下，客观评估情况，并有意识地选择有效的回应。随着时间的推移，这种方法会成为习惯，从而产生更好的结果并减少压力。)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了练习应用费斯廷格法则的方法。故选A。 Passage 4 （25-26高二上·四川成都列五中学·期中）Perfume (香味；香水) has held a special place in human history. The traditional making process involves collecting raw materials, producing oils, mixing, aging and quality control. For centuries, perfumers have merely relied on their own senses. But now modern-day perfumers are beginning to look beyond their noses. They are, instead, turning to neurotechnology (神经技术). Perfume now can be designed to stimulate emotional responses using neuroscents (神经气味) shown by biometric measures — the use of biological data to analyze human responses — to help inspire different positive feelings such as calm, joy or sleepiness. Neurotechnology can also help perfumers analyze the chemical composition of these neuroscents and find new combinations of raw materials that can produce similar or enhanced effects. Researcher Hugo Ferreira is trying to build a database of neuroscents. “With sight and hearing, you can imagine the face of a loved one or the favourite tune. It’s hard to imagine a smell though it can stimulate a series of emotions and memories.” Ferreira explains this is due to the structure of the olfactory (嗅觉的) system. Messages from scent receptors are sent through the olfactory bulb to different brain areas that control everything from memory or thirst to stress reactions. Olfaction is the most diverse sense with many different receptors. It’s estimated that there are about 400 different olfactory receptor gene families. Among other things these various connections may explain how we can “smell fear, or victory.” L’Oréal, a French multinational personal care company, has partnered with neurotechnology company Emotiv to create a scent choice “experience”. During 2023, shoppers at certain stores used a device to discover which scents appealed to them. Results so far show that 95% of customers who used the device found the right perfume. Another perfume from Givenchy, a French luxury fashion and perfume house, has been a bestseller for years, which includes a special substance chosen after biometric research. However, perfume writer Katie Puckrik says she’d like to “design her own perfume”. “Leave the magic to the artists. Why do we need a computer to tell us what our nose already knows? Finding a new favorite scent by chance is a rare moment of grace we should allow ourselves,” she says. 1.How can neurotechnology function in the perfume-making process? A. By distinguishing one scent from the other. B. By exploring the best way to obtain special oil. C. By finding the scents most appealing to people. D. By offering perfumers information of materials. 2.What does Ferreira want to indicate in paragraph 3? A. The close connection among our senses. B. The great complexity of the olfactory system. C. The relationship between emotion and memory. D. The significance of having a good imagination. 3.Why are the perfume brands mentioned in the text? A. To show applications of neurotechnology. B. To collect more data for biometric research. C. To illustrate the fierce competition between them. D. To stress their dominance in the perfume industry. 4.What is Katie Puckrik’s attitude towards the new technology? A. Tolerant. B. Unclear. C. Supportive. D. Negative. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种通过寻找最吸引人的气味在香水制作过程中发挥作用的神经技术。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“ But now modern-day perfumers are beginning to look beyond their noses. They are, instead, turning to neurotechnology ( 神经技术 ).(但现在，现代调香师开始把目光投向鼻子之外。相反，他们转向了神经技术。)”和第二段“Perfume now can be designed to stimulate emotional responses using neuroscents (神经气味) shown by biometric measures — the use of biological data to analyze human responses — to help inspire different positive feelings such as calm, joy or sleepiness. Neurotechnology can also help perfumers analyze the chemical composition of these neuroscents and find new combinations of raw materials that can produce similar or enhanced effects. (香水现在可以被设计成使用生物特征测量显示的神经官能症来刺激情绪反应，即使用生物数据来分析人类反应，以帮助激发不同的积极情绪，如平静、快乐或嗜睡。神经技术还可以帮助调香师分析这些神经官能症的化学成分，并找到可以产生类似或增强效果的原材料的新组合。)”可知，神经技术通过寻找最吸引人的气味在香水制作过程中发挥作用。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中Ferreira所说“With sight and hearing, you can imagine the face of a loved one or the favourite tune. It’s hard to imagine a smell though it can stimulate a series of emotions and memories. (有了视觉和听觉，你可以想象所爱之人的脸或最喜欢的曲调。很难想象一种气味，尽管它能激发一系列的情绪和记忆。)”以及第四段中“Ferreira explains this is due to the structure of the olfactory (嗅觉的) system.( Ferreira解释说，这是由于嗅觉系统的结构。)”等内容可知，Ferreira想在第三段说明嗅觉系统的复杂性。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中“L’Oréal, a French multinational personal care company, has partnered with neurotechnology company Emotiv to create a scent choice “experience”. During 2023, shoppers at certain stores used a device to discover which scents appealed to them. Results so far show that 95% of customers who used the device found the right perfume. Another perfume from Givenchy, a French luxury fashion and perfume house, has been a bestseller for years, which includes a special substance chosen after biometric research. (法国跨国个人护理公司欧莱雅与神经技术公司Emotiv合作，创造了一种气味选择‘体验’。2023年，某些商店的购物者使用一种设备来发现哪些气味吸引了他们。到目前为止的结果显示，使用该设备的客户中有95%找到了合适的香水。法国奢侈时尚和香水品牌纪梵希的另一款香水多年来一直是畅销品，其中包括一种经过生物识别研究选择的特殊物质。)”可知，提到了香水品牌是为了展示神经技术的应用。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Katie Puckrik所说“Leave the magic to the artists. Why do we need a computer to tell us what our nose already knows? Finding a new favorite scent by chance is a rare moment of grace we should allow ourselves.(把神奇留给艺术家吧。为什么我们需要电脑来告诉我们鼻子已经知道的东西？偶然发现一种新的喜欢的气味是我们应该允许自己享受的难得的优雅时刻。)”可知，Katie Puckrik对这项新技术的态度是消极的。故选D项。 Passage 5 （25-26高二上·四川成都列五中学·期中）A study by Tulane University reveals that frequent illness may accelerate brain aging and increase the risk of dementia (痴呆) or cognitive decline. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining good health to prevent infections, especially among the elderly and dementia-prone individuals. The study examined aging male mice and found that repeated, intermittent experiences with moderate inflammation (发炎), such as that caused by the flu or a seasonal head cold, caused impaired cognition and disrupted communication between neurons in those mice. “We were interested in asking whether differences in infection experience could account, at least in part, for the differences in rates of dementia we see in the population,” said lead author Elizabeth Engler-Chiurazzi, PhD. “The mice we were studying were healthy adults approaching middle age, and yet, when exposed to intermittent inflammation, they remembered less and their neurons functioned more poorly.” This study is the first to model repeated, intermittent infections in mice and examine the long-term consequences for brain function and health. Humans often experience infections and inflammation at substantially higher rates than laboratory mice. But given that impairments were observed in mice after only five intermittent inflammatory treatments, the cognitive change in humans may be more severe. “Our mice only experienced intermittent sickness-like inflammation a handful of times, so the fact that we observed impairments at all was surprising,” Engler-Chiurazzi said. “The effects were subtle, but that’s why I find these results meaningful: in a human, cognitive impairments from a similar number of inflammatory experiences might not be noticeable in their daily lives but could have accumulative effects that negatively impact the aging brain.” The findings may have important implications for standard of care around how infections are handled among the elderly and those at risk for dementia. Going forward, Engler-Chiurazzi said more work needs to be done to understand why infections impact the brain and how to mitigate those effects. In addition, she hopes follow-up studies will investigate whether weaker populations face a higher burden of neurological effects. “The biggest takeaway from this research, in our opinion, is the importance of staying as healthy and infection-free as possible,” she said. 1.The researchers conduct the study in order to_________. A. highlight the frequent illness is harmless to human beings. B. identify whether the repeated inflammation will cause impaired cognition. C. explain the adult male mice are more likely to have impaired cognitive function. D. show cognitive impairments from a few inflammatory experiences is not noticeable. 2.What can we learn about the study? A. The brains of these mice were unaffected by the disease. B. The infections have little effect on impacting the aging brain. C. Humans will suffer even more severe cognitive decline because of the frequent illness. D. Researchers used to examine the effects of repeated infections on brain function and health. 3.What does the underlined word “mitigate” in Paragraph 7 mean? A. relieve B. strengthen C. promote D. emphasize 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. The standard of care has been revealed. B. Mice will suffer from impaired cognition by flu. C. We human beings should stay as healthy and infection-free as possible. D. The connection between frequent illness and dementia has been discovered. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。 杜兰大学研究发现，频繁生病可能加速大脑老化，并增加患痴呆或认知衰退的风险，以小鼠实验佐证，还提及研究意义与后续方向，强调保持健康防感染的重要性。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段““We were interested in asking whether differences in infection experience could account, at least in part, for the differences in rates of dementia we see in the population,” said lead author Elizabeth Engler-Chiurazzi, PhD. “The mice we were studying were healthy adults approaching middle age, and yet, when exposed to intermittent inflammation, they remembered less and their neurons functioned more poorly.” (该研究的主要作者伊丽莎白・恩格勒 - 基乌拉齐博士表示：“我们感兴趣的是，感染经历的差异是否能至少在一定程度上解释我们在人群中观察到的痴呆症发病率差异。我们研究的小鼠是接近中年的健康成年鼠，但当它们接触间歇性炎症时，记忆力会下降，神经元功能也会变差。”)”可知，研究人员开展研究是为了确认反复炎症是否会导致认知障碍。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“Humans often experience infections and inflammation at substantially higher rates than laboratory mice. But given that impairments were observed in mice after only five intermittent inflammatory treatments, the cognitive change in humans may be more severe. (人类经历感染和炎症的频率通常远高于实验室小鼠。但鉴于仅经过五次间歇性炎症处理后，小鼠就出现了损伤，人类的认知变化可能会更严重)”可推断，由于人类生病更频繁，因此会因频繁生病遭受更严重的认知衰退。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第七段中“Going forward, Engler-Chiurazzi said more work needs to be done to understand why infections impact the brain and how to mitigate those effects. (恩格勒 - 基乌拉齐表示，未来需要开展更多研究，以了解感染为何会影响大脑，以及如何mitigate这些影响)”可知，“those effects”指“感染对大脑的不良影响”，结合“了解原因”和科研逻辑，后续应是研究“减轻”影响的方法，故mitigate意为“减轻”，与A项“relieve(缓解，减轻)”语义一致。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A study by Tulane University reveals that frequent illness may accelerate brain aging and increase the risk of dementia (痴呆) or cognitive decline. ( 杜兰大学研究发现，频繁生病可能加速大脑老化，并增加患痴呆或认知衰退的风险)”以及后文围绕该研究的对象（小鼠）、过程、结果及启示展开可知，文章主要讲频繁生病与痴呆症的关联。故选D项。 Passage 6 （25-26高二上·四川德阳什邡中学·期中）Learning a musical instrument is good for your hands, language skills, memory, and brain. Musicians often practice a lot, even when it causes them pain from repeated movements. Researchers wanted to know if this kind of training changes how musicians feel pain. Scientists know that pain makes us react quickly, like pulling your hand away from a hot stove. Short-term pain protects us. But long-term pain can cause problems. For example, if you don’t move an injured ankle for weeks, it makes the pain worse and affects the brain areas that handle pain. In the study, scientists gave musicians and non-musicians temporary hand pain. They applied a safe protein for this. They then measured brain activity to see how each person’s brain reacted to their hand before and after the pain. The results showed that musicians’ brains were different. Musicians felt less pain, and their brain’s “hand map” (how the brain understands the hand) did not shrink like non-musicians’ maps did. This study involved only 40 people, but it suggests that musical training helps musicians’ brains react to pain differently. While music cannot cure long-term pain, this training might help us understand how people deal with pain and develop new treatments. 1.What is the purpose of this article? A. To talk about the benefit of playing music. B. To explain why musicians are smarter than others. C. To introduce a new way to treat long-term pain. D. To show how music training changes pain feelings. 2.Why does the author mention an “injured ankle” in the second paragraph? A. To explain how short-term pain might be of good use. B. To describe an injury musicians often get in their lives. C. To show the bad effects of pain that lasts a long time. D. To prove that pain could help us make quicker reaction. 3.How did the scientists make people feel pain in the study? A. By using a harmless protein. B. By shrinking their brain’s “hand map”. C. By measuring their brain activity. D. By causing them long-term hand pain. 4.What can we guess from this article? A. The study included many people. B. The pain used in the study lasted forever. C. Music training might help you deal with pain better. D. The more you play music, the more pain you will feel. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项研究，探究乐器训练如何改变音乐家对疼痛的感知及相关发现。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Researchers wanted to know if this kind of training changes how musicians feel pain.(研究人员想知道这种训练是否会改变音乐家对疼痛的感受。)”及全文围绕该研究展开，介绍研究过程、结果和意义可知，文章的核心目的是展示音乐训练如何改变人们对疼痛的感受。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“But long-term pain can cause problems. For example, if you don’t move an injured ankle for weeks, it makes the pain worse and affects the brain areas that handle pain.(但长期疼痛会引发问题。例如，如果你数周不活动受伤的脚踝，会让疼痛加剧，并影响大脑处理疼痛的区域。)”可知，作者提及“受伤的脚踝”是为了举例说明长期疼痛带来的不良影响。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the study, scientists gave musicians and non-musicians temporary hand pain. They applied a safe protein for this.(在研究中，科学家给音乐家和非音乐家施加了暂时性的手部疼痛。他们使用了一种安全的蛋白质来实现这一点。)”可知，科学家通过使用无害的蛋白质让受试者感到疼痛。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“ While music cannot cure long-term pain, this training might help us understand how people deal with pain and develop new treatments.(尽管音乐无法治愈长期疼痛，但这种训练或许能帮助我们理解人类应对疼痛的机制，并为研发新的治疗方法提供思路)”可推测，音乐训练可能帮助人们更好地应对疼痛。故选C项。 Passage 7 （25-26高二上·四川南充高级中学·期中）You stayed up too late browsing through your phone, answering emails or watching just one more episode. The next morning, you feel sleepy and impatient. That dessert or sandwich suddenly looks more appealing than your usual yogurt and berries. This isn't just about willpower. Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie fixes. Research shows that insufficient sleep disturbs hunger signals, weakens self-control and increases your risk of weight gain. Sleep inadequacy affects millions. More than one-third of U.S. adults regularly get less than seven hours of sleep per night. Nearly three-quarters of adolescents fall short of the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep during the school week. First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are especially vulnerable due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules. These patterns disturb the body's internal clock and are linked to increased appetite, poor eating habits and elevated risks for obesity and metabolic disease. Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation, reward-related areas such as the amygdala (杏仁核), a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to inviting food. Your brain becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivation studies not only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also more likely to choose them, regardless of how hungry they actually felt. Sleep is as important as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight. Fortunately, even a few nights of consistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start to reverse some of these effects. In a culture that glorifies hustle and late nights, sleep is often treated as optional. So the next time you find yourself reaching for junk food after a short night, recognize that your biology is reacting to stress. Sleep is your most powerful tool for appetite control, energy regulation and long-term health. 1.What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Sleep loss stimulates the brain for appetite. B. Staying up late can make people dizzy. C. High-calorie foods are more attractive. D. People are addicted to using mobile phones. 2.Why are first responders more likely to suffer from sleep deprivation? A. They bear expectation of the society. B. They have unhealthy lifestyles. C. They have demanding and shifting schedules. D. They have much pressure from the workload. 3.Why is the brain more likely to shift into the reward mode after sleep insufficiency? A. The brain reacts more quickly to the environment. B. Sleep loss changes how the brain evaluates food. C. The brain becomes more excited and unrealistic. D. Sleep loss changes how the body absorbs nutrients. 4.Which would be the best title for the text? A. How Sleep Loss Disturbs Body’s Internal Clock B. Why Quality Sleep Matters for Weight Management C. Sleep, Diet and Exercise: Keys to Healthy Living D. Sleep Shortage: The Hidden Driver of Junk Food Cravings 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍睡眠不足会干扰饥饿信号、削弱自控力，促使人们渴望高热量垃圾食品，进而增加体重等健康风险。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“You stayed up too late browsing through your phone, answering emails or watching just one more episode. The next morning, you feel sleepy and impatient. That dessert or sandwich suddenly looks more appealing than your usual yogurt and berries. This isn't just about willpower. Your brain, short on rest, is pushing you toward quick, high-calorie fixes.(你熬夜刷手机、回复邮件，或是忍不住再多看一集剧，到了第二天早上，难免昏昏欲睡、烦躁易怒。这时，那块甜点或三明治，突然比平日里常吃的酸奶配浆果诱人多了。这绝非意志力不足那么简单——大脑休息不够时，就会一个劲催你选择那些快捷高卡的食物来 “急救”)”可知，作者在第一段指出的现象是睡眠不足会刺激大脑产生食欲，渴望高热量食物。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“First responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency workers, are especially vulnerable due to night shifts and varying uncontrollable schedules.(包括护士、消防员和急救人员在内的一线救援人员尤其容易受影响，因为他们需要上夜班，且日程安排多变且难以控制。)”可知，一线救援人员更易睡眠不足是因为他们的工作要求高、日程安排灵活多变。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Studies show that after just one night of sleep deprivation, reward-related areas such as the amygdala (杏仁核), a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become more reactive to inviting food. Your brain becomes more excited by junk food and less capable of resisting it.(研究表明，只需经历一晚的睡眠不足，大脑中与奖励相关的区域（比如杏仁核——这是大脑中驱动动机与寻求奖励行为的部分），就会对诱人的食物变得更加敏感。此时，你的大脑会对垃圾食品表现出更强的兴奋感，同时抵抗它的能力也会下降。)”可知，睡眠不足后大脑更易进入奖励模式，是因为睡眠不足改变了大脑对食物的评估方式，让其对高热量垃圾食品更敏感。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章核心围绕“睡眠不足”与“渴望垃圾食品”的关联展开，第一段引出睡眠不足让人渴望高热量食物的现象，第二段说明睡眠不足的普遍情况及对特定人群的影响，第三段解释睡眠不足影响大脑对食物评估的原理，第四段强调睡眠对健康体重的重要性。D项“睡眠不足：垃圾食品渴望的隐藏推手”为最佳标题。故选D项。 Passage 8 （25-26高二上·四川南充西充中学·期中）One of the defining characteristics of children is that they play. They run around in circles, crash with things, and jump in puddles — not with any purpose in mind, but simply for the fun of it. And that’s exactly how psychologists define play: as a self-directed, intrinsically (内在地) motivated activity with no purpose outside the activity itself. Play is what we do just for the joy of it. In children, play is seen as normal and natural, and as a powerful way to learn. But as we grow up, we come to see play as unnecessary. We may fault ourselves for playing when we could be getting things done. At best, we see play as reward for a long day’s work, a means to uplift ourselves or a way to relax before diving back into the troubles of our everyday lives. But play isn’t just a way to let off steam and reduce stress. Fitting playtime into your day is important for working productivity. Play is a basic emotional system, essential in both child development and adult creativity. Studies also show that it increases job satisfaction, resourcefulness and innovation. More importantly, play prepares us to tackle the unexpected by broadening the breadth of experiences you have to draw from when meeting new challenges. What separates play from real life is the lack of risks. Play provides a safe environment to learn cognitive (认知的), motor and social skills and to make mistakes without serious consequences. When a soldier on the battlefield tries to avoid enemy fire, it may cause them psychological damage because their life is on the line. But if you do the same movement in a game, you’re probably having a good time. Like other basic drives such as eating, play is pleasurable. But what evolutionary purpose does it serve? The most possible scientific explanation is that play teaches us how to address the unexpected. The world is unpredictable, and to survive, we need to adapt to new situations. Play is a way of experimenting with various combinations to see what works and developing flexible responses to unforeseen events. We’re not born with an understanding of how the world works. Play is how we figure it out. 1.What is the motivation for children to play? A. The pure joy of playing itself. B. Their keen interest in everything. C. Their desire to challenge themselves. D. The working productivity they receive form playing. 2.What do the underlined words “let off steam” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Get fresh experience. B. Brave the difficulties. C. Relieve negative emotions. D. Become powerful gradually. 3.What is the evolutionary purpose of play? A. To improve adults’ creativity. B. To prepare us for the unknown future. C. To help with the psychological damage. D. To boost children’s cognitive development. 4.What can we learn about play from this passage? A. Play comes to be the best source of entertainment. B. Play promotes creativity and exploration in us all. C. Play serves little practical purpose in evolution. D. Play benefits personal lives in numerous ways. 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是说明文。研究表明玩耍时间可以让我们更好地准备面对意想不到的事情和解决问题。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“One of the defining characteristics of children is that they play. They run around in circles, crash with things, and jump in puddles — not with any purpose in mind, but simply for the fun of it.(孩子们玩耍的动机是什么孩子的一个显著特征是他们喜欢玩耍。他们绕着圈跑，撞到东西，在水坑里跳——没有任何目的，只是为了好玩。)”可知，孩子们玩耍的动机是游戏本身的纯粹乐趣。故选A。 (2)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第四段“But play isn’t just a way to let off steam and reduce stress. (但玩耍不仅仅是一种let off steam和减压的方式。)”可知，and前后并列的意思相近，reduce stress“减少压力”，意思就是relieve negative emotions.表示“缓解负面情绪”。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“But what evolutionary purpose does it serve?The most possible scientific explanation is that play teaches us how to address the unexpected. The world is unpredictable, and to survive, we need to adapt to new situations. (但是它的进化目的是什么呢？最可能的科学解释是，玩耍教会我们如何应对意外情况。世界是不可预测的，为了生存，我们需要适应新的情况。)”可知，游戏的进化目的让我们为未知的未来做好准备。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“Fitting playtime into your day is important for working productivity. Play is a basic emotional system, essential in both child development and adult creativity. Studies also show that it increases job satisfaction, resourcefulness and innovation. More importantly, play prepares us to tackle the unexpected by broadening the breadth of experiences you have to draw from when meeting new challenges.(在一天中安排娱乐时间对提高工作效率很重要。游戏是一种基本的情感系统，在儿童发展和成人创造力中都是必不可少的。研究还表明，它能提高工作满意度、智谋和创新能力。更重要的是，当你面对新的挑战时，游戏可以拓宽你的经验，让我们准备好应对意想不到的事情。)”可知，游戏可以通过多种方式有益于个人生活。故选D。 主题语境03 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川阆中中学校·期中）Recently, I accidentally found a set of Hanfu I only wore once from the bottom of the cupboard. I remember buying them simply to match the ancient-style hair accessories (配饰) a friend gave me. It occurred to me that I had been trapped in the “birdcage effect”. “Birdcage effect” means that when you get an item one day, you will prepare more things to match it. Weeks ago, I was in the company of friends engaged in shopping. One said that she wanted to buy a good writing pen to match the delicate notebook that her sister gave her, so that she would fall in love with taking notes on reading, and thus love reading, not just reading. I joked that she must have fallen for the “birdcage effect”. But the friend said with a smile: “Why not use the ‘birdcage effect’ instead?” For the first time, I heard that the “birdcage effect” can be used in reverse (逆向). However, this can’t help but remind me of middle school, and I seem to have used the “birdcage effect”. Passing by a bookstore one day, I purchased a magazine and saw the call for contributions published in the magazine, so I started writing with eager hands, and then I fell in love with writing. After shopping with my friends that time, I began to proceed to use the “birdcage effect”. I bought a small fresh tablecloth to decorate my desk, and a beautiful notebook to record my inspiration. When everything was ready, I started writing again. But how can we get rid of the “birdcage effect” in many things, and even use the “birdcage effect” in the opposite way? Various “birdcages” unavoidably appear in life, but we can distinguish them. If it is not in line with the actual situation, it is a “negative birdcage”, then we must learn to stop losses in time and maintain a heart of abandonment and separation. If it is a “positive birdcage” that motivates us to develop upward, we can clarify our goals, shop or decorate appropriately, and motivate ourselves to move towards our goals. At this time, you will find that the “birdcage effect” is actually not so terrible! 1.What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. The application of the “birdcage effect” in life. B. The necessity of using the “birdcage effect” in life. C. The turning point of the author’s idea on the “birdcage effect”. D. The author’s conflict with her friend over the “birdcage effect”. 2.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning her middle school experience? A. To recall her delightful days at school. B. To explain the reason for her love with writing. C. To confirm the positive of the “birdcage effect”. D. To prove her knowledge of the “birdcage effect”. 3.How can we make use of the “birdcage effect” positively? A. By realizing this effect has two sides. B. By promoting our personal consumption. C. By recognizing this effect is not so terrible. D. By guiding our acts to go with reasonable goals. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Getting Rid of the Birdcage Effect Confidently B. Motivating Ourselves to Move Towards Our Goals C. The Birdcage Effect: Influence on Consumer Behavior D. The Birdcage Effect: How to Use It to Your Advantage 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. D　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了作者对“鸟笼效应”的理解和看法，以及如何利用这一效应来激励自己朝着目标前进。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段““Birdcage effect” means that when you get an item one day, you will prepare more things to match it. Weeks ago, I was in the company of friends engaged in shopping. One said that she wanted to buy a good writing pen to match the delicate notebook that her sister gave her, so that she would fall in love with taking notes on reading, and thus love reading, not just reading. I joked that she must have fallen for the “birdcage effect”. But the friend said with a smile: “Why not use the ‘birdcage effect’ instead?”(“鸟笼效应”指的是当你某天得到一件物品时，你会添置更多东西去搭配它。几周前，我和朋友们一起逛街。其中一位朋友说，她想买一支好用的钢笔，来搭配姐姐送她的精致笔记本，这样她就能爱上做读书笔记，进而爱上阅读，而不只是单纯地读书。我开玩笑说她肯定是中了“鸟笼效应”的圈套。但这位朋友却笑着说：“那何不反过来利用‘鸟笼效应’呢？”)”可知，第二段主要讲的是作者对“鸟笼效应”看法的转折点。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“However, this can’t help but remind me of middle school, and I seem to have used the “birdcage effect”. Passing by a bookstore one day, I purchased a magazine and saw the call for contributions published in the magazine, so I started writing with eager hands, and then I fell in love with writing.(不过，这不禁让我想起了中学时代，我似乎运用了“鸟笼效应”。有一天路过一家书店，我买了一本杂志，看到杂志上刊登的征稿启事，我就开始急切地开始写作，从此我就爱上了写作)”可知，作者运用了“鸟笼效应”的结果是自己爱上了写作，这是“鸟笼效应”给作者带来的积极影响，由此可推知，作者提到她的中学经历的是为了证实“鸟笼效应”的积极作用。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“If it is a “positive birdcage” that motivates us to develop upward, we can clarify our goals, shop or decorate appropriately, and motivate ourselves to move towards our goals.(如果是一个激励我们向上发展的“积极的鸟笼”，我们可以明确自己的目标，适当地购物或装饰，激励自己朝着目标前进。)”可知，我们可以通过引导我们的行为与合理的目标相一致来积极利用“鸟笼效应”。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中““Birdcage effect” means that when you get an item one day, you will prepare more things to match it. (“鸟笼效应”是指当你有一天得到一件物品时，你会准备更多的东西来搭配它。)”，第三段中“For the first time, I heard that the “birdcage effect” can be used in reverse (逆向). (第一次听说“鸟笼效应”可以反向使用)”和最后一段“But how can we get rid of the “birdcage effect” in many things, and even use the “birdcage effect” in the opposite way? Various “birdcages” unavoidably appear in life, but we can distinguish them. If it is not in line with the actual situation, it is a “negative birdcage”, then we must learn to stop losses in time and maintain a heart of abandonment and separation. If it is a “positive birdcage” that motivates us to develop upward, we can clarify our goals, shop or decorate appropriately, and motivate ourselves to move towards our goals. At this time, you will find that the “birdcage effect” is actually not so terrible!(但如何才能在很多事情上摆脱“鸟笼效应”，甚至反过来利用“鸟笼效应”呢？生活中难免会出现各种各样的“鸟笼”，但我们可以区分它们。如果不符合实际情况，就是“负面鸟笼”，那么我们就要学会及时止损，保持一颗抛弃、分离的心。如果是一个激励我们向上发展的“积极的鸟笼”，我们可以明确自己的目标，适当的购物或装饰，激励自己朝着目标前进。这时候你就会发现“鸟笼效应”其实并没有那么可怕！)”可知，文章主要介绍了“鸟笼效应”以及我们该如何在生活中恰当地利用它，D项“鸟笼效应：如何利用它来对你有利”适合作文章标题，故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川成都川大附中·期中）Humor has long been recognized for its positive effects, even in the darkest times. Laughter serves as a bridge, helping individuals get through pain. This is shown in Amy Herzog’s new play, Mary Jane. The play balances humor and heartbreak, providing a fresh idea on the trials of care giving and the strength of the human spirit. Mary Jane tells the story of a single mother who raises her disabled son, Alex. The play explores friendship, unconditional mother love, and hope and despair. Despite all the challenges she faces, Mary Jane’s life is filled with humor, offering the audience brief respites (喘息) from her emotional trouble. The play focuses on the characters’ emotional and psychological experiences rather than the physical presence of Alex who is mostly hidden from the audience. This is achieved by showing the influence of Alex’s condition through the eyes of those who care for him. The audience feels the weight of his absence and his various needs, which take up most of Mary Jane’s life. Mary Jane tries hard to meet the demands of her job while managing her son’s constant medical needs. Her interactions with the supporting characters show the importance of community support and humor that help her fight with her daily struggles. One of the most moving parts of the play is that of Mary Jane’s interactions with other mothers of disabled children. They exchange advice, encourage and entertain each other with humor. Norman Cousins, a professor, recorded his recovery from a severe illness through daily laughter. Cousins discovered that ten minutes of genuine laughter had an anesthetic (麻醉的) effect and gave him at least two hours of pain-free sleep. His findings show humor’s physical and psychological benefits. Research also supports the importance of laughter and humor, showing that it can reduce stress, improve mood and resilience. Humor positively and directly affects people’s health. This indicated that humor could buffer against stress and improve overall mental health. 1.What is the purpose of the text? A. To advertise a new play. B. To provide humor in our daily life. C. To introduce the way to be humorous. D. To emphasize the importance of humor. 2.Which words can describe Mary Jane? A. Careful and friendly. B. Loyal and hardworking. C. Strong and humorous. D. Curious and sensitive. 3.What can we learn from the play? A. The audience seldom see Alex in the play. B. Mary Jane has no friends. C. Mary Jane never goes out to work. D. Mary Jane has a considerate husband. 4.How do we know about Norman Cousins? A. He interacts with other mothers of disabled children. B. The community helps him a lot. C. He has a balanced diet. D. He recovers from his illness by laughing a lot. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了幽默对身心健康的积极作用。文章以剧本《Mary Jane》为例，论述了幽默在应对生活挑战、减轻压力、改善情绪方面的作用，并引用Norman Cousins的例子和研究结果进一步证明，强调了幽默的重要性。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Humor has long been recognized for its positive effects, even in the darkest times. Laughter serves as a bridge, helping individuals get through pain. This is shown in Amy Herzog’s new play, Mary Jane. The play balances humor and heartbreak, providing a fresh idea on the trials of care giving and the strength of the human spirit. (即使在最黑暗的时期，幽默也一直被认为具有积极的作用。笑是一座桥梁，帮助人们度过痛苦。这体现在Amy Herzog的新剧《Mary Jane》中。该剧平衡了幽默和心碎，为关怀的考验和人类精神的力量提供了一个新的视角。)”和最后一段“Research also supports the importance of laughter and humor, showing that it can reduce stress, improve mood and resilience. Humor positively and directly affects people’s health. This indicated that humor could buffer against stress and improve overall mental health. (研究也支持笑声和幽默的重要性，表明它可以减轻压力，改善情绪和恢复力。幽默积极而直接地影响着人们的健康。这表明幽默可以缓冲压力，改善整体心理健康。)”可知，文章主要是强调幽默的重要性。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Despite all the challenges she faces, Mary Jane’s life is filled with humor, offering the audience brief respites (喘息) from her emotional trouble.(尽管面临所有挑战，Mary Jane的生活仍充满幽默，让观众从她的情感困扰中得到短暂的喘息。)”以及第三段“Mary Jane tries hard to meet the demands of her job while managing her son’s constant medical needs.(Mary Jane努力满足工作需求，同时还要处理儿子持续的医疗需求。)”可知，Mary Jane在面对生活的重重困难时，依然保持幽默，且努力应对各种需求，说明她很坚强且幽默。选项C“Strong and humorous.(坚强且幽默)”符合题意。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The play focuses on the characters’ emotional and psychological experiences rather than the physical presence of Alex who is mostly hidden from the audience.(这部剧聚焦于角色的情感和心理体验，而不是Alex的实体形象，Alex大部分时间都隐藏在观众视线之外。)”可知，观众在剧中很少看到Alex。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Norman Cousins, a professor, recorded his recovery from a severe illness through daily laughter. Cousins discovered that ten minutes of genuine laughter had an anesthetic (麻醉的) effect and gave him at least two hours of pain-free sleep.(教授Norman Cousins记录了他通过每天大笑从重病中恢复的过程。Cousins发现，十分钟真诚的大笑具有麻醉效果，能让他至少有两个小时无痛睡眠。)”可知，Norman Cousins通过大量大笑从疾病中恢复。故选D项。 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·四川南江中学·期中）People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why. Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes. “We demonstrate that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions,” Jack said. “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and overlook the mouth.” According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery reveals that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously assumed. As a consequence, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations. The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sorrowful, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies. It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than Westerners did. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions,” Jack said. “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.” In short, the data indicate that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation. 1.According to the passage, how do Easterners usually look at faces to read expressions? A. They look at the whole face evenly. B. They pay most attention to the eyes. C. They focus equally on the eyes and the mouth. D. They move their attention between different features quickly. 2.What were the subjects asked to do in the study? A. To make their faces impressive. B. To observe the researchers’ faces. C. To classify certain facial images. D. To make their eyes move in a specific pattern. 3.What are Easterners likely to do when compared with Westerners? A. Examine the eyes more attentively. B. Perform translation more skillfully. C. Focus more on the mouth frequently. D. Read facial expressions more accurately. 4.What is the best title for the passage? A. The Eye Serving as a Window into the Soul. B. Cultural Distinctions in Interpreting Emotions. C. How to Promote Cross-cultural Understanding. D. Effective Approaches to Developing Social Skills. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章说明了研究显示，东亚人与欧洲人解读面部表情存在差异：东亚人更关注眼睛，西方人均衡关注眼和嘴，这导致跨文化情绪沟通易出错，也说明面部表情并非通用情绪信号。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and overlook the mouth.(西方人对眼睛和嘴巴的关注程度相同，而东方人则更注重眼睛而忽略嘴巴)”可知，东方人最关注的是眼睛。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sorrowful, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral.(研究人员通过记录13名西方白人和13名东亚人的眼球运动，来研究他们在识别面部表情方面的文化差异。他们让这些人观察一系列具有表情特征的面部图片，并将其归类为：快乐、悲伤、惊讶、恐惧、厌恶、愤怒或中性)”可知，在该研究中，受试者被要求对某些面部图像进行分类。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than Westerners did.(结果表明，东方人更注重观察眼睛这一部位，而且出现错误的几率也明显高于西方人)”可知，与西方人相比，东方人可能会更仔细地观察眼睛。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.(东亚人相较于欧洲人，在辨别面部表情方面往往存在更大的困难。而一项发表在《当代生物学》杂志网络版上的新研究报告解释了其中的原因)”结合文章说明了研究显示，东亚人与欧洲人解读面部表情存在差异：东亚人更关注眼睛，西方人均衡关注眼和嘴，这导致跨文化情绪沟通易出错，也说明面部表情并非通用情绪信号。可知，B选项“诠释情绪方面的文化差异”最符合文章标题。故选B。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·四川成都川大附中·期中）Screens are replacing paper in almost every area of communication, but is this good for our mental health? Research shows that reading has many mental health benefits, yet most people choose screen time over books for entertainment. Even in schools, digital learning is taking over, making backpacks lighter but challenging students to stay focused. Reading short posts on social media reduces our attention span, making long books harder to enjoy. This type of reading also uses simple language, offering less exposure to rich vocabulary and ideas. Research indicates that comprehension is six to eight times better with physical books than e-readers. While people may read faster on devices, distractions like social media, ads, and notifications (通知) often prevent them from remembering what they read. Physical books provide a more immersive experience, helping readers understand and remember the content better. Holding a book, turning its pages, and highlighting favorite parts engage the body. Researchers say turning pages helps create a “mental map”, linking what we read to specific pages, which aids memory. The physical actions of reading a book— how you hold it, how your eyes move across the pages— create a unique experience. Unlike e-books, physical books offe$函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题02阅读理解（说明文） 基础必练 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.D3.D4D Passage 3 【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.D Passage 4 【答案】1.D2.A3.B4.C 主题语境02人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1.D2.B3.C4.D 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1.A2.C3.C4.B 主题语境04人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.A3.C4.B Passage 2 【答案】1.A2.A3.C4.C 主题语境05人与自然-环境 114 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 【答案】1.B2.D3.C 主题语境06人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1.D2.A3.A4.B 进阶提升 主题语境01人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.B 主题语境02人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.A3.D4A Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.A3.A4.C Passage 3 【答案】1.C2.B3.B4.A Passage 4 【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.D Passage 5 【答案】1.B2.C3.A4.D Passage 6 【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.C Passage 7 【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.D Passage 8 【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.D 2/4 函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 主题语境03人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.C3.D4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.D 主题语境04人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.C3.A4.B Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.A 主题语境05人与自然-环境 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.D3.C4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.B Passage 3 【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.D 主题语境06人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1.B2.C3.C4.D 拓展培优》 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.D3.A4.C 314 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.D3.A4C 主题语境02人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.D 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.A2.C3.C4.C Passage 3 【答案】1.B2.C3.D4.A 主题语境04人与自然-环境 【答案】1.D2.B3.A 414