UNIT 2 BRIDGING CULTURES（教材助读）（Word教参）-【优学精讲】2026-2027学年高中英语选择性必修第二册同步教参（人教版）

　BRIDGING CULTURES 教材原文助读3 ①bridge n．桥梁；纽带 build a bridge架起一座桥梁 ②say goodbye to向……告别 ③board a plane登上飞机 ④recall [rI'kɔːl] vt.& vi.记起；回想起 ⑤qualification [ˌkwɒlIfI'keIʃn] n．(通过考试或学习课程取得的)资格；学历 qualify ['kwɒlIfaI] vt.& vi.(使)具备资格；(使)合格 ⑥a year-long exchange programme为期一年的交流项目 ⑦ambition [æm'bIʃn] n．追求的目标；夙愿；野心；抱负 ambitious [æm'bIʃəs] adj.有野心的；有雄心的 ⑧set up建立；创办 ⑨adapt to适应 adapt v．适应；适合；改编 ⑩get used to习惯于，适应于(to是介词) ⑪get lost迷路 ⑫ask sb. for help向某人寻求帮助 ⑬be familiar with sb./sth.对某人/某物很熟悉 be familiar to sb.对某人来说是熟悉的 ⑭adaptation [ˌædæp'teIʃn] n．适应；改编本 adaptation to对……的适应 ⑮comfort ['kʌmfət] n．安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸vt.安慰；抚慰 comfortable adj.舒服的；自在的　 ⑯be keen to do sth.想要做某事；渴望做某事 ⑰take turns to do sth.轮流做某事 ⑱the academic requirements学术要求 ⑲tutor ['tjuːtə(r)] n．(英国大学中的)助教；导师；家庭教师　 ⑳acknowledge v．感谢；承认 ㉑cite [saIt] vt.引用；引述 ㉒advise sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事 ㉓in order to为了 ㉔participation [pɑːˌtIsI'peIʃn] n．参加；参与 participate [pɑː'tIsIpeIt] vi.参加；参与　 participate in参加；参与 participant n．参加者；参与者 ㉕presentation [ˌprezn'teIʃn] n.报告；陈述；出示；拿出 present v．展示；陈述 ㉖at first首先；起初 ㉗speak up大声点说；明确表态 ㉘a great success一个巨大的成功 ㉙boost one's confidence增强某人的信心 ㉚halfway through在……中间；在……中途；到……的一半 ㉛feel at home舒服自在；不拘束 ㉜engage [In'ɡeIdʒ] vi.参加；参与(活动) vt.吸引(注意力、兴趣) engage in (使)从事；参与 engagement n．参加；参与 ㉝as well as也；和 ㉞involve [In'vɒlv] vt.包含；需要；涉及；影响；(使)参加 be/get involved in参与；卷入；与……有关联 involvement n．参与；参加 ㉟be fascinated by被……迷住 ㊱be eager to do sth.渴望做某事 ㊲act as充当 ㊳messenger ['mesIndʒə(r)] n. 送信人；信使 ㊴edition [I'dIʃn] n．(报纸、杂志)一份；(广播、电视节目)一期、一辑；版次 edit v．编辑；校正 editor n．编辑 ㊵wish sb. all the best祝某人一切顺利 “WELCOME，XIE LEI！” BUSINESS STUDENT BUILDING BRIDGES① Six months ago, 19-year-old Xie Lei said goodbye to② her family and friends and boarded a plane③ for London. [1]It was the first time that she had left China. “I was very excited but also quite nervous. I didn't know [2]what to expect，” Xie Lei recalled④． [1]本句使用了“It was the first/second/...time (that)...”句型，意为“这是第一/二/……次……”，从句谓语用过去完成时。 [2]此处是“特殊疑问词＋动词不定式”结构，作know的宾语。 Xie Lei is studying for a business qualification⑤ at a university in China and has come to our university on a year-long exchange programme⑥. “I chose the exchange programme [3]because I wanted to learn about global business and improve my English. My ambition⑦ is to set up⑧ a business in China after graduation，” she explained. [3]此处是because引导的原因状语从句。　　 　 At first, Xie Lei had to adapt to⑨ life in a different country.“You have to get used to⑩ a whole new life，” she said. “I had to learn how to use public transport and how to ask for things I didn't know the English names for. When I got lost⑪， I had to ask passers-by for help⑫， but people here speak fast and use words I'm not familiar with⑬. I ask them to repeat themselves a lot！” [4]Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation, Xie Lei chose to live with a host family, [5]who can help with her adaptation⑭ to the new culture. “When I miss home, I feel comforted⑮ to have a second family，” Xie Lei said.“When there's something [6]I don't know or understand, I can ask them. They are also keen to⑯ learn about China. Laura, [7]the daughter of my host family, wants to study in China in the future. We take turns to⑰ cook each evening. They really love my stir-fried tomatoes and eggs! [8]Laura says she always feels hungry when she smells it, so I taught her how to cook it, too.” [4]此处是although引导的让步状语从句。 [5]此处是who引导的非限制性定语从句。 [6]此处是定语从句，修饰先行词something，省略了关系词that。 [7]此处作Laura的同位语。 [8]本句是so连接的并列复合句。says后是省略了that的宾语从句；宾语从句中又包含了when引导的时间状语从句；“how to cook it”为“特殊疑问词＋动词不定式”结构，作taught的直接宾语。 Another challenge for Xie Lei is the academic requirements⑱. The first time that she had to write an essay, her tutor⑲ explained that she must acknowledge⑳ what other people had said if she cited㉑ their ideas, but that he mainly wanted to know what she thought! Xie Lei was confused because she thought she knew less than other people. Her tutor advised her to㉒ read lots of information in order to㉓ form a wise opinion of her own. Xie Lei also found many courses included students' participation㉔ in class as part of the final result. Students need to generate ideas, offer examples, apply concepts, and raise questions, as well as give presentations㉕. At first㉖， Xie Lei had no idea what she should say, but what surprised her was that she found herself speaking up㉗ in class after just a few weeks. “My presentation on traditional Chinese art was a great success㉘， [9]which boosted my confidence㉙，” she said. “I'll use these skills back home for presentations. They'll help me build a strong business in the future.” [9]此处是which引导的非限制性定语从句，which指代整个主句的内容。 Now halfway through㉚ her exchange year, Xie Lei feels much more at home㉛ in the UK. [10]What seemed strange before now appears quite normal to her. “[11]Engaging㉜ in British culture has helped，” she said. “As well as㉝ studying hard, I've been involved㉞ in social activities. British people are fascinated by㉟ our culture and eager to㊱ learn more about it, so I'm keen to share my culture with them. [12]While I'm learning about business, I'm also acting as㊲ a cultural messenger㊳ building a bridge between us.” [10]此处是what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作主语。 [11]此处是动词-ing短语作主语。 [12]本句中while是并列连词，用于连接两个分句，意为“同时、另一方面、而且”；现在分词短语building a bridge between us作后置定语，修饰a cultural messenger。 We will follow Xie Lei's progress in later editions㊴， but for now, we wish her all the best㊵． “欢迎你，谢蕾！”搭建文化交流桥梁的商科学生 六个月前，19岁的谢蕾告别她的家人和朋友，登上了飞往伦敦的班机。这是她第一次离开中国。谢蕾回忆道，“我很激动，也很紧张，不知道会发生什么。” 谢蕾正在中国一所大学攻读商科，来我们学校参加为期一年的交流项目。她解释道，“之所以选择这个交流项目，是因为我想了解全球商务，并提高我的英语水平。我的目标是毕业后在中国创办一家企业。” 起初，谢蕾不得不去适应异国他乡的生活。“你必须习惯一种全新的生活。”她说，“我得学会如何使用公共交通，学会如何询问我不知道英文名称的东西。迷路时，我得向路人求助，但是这里的人讲话语速很快，而且使用的是我不熟悉的单词。我老是让他们重复！” 虽然一些留学生住在学校宿舍，但是谢蕾选择住在寄宿家庭，家庭成员有助于她适应新的文化。“有第二个家，想家时我会得到些安慰，”谢蕾说，“当我有不知道或不理解的事情时，我可以咨询他们。他们也很渴望了解中国。我的房东的女儿劳拉将来想到中国求学。我们每晚轮流做饭，他们真的很爱吃我做的番茄炒蛋！劳拉说，每次闻到它的香味，她都感到饥肠辘辘，于是我教了她如何做这道菜。” 谢蕾面临的另一个挑战是学术要求。她第一次写论文时，她的导师解释说，如果她引用他人的观点就必须要注明，不过导师主要是想了解她本人的观点！谢蕾困惑不解，因为她觉得自己没有别人懂得多。她的导师建议她广泛阅读文献，形成自己睿智的观点。 谢蕾还发现，很多课程都把学生的课堂参与作为最终成绩的一部分。学生需要提出想法、举例子、应用概念、并且提出问题，还要做展示。刚开始，谢蕾不知道她该说些什么，但令她惊喜的是，仅仅几周后，她就能在课堂上大胆发言了。“我的中国传统艺术展示非常成功，这增强了我的自信心。”她说，“回国后，我会将这些技能运用到展示中，它们将帮助我在未来打造一家强大的企业。” 一年的交换生生涯现已过半，谢蕾感觉在英国过得轻松自如多了。以前看似奇怪的事情现在对她来说显得十分平常了。“融入英国文化很有帮助，”她说，“努力学习之余，我还参加了一些社交活动。英国人对我们的文化十分着迷，并且渴望了解更多的中国文化，因此我也乐于同他们分享。在我攻读商科的同时，我也充当着文化使者的角色，在中外文化之间架起一座桥梁。” 我们会在随后的几期中跟踪报道谢蕾的进展情况，但现在，我们祝她一切顺利。 教材原文助读4 ①in the past few decades在过去的几十年里 ②dramatic [drə'mætIk] adj.巨大的；突然的；急剧的；戏剧(般)的 a dramatic increase急剧增长 drama n．戏剧 dramatically adv.急剧地 ③the number of ……的数量 a number of许多的，大量的 ④to begin with首先；第一 ⑤expense [Ik'spens] n．费用； 花费；开销 living expenses生活费用 ⑥end up (尤指经历一系列意外后)最后处于(某种境地)，到头来　 ⑦cost an arm and a leg(使)花一大笔钱 ⑧tremendous [trə'mendəs] adj.巨大的；极大的 ⑨limited language skills有限的语言技能 ⑩culture shock文化冲击；文化冲突 ⑪behave [bI'heIv] vt.表现 vi.& vt.表现得体；有礼貌 behaviour n．行为 ⑫surroundings [sə'raʊndIŋz] n．[pl.]环境；周围的事物 surrounding [sə'raʊndIŋ] adj.周围的；附近的 surround v．围绕，环绕 ⑬mature [mə'tʃʊə(r)；-'tjʊə(r)]adj.成熟的 ⑭handle the challenges应对挑战 ⑮depressed [dI'prest] adj.沮丧的；意志消沉的 depress [dI'pres] vt.使沮丧；使忧愁　 depressing adj.令人沮丧的 depression n．沮丧 ⑯encounter problems with personal safety遭遇个人安全问题 ⑰in addition此外；而且 in addition to除……之外 ⑱approaches to... ……的方法(to是介词) ⑲come as a shock to...令……震惊 ⑳look forward to期待，期盼 ㉑boom [buːm] vi.& n.迅速发展；繁荣 ㉒significantly adv.显著地 significant adj.重要的；意义重大的；显著的 significance n．重要性；意义 ㉓contribute to引起；导致；有助于 ㉔strengthen ['streŋθn] vi.& vt.加强；增强；巩固 strength n．力量，力气；优点 strong adj.强壮的；强烈的 strongly adv.强烈地 ㉕to sum up总而言之，总之 ㉖deny [dI'naI] vt.否认；否定；拒绝 ㉗in one's opinion在某人看来 ㉘optimistic [ˌɒptI'mIstIk] adj.乐观的 be/remain optimistic about...对……乐观 optimism n．乐观；乐观主义 optimist n．乐观主义者 ㉙be willing to do sth.愿意做某事 ㉚gain [ɡeIn] vt.获得；赢得；取得；增加 n．好处；增加 ㉛for example例如 ㉜deal with all kinds of difficulties 处理各种各样的困难 ㉝perspective [pə'spektIv] n. (思考问题的)角度；观点 ㉞competence ['kɒmpItəns] n．能力；胜任；本领 competent ['kɒmpItənt] adj.有能力的；称职的 ㉟envoy ['envɔI] n．使者；使节；代表 ㊱promote friendship between nations促进国与国之间的友谊 ㊲cooperate [kəʊ'ɒpəreIt] vi.合作；协作；配合 cooperate with...与……合作 cooperation n．合作；协作 ㊳angle ['æŋɡl] n．角；角度；立场 ㊴insight n．洞悉；深入了解 ㊵outlook ['aʊtlʊk] n．前景；可能性；观点 ㊶belt [belt] n．腰带；地带 ㊷initiative [I'nIʃətIv] n.倡议；新方案 the Belt and Road Initiative“一带一路”倡议 ㊸make connections取得联系 ㊹a global perspective全球视角 ㊺strong cultural awareness强烈的文化意识 ㊻in turn反过来；依次，轮流 ㊼all in all总之，总而言之 ㊽life-changing adj.改变人生的 ㊾sincerely [sIn'sIəli] adv.真诚地；诚实地 sincere adj.真诚的；诚实的 STUDYING ABROAD：IS IT A GOOD OR A BAD IDEA? Dear Editor， In the past few decades①， there has been a dramatic② increase in the number of③ people [1]studying abroad. [2]Although studying abroad can bring great benefits, I think the disadvantages for young people are greater. [1]此处是动词-ing短语作后置定语，修饰people。 [2]本句中“Although studying abroad can bring great benefits”是although引导的让步状语从句，其中动词-ing短语studying abroad作主语；think后是省略了that的宾语从句。 To begin with④， many students [3]who study abroad face great economic pressure. That means studying abroad is just [4]not possible for everyone. Tuition fees and living expenses⑤ are much higher than at home and could end up⑥ costing most families an arm and a leg⑦. [5]Studying in China is much more convenient and can help save money. [3]此处是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词many students。 [4]此处是部分否定。 [5]此处是动词-ing短语作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 Another important factor to consider is the tremendous⑧ pressure [6]that comes with studying abroad. Students must learn [7]how to live in an unfamiliar environment with limited language skills⑨. Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock⑩ [8]when learning how to behave⑪ in new surroundings⑫. Other students are not mature⑬ enough to handle the challenges⑭ by themselves and may become depressed⑮. Some students might even encounter problems with personal safety⑯. In addition⑰， different approaches to⑱ teaching and learning may come as a shock to⑲ many students. [6]此处是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the tremendous pressure, that在从句中作主语，不可省略。 [7]此处是“特殊疑问词＋动词不定式”结构，在句中作learn的宾语。 [8]此处是when引导的时间状语从句的省略；“how to behave...surroundings”作learning的宾语。 [9]A final point to consider is that while studying abroad does have potential benefits, young people who study in China also have a great future to look forward to⑳！ [10]As China has boomed㉑， the educational environment has improved significantly㉒， [11]with many great universities now available. They have great facilities and outstanding professors, helping to educate young people [12]who will contribute to㉓ the economy and further strengthen㉔ our country． [9]本句中that引导表语从句；while引导让步状语从句；助动词does意为“的确、确实”，对从句的谓语动词have进行强调；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词young people。 [10]此处是as引导的时间状语从句，意为“随着”。 [11]此处是with复合结构“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语(形容词)”，在句中作状语。 [12]此处是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词young people。 [13]To sum up㉕， one cannot deny㉖ the fact that studying abroad has its disadvantages, so when you think about studying abroad, you should consider these many factors. [13]本句中that引导同位语从句，解释说明the fact的具体内容；so是并列连词，连接了两个并列句；when引导时间状语从句。 Kind regards， Wang Li(mother of twin girls) Dear Editor， Is studying abroad a good idea or not? There are certainly disadvantages, but in my opinion㉗， the advantages are much greater. As I always tell my son, there are no great difficulties for a person [14]who is brave, optimistic㉘， and willing to㉙ work hard! [14]此处是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a person, who在从句中作主语。 The first advantage of studying abroad is personal growth. The education [15]you gain㉚ and the experiences you have will change you for the better. For example㉛， you will certainly become more independent because you will have to deal with all kinds of difficulties㉜ by yourself. Studying abroad also helps you to gain a global perspective㉝ and improve your general competence㉞． [15]you gain与you have是两个省略关系代词的定语从句，分别修饰The education和the experiences。 Another advantage is the increased chance for cultural exchange. Chinese students can be seen as cultural envoys㉟[16]promoting friendship between nations㊱. International students in China also bring their colourful cultures here. [17]Cooperating㊲ with people from diverse cultural backgrounds helps us view the world from different angles㊳ and thus gives us more insight㊴ into our own culture. [16]此处是动词-ing短语作定语，修饰cultural envoys。 [17]此处是动词-ing短语作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 Finally, studying abroad provides a great opportunity to contribute to the development of our motherland. China's global outlook㊵， with projects such as the Belt㊶ and Road Initiative㊷， has helped us make connections㊸ across the world. Therefore, China needs more talented young people [18]with a global perspective㊹ who are highly competent with languages, have leadership and organisational skills, and have strong cultural awareness㊺. Students [19]who study abroad will develop such skills and abilities, and these in turn㊻ will provide them with better career opportunities. [18]此处是介词短语作定语，修饰young people。 [19]此处是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词Students。 All in all㊼， studying abroad helps to build character and increase people's understanding of cultural diversity [20]while strengthening China and building a shared future for all. I think this life-changing㊽ experience is certainly worthwhile, and I hope my child will study abroad in the future. [20]此处是状语从句的省略。 Sincerely㊾ yours， Zhang Yi (father of one boy) 留学：这是一个好主意，还是一个坏主意？ 尊敬的编辑： 在过去的几十年里，留学人数急剧增长。尽管留学大有裨益，但我认为，留学对于年轻人来说是弊大于利。 首先，许多留学生面临着巨大的经济压力。那意味着并非每个人都有留学的可能。国外的学费和生活开销比国内高得多，大多数家庭最终可能会花费一大笔钱。而在中国读书则更加方便，还能有助于省钱。 需要考虑的另一个重要因素是留学所带来的巨大压力。学生必须学会如何靠有限的语言技能在一个陌生的环境中生活。在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些学生可能会感到吃力，并遭受文化冲击。另一些学生还不够成熟，无法独自应对各种挑战，可能会变得沮丧。有些学生甚至会遭遇人身安全问题。此外，不同的教学方式可能会让很多学生感到震惊。 最后要考虑的一点是：尽管留学的确有诸多潜在的益处，但是年轻人在中国读书同样未来可期！随着中国的蓬勃发展，教育环境已大为改观，优秀大学比比皆是。它们有先进的设施和杰出的教授，这些都有助于培养年轻人，他们将对经济做出贡献，从而使我们的国家更加强大。 综上所述，我们无法否认留学有其弊端，所以当你考虑出国留学时，应当考虑上述诸多因素。 谨致问候！ 王丽(一对双胞胎女孩的母亲) 尊敬的编辑： 留学是一个好主意还是坏主意呢？留学当然有弊端，但我认为利大于弊。我时常告诫我儿子，对勇敢、乐观、愿意拼搏的人来说，世上无难事！ 留学的第一个好处就是个人成长。你所获得的教育和所拥有的经历将有助于你提升自我。例如，由于你需要独自应对各种困难，你一定会变得更加独立。留学还有助于你获得全球视野，提升综合能力。 留学的另一个好处是获得更多文化交流的机会。中国留学生可被视为增进国家间友谊的文化使者。在华的外国留学生也带来他们自己丰富多彩的文化。与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同视角看待世界，进而让我们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。 最后，留学是为祖国的发展作出贡献的一个好机会。中国“一带一路”倡议等项目的全球前景帮助我们与世界建立联系。因此，中国需要更多有才能、有国际视野、语言能力极强、具有领导力和组织能力、拥有强烈文化意识的年轻人。海外留学的学生能够培养这类技能，而这些技能反过来又将为他们带来更好的就业机会。 总而言之，留学有助于塑造品格，增进人们对文化多样性的理解，同时增强中国实力，打造人类命运共同体。我认为这改变一生的经历当然是值得的，我希望我的孩子将来去国外留学。 此致 敬礼 张毅(一个男孩的父亲)　 　FOOD AND CULTURE 教材原文助读5 ①cuisine [kwI'ziːn] n.菜肴；风味；烹饪 ②put more simply简单地说，简而言之(类似的表达还有to put it simply) ③relate...to... 把……与……联系起来 ④refer to指的是；涉及；提及；查阅；参考 ⑤certainly (＝surely)adv.当然；无疑 ⑥in many ways在许多方面 ⑦in point相关的；恰当的；中肯的　 ⑧prior to在……之前的(to是介词) prior ['praIə(r)] adj.先前的；优先的 ⑨consist of由……组成(或构成) ⑩pepper ['pepə(r)] n.甜椒；灯笼椒；胡椒粉 ⑪recipe ['resəpi] n．烹饪法；食谱 ⑫on the other hand另一方面 on the one hand...on the other (hand)　一方面……另一方面…… ⑬bold [bəʊld] adj.大胆自信的；敢于冒险的 ⑭be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事 ⑮have a chance to do sth.有机会做某事　 ⑯recommend sb./sth.to sb.向某人推荐某人/某物 ⑰chef [ʃef] n．厨师；主厨 ⑱fill...with...用……装满…… ⑲peppercorn ['pepəkɔːn] n．胡椒粒 ⑳vinegar ['vInIɡə(r)] n．醋 ㉑observe v．看到；注意到；观察到　 ㉒traditional adj.传统的；习俗的；惯例的 ㉓make dumplings包饺子 ㉔stuff [stʌf] vt.填满；把……塞进n.东西；物品 stuff...with... 用……填满/塞满…… ㉕slice [slaIs] n．(切下的食物)薄片vt.把……切成薄片 slice...off切下 ㉖onion ['ʌnjən] n．洋葱；葱头 ㉗as a result结果(副词短语) as a result of 因此，由于；作为……的结果(介词短语) ㉘over/on an open fire在篝火上 ㉙such as例如 ㉚lamb [læm] n．羊羔肉；羔羊 lamb kebab [kI'bæb] 烤羊肉串 ㉛on在此表示“继续” ㉜elegant ['elIɡənt] adj.精美的；讲究的；文雅的 ㉝dim sum [ˌdIm 'sʌm] n．点心(中国食品) ㉞serving n．一份食物(供一个人吃的) ㉟exceptional [Ik'sepʃənl] adj.特别的；罕见的 ㊱varied adj.各种各样的；形形色色的；不相同的 ㊲minimum ['mInIməm] n．最小值；最少量 adj.最低(限度)的；最小的 at a minimum至少 ㊳consume [kən'sjuːm] vt.吃；喝；饮；消耗 consumer n．消费者；顾客；用户 ㊴tend to (do) 倾向于(做)，易于(做) ㊵temper ['tempə(r)] n.脾气；火气 a violent/short/quick temper烈性子/急性子 lose one's temper发脾气 ㊶go hand in hand息息相关；齐头并进 CULTURE AND CUISINE① The French author Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin once wrote, “[1]Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are.” Put more simply②， this means “[2]You are what you eat.” Most people today relate this saying to③ healthy eating. However, Brillat-Savarin was actually referring to④ our personality, character, and culture. [1]本句为“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句(常用一般将来时)”结构，and表示顺承，or意为“否则”。 [2]本句中what引导表语从句，且在从句中作eat的宾语。 Certainly⑤， in many ways⑥ this seems to be true. Chinese cuisine is a case in point⑦. Prior to⑧ coming to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. For example, America's most popular Chinese dish is General Tso's chicken, [3]which consists of⑨ fried chicken covered in a sweet sauce, flavoured with hot red peppers⑩. This is probably not an authentic Chinese recipe⑪， however, so it cannot tell us much about the Chinese. On the other hand⑫， it does tell us a lot about Americans. It tells us, for example, that Americans love bold⑬， simple flavours. And, [4]since the dish was also invented recently, it tells us that Americans are not afraid to try⑭ new foods. [3]此处为which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词General Tso's chicken；其中过去分词fried与过去分词短语“covered in...”及“flavoured with...”均作定语，修饰chicken。 [4]此处为since引导的原因状语从句，since意为“因为、由于”。 Later, I had a chance to experience⑮ authentic Chinese food by coming to China. When my family and I [5]had just arrived in China, we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing. A Sichuan restaurant [6]had been recommended to us⑯ by a friend, and finally, we found it. Tired, hungry, and not knowing a word of Chinese, we had no idea how to order, so the chef⑰ just began filling our table with⑱ the best food we had ever eaten. With this, we had the pleasure of experiencing an entirely new taste: Sichuan peppercorns⑲. The food was wonderful and different, but what was even more important was the friendship that was offered to us. [5]此处为过去完成时，先于主句动作went发生，表示过去的过去发生的动作。 [6]此处为过去完成时的被动语态，表示先于found发生的被动动作。 We soon moved to Shandong Province in the eastern part of North China. My favourite dish there was [7]boiled dumplings served with vinegar⑳. I observed㉑ that family is important to the people there. It has become a favourite traditional㉒ dish of the people in North China, [8]where making dumplings㉓ has always been a family affair with everyone—from the youngest to the oldest—joining in to help. Later, I learnt that the most famous food in Shandong is pancake rolls [9]stuffed㉔ with sliced㉕ Chinese green onions㉖． [7]此处过去分词boiled和过去分词短语served with vinegar均作定语，修饰dumplings。 [8]此处为关系副词where引导的非限制性定语从句；其中with everyone joining in to help为with复合结构作状语；破折号中间的内容from the youngest to the oldest起解释说明的作用。 [9]此处为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰pancake rolls。 Then we moved to northern Xinjiang. Some of our friends were Kazaks and Mongolians. These ethnic groups traditionally wandered the open range on horses. As a result㉗， their traditional foods are what you can cook over an open fire㉘—usually boiled or roasted meat, such as㉙ lamb㉚ kebab. Our travels then took us to South China, and then on㉛ to central China. In each place [10]we went, we experienced wonderful local dishes, from Guangdong's elegant㉜ dim sum㉝—small servings㉞ of food in bamboo steamers—to the exceptional㉟ stewed noodles in Henan. Everywhere, the food was as varied㊱ as the people. However, one thing is always true：Through food, Chinese people everywhere show friendship and kindness. [10]此处为省略引导词that/which的定语从句，修饰先行词each place。 At a minimum㊲， the kinds of food local people consume㊳ tell us what they grow in their region, what kinds of lives they lead, and what they like and do not like. [11]Could we also say, for example, that those who like bold flavours are bold themselves? Or, that those who like spicy food tend to㊴ have a hot temper㊵？ Maybe. Maybe not. [12]What we can say, however, is that culture and cuisine go hand in hand㊶， and if you do not experience one, you can never really know the other. [11]“who like bold flavours”和“who like spicy food”均为who引导的定语从句，分别修饰其前面的先行词those。 [12]本句中“What we can say”是what引导的主语从句；“that culture and cuisine go hand in hand”是that引导的表语从句；“if you do not experience one”是if引导的条件状语从句。 文化与美食 法国作家让·安泰尔姆·布里亚-萨瓦兰曾写道：“告诉我你平时吃什么，我就能知道你是什么样的人。”简单地说，这句话就是“人如其食”的意思。如今，大多数人把这句谚语与健康饮食联系起来。然而，布里亚-萨瓦兰实际上指的是我们的个性、品格以及文化。 当然，从很多方面来看，此话不假。中国菜就是个很好的例子。在来中国之前，我唯一一次体验中餐是在美国，那里的中餐已根据美国人的口味进行了调整。例如，在美国最受欢迎的中国菜是“左宗棠鸡”，它是在油炸的鸡肉上淋上甜酱，再佐以煸炒过的红辣椒制成的。然而，这或许并不是地道的中餐做法，因此并不能让我们对中国的人和事有多少了解。另一方面，它确实让我们对美国人有了很多的了解。例如，这道菜说明美国人喜爱浓烈、简单的口味。此外，由于这道菜也是新发明，所以这也表明美国人不惧怕尝试新的菜品。 后来，我来到中国，有机会品尝地道的中国美食。我和家人一到中国，就在北京寻找一个吃饭的好去处。一位朋友之前向我们推荐过一家川菜馆，最终，我们找到了这家餐馆。大家又累又饿，而且一句汉语也不会说，根本不知道如何点餐，于是厨师开始往我们的桌子上摆放食物，那是我们吃过的最可口的饭菜。因此，我们高高兴兴地体验了一种全新的口味：四川花椒。虽然食物妙不可言且与众不同，但更重要的是那份给予我们的友谊。 不久后，我们来到了位于华北东部的山东省。在那里我最喜爱的食物是蘸着醋吃的水饺。我发现那里的人都很重视家庭。水饺已成为华北人民最喜爱的传统食物，在这里包饺子一直是一项全员参与的家庭活动——无论老少——都会加入来帮忙。后来，我了解到，山东最有名的食物是煎饼卷大葱。 随后，我们又到了新疆北部。我们的一些朋友是哈萨克族人和蒙古族人。这些少数民族的传统是骑着马在广阔的草原上漫步。因此，他们的传统食物是在篝火上烹制而成的——通常是水煮肉或烤肉，例如烤羊肉串。 接着，我们前往华南，之后又去了华中。我们每到一处，都会品尝当地的美食，从广东的精致点心——放在竹制蒸笼里蒸出来的小份食品——到河南独特的烩面。无论到哪里，食物都与当地人一样丰富多样。然而，有一件事始终不变：每个地方的中国人都通过食物展现友情与善意。 至少，当地人食用的食物种类告诉我们他们在当地种植什么作物，他们过着怎样的生活，以及他们的喜好。比方说，我们是否也能这样推断，喜欢重口味的人性格粗犷？抑或喜欢辛辣食物的人往往脾气火暴？也许是的，也许又不是。但是，我们可以确定的是，文化和美食这两者息息相关，如果你没有体验过其中的一个，你就永远无法真正了解另一个。 教材原文助读6 ①as to(＝as for) 关于，至于 ②make up组成，构成 ③insist坚持说(后跟的宾语从句用陈述语气)；坚决要求(后跟的宾语从句用虚拟语气) ④driver n．[熟词生义]驱动因素 ⑤killer n．杀手，导致死亡的人(或动物、事物) ⑥calorie ['kæləri] n．卡路里(热量单位) ⑦be likely to do sth.很可能做某事 ⑧die from死于 ⑨association [əˌsəʊʃi'eIʃn] n．协会；关联 ⑩regardless of不管；不顾 regardless [rI'ɡɑːdləs]adv.不顾；不加理会 ⑪alone adj.唯一，仅仅，只有(常放在名词或代词后用来加强语气) ⑫recommend vt.建议 recommend doing sth.建议做某事　 recommend that sb.(should) do sth.建议某人做某事 ⑬limit...to...把……限制 在/局限于……范围内 ⑭in other words换句话说 ⑮cut down on削减；减少 ⑯cut out停止做；戒除； 删去，删除；裁剪 ⑰category ['kætəɡəri] n.类别；种类 ⑱vitamin ['vItəmIn；NAmE 'vaIt­] n.维生素　 ⑲fibre (especially US fiber)['faIbə(r)] n．纤维；纤维制品 ⑳rather than而不是 ㉑quantity ['kwɒntəti] n. 数量；数额 large quantities of大量的 ㉒besides prep.除……之外还有 adv.而且 ㉓dairy ['deəri] adj.奶制的；乳品(业)的 n．乳制品；乳品店；牛奶厂　 ㉔as with正如；与……一样；就……来说 ㉕moderation [ˌmɒdə'reIʃn] n．适度；合理 ㉖ideal [aI'diːəl] adj.完美的； 理想的；想象的 n．理想；完美的人(或事物) ㉗fundamental[ˌfʌndə'mentl]adj.根本的；基础的；基本的 n．基本规律；根本法则 ㉘a key to... ……的关键 ㉙chew [tʃuː] vi.& vt.咀嚼；嚼碎 n．咀嚼 ㉚end up doing结果是做…… ㉛allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事 ㉜in addition(＝besides) 而且，加之 ㉝consistent [kən'sIstənt] adj.一致的；连续的 be consistent with...与……一致 ㉞for example(＝for instance) 例如 ㉟modest ['mɒdIst] adj.些许的；谦虚的；朴素的 a modest amount of...少量…… ㊱trick [trIk] n．诀窍；计谋；把戏 one trick to...一个……的诀窍 ㊲rather恰恰相反；而是 or rather更确切些；更准确地说 ㊳start with 从……开始 ㊴have a(n)... attitude towards...对……持……的态度　 ㊵mostly adv.多半，通常 ㊶be on the right track思路或行为方式正确 be on the wrong track思路或行为方式错误 HEALTHY EATING There is much debate nowadays as to① [1]what makes up② a healthy diet. For example, scientists have insisted③ for years that a big enemy of health is fatty food. [2]However, there is increasing evidence that the real driver④ of poor health is not so much fatty food as it is sugar. Heart disease is the number one killer⑤ of Americans. [3]And in America, people who receive 25% of their daily calories⑥ or more through sugar are twice as likely to⑦ die from⑧ heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day (Journal of the American Medical Association⑨，2014). This is true regardless of⑩ how healthy the rest of their diet might be. Put more simply, while people continue to argue over whether or not fatty food is dangerous, we already know that sugar is a killer. [1]此处为what引导的宾语从句，what在从句中作主语。 [2]本句中that引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的具体内容；not so...as...用于比较，意为“不如……这么……；不像……那样……”；it is在这里表示对比，也可省略。 [3]本句中两个who均引导定语从句，分别修饰其前面的先行词people。 Much of this extra sugar comes from sweets and sweet drinks. The average American gets 1/3 of his or her sugar through sweet drinks alone⑪. [4]The American Heart Association recommends⑫ that we limit ourselves to⑬ less than 100­150 calories a day from sugar, which is less than what is usually contained in one can of sweet drink or in a single candy bar. In other words⑭， if you want to be healthy, you have to cut down on⑮ desserts, and cut out⑯ sweet drinks altogether. [4]本句中that在recommend后引导宾语从句，应用虚拟语气；which引导非限制性定语从句，其中包含what引导的宾语从句。 Beyond this, you can keep healthy by consuming different categories⑰ of fresh foods, especially fruit and vegetables, [5]which are full of vitamins⑱ and fibre⑲， rather than⑳ processed foods. Processed foods often contain less nutrition, and have higher quantities㉑ of sugar, salt, and fat than fresh ingredients. Besides㉒ this, it is also important to have some meat, beans, or dairy㉓ products in your diet, [6]as they provide the necessary protein for strong bones and muscle growth. As with㉔ everything in life, moderation㉕ is key. The ideal㉖ diet is a balanced one, without too much or too little of any one thing. [5]此处为which引导的非限制性定语从句。 [6]此处为as引导的原因状语从句。 Finally, a fundamental㉗ key to㉘ healthy eating is to eat slowly. It takes about twenty minutes from the time you start eating for your brain to tell your body that you are full. [7]What this means is that people who chew㉙ too quickly end up eating㉚ too much food because they still feel hungry. Eating slowly also allows your body to digest㉛ your food better, and will allow you to enjoy your food more. In addition㉜， studies show that consistent㉝ eating habits, for example㉞， taking three meals a day at the same time each day, are better for our health. It is also better to eat a modest㉟ amount of food each time, rather than to eat a lot in one meal, and then a little in the next. [7]本句中What引导主语从句，且在从句中作宾语；that引导表语从句，其中包含who引导的定语从句和because引导的原因状语从句。 There is no one trick㊱ to healthy eating. Rather㊲， healthy eating starts with㊳ having a healthy attitude towards㊴ food. One question you can ask yourself is，“Do I eat to live, or live to eat？” If you are using food mostly㊵ for nutrition, then you are on the right track㊶ with your diet. However, if food has become the centre of your life, you might be on the road to bad health. [8]It is up to you to decide how you want to live, and to make the right decisions about your diet. [8]此处为固定句式“It is up to sb. to do sth.”，意为“由某人决定做某事”；and连接两个动词不定式短语“to decide...”和“to make...”。 健康饮食 现在关于健康饮食的构成有很多争论。例如，多年来科学家一直认为健康的最大敌人是高脂肪食物。然而，越来越多的证据表明，健康不良的真正推手并非高脂肪食物，而是糖分。心脏病是美国人的头号杀手。在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍(《美国医学会杂志》，2014年)。无论他们其他方面的饮食多么健康，都确实如此。简单地说，当人们还在继续争论高脂肪食物是否有害时，我们已经知晓糖分是健康的杀手了。 多余的糖分大多来自甜食和含糖饮料。一个普通的美国人单从含糖饮料中摄取的糖分就占全部所摄入糖分的三分之一。美国心脏协会建议我们将每日的糖分摄入量限制在100至150卡路里以下，这少于一听含糖饮料或一块糖果通常所含糖分。换言之，如果你想健康，你就必须减少甜点的摄入，并且完全不喝含糖饮料。 除此以外，为了保持身体健康，你还可以食用不同种类的新鲜食物，尤其是富含维生素和纤维的水果和蔬菜，而不是加工食品。与新鲜的食材相比，加工食品通常营养成分较低，而糖分、盐分和脂肪含量却更高。此外，在你的饮食中摄取一些肉类、豆类或奶制品也十分重要，因为这些食物为强壮骨骼、肌肉生长提供必要的蛋白质。适量是关键，生活中万事均如此。理想的饮食是均衡的，要避免过多或过少摄入任何一种成分。 最后，健康饮食的基本要诀是细嚼慢咽。自开始进食起，大约20分钟后，你的大脑才会告知你的身体“你吃饱了”。这意味着咀嚼得太快的人最终会吃太多食物，因为他们仍然感到饥饿。细嚼慢咽还能让你的身体更好地消化食物，更充分地享受美食。此外，研究表明，有规律的饮食习惯对我们的健康更有好处。例如，每天在固定时间食用三餐。而且，最好每餐摄入适量的食物，而不是上一餐吃得多，下一餐吃得少。 健康饮食没有诀窍。相反，健康饮食始于健康的饮食态度。你可以问自己一个问题：“我是为了活着而吃饭，还是为了吃饭而活着？”如果你吃饭主要是为了获取营养，那么你已经踏上了正确的饮食道路。然而，如果食物已成为你生活的核心，那么你可能踏上了不健康的饮食之路。你想如何生活、如何做出正确的饮食抉择，这取决于你自己。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $