【周周有招】新教材同步尖子班讲义第5讲 Unit 1 Cultural Heritage（定语从句成分分析法）-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版必修第二册（教师版+学生版）

2026秋同步教材尖子班讲义高一（上）英语-新教材人教版必修二 Unit 1 Cultural Heritage 第5讲 定语从句·成分分析法 学 生 版 · 课 堂 讲 义　｜　文化遗产情境 · 四步成分分析法 班级 ____________　　姓名 ____________　　学号 ____________　　本讲自评 ____________ 一　学习路线与学习目标 定语从句在考场上的落点只有三处：语法填空的无提示词空、写作升格、阅读长难句拆解。只做一件事——让你在考场上用固定的四步，把关系词稳稳落到位。用时120分钟，2课时。 学习目标 1、用"找先行词 — 还原 — 看成分 — 定关系词"四步，判断关系代词、关系副词、"介词 + 关系词"以及非限制性从句的关系词。 2、突破七类高频易混点：时间 / 地点 / 原因先行词、抽象地点、way、whose、整句 which。 3、把文化遗产语篇里的长定语结构拆开读懂，并迁移到写作升格中。 二　考情观察与一条铁律 近三年全国卷及新高考卷的语法填空中，定语从句是三大从句里出现最频繁的一类，单篇稳定在 1—2 空。复习方向先看这三条： 1. 非限制性多于限制性。 逗号是最大的信号源——先判逗号，比先找先行词更快。 2. which 类是主战场，who、where 各有稳定出场；that 多由不定代词、最高级这类"特殊先行词"触发；"介词 + 关系词"近年重新现身。 3. why 出现极少，复习时不必在它身上死磕。 一空一词铁律　无提示词空每空只填一词，可填范围只有 which / that / who / whom / whose / where / when / why。 需要"介词 + which"而题干没有给出介词时，该空无法一词作答；题干已给出 of / with / during / in / from 等介词时，空格里只填 which 或 whom。 三　撞墙导入：三道题 三道题连着做，做完再听讲。目的只有一个：让你亲眼看见——"词义"和"成分"是两回事。 1. The heritage museum we visited during the conservation forum is now open to the public. 2. This is the ancient workshop my grandfather restored bronze wares ten years ago. 3. I still remember the cultural festivals we spent together in the old town. 做完先别急着对答案　三道题的共同点：先行词的词义（地点、时间）和它在从句里的成分，是两件事。四步法只认成分，不认词义。 四　核心精讲：四步成分分析法 （一）四步标准流程 1. 找先行词——被修饰的名词或代词，也可能是整个主句。警惕就近干扰。 2. 还原从句——把先行词放回从句里它该在的位置，必要时补出介词。 3. 看缺成分——主语、宾语、定语，还是时间 / 地点 / 原因状语。 4. 定关系词——缺主宾用关系代词，缺状语用关系副词或"介词 + 关系词"，表所属用 whose，指整句用非限制性 which。 同步验证：主谓一致　关系代词作主语时，从句谓语跟着先行词走：All that remains…（All 表单数）；those who…（谓语随 those 用复数）。 这一步与第 3 步一起做，能救回一批"关系词对、谓语错"的分。 【示例】先自己走四步，把空填出来。 (1). A guide speaks three languages led the heritage tour. (2). The manuscripts were discovered in the cave are being digitized. (3). The courtyard emperors held rituals has been rebuilt. （二）被动句与介词结构怎么还原 被动句的判断只有一个动作：看 be 动词前面有没有主语。没有，就是缺主语。介词结构则要看动词或名词的固定搭配。 1. The relics were shipped abroad in the 1900s have mostly returned. 2. The archaeologist to the artifacts were entrusted is retiring. 【课堂即时训练】口头走四步，不给笔。 (1). The pagoda was erected in the Tang period overlooks the valley. (2). The consultant to the preservation plan was submitted gave a lecture. （三）关系词速查表 这张表只在"落词"时对照使用，不作判断依据。判断依据永远是上面的四步。 从句成分 指人 指物 说明 主语 who, that which, that 作主语时不可省略 宾语 whom, who, that which, that 限制性从句中可省略 定语（所属） whose whose ＝ of whom / of which 时间状语 — when ＝ in / on / at which 地点状语 — where ＝ in / at which；抽象场所同样适用 原因状语 — why ＝ for which；先行词多为 reason 所属关系互换式　whose + 名词 ＝ the + 名词 + of which / whom ＝ of which / whom + the + 名词。三种外形，一个所属关系。 语篇填空里出现 the windows of which，认不出这层互换就会当场卡住。 （四）三组高频易混 下面六句成对看，先把空填上，再想清楚判别的开关是什么。 类别 缺宾语（用关系代词） 缺状语（用关系副词） 时间 the era we commemorated the era the treaty was signed 地点 the site we excavated the site the team camped 原因 the reason he offered the reason he was late 判别开关只有一个：从句里那个及物动词后面有没有自己的宾语。动词吃掉了自己的宾语，先行词就只能去作状语。（先行词是 cause 时用 for which，是 reason 时填 why。） （五）抽象地点：盒子法 盒子法　把 situation、stage、point、case、position、context、framework、process、system 这类抽象名词看作"盒子"：英语习惯把它们隐喻成容器，能像地点一样容纳事情在里面发生。 还原时用 in / at + 名词，关系词取 where。 1. We reached a stage every artifact had to be catalogued. 2. The policy created a context local communities led restoration. 高频错因　填成 which / that 的理由通常是"stage 摆在从句最前面，当然是主语"。看清从句——every artifact had to be catalogued 主谓齐全，stage 放不进主宾位置。 先行词摆在最前面，不等于它在从句里坐最前面的位置。 （六）that 与 which 的语用边界 优先 that：all / everything / nothing 等不定代词；序数词、最高级、the only / the very；人与物并列作先行词。 优先 which：非限制性指物；介词之后。 the same 后接 that 表"同一个"，接 as 表"同一类"。 1. Your mind and body go together — that's all matters. 反向错误同样多　记住"非限制性不用 that"之后，凡带逗号就一律填 which。可逗号只解决 that 能不能用，不解决用 which 还是 who——逗号看对了、先行词指人没看，照样丢分。 （七）介词 + 关系词：前置与句末 公式：介词 + which / whom；表所属时用"介词 + whose + 名词"（如 in whose house）。介词从哪来？三处：动词搭配、名词搭配、句意逻辑。 1. The archive from researchers retrieved the files has strict rules. 形式 例句 关系词 介词前置 The method in he documented the traditions… 介词留句末 The method he documented the traditions in… 介词已被题干给出时，空里只填 which / whom；介词没给出而又必须补介词时，该空按"一空一词"无法作答。介词留句末时 that 与 which 都可用——这只影响写作与翻译，不影响填空。 （八）省略规则 1. 关系代词作宾语可以省略，作主语不可省。 2. 关系副词在正式书面语中不省略。 3. way 作方式状语时可用 that / in which / 省略三种形式；语法填空每空一词，不取省略式。 （九）way 的双重身份 way 是唯一一个"同一先行词、成分不同、答案翻面"的高频词，务必成对记。 作方式状语：从句不缺主宾，way 还原为 in the way，填 that 或 in which。 1. I don't like the way he spoke to the visitors. 作主语或宾语：从句缺主宾，填 which / that，与上一种划清界限。 2. …they price goods in the way will make them the most money. 3. The way the team chose was later adopted nationwide. 全班错一半的那道题　The way ◆ he explained the process was clear. explained 已经吃掉 the process 作宾语，way 只剩方式状语一途。 （十）分隔式与嵌套定语从句 分隔式：先行词与关系词被谓语或插入语隔开，就近找名词必然找错。 1. The day came the sealed chamber was finally opened. 嵌套：一层从句套着另一层，由外向内逐层剥，不要试图一次读完。 2. The relics were found in the tomb had been sealed for three thousand years are now on display. （十一）拓展选讲：as 引导定语从句 本项为学有余力者准备，本阶段不作考查要求。 as 有三条 which 做不到的本领：可置于句首、可置于句中、自带"正如"义；而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句不能置于句首。 1. is shown in the annual report, the murals were fully restored. 2. The fable still has values today, many critics have pointed out. 先行词为 such 或 the same 时，关系代词固定用 as。 3. Such relics were damaged in the flood need urgent attention. 4. This is the same cleaning method the British museum adopted. 五　半独立演练 以下 5 句是从精讲到独立练习的过渡。先口头走四步，暴露问题后再听纠错。 1. The tower stands on the hill was built in the Ming dynasty. 2. The year the earthquake struck is still remembered. 3. The expert analysis convinced the committee is respected. 4. The situation nothing could be done lasted weeks. 5. The reason he gave was convincing. 六　非限制性定语从句与整句指代 （一）基本特征 逗号隔开；不用 that；删去后不影响主句的核心身份。近三年考查中非限制性明显占多数——先判逗号，比先找先行词更快。 （二）整句 which 怎么判 两条判据，先看形式，再回到语义验证，不绝对化。 形式判据：从句谓语是单数（如 has improved）而邻近名词为复数或不可数时，which 只能指整句。 语义判据：问一句"谁配得上这个谓语"。 1. The team digitized all inscriptions, took three years. 2. The curator designed a new route, increased visitor engagement. 两个错因要一起防　一是填 that（逗号后不用 that）；二是把 which 认成指代最近的名词。 判断 which 指"物"还是指"整件事"，靠的不是语法形式，是谁配得上这个谓语。 （三）which 与 as 的分工 which 只能置于主句之后，表"这一点"，可指先行词也可指整句；as 句首、句中、句末均可，表"正如"，多指整句。下面两句不可互换： He passed the exam, which made his parents proud.　　As is known to all, he passed the exam. 写作升格里，as 置句首是提分最快的句式之一。 七　三步判定流程与易错清单 （一）三步判定流程 1. 看逗号。 有逗号 → 非限制性 → that 出局；再看先行词指人还是指物，定 who 还是 which。 2. 看介词。 空格前有介词 → 只填 which / whom；介词在句末 → which / that 皆可。 3. 还原看成分。 缺主宾 → 关系代词；缺状语 → 关系副词；空格后紧跟名词且构成所属 → whose。 第 1 步能直接砍掉一半选项，比"先找先行词"更快——这是非限制性高占比带来的应试红利。 （二）五个必练易错点（先填空，再背坑） 易错一. 见地点就填 where。　This is the temple I visited last spring. 易错二. 见时间就填 when。　I remember the day we spent together. 易错三. 就近认先行词。　…a path retracing the steps along the Silk Route brought the plants… 易错四. way 后一律填 which。　The way he explained the process was clear. 易错五. 非限制性一律填 which。　Tang Xianzu, is known as "the Shakespeare of Asia"… 八　语篇型语法填空（文化遗产情境 · 限时 12 分钟） 阅读下面短文，每空一词。 The International Heritage Exhibition, 1. brings together relics from twelve countries, opened in the old palace complex. Conservationists adopted a digital system 2. all records can be updated in real time. The jade objects 3. were unearthed last spring are displayed in Hall A, the windows of 4. face the inner garden. A training program 5. aims to cultivate young restorers has been launched, during 6. period experts from various museums share techniques. There are moments 7. delicate artifacts must be kept in controlled humidity, and there are cases 8. traditional craftsmanship alone cannot solve modern preservation problems. The committee reached a stage 9. every decision requires public consultation, 10. has improved trust between institutions and local communities. 计时与自查　用时：________ 分钟　　　正确：________ / 10　　　 错因归类：□ 词义干扰　□ 就近认词　□ 抽象地点　□ 整句指代 九　分层实战 四档按学情分发：A 档全员必做，B 档为易错生加练，C 档供扎实生综合应用，D 档留给冲高分的同学。各档限时为该档单独用时，不累加。 （一）A 档 · 基础巩固　（全员必做，限时 5 分钟） 1. This is the temple I prayed and lit incense last spring. 2. The craftsman is carving the wooden beams works silently. 3. I like the scroll you showed me yesterday. 4. Do you know the reason the ceremony was postponed? 5. The family ancestors guarded the tomb moved to the city. （二）B 档 · 能力提升　（易错生加练，限时 8 分钟） 1. Is this the archive you inspected during the audit? 2. The village my grandmother practiced folk medicine preserves old recipes. 3. The ceremonies we recorded last winter attracted scholars. 4. I will never forget the occasion the bronze bell was rung again. 5. The researcher analysis changed the dating method won an award. （三）C 档 · 综合应用　（扎实生，限时 10 分钟） 1. He reported on the inscriptions and pottery he had examined. 2. The fortress towers overlook the river belongs to the state. 3. This is the most remarkable restoration case I have ever handled. 4. We arrived at a point no further intervention could be delayed. 5. The way the team documented the relics set a new standard. 6. The way the team chose was later adopted nationwide. （四）D 档 · 高阶易错　（冲高分，限时 15 分钟） 1. We move on to tai chi positions, of there are forty-two in the style that Angela teaches. 2. The foundation raised substantial funds, with a new conservation lab was equipped. 3. The method he documented oral traditions in impressed the committee. 4. The day came the sealed chamber was finally opened. 5. The relics were found in the tomb had been sealed for three thousand years are now on display. 6. All remains unclassified after the field season will be stored separately. 订正区 · 把错的那道抄下来，写清"我错在看成了什么" 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 十　课堂小结 核心口诀　逗号先行，介词次之，还原定成分；缺主宾用代，缺状用副；抽象地点想盒子，整句指代看语义。 一句话带走：定语从句的判断，永远只看先行词在从句里的成分，不看它本身的词义。 四步自检：找◆ → 还原◆ → 看◆ → 定◆（把四步关键词默写在横线上） 我的笔记 · 最该记住的三句话 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 十一　课后巩固包 （一）限时检测（6 题，建议 8 分钟） 1. Drawn by the aroma of street food, they line up in front of stands serve steaming dumplings and hot noodle soup. 2. Tanya is looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing, she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers. 3. An exhibition in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, originated in China more than 4,000 years ago. 4. I live in the countryside of Zhejiang with my husband and his family, bamboo and tea bushes grow wild in the mountains. 5. Tourists left over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, accounted for about 8% of the total gas release that year. 6. If you've never experienced the "sunshine scent" from a sheet left out to sun for a day, there is a quiet magic you are missing. （二）语篇填空（每空一词） The Silk Routes were trade networks 1. linked Eurasia for centuries. Merchants transported silk, manuscripts, and spices, 2. often took months across deserts. The cities 3. markets traded rare artifacts developed mixed cultures, many of 4. residents still preserve old crafts. One explorer, 5. journeys inspired later maps, gave lectures that encouraged cross-cultural study. The routes are now treated as a framework 6. different cultures exchanged values. New digital projects 7. aim to reconstruct lost waypoints are ongoing. Sites 8. formal excavation is impossible receive remote sensing instead. The archives 9. have been digitized offer open access to researchers, 10. promotes global heritage education. （三）翻译仿写（要求使用定语从句） 1. 你还记得那个小镇吗？我们在它的遗址公园里度过了整个夏天。 我的译文：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2. 博物馆引入了三维扫描，这显著提高了建档效率。 我的译文：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 3. 我们需要一个所有利益相关方都能接受的管理方案。 我的译文：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （四）写作升格 第一组　用非限制性从句替代并列句 原句：The museum introduced 3D scanning. This improved archival efficiency. 升格：______________________________________________________________________ 第二组　as 置句首 + 抽象地点嵌套 原句：The committee reached a stage. At the stage every decision needs public consultation. This is known to all. 升格：______________________________________________________________________ 两句合一句，把几个考点收在一处，建议背下来。 避坑提醒　非限制性 which 就近指代容易歧义。句中有多个可能先行词时，改用限制性 that 锁定，或直接拆成两句。 高分写作宁可保守，不要炫技出错。 （五）长难句拆解 1. The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing the steps along the Silk Route which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to England. 主干：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 干扰成分：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 定语从句与关系词：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2. I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, where bamboo and tea bushes grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and central heating doesn't exist. 主干：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 定语从句与关系词：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 从句内部结构：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2026秋同步教材尖子班讲义高一（上）英语-新教材人教版必修二 Unit 1 Cultural Heritage 第5讲 定语从句·成分分析法（教师版） 一、本讲定位与课时安排 定语从句在考场上的落点只有三处：语法填空的无提示词空、写作升格、阅读长难句拆解。本讲不追求把规则讲全，只做一件事——让学生在考场上用固定的四步，把关系词稳稳落到位。用时120分钟，2课时。 本讲学习目标 1. 用“找先行词—还原—看成分—定关系词”四步，判断关系代词、关系副词、“介词＋关系词”以及非限制性从句的关系词。 2. 突破七类高频易混点——时间 / 地点 / 原因先行词、抽象地点、way、whose、整句 which。 3. 把文化遗产语篇里的长定语结构拆开读懂，并迁移到写作升格中。 二、考情观察与一条铁律 近三年全国卷及新高考卷的语法填空中，定语从句是三大从句里出现最频繁的一类，单篇稳定在 1—2 空。复习前先把三条观察亮给学生，方向就不会偏： 1. 非限制性多于限制性。 逗号是最大的信号源——先判逗号，比先找先行词更快。 2. which 类是主战场，who、where 各有稳定出场；that 多由不定代词、最高级这类“特殊先行词”触发；“介词＋关系词”近年重新现身。 3. why 出现极少，复习时不必在它身上死磕。 【易错警示】一空一词铁律：无提示词空每空只填一词，可填范围只有 which / that / who / whom / whose / where / when / why。需要“介词＋which”而题干没有给出介词时，该空无法一词作答；题干已给出 of / with / during / in / from 等介词时，空格里只填 which 或 whom。这条不立死，四步法就没有落点。（拓展：as 引导的定语从句见第四部分（十一），本阶段不作考查要求。） 三、撞墙导入：三道题 三道题连着做，做完再讲。目的只有一个：让学生自己撞一次墙，亲眼看见“词义”和“成分”是两回事。 1. The heritage museum 　　　 we visited during the conservation forum is now open to the public. 看到 museum 是地点就填 where，是最常见的一次翻车。带着学生还原一遍：we visited the heritage museum during the conservation forum——visit 是及物动词，后面悬空，museum 正好补进宾语位。 答案　which / that 解析　缺宾语、指物。 2. This is the ancient workshop 　　　 my grandfather restored bronze wares ten years ago. 还原：my grandfather restored bronze wares in the workshop ten years ago。主谓宾已经齐全，bronze wares 占住了宾语位，workshop 挤不进去，只能退回状语位。 答案　where 解析　缺地点状语。本空一空一词，不取 in which。 3. I still remember the cultural festivals 　　　 we spent together in the old town. 还原：we spent the cultural festivals together in the old town。spend 及物、后面没有宾语，festivals 是“被度过的对象”，不是“度过的时间”。填 when，就是把宾语当成了状语。 答案　which / that 解析　缺宾语、指物。 【易错警示】三道题一个共同点：先行词的词义（地点、时间）和它在从句里的成分，是两件事。四步法只认成分，不认词义。这句话整节课都要反复提。 四、核心精讲：四步成分分析法 （一）四步标准流程 1. 找先行词，被修饰的名词或代词，也可能是整个主句。警惕就近干扰。 2. 还原从句，把先行词放回从句里它该在的位置，必要时补出介词。 3. 看缺成分，主语、宾语、定语，还是时间 / 地点 / 原因状语。 4. 定关系词，缺主宾用关系代词，缺状语用关系副词或“介词＋关系词”，表所属用 whose，指整句用非限制性 which。 【讲评提示】主谓一致同步验证：关系代词作主语时，从句谓语跟着先行词走。All that remains... 里 All 表单数，谓语用 remains；those who... 里谓语随 those 用复数。这一步与第 3 步一起做，能救回一批“关系词对、谓语错”的分。 示例（1） A guide 　　　 speaks three languages led the heritage tour. 答案　who / that 解析　还原 a guide speaks three languages，缺主语、指人。 示例（2） The manuscripts 　　　 were discovered in the cave are being digitized. 答案　which / that 解析　被动式最易看走眼——were discovered 前面没有主语，缺主语、指物。 示例（3） The courtyard 　　　 emperors held rituals has been rebuilt. 答案　where（或 in which） 解析　还原 emperors held rituals in the courtyard，主谓宾齐全，courtyard 只能作状语。 （二）被动句与介词结构怎么还原 被动句的判断只有一个动作：看 be 动词前面有没有主语。没有，就是缺主语。介词结构则要看动词或名词的固定搭配。 1. The relics 　　　 were shipped abroad in the 1900s have mostly returned. 答案　which / that 解析　还原 the relics were shipped abroad in the 1900s，被动句缺主语、指物。 2. The archaeologist to 　　　 the artifacts were entrusted is retiring. 答案　whom 解析　还原 the artifacts were entrusted to the archaeologist，be entrusted to 的 to 由动词搭配带出，介词前置只能用 whom。 改用关系代词时要保留这个 to：The archaeologist (who / whom / that) the artifacts were entrusted to is retiring. 丢掉 to，句子就缺了成分。 课堂即时训练（口头四步，不给笔） （1） The pagoda 　　　 was erected in the Tang period overlooks the valley. 答案　which / that 解析　被动句，缺主语、指物。 （2） The consultant to 　　　 the preservation plan was submitted gave a lecture. 答案　whom 解析　submit...to 的 to 已由题干给出；若介词留在句末，则填 who / whom / that。 （三）关系词速查表 从句成分 指人 指物 说明 主语 who, that which, that 作主语时不可省略 宾语 whom, who, that which, that 限制性从句中可省略 定语（所属） whose whose ＝ of whom / of which 时间状语 — when ＝ in / on / at which 地点状语 — where ＝ in / at which；抽象场所同样适用 原因状语 — why ＝ for which；先行词多为 reason 所属关系互换式：whose + 名词 ＝ the + 名词 + of which / whom ＝ of which / whom + the + 名词。三种外形，一个所属关系。语篇填空里出现 the windows of which，认不出这层互换就会当场卡住。 【说明】这张表只在“落词”时对照使用，不作判断依据。判断依据永远是上面的四步。 （四）三组高频易混 类别 缺宾语（用关系代词） 缺状语（用关系副词） 时间 the era　　　we commemorated → which / that the era　　　the treaty was signed → when 地点 the site　　　we excavated → which / that the site　　　the team camped → where 原因 the reason　　　he offered → which / that the reason　　　he was late → why / for which 判这三组的开关只有一个：从句里那个及物动词后面有没有自己的宾语。动词吃掉了自己的宾语，先行词就只能去作状语。先行词是 cause 时用 for which，是 reason 时填 why。 （五）抽象地点：“盒子法” 把 situation、stage、point、case、position、context、framework、process、system 这类抽象名词看作“盒子”。英语习惯把它们隐喻成容器，能像地点一样容纳事情在里面发生，还原时用 in / at + 名词，关系词取 where。 1. We reached a stage 　　　 every artifact had to be catalogued. 答案　where 解析　还原 at the stage every artifact had to be catalogued，从句完整，缺地点状语。 2. The policy created a context 　　　 local communities led restoration. 答案　where 解析　还原 local communities led restoration in the context。 【易错警示】高频错因：学生填 which / that，理由是“stage 摆在从句最前面，当然是主语”。看清从句——every artifact had to be catalogued 主谓齐全，stage 放不进主宾位置。先行词摆在最前面，不等于它在从句里坐最前面的位置。这句话要点名讲透。 （六）that 与 which 的语用边界 优先 that：all / everything / nothing 等不定代词；序数词、最高级、the only / the very；人与物并列作先行词。 优先 which：非限制性指物；介词之后。 the same 后接 that 表“同一个”，接 as 表“同一类”。 Your mind and body go together — that's all 　　　 matters. 答案　that 解析　先行词是不定代词 all，which 一律出局。 【易错警示】反向错误同样多：记住“非限制性不用 that”之后，凡带逗号就一律填 which。可逗号只解决 that 能不能用，不解决用 which 还是 who——逗号看对了、先行词指人没看，照样丢分。 （七）介词＋关系词：前置与句末 公式：介词 + which / whom；表所属时用 介词 + whose + 名词（如 in whose house）。介词从哪来？三处：动词搭配、名词搭配、句意逻辑。 1. The archive from 　　　 researchers retrieved the files has strict rules. 答案　which 解析　搭配 retrieve...from，介词已给出，只填 which。 介词前置与介词留在句末，是同一件事的两副面孔： 形式 例句 关系词 介词前置 The method in　　　he documented the traditions... which（不可用 that） 介词留句末 The method　　　he documented the traditions in... which / that，亦可省略 【说明】介词已被题干给出时，空里只填 which / whom；介词没给出而又必须补介词时，该空按“一空一词”无法作答。介词留句末时 that 与 which 都可用——这只影响写作与翻译，不影响填空。 （八）省略规则 1. 关系代词作宾语可以省略，作主语不可省。 2. 关系副词在正式书面语中不省略。 3. way 作方式状语时可用 that / in which / 省略三种形式；语法填空每空一词，不取省略式。 （九）way 的双重身份 way 是唯一一个“同一先行词、成分不同、答案翻面”的高频词，务必成对讲。 作方式状语：从句不缺主宾，way 还原为 in the way，填 that 或 in which。 1. I don't like the way 　　　 he spoke to the visitors. 答案　that / in which 解析　还原 he spoke to the visitors in the way，缺方式状语。 作主语或宾语：从句缺主宾，填 which / that，与上一种划清界限。 2. ...they price goods in the way 　　　 will make them the most money. 答案　which / that 解析　还原 the way will make them the most money，will make 前没有主语。 3. The way 　　　 the team chose was later adopted nationwide. 答案　which / that 解析　chose 及物、后面悬空，way 这次是宾语。 【易错警示】The way ______ he explained the process was clear. 这道几乎全班错一半。explained 已经吃掉 the process 作宾语，way 只剩方式状语一途 → that / in which。 （十）分隔式与嵌套定语从句 分隔式：先行词与关系词被谓语或插入语隔开，就近找名词必然找错。 1. The day came 　　　 the sealed chamber was finally opened. 答案　when 解析　先行词是句首的 The day，不是紧邻的 came；还原 ...was finally opened on the day。 嵌套：一层从句套着另一层，由外向内逐层剥，不要试图一次读完。 2. The relics 　　　 were found in the tomb 　　　 had been sealed for three thousand years are now on display. 答案　which / that；which / that 解析　外层先行词 The relics，内层先行词 the tomb，两层都缺主语、指物。 （十一）拓展选讲：as 引导定语从句 【讲评提示】本项为学有余力者准备，本阶段不作考查要求，课时紧可直接跳过。 as 有三条 which 做不到的本领：可置于句首、可置于句中、自带“正如”义。而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句不能置于句首。 1. 　　　 is shown in the annual report, the murals were fully restored. 答案　as 解析　空格在句首且语义含“正如”。 2. The fable still has values today, 　　　 many critics have pointed out. 答案　as 解析　置于句末，表“正如……所指出的”。 先行词为 such 或 the same 时，关系代词固定用 as。 3. Such relics 　　　 were damaged in the flood need urgent attention. 答案　as 解析　such 作先行词。 4. This is the same cleaning method 　　　 the British museum adopted. 答案　as 解析　表同类；强调“同一个”时用 that。 五、半独立演练 以下 5 句用于从精讲到独立练习的过渡。先让学生口头走四步，暴露问题后再给答案，教师不重讲规则。 1. The tower 　　　 stands on the hill was built in the Ming dynasty. 答案　which / that 解析　还原 the tower stands on the hill，缺主语、指物。 2. The year 　　　 the earthquake struck is still remembered. 答案　when 解析　the earthquake struck 主谓齐全，year 还原为 in the year 作时间状语。 3. The expert 　　　 analysis convinced the committee is respected. 答案　whose 解析　空格后紧跟名词 analysis，“谁的”关系。 4. The situation 　　　 nothing could be done lasted weeks. 答案　where 解析　situation 是抽象地点，还原 nothing could be done in the situation。 5. The reason 　　　 he gave was convincing. 答案　which / that 解析　give 及物、后面悬空。与 the reason why he was late 并排看：同一个 reason，一处是“给出的理由”（宾语），一处是“迟到的原因”（状语）。 六、非限制性定语从句与整句指代 （一）基本特征 逗号隔开；不用 that；删去后不影响主句的核心身份。近三年考查中非限制性明显占多数——先判逗号，比先找先行词更快。 （二）整句 which 怎么判 两条判据，先看形式，再回到语义验证，不绝对化。 形式判据：从句谓语是单数（如 has improved）而邻近名词为复数或不可数时，which 只能指整句。 语义判据：问一句“谁配得上这个谓语”。 1. The team digitized all inscriptions, 　　　 took three years. 答案　which 解析　邻近的 inscriptions 是复数，而“铭文”本身不会花三年，花三年的是“把全部铭文数字化”这件事。took 单复同形，形式判据走不通，只能靠语义。 2. The curator designed a new route, 　　　 increased visitor engagement. 答案　which 解析　“设计新路线”整件事才配得上 increased visitor engagement。 【易错警示】两个错因要一起讲：一是填 that（逗号后不用 that）；二是把 which 认成指代最近的名词。判断 which 指“物”还是指“整件事”，靠的不是语法形式，是谁配得上这个谓语。 （三）which 与 as 的分工 which 只能置于主句之后，表“这一点”，可指先行词也可指整句；as 句首、句中、句末均可，表“正如”，多指整句。He passed the exam, which made his parents proud. 与 As is known to all, he passed the exam. 不可互换。写作升格里，as 置句首是提分最快的句式之一。 七、三步判定流程与易错清单 （一）三步判定流程 1. 看逗号。 有逗号 → 非限制性 → that 出局；再看先行词指人还是指物，定 who 还是 which。 2. 看介词。 空格前有介词 → 只填 which / whom；介词在句末 → which / that 皆可。 3. 还原看成分。 缺主宾 → 关系代词；缺状语 → 关系副词；空格后紧跟名词且构成所属 → whose。 第 1 步能直接砍掉一半选项，比“先找先行词”更快——这是非限制性高占比带来的应试红利。 （二）五个必练易错点 易错一　见地点就填 where。 This is the temple which / that I visited last spring. ——visited 及物、后面悬空，temple 是“被参观的对象”。 易错二　见时间就填 when。 I remember the day which / that we spent together. ——spent 及物、缺宾语，day 是“被度过的日子”。 易错三　就近认先行词。 ...a path retracing the steps along the Silk Route which / that brought the plants... ——“把植物带来”的只能是 the Silk Route，不是 a path。两处同为指物、同为缺主语，答案碰巧一致；换成成分不同的题，就近认必然翻车。 易错四　way 后一律填 which。 The way that / in which he explained the process was clear. ——explained 已有宾语。 易错五　非限制性一律填 which。 Tang Xianzu, who is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia”... ——逗号判对了，先行词指人没判。 八、语篇型语法填空（文化遗产情境 · 课堂限时 12 分钟） 阅读下面短文，每空一词。 The International Heritage Exhibition, 1.　　　 brings together relics from twelve countries, opened in the old palace complex. Conservationists adopted a digital system 2.　　　 all records can be updated in real time. The jade objects 3.　　　 were unearthed last spring are displayed in Hall A, the windows of 4.　　　 face the inner garden. A training program 5.　　　 aims to cultivate young restorers has been launched, during 6.　　　 period experts from various museums share techniques. There are moments 7.　　　 delicate artifacts must be kept in controlled humidity, and there are cases 8.　　　 traditional craftsmanship alone cannot solve modern preservation problems. The committee reached a stage 9.　　　 every decision requires public consultation, 10.　　　 has improved trust between institutions and local communities. 参考答案与讲评要点 1. which　逗号先说话，非限制性排除 that；Exhibition 指物，brings together 缺主语。 2. where　system 装得下事情在里面发生，还原 all records can be updated in the system。 3. which / that　were unearthed 是被动式，前面没有主语；objects 指物。 4. which　还原 the windows of Hall A face the inner garden；the windows of which 即 whose windows 的介词后置形式。 5. which / that　aim 是动词，从句缺主语；program 指物。 6. which　which 在此作关系限定词修饰 period，during which period ＝ during the period of the program；介词已给出。 7. when　moments 表时间，还原 at the moments delicate artifacts must be kept...，从句完整。 8. where　cases 是抽象地点，还原 in the cases traditional craftsmanship alone cannot solve...。 9. where　stage 是抽象地点，还原 at the stage every decision requires public consultation。 10. which　has improved 表单数，邻近的 decision / consultation 都当不了“改善信任”的主体，只能指“进入全民咨询阶段”这件事。 【讲评提示】讲评时把第 2、8、9 三空并在一起看：system、cases、stage 三个词都不是地点，却全部填 where。这就是“盒子法”的价值——它们装得下事情在里面发生。 九、分层实战 四档按学情分发：A 档全员必做，B 档为易错生加练，C 档供扎实生综合应用，D 档留给冲高分的同学，教师择要讲评。说明：四档并非全员同做，各档限时为该档单独用时，不累加。 （一）A 档 · 基础巩固（薄弱生，限时 5 分钟） 1. This is the temple 　　　 I prayed and lit incense last spring. 答案　where 解析　pray 在此为不及物动词，不带宾语；lit 的宾语是 incense。动词都不缺宾语，留给 temple 的只剩状语一途，还原 I prayed and lit incense in the temple。 2. The craftsman 　　　 is carving the wooden beams works silently. 答案　who / that 解析　is carving 已咬住 the wooden beams 当宾语，空位只能是主语；指人。 3. I like the scroll 　　　 you showed me yesterday. 答案　which / that（作宾语可省） 解析　show sb. sth. 是双宾语结构，me 占间接宾语位，直接宾语位空着，scroll 正好补进去。 4. Do you know the reason 　　　 the ceremony was postponed? 答案　why 解析　the ceremony was postponed 自身完整，reason 还原为 for the reason 作原因状语。 5. The family 　　　 ancestors guarded the tomb moved to the city. 答案　whose 解析　空格后紧跟名词 ancestors，与 family 是“谁的”关系。 （二）B 档 · 能力提升（易错生，限时 8 分钟） 1. Is this the archive 　　　 you inspected during the audit? 答案　which / that 解析　inspect 及物，you inspected 后面悬空，archive 就是它要吃的宾语。archive 虽是地点名词，从句却不缺状语。 2. The village 　　　 my grandmother practiced folk medicine preserves old recipes. 答案　where 解析　practiced folk medicine 主谓宾齐全，village 挤不进去，退回状语位，还原 in the village。 3. The ceremonies 　　　 we recorded last winter attracted scholars. 答案　which / that 解析　record 及物、后面无宾语。last winter 是时间状语，别被它带偏去填 when。 4. I will never forget the occasion 　　　 the bronze bell was rung again. 答案　when 解析　还原 the bronze bell was rung again on the occasion，从句完整，occasion 作时间状语。 5. The researcher 　　　 analysis changed the dating method won an award. 答案　whose 解析　空格后紧跟名词 analysis。凡“空格后紧跟名词”，whose 优先考虑。 （三）C 档 · 综合应用（扎实生，限时 10 分钟） 1. He reported on the inscriptions and pottery 　　　 he had examined. 答案　which / that 解析　两个先行词都是物，examine 及物、缺宾语。 2. The fortress 　　　 towers overlook the river belongs to the state. 答案　whose 解析　towers 属于 fortress 的一部分，还原 the fortress's towers overlook the river。 3. This is the most remarkable restoration case 　　　 I have ever handled. 答案　that 解析　最高级 the most remarkable 一出现，即便缺宾语、指物也优先 that。 4. We arrived at a point 　　　 no further intervention could be delayed. 答案　where 解析　point 是抽象地点，还原 at the point no further intervention could be delayed，从句完整。 5. The way 　　　 the team documented the relics set a new standard. 答案　that / in which 解析　document 已吃掉 the relics 作宾语，way 只能作方式状语，还原 in the way。 6. The way 　　　 the team chose was later adopted nationwide. 答案　which / that 解析　与上一题同一先行词，成分却翻了面——chose 及物、后面悬空，way 这次当宾语。 【讲评提示】第 5、6 题并排看，就是 way 双重身份的完整对照，讲评时务必两题一起对答案。 （四）D 档 · 高阶易错（冲高分，限时 15 分钟） 1. We move on to tai chi positions, of 　　　 there are forty-two in the style that Angela teaches. 答案　which 解析　逗号先排除 that；of which 表整体与部分，四十二式是 positions 的组成部分。 2. The foundation raised substantial funds, with 　　　 a new conservation lab was equipped. 答案　which 解析　还原 a new conservation lab was equipped with the funds，equip...with 是固定搭配，介词 with 已由题干给出。 3. The method 　　　 he documented oral traditions in impressed the committee. 答案　which / that 解析　in 留在从句句末、不在空格前，不受“介词后只能用 which”限制，亦可省略。与 the method in which... 是同一句的两副面孔。 4. The day came 　　　 the sealed chamber was finally opened.（复现巩固，见第四部分（十）） 答案　when 解析　分隔式。先行词是句首的 The day，不是紧邻的 came；还原 ...was finally opened on the day。 5. The relics 　　　 were found in the tomb 　　　 had been sealed for three thousand years are now on display.（复现巩固，见第四部分（十）） 答案　which / that；which / that 解析　嵌套两层，由外向内逐层剥，不要试图一次读完。 6. All 　　　 remains unclassified after the field season will be stored separately. 答案　that 解析　先行词 All 是不定代词，优先 that；All 表单数，从句谓语用 remains 而非 remain。 十、课堂小结 核心口诀：逗号先行，介词次之，还原定成分；缺主宾用代，缺状用副；抽象地点想盒子，整句指代看语义。 一句话带走：定语从句的判断，永远只看先行词在从句里的成分，不看它本身的词义。 十一、课后巩固包 （一）限时检测（6 题，建议 8 分钟） 1. Drawn by the aroma of street food, they line up in front of stands 　　　 serve steaming dumplings and hot noodle soup. 答案　that / which 解析　stands 是熟词生义，此处为名词“摊位”而非动词“站立”，缺主语、指物。只认得 stand 是动词的同学，连先行词都找不到。若填 where，从句须是 stands where people buy food，此处不成立。 2. Tanya is looking beyond special-occasion dresses to less formal clothing, 　　　 she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers. 答案　which 解析　逗号判非限制性，排除 that；先行词 less formal clothing 指物，she plans to package 缺宾语。非限制性同样考宾语，别以为逗号后只考主语。 3. An exhibition in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, 　　　 originated in China more than 4,000 years ago. 答案　which 解析　逗号判非限制性；先行词 Go, or weiqi 指物，originated 前缺主语。 4. I live in the countryside of Zhejiang with my husband and his family, 　　　 bamboo and tea bushes grow wild in the mountains. 答案　where 解析　从句 bamboo and tea bushes grow wild... 主谓齐全，countryside 还原为 in the countryside 作地点状语。 5. Tourists left over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, 　　　 accounted for about 8% of the total gas release that year. 答案　which 解析　逗号判非限制性；从句缺主语，先行词 1.3 billion tons of food waste 指物。 6. If you've never experienced the “sunshine scent” from a sheet left out to sun for a day, there is a quiet magic 　　　 you are missing. 答案　that / which 解析　先行词 a quiet magic 指物，you are missing 缺宾语。 （二）语篇填空 阅读下面短文，每空一词。 The Silk Routes were trade networks 1.　　　 linked Eurasia for centuries. Merchants transported silk, manuscripts, and spices, 2.　　　 often took months across deserts. The cities 3.　　　 markets traded rare artifacts developed mixed cultures, many of 4.　　　 residents still preserve old crafts. One explorer, 5.　　　 journeys inspired later maps, gave lectures that encouraged cross-cultural study. The routes are now treated as a framework 6.　　　 different cultures exchanged values. New digital projects 7.　　　 aim to reconstruct lost waypoints are ongoing. Sites 8.　　　 formal excavation is impossible receive remote sensing instead. The archives 9.　　　 have been digitized offer open access to researchers, 10.　　　 promotes global heritage education. 参考答案 1. that / which　先行词 networks 指物，还原 the networks linked Eurasia，缺主语。 2. which　“丝绸、手稿、香料”本身不会耗时数月，耗时的是运输整件事；took 单复同形，靠语义定夺。 3. whose　markets 与 cities 是所属关系，还原 the cities' markets traded rare artifacts。 4. whose　many of whose residents，所属关系的介词后置形式。 5. whose　先行词 one explorer，还原 the explorer's journeys inspired later maps。 6. where　framework 是抽象地点，还原 different cultures exchanged values in the framework，从句完整。 7. that / which　aim 是动词，从句缺主语；projects 指物。 8. where　Sites 表地点，还原 formal excavation is impossible at the sites，从句完整。 9. that / which　have been digitized 是被动式，缺主语；archives 指物。 10. which　promotes 表单数，而邻近的 archives 为复数，只能指“档案数字化并向研究者开放”整件事。 （三）翻译仿写（要求使用定语从句） 1. 你还记得那个小镇吗？我们在它的遗址公园里度过了整个夏天。 答案　Do you still remember the town in whose heritage park we spent the whole summer? 解析　heritage park 与 town 是所属关系，介词 in 前置＋whose。若改用 where，则说成 the town where we spent the whole summer，“遗址公园”这一信息被吞掉；题目要求保留该信息时只能取 whose 版。 2. 博物馆引入了三维扫描，这显著提高了建档效率。 答案　The museum introduced 3D scanning, which remarkably improved archival efficiency. 解析　逗号后为非限制性从句，which 指代“博物馆引入三维扫描”整件事，improved 缺主语。 3. 我们需要一个所有利益相关方都能接受的管理方案。 答案　We need a management plan on which all stakeholders can agree. / We need a management plan that / which all stakeholders can agree on. 解析　还原 all stakeholders can agree on the plan，agree on 是固定搭配。介词 on 可前置，也可留句末；语法填空按题干是否给出介词决定。 （四）写作升格 第一组　用非限制性从句替代并列句 原句：The museum introduced 3D scanning. This improved archival efficiency. 升格：The museum introduced 3D scanning, which remarkably improved archival efficiency. and this 是初中写法，which 指代整句是高中写法，句式层级一下就拉开了。 第二组　as 置句首 ＋ 抽象地点嵌套 原句：The committee reached a stage. At the stage every decision needs public consultation. This is known to all. 升格：As is known to all, the committee has reached a stage where every decision requires public consultation. as 置句首承担“众所周知”；stage 是抽象地点，用 where 作状语；and this 彻底删掉。这一句把本讲的几个考点收在一处，要求学生背下来。 【易错警示】避坑提醒：非限制性 which 就近指代容易歧义。句中有多个可能先行词时，改用限制性 that 锁定，或直接拆成两句。高分写作宁可保守，不要炫技出错。 （五）长难句拆解 1. The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing the steps along the Silk Route which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to England. 主干：The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement. 干扰成分：to house... 不定式作目的状语；retracing the steps... 现在分词短语修饰 a path。 定语从句：which brought the plants...，先行词 the Silk Route，缺主语、指物。 拆解顺序：先删不定式与分词短语，露出主干与从句，再定关系词。 2. I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, where bamboo and tea bushes grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and central heating doesn't exist. 主干：I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China. 定语从句：where bamboo and tea bushes grow wild..., chickens are always free-range..., and central heating doesn't exist。 关系词与成分：where 作地点状语。从句内部是三个并列分句——看清这一点，才不会因为后面冒出 chickens、heating 就误判从句缺主语。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $