Unit 1 Period 3 Using Language（知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第一册

Unit 1 People of Achievement Using Language 一、重点单词 1． n. 理论；学说；看法 2． n. 天才；天资；天赋 3． adj. 温和的；轻柔的；文雅的 4． n. 专利；专利权 adj. 专利的；明显的 vt. 获得专利 5． n. 激情；酷爱；热爱 6． adv. 逐渐地；逐步地 7． adj. 非凡的；特别的；意想不到的 8． adv. 逐渐地；逐步地 9． adj. 学术的；学业的 n. 学者；大学教师 10． n. 结果；后果；影响 11． n. 研究所；机构 vt. 建立；设立 12． v. 偶然遇到；遭遇 13． n. 教授 14． adj. 显著的；非凡的；引人注目的 15． n. 装置；设备；手段；策略 16． n. 总数；金额 v. 总结；合计 17． n. 草稿；草案 vt. 起草；草拟 二、重点单词变形 1. n. 理论；学说；看法→ adj. 理论上的；理论的→ adv. 从理论上讲；理论地→ n. 理论家 2. adj. 温和的；轻柔的；文雅的→ adv. 温和地；轻柔地→ n. 温和；文雅 3. n. 专利；专利权 adj. 专利的；明显的 vt. 获得专利→ adj. 获得专利的；专利保护的→ n. 专利权人 4. n. 激情；酷爱；热爱→ adj. 热情的；狂热的→ adv. 热情地；激昂地 5. adv. 逐渐地；逐步地→ adj. 逐渐的；逐步的 6. adj. 非凡的；特别的；意想不到的→ adv. 非凡地；极其地→ adj. 普通的（反义词相关：ordinary adj. 普通的） 7. adj. 学术的；学业的 n. 学者；大学教师→ n. 学院；研究院；专科院校→ ______________adv. 在学术方面 8. n. 研究所；机构 vt. 建立；设立→ n. 机构；制度；惯例→ adj. 制度上的；公共机构的 9. n. 教授→ v. 宣称；公开表示→ n. 职业；专业→ adj. 专业的；职业的 n. 专业人士 10. adj. 显著的；非凡的；引人注目的→ adv. 显著地；非常地→ n.&v. 评论；说起 11. n. 总数；金额 v. 总结；合计→ n. 概要，摘要→ v. 概括，总结 三、必备词块 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. — 在现代物理学中 2. — 对…… 做出贡献 3. — 广义相对论 4. — 出生于 5. _ — 由于；因为 6. — 入学考试 7. — 设法做成某事 8. — 通过考试 9. _ — 出于对…… 强烈的热爱 10. — 继续做某事 11. — 获得物理学博士学位（注：原拼写 dectorate 为笔误） 12. — 全世界；世界各地 13. __ — 辞职 14. — 被授予某物；获颁某物 15. — 上台；掌权 16. — 发现学术机构对他关上大门 17. — 向公众；对大众 18. — 被看作；被视为 19. — 一位长相古怪却善良风趣的男人 20. — 竖立；直立；毛骨悚然 21. — 好像；仿佛 22. — 电击；触电 23. — 敲某人的门 24. — 请求帮忙做她的家庭作业 25. — 被误认为某人 26. — 去世；逝世 4、 必会考点 1. He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2. 他对世界做出无数贡献，其中最广为人知的是广义相对论以及著名公式 E=mc²。 考点：①独立主格结构 ②contribute的用法 ①独立主格结构 句子拆分： 主句：He made numerous contributions to the world主语：He；谓语：made；宾语：numerous contributions这是完整独立句子。逗号后面：the most wellknown being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc² 这一部分就是独立主格结构，作伴随 / 补充说明。 独立主格核心特征 独立主格 = 逻辑主语 + 非谓语动词 逻辑主语：the most wellknown（指代 the most wellknown contributions） 非谓语：being（be 动词的现在分词） 关键点： 主句主语是 He；独立主格自有逻辑主语 the most wellknown，和主句主语不一样，这就是 “独立”。 独立主格不是从句，没有连词 (and/which)，不能出现谓语动词 is，只能用非谓语 being。 对比1）独立主格：He made numerous contributions to the world, the most wellknown being … 2）改成非限制性定语从句：He made numerous contributions to the world, of which the most wellknown is the general theory of relativity… 本句逻辑还原（补全完整句子） = He made numerous contributions to the world, and the most wellknown (contributions) are the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc².把并列句的连词 and 去掉，谓语 are 变为非谓语being →就得到独立主格。 独立主格being 常见考点 逻辑主语 + being + n./adj.用来对前面整句话的名词做补充、举例、解释。 例句：There are a lot of festivals in China, the most important being the Spring Festival.中国有许多节日，最重要的是春节。 高考改错陷阱 独立主格里面误用谓语动词 is/are，应改为 being 分不清：有连词 and 就用谓语动词；无连词用非谓语 being ②contribute v. 贡献；捐献；投稿；促成，导致（语义：向…… 奉献力量 / 金钱 / 文章；多个因素共同造成某种结果） 常用搭配 contribute sth to sth 向…… 捐献 / 贡献某物 contribute to sth 促成；导致；有助于；为…… 投稿（高考最高频搭配，to 为介词，后接名词 /doing） contribute … to … 把…… 投稿给…… 派生词contribution n. [C,U] 贡献；捐献；投稿contributor n. 贡献者；捐赠人；撰稿人 易混辨析 contribute & devote contribute：侧重贡献、捐献；也可表客观因素 “促成、导致”，主语可以是人也可以是事物，搭配 contribute to sth devote：侧重全身心奉献、投入，主观付出时间精力， 搭配 devote oneself/sth to (doing) sth 高考必背例句 Everyone should contribute something to our society.每个人都应该为社会做些贡献。 Smoking contributes to many serious diseases.吸烟会诱发许多严重疾病。 He contributed several articles to a magazine.他向一本杂志投了数篇稿件。 作文万能句式： Many volunteers contribute their time and energy to helping people in need.许多志愿者奉献时间与精力去帮助有需要的人。 补充考点语法填空高频： 动词考名词 contribution；固定介词 to（介词！后面接 doing，不接 do） contribute to：熟义僻用 “促成、导致”，完形阅读高频，不要只记 “贡献” 写作高分短语：make contributions to (doing) sth 为…… 做贡献 【即学即练】 1 He has many hobbies, the most interesting ________ (be) painting. 2 He has many hobbies, and the most interesting ________ (be) painting. 3 We should contribute more ________ protecting the environment. (介词填空) 4 His ________ (contribute) to science won him great respect. 5 Various factors ________ (contribute) to the social problem at that time.（过去式） 6 Many citizens contribute money ________ (build) the local library. 2. When he was 16, he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics. 16 岁时，他试图考入瑞士的大学，但由于入学考试综合部分分数低而落榜，尽管他的数学和物理取得了优异的成绩。 句子拆分： 时间状语从句：When he was 16（当他 16 岁的时候）主句主干：he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed 主语：he 并列谓语 1：tried to enter 并列谓语 2：failed（but 连接两个并列谓语） 原因状语：due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam（介词短语作原因状语）让步状语：despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics（despite 引导让步状语） ① failed v. 失败；未能（做到）； 高频搭配 fail to do sth 未能做某事（高考高频）He failed to pass the exam. 他考试没能通过。 fail (in) sth 在…… 方面失败；（考试）不及格He failed (in) the entrance exam. 他入学考试失利。 本句中 failed 后面没有接宾语，是不及物动词，含义：（申请、考试）失利，落榜。 易错：fail 只用fail to do，不用fail doing sth ② despite prep. 尽管，虽然（介词，不是连词，高考改错高频考点） despite + 动名词 (doing) 构成介词短语，作让步状语 核心区分（必考点） despite /in spite of + 名词 / 代词 /doing（介词短语，后面不能接完整句子） 区别：although /though + 完整让步状语从句（连词，后面接主谓完整句子） 句式改写对比 原句：…, despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics.= …, although he obtained exceptional scores in maths and physics.尽管他数学、物理得分极高。 变换练习 despite + 名词：Despite his high scores, he was refused.尽管分数很高，他还是被拒绝了。 despite + doing（本句模式）：Despite being young, he knew a lot.尽管年纪很小，他懂得很多。 【即学即练】 1 He tried several times but ________ (fail).（时态） 2 Despite ________ (lack) experience, he performed wonderfully.（非谓语） ③ ________ (Despite / Although) he lacked experience, he performed wonderfully. 3. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. 1922 年，他因对光电效应的解释而被授予 1921 年诺贝尔物理学奖。 award① vt. 授予；颁发；奖励② n. 奖品；奖金；奖项 搭配：award sb sth = award sth to sb 授予某人某物 They awarded him the Nobel Prize.= They awarded the Nobel Prize to him.他们授予他诺贝尔奖。 被动：sb be awarded sth 某人被授予某物（本句句型！）（注意：被动 be awarded 后面直接接奖品作宾语） He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.他被授予诺贝尔物理学奖。 易混辨析 award & reward award：官方、正式授予奖项、奖章、奖金；主语多为组织 / 机构award sb sth（奖项） reward：回报、酬谢；多指因付出、帮助给予报答；可以是金钱或精神回报reward sb with sth 用某物回报某人 例句：He was awarded a medal for his great achievements.他因卓越成就被授予一枚奖章。 The boss rewarded him with a bonus for his hard work.老板因他工作努力发给他一笔奖金作为回报。 派生词 award n. 奖品 → awardee n. 受奖者 【即学即练】 1 The scientist ________ (award) the prize for his discoveries last year.（被动） 2 They awarded him the medal ________ his bravery.（填介词） ③ The company ________ (reward /award) him with a trip as thanks for his service. 4. He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock.他留着浓密的小胡子和长长的白发，头发有时根根竖起，仿佛刚刚遭受了电击。 句子拆分 主句：He had a thick moustache and long white hair主语：He；谓语：had；宾语：a thick moustache and long white hair 非限制性定语从句：which sometimes stood on end, which 指代先行词 long white hair 方式状语从句：as though he had just received an electric shock, as though 引导方式状语从句，修饰前面动① stood on end stand on end：竖立；（毛发）根根竖起；使人毛骨悚然 end n. 末端；端部；on end 竖着地；直立 实物竖立、立起来: The box stood on end. 箱子竖着放。 毛发竖起来（本句）：hair stand on end 头发根根直立 拓展短语：make one’s hair stand on end 使某人毛骨悚然 例句：The terrible story made our hair stand on end.这个恐怖故事让我们毛骨悚然。 ②as though as though = as if 连词，意为 “仿佛；好像”，引导方式状语从句。 重点考点：从句常用虚拟语气，表示与事实不符、假想的情况。 本句：…as though he had just received an electric shock仿佛他刚刚挨了电击。（实际并没有真的触电，是虚拟） 虚拟语气时态规则（高考核心） 从句动作发生在主句之前 →从句用had done（过去完成）👉本句：“触电” 发生在 “头发竖起” 之前，所以用 had received 从句动作与主句同时发生 →从句用一般过去时 (did/were) 从句动作发生在主句之后 →从句用 would/could do 注意：如果是真实可能性，不用虚拟，用陈述语气。 句式改写对比 原句从句还原（虚拟）：as though he had just received an electric shock仿佛他刚刚遭受过电击（假想，并非事实） as though /as if 两种句型 接完整从句（本句模式）：as though + 主谓 省略结构：as though + doing /done/adj（从句主语和主句一致，可省略主谓）He stared at me as though (he was) surprised.他盯着我，仿佛很吃惊。 高考改错 & 语法填空陷阱 as though 虚拟语气时态错误：主句过去，虚拟先发生的动作用 had done，不能用 has/have done 混淆：even though（尽管，让步） vs as though（仿佛，方式） 【即学即练】 1 The girl talks as if she ________ (be) an expert.（虚拟，与现在事实相反） 2 He looked tired as though he ________ (work) for a whole night.（动作先发生，虚拟） 3 The frightening film made my hair stand ________ end.（填介词） 4 翻译：他瞪着我，仿佛我就是那个打翻花瓶的人。 _______________________________________________________________________________ 一、词汇易混辨析 consequence & result 1 consequence n. 后果；结果；影响（多指不好的、负面的结果，侧重事情带来的连锁影响） 2 result n. 结果；成果；成绩 v. (因……) 发生；导致 常用搭配 consequence as a consequence = in consequence 因此；所以 as a consequence of = in consequence of 由于；因为 face/suffer the consequences 承担后果（大多指恶果） result as a result 因此 as a result of 由于…… result from 由…… 造成（原因在前，结果在后） result in 导致（主语是原因，后面接结果） 派生词 consequence → consequent adj. 随之发生的；由此引起的→ consequently adv. 因此，所以 result → resultant adj. 由此产生的 易混辨析 consequence侧重带来的后果、连锁影响，大多带有消极色彩；多指事件发生之后衍生出来的一系列影响，不一定是直接产出。 the negative consequences of bad habits 坏习惯带来的不良后果 result中性词。可以好也可以坏；侧重直接产生的结果、成果、成绩。 the result of the experiment 实验结果；exam results 考试成绩 做题快速区分： 语境强调 “恶果、要承担后果、连锁负面影响” 优先选 consequence 普通直接结果、实验 / 考试得分，中性好坏都可 →优先 result 句式等价：as a consequence = as a result 因此as a consequence of = as a result of 由于 关键动词搭配 result in 导致（原因→结果）Stress results in sleep problems. 压力造成睡眠问题。 result from 由…… 引起（结果←原因） Sleep problems result from stress. 睡眠问题由压力引起。 consequence没有类似短语！ 高考必背例句 He suffered terrible consequences from his wrong decision.他为自己错误的决定承受了糟糕的后果。 As a consequence, many young people lost their jobs.因此许多年轻人失去工作。 The result of the survey surprised all of us.这份调查的结果使所有人吃惊。 His failure resulted from his carelessness.他的失败源于粗心。 作文万能句式 Many people ignore the negative consequences of staying up late.很多人忽视熬夜带来的负面影响。 As a result of continuous efforts, he finally achieved his goal.由于不断努力，他最终实现目标。 补充考点 consequence 多暗含负面； result 中性； 短语：result in /result from 是完形高频， consequence 无动词搭配； consequently = as a result 副词，“因此”。 【即学即练】 1 He had to face the ________ (consequence/result) of his mistake.（承担恶果） 2 As a ________ (consequence/result) of the flood, many houses were damaged.（两者均可） 3 Careless driving ________ many traffic accidents. (result 短语) ④ His illness ________ eating too much junk food. (result 短语) 2. extraordinary① adj. 非凡的；杰出的；特别的；意想不到的（语义：程度远超普通水平，带有赞叹，“非同寻常”） 常用搭配 extraordinary talent 非凡的天赋 extraordinary achievement 非凡的成就 extraordinary courage 非凡的勇气 ②派生词 extraordinarily adv. 极其；非凡地 ordinary adj. 普通的；平常的（反义词） ordinarily adv. 通常；平常 易混辨析：extraordinary /outstanding/remarkable /unusual extraordinary语气强，侧重 “远超寻常、令人惊叹”，可指才能、事件，带有主观赞叹。 extraordinary memory 过人的记忆力 outstanding侧重 “杰出的、出类拔萃的”，多用于人、成绩、贡献，强调优于其他人。 an outstanding scientist 杰出的科学家 remarkable侧重 “引人注目的，值得注意的”，因效果、成就让人感慨。 a remarkable improvement 显著的进步 unusual中性，仅仅表示 “不常见的，异于平常”，可好可坏，没有强烈褒义。 an unusual colour 一种少见的颜色 快速做题区分 赞叹程度极高、非同一般 → extraordinary 人很优秀、拔尖突出 → outstanding 变化、成就值得关注 → remarkable 只是少见，无强烈褒扬 → unusual 高考必背例句 He showed extraordinary talent in physics when he was young.他年少时就在物理方面展现出非凡天赋。 Extraordinarily, he finished the hard task in one day.令人惊叹的是，他一天就完成这项艰巨任务。 作文万能句式 He made extraordinary contributions to the development of modernday physics.他为现代物理学的发展做出了非凡的贡献。 补充考点 反义词 ordinary；副词 extraordinarily 【即学即练】 He has ________ (extraordinary) insight into this problem.（副词修饰形容词） He is an ________ (outstanding /unusual) young researcher, winning many prizes.（杰出拔尖） It is not ________ to see snow here in winter.（只是少见） The progress he has made is ________ (remarkable /extraordinary), which surprised us all.（值得关注，显著） 二、短语搭配易错 1. passion n. 酷爱；激情 have a passion for sth 酷爱……；对…… 怀有强烈热爱 He has a passion for physics.他酷爱物理。 派生词：passionate adj. 热情的 be passionate about sth 对…… 充满热情 高考高频：后接 for，表示 “对…… 热爱” 的短语 ·have a passion for sth对…… 怀有强烈酷爱（程度最强；可指爱好、事业） She has a passion for classical music.她酷爱古典音乐。 ·have an affection for sb/sth对…… 怀有喜爱、钟爱；多带有温情，对人 / 旧事物 He has an affection for his hometown.他对故乡怀有深厚感情。 ·have a preference for sth偏爱……；更喜欢（侧重主观偏好、选择上更喜欢） Many teenagers have a preference for shortvideo apps.许多青少年偏爱短视频软件。 ·have a taste for sth爱好；对…… 有鉴赏力（多指艺术、文学、美食） He has a taste for painting.他爱好绘画。 易混 be passionate about sth be enthusiastic about sth 对…… 满腔热情 高考必背例句 Einstein had a passion for theoretical physics.爱因斯坦酷爱理论物理。 Most children have a preference for sweet food.大多数孩子偏爱甜食。 He has an affection for the old house where he grew up.他对自己长大的老房子怀有眷恋。 She has a taste for traditional poetry.她爱好传统诗歌。 作文万能句式 Those who have a passion for what they do are more likely to achieve great success.对所做之事怀有热爱的人更有可能取得巨大成功。 【即学即练】 1 He has a passion ________ astronomy.（填介词） 2 She is passionate ________ environmental protection.（填介词） 3 He has a ________ (preference /taste) for coffee rather than tea.（偏好选择） ④ The old man has an ________ (affection /passion) for the small village.（眷恋温情） 2.despite sth / despite doing sth despite prep. 尽管；虽然（介词，高考改错高频考点） 核心结构 despite + 名词 / 代词despite sth 尽管某事 despite + doing（动名词）despite doing sth 尽管做某事 同义替换 despite = in spite of in spite of sth / in spite of doing sth 和连词though/although对比（必考点） although /though + 完整从句（主语 + 谓语） 尽管…… 句式转换 despite + 名词 = although + 从句 Despite his low scores, he did not give up.= Although he got low scores, he did not give up.尽管分数很低，但他没有放弃。 despite + doing = although + 从句Despite obtaining high marks in physics, he failed the entrance exam.= Although he obtained high marks in physics, he failed the entrance exam.尽管物理得分很高，他入学考试还是失利。 despite + doing Despite being young, he achieved a lot. Although he was young, he achieved a lot.尽管年纪轻轻，他取得很多成就。 高考必背例句 Despite countless difficulties, he kept on researching physics.尽管重重困难，他坚持研究物理学。 Despite facing great pressure, he never lost hope.尽管面临巨大压力，他从未失去希望。 作文万能句式 Despite meeting many failures, he stuck to his dream and finally succeeded.尽管遭遇诸多失败，他坚守梦想最终取得成功。 补充考点 despite 后面不接 that 从句；想要接从句改用 although /though despite doing，不要写 despite to do，介词后用动名词 doing in spite of 和 despite 用法完全一样；不要写成 despite of（无此搭配） 【即学即练】 1 Despite ________ (lack) enough money, he continued his study. 2 ________ (Despite / Although) he lacked experience, he performed well. ③ He went out despite ________ (rain). $Unit 1 People of Achievement Using Language 一、重点单词 1． theory n. 理论；学说；看法 2． genius n. 天才；天资；天赋 3． gentle adj. 温和的；轻柔的；文雅的 4． patent n. 专利；专利权 adj. 专利的；明显的 vt. 获得专利 5． passion n. 激情；酷爱；热爱 6． gradually adv. 逐渐地；逐步地 7． extraordinary adj. 非凡的；特别的；意想不到的 8． gradually adv. 逐渐地；逐步地 9． academic adj. 学术的；学业的 n. 学者；大学教师 10． consequence n. 结果；后果；影响 11． institute n. 研究所；机构 vt. 建立；设立 12． encounter v. 偶然遇到；遭遇 13． professor n. 教授 14． remarkable adj. 显著的；非凡的；引人注目的 15． device n. 装置；设备；手段；策略 16． sum n. 总数；金额 v. 总结；合计 17． draft n. 草稿；草案 vt. 起草；草拟 二、重点单词变形 1. theory n. 理论；学说；看法→ theoretical adj. 理论上的；理论的→ theoretically adv. 从理论上讲；理论地→ theorist n. 理论家 2. gentle adj. 温和的；轻柔的；文雅的→ gently adv. 温和地；轻柔地→ gentleness n. 温和；文雅 3. patent n. 专利；专利权 adj. 专利的；明显的 vt. 获得专利→ patented adj. 获得专利的；专利保护的→ patentee n. 专利权人 4. passion n. 激情；酷爱；热爱→ passionate adj. 热情的；狂热的→ passionately adv. 热情地；激昂地 5. gradually adv. 逐渐地；逐步地→ gradual adj. 逐渐的；逐步的 6. extraordinary adj. 非凡的；特别的；意想不到的→ extraordinarily adv. 非凡地；极其地→ ordinal adj. 普通的（反义词相关：ordinary adj. 普通的） 7. academic adj. 学术的；学业的 n. 学者；大学教师→ academy n. 学院；研究院；专科院校→ academically adv. 在学术方面 8. institute n. 研究所；机构 vt. 建立；设立→ institution n. 机构；制度；惯例→ institutional adj. 制度上的；公共机构的 9. professor n. 教授→ profess v. 宣称；公开表示→ profession n. 职业；专业→ professional adj. 专业的；职业的 n. 专业人士 10. remarkable adj. 显著的；非凡的；引人注目的→ remarkably adv. 显著地；非常地→ remark n.&v. 评论；说起 11. sum n. 总数；金额 v. 总结；合计→ summary n. 概要，摘要→ summarize/-ise v. 概括，总结 三、必备词块 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. a modern physics — 在现代物理学中 2. make contributions to — 对…… 做出贡献 3. the general theory of relativity — 广义相对论 4. be born in — 出生于 5. due to — 由于；因为 6. the entrance exam — 入学考试 7. manage to do sth — 设法做成某事 8. pass the exam — 通过考试 9. out of a strong passion for — 出于对…… 强烈的热爱 10. continue to do sth — 继续做某事 11. earn a doctorate in physics — 获得物理学博士学位（注：原拼写 dectorate 为笔误） 12. throughout the world — 全世界；世界各地 13. quit one’s job — 辞职 14. be rewarded sth — 被授予某物；获颁某物 15. come to power — 上台；掌权 16. find the doors of academic institutions closed to him — 发现学术机构对他关上大门 17. to the public — 向公众；对大众 18. be seen as — 被看作；被视为 19. an oddlooking but kind and funny man — 一位长相古怪却善良风趣的男人 20. stand on end — 竖立；直立；毛骨悚然 21. as though — 好像；仿佛 22. an electric shock — 电击；触电 23. knock on one’s door — 敲某人的门 24. ask for help with her homework — 请求帮忙做她的家庭作业 25. be mistaken for sb — 被误认为某人 26. pass away — 去世；逝世 4、 必会考点 1. He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2. 他对世界做出无数贡献，其中最广为人知的是广义相对论以及著名公式 E=mc²。 考点：①独立主格结构 ②contribute的用法 ①独立主格结构 句子拆分： 主句：He made numerous contributions to the world主语：He；谓语：made；宾语：numerous contributions这是完整独立句子。逗号后面：the most wellknown being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc² 这一部分就是独立主格结构，作伴随 / 补充说明。 独立主格核心特征 独立主格 = 逻辑主语 + 非谓语动词 逻辑主语：the most wellknown（指代 the most wellknown contributions） 非谓语：being（be 动词的现在分词） 关键点： 主句主语是 He；独立主格自有逻辑主语 the most wellknown，和主句主语不一样，这就是 “独立”。 独立主格不是从句，没有连词 (and/which)，不能出现谓语动词 is，只能用非谓语 being。 对比1）独立主格：He made numerous contributions to the world, the most wellknown being … 2）改成非限制性定语从句：He made numerous contributions to the world, of which the most wellknown is the general theory of relativity… 本句逻辑还原（补全完整句子） = He made numerous contributions to the world, and the most wellknown (contributions) are the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc².把并列句的连词 and 去掉，谓语 are 变为非谓语being →就得到独立主格。 独立主格being 常见考点 逻辑主语 + being + n./adj.用来对前面整句话的名词做补充、举例、解释。 例句：There are a lot of festivals in China, the most important being the Spring Festival.中国有许多节日，最重要的是春节。 高考改错陷阱 独立主格里面误用谓语动词 is/are，应改为 being 分不清：有连词 and 就用谓语动词；无连词用非谓语 being ②contribute v. 贡献；捐献；投稿；促成，导致（语义：向…… 奉献力量 / 金钱 / 文章；多个因素共同造成某种结果） 常用搭配 contribute sth to sth 向…… 捐献 / 贡献某物 contribute to sth 促成；导致；有助于；为…… 投稿（高考最高频搭配，to 为介词，后接名词 /doing） contribute … to … 把…… 投稿给…… 派生词contribution n. [C,U] 贡献；捐献；投稿contributor n. 贡献者；捐赠人；撰稿人 易混辨析 contribute & devote contribute：侧重贡献、捐献；也可表客观因素 “促成、导致”，主语可以是人也可以是事物，搭配 contribute to sth devote：侧重全身心奉献、投入，主观付出时间精力， 搭配 devote oneself/sth to (doing) sth 高考必背例句 Everyone should contribute something to our society.每个人都应该为社会做些贡献。 Smoking contributes to many serious diseases.吸烟会诱发许多严重疾病。 He contributed several articles to a magazine.他向一本杂志投了数篇稿件。 作文万能句式： Many volunteers contribute their time and energy to helping people in need.许多志愿者奉献时间与精力去帮助有需要的人。 补充考点语法填空高频： 动词考名词 contribution；固定介词 to（介词！后面接 doing，不接 do） contribute to：熟义僻用 “促成、导致”，完形阅读高频，不要只记 “贡献” 写作高分短语：make contributions to (doing) sth 为…… 做贡献 【即学即练】 1 He has many hobbies, the most interesting ________ (be) painting. 2 He has many hobbies, and the most interesting ________ (be) painting. 3 We should contribute more ________ protecting the environment. (介词填空) 4 His ________ (contribute) to science won him great respect. 5 Various factors ________ (contribute) to the social problem at that time.（过去式） 6 Many citizens contribute money ________ (build) the local library. 【参考答案】① being ② is ③ to ④ contribution ⑤ contributed ⑥ to building 2. When he was 16, he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics. 16 岁时，他试图考入瑞士的大学，但由于入学考试综合部分分数低而落榜，尽管他的数学和物理取得了优异的成绩。 句子拆分： 时间状语从句：When he was 16（当他 16 岁的时候）主句主干：he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed 主语：he 并列谓语 1：tried to enter 并列谓语 2：failed（but 连接两个并列谓语） 原因状语：due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam（介词短语作原因状语）让步状语：despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics（despite 引导让步状语） ① failed v. 失败；未能（做到）； 高频搭配 fail to do sth 未能做某事（高考高频）He failed to pass the exam. 他考试没能通过。 fail (in) sth 在…… 方面失败；（考试）不及格He failed (in) the entrance exam. 他入学考试失利。 本句中 failed 后面没有接宾语，是不及物动词，含义：（申请、考试）失利，落榜。 易错：fail 只用fail to do，不用fail doing sth ② despite prep. 尽管，虽然（介词，不是连词，高考改错高频考点） despite + 动名词 (doing) 构成介词短语，作让步状语 核心区分（必考点） despite /in spite of + 名词 / 代词 /doing（介词短语，后面不能接完整句子） 区别：although /though + 完整让步状语从句（连词，后面接主谓完整句子） 句式改写对比 原句：…, despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics.= …, although he obtained exceptional scores in maths and physics.尽管他数学、物理得分极高。 变换练习 despite + 名词：Despite his high scores, he was refused.尽管分数很高，他还是被拒绝了。 despite + doing（本句模式）：Despite being young, he knew a lot.尽管年纪很小，他懂得很多。 【即学即练】 1 He tried several times but ________ (fail).（时态） 2 Despite ________ (lack) experience, he performed wonderfully.（非谓语） ③ ________ (Despite / Although) he lacked experience, he performed wonderfully. 【参考答案】① failed② lacking③ Although 3. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. 1922 年，他因对光电效应的解释而被授予 1921 年诺贝尔物理学奖。 award① vt. 授予；颁发；奖励② n. 奖品；奖金；奖项 搭配：award sb sth = award sth to sb 授予某人某物 They awarded him the Nobel Prize.= They awarded the Nobel Prize to him.他们授予他诺贝尔奖。 被动：sb be awarded sth 某人被授予某物（本句句型！）（注意：被动 be awarded 后面直接接奖品作宾语） He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.他被授予诺贝尔物理学奖。 易混辨析 award & reward award：官方、正式授予奖项、奖章、奖金；主语多为组织 / 机构award sb sth（奖项） reward：回报、酬谢；多指因付出、帮助给予报答；可以是金钱或精神回报reward sb with sth 用某物回报某人 例句：He was awarded a medal for his great achievements.他因卓越成就被授予一枚奖章。 The boss rewarded him with a bonus for his hard work.老板因他工作努力发给他一笔奖金作为回报。 派生词 award n. 奖品 → awardee n. 受奖者 【即学即练】 1 The scientist ________ (award) the prize for his discoveries last year.（被动） 2 They awarded him the medal ________ his bravery.（填介词） ③ The company ________ (reward /award) him with a trip as thanks for his service. 【参考答案】① was awarded② for③ rewarded 4. He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock.他留着浓密的小胡子和长长的白发，头发有时根根竖起，仿佛刚刚遭受了电击。 句子拆分 主句：He had a thick moustache and long white hair主语：He；谓语：had；宾语：a thick moustache and long white hair 非限制性定语从句：which sometimes stood on end, which 指代先行词 long white hair 方式状语从句：as though he had just received an electric shock, as though 引导方式状语从句，修饰前面动① stood on end stand on end：竖立；（毛发）根根竖起；使人毛骨悚然 end n. 末端；端部；on end 竖着地；直立 实物竖立、立起来: The box stood on end. 箱子竖着放。 毛发竖起来（本句）：hair stand on end 头发根根直立 拓展短语：make one’s hair stand on end 使某人毛骨悚然 例句：The terrible story made our hair stand on end.这个恐怖故事让我们毛骨悚然。 ②as though as though = as if 连词，意为 “仿佛；好像”，引导方式状语从句。 重点考点：从句常用虚拟语气，表示与事实不符、假想的情况。 本句：…as though he had just received an electric shock仿佛他刚刚挨了电击。（实际并没有真的触电，是虚拟） 虚拟语气时态规则（高考核心） 从句动作发生在主句之前 →从句用had done（过去完成）👉本句：“触电” 发生在 “头发竖起” 之前，所以用 had received 从句动作与主句同时发生 →从句用一般过去时 (did/were) 从句动作发生在主句之后 →从句用 would/could do 注意：如果是真实可能性，不用虚拟，用陈述语气。 句式改写对比 原句从句还原（虚拟）：as though he had just received an electric shock仿佛他刚刚遭受过电击（假想，并非事实） as though /as if 两种句型 接完整从句（本句模式）：as though + 主谓 省略结构：as though + doing /done/adj（从句主语和主句一致，可省略主谓）He stared at me as though (he was) surprised.他盯着我，仿佛很吃惊。 高考改错 & 语法填空陷阱 as though 虚拟语气时态错误：主句过去，虚拟先发生的动作用 had done，不能用 has/have done 混淆：even though（尽管，让步） vs as though（仿佛，方式） 【即学即练】 1 The girl talks as if she ________ (be) an expert.（虚拟，与现在事实相反） 2 He looked tired as though he ________ (work) for a whole night.（动作先发生，虚拟） 3 The frightening film made my hair stand ________ end.（填介词） 4 翻译：他瞪着我，仿佛我就是那个打翻花瓶的人。 _______________________________________________________________________________ 【参考答案】① were② had worked③ on ④He looked at me, as though I were the one who had broken the vase. 一、词汇易混辨析 consequence & result 1 consequence n. 后果；结果；影响（多指不好的、负面的结果，侧重事情带来的连锁影响） 2 result n. 结果；成果；成绩 v. (因……) 发生；导致 常用搭配 consequence as a consequence = in consequence 因此；所以 as a consequence of = in consequence of 由于；因为 face/suffer the consequences 承担后果（大多指恶果） result as a result 因此 as a result of 由于…… result from 由…… 造成（原因在前，结果在后） result in 导致（主语是原因，后面接结果） 派生词 consequence → consequent adj. 随之发生的；由此引起的→ consequently adv. 因此，所以 result → resultant adj. 由此产生的 易混辨析 consequence侧重带来的后果、连锁影响，大多带有消极色彩；多指事件发生之后衍生出来的一系列影响，不一定是直接产出。 the negative consequences of bad habits 坏习惯带来的不良后果 result中性词。可以好也可以坏；侧重直接产生的结果、成果、成绩。 the result of the experiment 实验结果；exam results 考试成绩 做题快速区分： 语境强调 “恶果、要承担后果、连锁负面影响” 优先选 consequence 普通直接结果、实验 / 考试得分，中性好坏都可 →优先 result 句式等价：as a consequence = as a result 因此as a consequence of = as a result of 由于 关键动词搭配 result in 导致（原因→结果）Stress results in sleep problems. 压力造成睡眠问题。 result from 由…… 引起（结果←原因） Sleep problems result from stress. 睡眠问题由压力引起。 consequence没有类似短语！ 高考必背例句 He suffered terrible consequences from his wrong decision.他为自己错误的决定承受了糟糕的后果。 As a consequence, many young people lost their jobs.因此许多年轻人失去工作。 The result of the survey surprised all of us.这份调查的结果使所有人吃惊。 His failure resulted from his carelessness.他的失败源于粗心。 作文万能句式 Many people ignore the negative consequences of staying up late.很多人忽视熬夜带来的负面影响。 As a result of continuous efforts, he finally achieved his goal.由于不断努力，他最终实现目标。 补充考点 consequence 多暗含负面； result 中性； 短语：result in /result from 是完形高频， consequence 无动词搭配； consequently = as a result 副词，“因此”。 【即学即练】 1 He had to face the ________ (consequence/result) of his mistake.（承担恶果） 2 As a ________ (consequence/result) of the flood, many houses were damaged.（两者均可） 3 Careless driving ________ many traffic accidents. (result 短语) ④ His illness ________ eating too much junk food. (result 短语) 【参考答案】① consequences② result /consequence③ results in④ resulted from 2. extraordinary① adj. 非凡的；杰出的；特别的；意想不到的（语义：程度远超普通水平，带有赞叹，“非同寻常”） 常用搭配 extraordinary talent 非凡的天赋 extraordinary achievement 非凡的成就 extraordinary courage 非凡的勇气 ②派生词 extraordinarily adv. 极其；非凡地 ordinary adj. 普通的；平常的（反义词） ordinarily adv. 通常；平常 易混辨析：extraordinary /outstanding/remarkable /unusual extraordinary语气强，侧重 “远超寻常、令人惊叹”，可指才能、事件，带有主观赞叹。 extraordinary memory 过人的记忆力 outstanding侧重 “杰出的、出类拔萃的”，多用于人、成绩、贡献，强调优于其他人。 an outstanding scientist 杰出的科学家 remarkable侧重 “引人注目的，值得注意的”，因效果、成就让人感慨。 a remarkable improvement 显著的进步 unusual中性，仅仅表示 “不常见的，异于平常”，可好可坏，没有强烈褒义。 an unusual colour 一种少见的颜色 快速做题区分 赞叹程度极高、非同一般 → extraordinary 人很优秀、拔尖突出 → outstanding 变化、成就值得关注 → remarkable 只是少见，无强烈褒扬 → unusual 高考必背例句 He showed extraordinary talent in physics when he was young.他年少时就在物理方面展现出非凡天赋。 Extraordinarily, he finished the hard task in one day.令人惊叹的是，他一天就完成这项艰巨任务。 作文万能句式 He made extraordinary contributions to the development of modernday physics.他为现代物理学的发展做出了非凡的贡献。 补充考点 反义词 ordinary；副词 extraordinarily 【即学即练】 He has ________ (extraordinary) insight into this problem.（副词修饰形容词） He is an ________ (outstanding /unusual) young researcher, winning many prizes.（杰出拔尖） It is not ________ to see snow here in winter.（只是少见） The progress he has made is ________ (remarkable /extraordinary), which surprised us all.（值得关注，显著） 【参考答案】① extraordinarily② outstanding③ unusual④ remarkable 二、短语搭配易错 1. passion n. 酷爱；激情 have a passion for sth 酷爱……；对…… 怀有强烈热爱 He has a passion for physics.他酷爱物理。 派生词：passionate adj. 热情的 be passionate about sth 对…… 充满热情 高考高频：后接 for，表示 “对…… 热爱” 的短语 ·have a passion for sth对…… 怀有强烈酷爱（程度最强；可指爱好、事业） She has a passion for classical music.她酷爱古典音乐。 ·have an affection for sb/sth对…… 怀有喜爱、钟爱；多带有温情，对人 / 旧事物 He has an affection for his hometown.他对故乡怀有深厚感情。 ·have a preference for sth偏爱……；更喜欢（侧重主观偏好、选择上更喜欢） Many teenagers have a preference for shortvideo apps.许多青少年偏爱短视频软件。 ·have a taste for sth爱好；对…… 有鉴赏力（多指艺术、文学、美食） He has a taste for painting.他爱好绘画。 易混 be passionate about sth be enthusiastic about sth 对…… 满腔热情 高考必背例句 Einstein had a passion for theoretical physics.爱因斯坦酷爱理论物理。 Most children have a preference for sweet food.大多数孩子偏爱甜食。 He has an affection for the old house where he grew up.他对自己长大的老房子怀有眷恋。 She has a taste for traditional poetry.她爱好传统诗歌。 作文万能句式 Those who have a passion for what they do are more likely to achieve great success.对所做之事怀有热爱的人更有可能取得巨大成功。 【即学即练】 1 He has a passion ________ astronomy.（填介词） 2 She is passionate ________ environmental protection.（填介词） 3 He has a ________ (preference /taste) for coffee rather than tea.（偏好选择） ④ The old man has an ________ (affection /passion) for the small village.（眷恋温情） 【参考答案】① for② about③ preference④ affection 2.despite sth / despite doing sth despite prep. 尽管；虽然（介词，高考改错高频考点） 核心结构 despite + 名词 / 代词despite sth 尽管某事 despite + doing（动名词）despite doing sth 尽管做某事 同义替换 despite = in spite of in spite of sth / in spite of doing sth 和连词though/although对比（必考点） although /though + 完整从句（主语 + 谓语） 尽管…… 句式转换 despite + 名词 = although + 从句 Despite his low scores, he did not give up.= Although he got low scores, he did not give up.尽管分数很低，但他没有放弃。 despite + doing = although + 从句Despite obtaining high marks in physics, he failed the entrance exam.= Although he obtained high marks in physics, he failed the entrance exam.尽管物理得分很高，他入学考试还是失利。 despite + doing Despite being young, he achieved a lot. Although he was young, he achieved a lot.尽管年纪轻轻，他取得很多成就。 高考必背例句 Despite countless difficulties, he kept on researching physics.尽管重重困难，他坚持研究物理学。 Despite facing great pressure, he never lost hope.尽管面临巨大压力，他从未失去希望。 作文万能句式 Despite meeting many failures, he stuck to his dream and finally succeeded.尽管遭遇诸多失败，他坚守梦想最终取得成功。 补充考点 despite 后面不接 that 从句；想要接从句改用 although /though despite doing，不要写 despite to do，介词后用动名词 doing in spite of 和 despite 用法完全一样；不要写成 despite of（无此搭配） 【即学即练】 1 Despite ________ (lack) enough money, he continued his study. 2 ________ (Despite / Although) he lacked experience, he performed well. ③ He went out despite ________ (rain). 【参考答案】① lacking② Although③ the rain /raining $