专题05 阅读理解（议论文）（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语上学期

专题05 阅读理解（议论文） 主题语境01 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高一上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中）One of the major pleasures in life is appetite, and one of our major duties should be to preserve it. Appetite is the keenness of living; it is one of the senses that tell you that you are still curious to exist, that you still have an edge on your longings and want to bite into the world and taste its multiple flavours and juices. By appetite, of course, I don’t mean just the hunger for food, but any condition of unsatisfied desire, any burning in the blood that proves you want more than you’ve got, and that you haven’t yet used up your life. Oscar Wilde said he felt sorry for those who never got their heart’s desire, but sorrier for those who did. So I think we should arrange to give up our pleasures regularly — our food, our friends, our lovers — in order to preserve their intensity, and the moment of coming back to them. For this is the moment that renews and refreshes both oneself and the thing one loves. Sailors and travelers enjoyed this once, and so did hunters, I suppose. The men went off hunting, and the dogs went with them; the women and children waved goodbye. The cave was empty of men for days on end; nobody ate, or knew what to do. The women crouched (蜷缩) by the fire, the wet smoke in their eyes; the children cried; everybody was hungry. Then one night there were shouts and the barking of dogs from the hills, and the men came back loaded with meat. This was the great reunion, and everybody gorged (狼吞虎咽) themselves silly, and appetite came into its own; the long-awaited meal became a feast (盛宴) to remember and an almost holy celebration of life. Too much of anything — too much music, entertainment, happy snacks, or time spent with one’s friends — creates a kind of inability of living by which one can no longer hear, or taste, or see, or love, or remember. Life is short and precious, and appetite is one of its guardians, and loss of appetite is a kind of death. So if we are to enjoy this short life we should respect the divinity of appetite, and keep it eager and not too much blunted. It is a long time now since I knew that acute moment of bliss that comes from putting dried lips to a cup of cold water. The springs are still there to be enjoyed — all one needs is the original thirst. 1.According to the author, appetite is important because it ________. A. proves we have a healthy body B. keeps us in an active state C. brings us a success D. helps us conquer the world 2.Oscar Wilde felt sorrier for those who did because ________. A. these people didn’t get what they wanted B. these people got what they wanted C. these people had unsatisfied desires D. these people had no more unsatisfied desires 3.The author suggests that we should ________ to preserve appetite. A. hold on to what we have now B. change our attitude towards life C. enjoy life to the full D. give up some of the pleasures we’ re used to 4.The author uses all the following techniques to make his point except ________. A. quoting research findings B. quoting famous people C. giving a definition D. giving examples 主题语境02 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海青浦高级中学·期中）I was born a bookworm. Reading was almost like breathing to me — I’d curl up with a book anywhere, from my bedroom to under a tree. My fictional worlds took me to distant places, and I experienced everything through pages. My father would take me to the nearest bookshop every Saturday morning. There was an order in shelves that I found profoundly comforting. They started with A and ended in Z, and in between were hundreds of new friends waiting to be met, new lands waiting to be discovered. He would wait patiently while I browsed — a bookshop is the one place you can stay long without anyone becoming suspicious (可疑的) or impatient, and the choosing of a new book is something that cannot be rushed. And so began my love for bookshops. They are gateways to other worlds, blending (融合) the familiar with the new, old favorites with fresh discoveries. A good bookseller understands your tastes and opens doors to new adventures. Books shape who we are. One day, in a cozy Cotswolds bookshop, I felt a wave of calm and inspiration. That was my lightbulb moment: My next book would be set in a bookshop, a place where readers could connect with the magic of books and explore how they shape lives. The title of How to Find Love in a Bookshop isn’t just about discovering romantic love. It’s about finding the love of books: something that can exist throughout your life, and provide escape, entertainment, education, comfort, wonder. And, as I learned from my own father, it’s a love you can share with everyone in your family. There is nothing more satisfying than sharing something you have read with someone else, knowing they will love it as much as you do. But if we are to keep bookshops alive, we need to use them, and to encourage the next generation to make them a part of their life and view bookshops as a treat, a pleasure, an adventure, a gateway. So they become a necessity. Something we can’t live without. Thus my challenge to you, fellow reader, is to go to your local bookshop and come out with something that might change your life. 1.Which of the following is NOT a reason why the author loves bookshops? A. The comforting order of shelves. B. The atmosphere where readers can stay without pressure. C. Their role as a window into diverse worlds. D. The nature that the author was born with. 2.What can we infer about “the love of books” in paragraph 5 from the passage? A. It can only be developed by reading romantic novels. B. It is a feeling that cannot be shared with other people. C. It can provide people with multiple forms of support in life. D. It fades away easily if people don’t visit bookshops often. 3.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To introduce the writer’s new book How to Find Love in a Bookshop. B. To share the writer’s life-long love for reading and bookshops. C. To explain how the writer’s father influenced his reading habit. D. To call on readers to support bookshops and discover the magic of books. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海外国语大学附属大境中学·期中）Many people who want to lose weight often choose to go on a diet. But is this really the best way? With celebrities speaking about new diets that have helped them become slim in advertisements, more and more people are turning to dieting. Some shops begin to sell diet products such as diet milkshakes, snack bars and even diet pills. However, such popular products and diets are often found to be extremely unhealthy. Most of these popular diets work by cutting down on a certain nutrient from your food intake. For example, some diets work by cutting down on carbohydrates (碳水化合物). This means the body must use its fat reserves for energy. This might help you lose weight. However, by cutting a particular food group out of your diet, you are starving your body of a nutrient that it needs, which could leave you feeling weak, tired or even bad-tempered. Besides, these diets are often unsuccessful in the long run. Generally, one of the most effective ways of losing weight is to cut down on calories. The recommended calorie intake for an adult male is 2,500. If a man consumes more than 2,500 calories each day, then he is likely to gain weight. However, if he consumes less, then he is likely to lose weight. In fact, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals all play an important role in staying healthy, which is why they all should be included in your meals. Of course, some foods can be eaten in moderation as an occasional snack. For example, a bar of chocolate every once in a while won’t cause you any problems. So, instead of spending money on popular diet pills or special weight loss foods, try to eat healthy balanced meals containing foods from all food groups. So, next time your friends tell you that they are going on a diet, tell them that eating a healthy balanced diet is a much better choice. 1.What is the author’s opinion about the popular diets mentioned in the passage? A. They are useful for losing weight. B. They are welcomed by celebrities. C. They are not as healthy as people think. D. They are replacing people’s everyday meals. 2.The underline phrase is closest in meaning to . A. regularly B. reasonably C. immediately D. frequently 3.How can we lose weight effectively according to the author? A. By having diet pills. B. By following a strict diet. C. By taking regular exercise. D. By reducing calorie intake. 4.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Diet products should be limited. B. Snacking is a big no-no for health. C. Keeping a diet with various nutrients is ideal. D. Going on a diet should be stopped immediately. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高一上·上海青浦高级中学·期中）Recently, I was walking with some parents when we found a five-pound note on the ground. We stood around it for a moment, a bit awkwardly, until someone suggested putting it on a nearby bench. Then one of the parents said that we would probably have acted differently — that is, we would have just taken the money — if we had been alone. This relates to a classic question: Do we behave more selfishly when we aren’t being observed? The debate goes on across the psychological and biological sciences, as well as in popular culture, about whether kindness can exist in a competitive world. Yom Kippur is a Jewish (犹太人的) religious holiday. On this day, Jewish people don’t eat food and ask for forgiveness for the mistakes they’ve made. A key idea of Yom Kippur is to behave better, no matter who is watching. The teachings of Yom Kippur are beautiful in terms of human development. They are the result of thousands of years of cultural changes and growth. The Maasai people of Kenya practise osotua: relationships between people that work based on need. When someone builds an osotua relationship with another, they make an unwritten agreement to help their partner in times of need. And hunter-gatherer groups, which can represent the situations our species evolved (进化) in, have many similar examples. Cultural evolution helps explain why these systems exist and how they become so complex. Cultural changes happen much faster than biological evolution. This lets smart species like humans develop ways of acting that help them deal with complicated social environments. Osotua, or any other practice that helps people treat each other well in society, comes from tens of thousands of years of cultural trying and correcting. The customs passed down over time are the ones that help us grow as groups. The study of those changes has helped us to understand how we successfully spread around the world as cooperative groups. Biological evolution has made humans more willing to cooperate, but cultural changes have made this process faster. Cultural evolution helps us to overcome our selfish natures. Try to understand rules before you ignore them — and next time you find a five-pound note on the ground, you might think about the awkward situation your discovery brings. 1.What does the author want to show by talking about finding the five-pound note? A. People’s actions are often affected when others are around. B. It’s common for people to feel uncomfortable when getting something unexpected. C. Most people choose to be honest in public places. D. Parents are more likely to set a good example for children. 2.Why does the author mention Yom Kippur and the Maasai’s osotua practice? A. To show that religious and cultural traditions are different around the world. B. To prove that being kind is deeply part of how humans have evolved biologically. C. To give examples of cultural systems that encourage kindness without conditions. D. To compare how Jews and Maasai people show their generosity in different ways. 3.What can we learn about cultural evolution from the passage? A. It has taken the place of biological evolution in making humans work together. B. It only happens in developed societies with complex social structures. C. It tends to remove selfish actions from human nature. D. It helps humans get used to complex social environments more quickly. 4.What is the main idea the author wants to tell us in the passage? A. Cultural evolution is very important for developing human kindness and cooperation. B. Biological evolution is the main reason why humans are generous. C. Different cultures have similar ways to encourage people to work together. D. People should follow moral rules even when no one is watching. 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海领科双语学校·期中）One might expect that the ever-growing demands of the tourist trade would bring nothing but good for the countries that receive the holiday-makers. Indeed, a rosy picture is painted for the long-term future of the holiday industry. Every month sees the building of a new hotel somewhere, and every month another rock-bound Pacific island is advertised as the “last paradise(天堂) on earth”. However, the scale and speed of this growth seem set to destroy the very things tourists want to enjoy. In those countries where there was a rush to make quick money out of sea-side holidays, over-crowded beaches and the concrete jungles of endless hotels have begun to lose their appeal. Those countries with little experience of tourism can suffer most. In recent years, Nepal set out to attract foreign visitors to fund developments in health and education. Its forests, full of wildlife and rare flowers, were offered to tourists as one more untouched paradise. In fact, the nature all too soon felt the effects of thousands of holiday-makers traveling through the forest land. Ancient tracks became major routes for the walkers, with the consequent exploitation of precious trees and plants. Not only the environment of a country can suffer from the sudden growth of tourism. The people as well rapidly feel its effects. Farmland makes way for hotels, roads and airports; the old way of life goes. The one-time farmer is now the servant of some multi-national organization; he is no longer his own master. Once it was his back that bore the pain; now it is his smile that is exploited. No doubt he wonders whether he wasn't happier in his village working his own land. Thankfully, the tourist industry is waking up to the responsibilities it has towards those countries that receive its customers. The protection of wildlife and the creation of national parks go hand in hand with tourist development and in fact obtain financial support from tourist companies. At the same time, tourists are being encouraged to respect not only the countryside they visit but also its people. The way tourism is handled in the next ten years will decide its fate and that of the countries we all want to visit. Their needs and problems are more important than those of the tourist companies. Increased understanding in planning world-wide tourism can preserve the market for these companies. If not, in a few years’ time the very things that attract tourists now may well have been destroyed. 1.What does the author indicate in the last sentence of Paragraph 1? A. The Pacific island is a paradise. B. The Pacific island is worth visiting. C. The advertisement is not convincing. D. The advertisement is not impressive 2.The example of Nepal is used to suggest _________ . A. its natural resources are untouched. B. its forests are exploited for farmland C. it develops well in health and education. D. it suffers from the heavy flow of tourists. 3.What can we learn about the farmers from Paragraph 4 ? A. They are happy to work their own lands. B. They have to please the tourists for a living. C. They have to struggle for their independence. D. They are proud of working in multi-national organizations. 4.Which of the following determines the future of tourism ? A. The number of tourists B. The improvement of services. C. The promotion of new products. D. The management of tourism Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海华东师范大学附属周浦中学·期中）What is the place of art in a culture of inattention? Recent visitors to the Louvre report that tourists can now spend only a minute in front of the Mona Lisa before being asked to move on. Much of that time, for some of them, is spent taking photographs not even of the painting but of themselves with the painting in the background. One view is that we have democratized (平民化) tourism and gallery-going so much that we have made it effectively impossible to appreciate what we’ve travelled to see. In this oversubscribed society, experience becomes a commodity like any other. There are queues to climb Mount Qomolangma as well as to see famous paintings. Leisure, thus considered, is hard labour, and returning to work becomes a well-earned break from the tough experience. What gets lost in this industrialized haste (加速) is the quality of looking. Think about an extreme example, the late philosopher Richard Wollheim. When he visited the Louvre, he could spend as much as four hours sitting before a painting. The first hour, he claimed, was necessary for misperceptions to be eliminated. It was only then that the picture would begin to disclose itself. This seems unthinkable today, but it is still possible to organize. Even in the busiest museums there are many rooms and many pictures worth hours of contemplation (沉思) which the crowds largely ignore. Sometimes the largest crowds are partly the products of bad management; the Mona Lisa is such a hurried experience today partly because the museum is being reorganized. The Uffizi in Florence, another site of cultural pilgrimage (朝圣), has cut its entry queues down to seven minutes by clever management. And there are some forms of art, those designed to be spectacles as well as objects of contemplation, which can work perfectly well in the face of huge crowds. Olafur Eliasson’s current Tate Modern show, for instance, might seem nothing more than an entertainment, overrun as it is with kids romping (喧嚣地玩耍) in fog rooms and spray mist installations. But it’s more than that: where Eliasson is at his most entertaining, he is at his most serious too, and his disorienting installations bring home the reality of the destructive effects we are having on the planet — not least what we are doing to the glaciers of Eliasson’s beloved Iceland. Marcel Proust, another lover of the Louvre, wrote: “It is only through art that we can escape from ourselves and know how another person sees the universe, whose landscapes would otherwise have remained as unknown as any on the moon.” If any art remains worth seeing, it must lead us to such escapes. But a minute in front of a painting in a hurried crowd won’t do that. 1.Why did the late philosopher Richard Wollheim spend four hours before a picture? A. It takes time to appreciate a piece of art fully. B. It is quite common to misinterpret artistic works. C. The longer people contemplate a picture, the more likely they will enjoy it. D. The more time one spends before a painting, the more valuable one finds it. 2.What does the case of the Uffizi in Florence show? A. Art works in museums should be better taken care of. B. Sites of cultural pilgrimage are always flooded with visitors. C. Good management is key to handling large crowds of visitors. D. Large crowds of visitors cause management problems for museums. 3.What do we learn from Olafur Eliasson’s current Tate Modern show? A. Children learn to appreciate art works most effectively while they are playing. B. It is possible to combine entertainment with appreciation of serious art. C. Art works about the environment appeal most to young children. D. Some forms of art can accommodate huge crowds of visitors. 4.What can art do according to Marcel Proust? A. Enable us to live a much fuller life. B. Allow us to escape the harsh reality. C. Help us to see the world from a different perspective. D. Urge us to explore the unknown domain of the universe. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高一上·上海建平中学·期中）Clichés (陈词滥调) aren’t necessarily bad turns of phrase — in fact, they’re generally good, and that’s how they become clichés. The first person to say “in the wake of” should have been proud of themselves. It was an impactful boat metaphor(隐喻). But now it is horrible. Sadly, this human failing is spreading via machine. Chatbots can now write everything for us, but they can’t write anything good. Ask ChatGPT to write a high school graduation speech, and you’ll get some tired, overused lines: “Once again, congratulations to my fellow graduates. We did it. And as we move on to the next chapter of our lives, let us always remember the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson…” And you’ll get some tired, overused lines: “Once again, congratulations to my fellow graduates. We did it. And as we move on to the next chapter of our lives, let us always remember the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson…” Even when I asked ChatGPT to avoid clichés, it still called graduation“a significant milestone,” and quoted Socrates (苏格拉底) to illustrate the essence of education. Then I asked the chatbot who it loves clichés so much. It told me that none of the language it generates reflects its own preferences. “Sometimes, my responses may include overused phrases simply because they are common patterns in the language I have learned from,” it said. That’s why the chatbot couldn’t resist clichés. As a large language model that operates by computing probabilities, it predicts the most likely next word based on patterns it has learned. This means that it simply cannot generate many creative turns of phrase on its own. If I want ChatGPT to use fewer clichés, it suggests that I try to prompt it with more creative questions or topics. If I read between the lines, that response is almost a personal insult(侮辱). If its outputs are predictable, that’s because the inputs are too — both the sentences I’m writing now and the billions it was trained on. And as people like me continue playing with chatbots — asking them to write everything and accepting whatever ordinary phrases they produce — we will bring about a super — clichéd future. Each generation of chatbots trains on clichés from the last, piling overused phrases higher and higher. Should these systems be trained on their own outputs? That would only lead to a return to mediocrity (平庸). When I finally asked ChatGPT to write a story in the style of The Atlantic about how ChatGPT uses too many clichés, I couldn’t tell whether the result was a joke at its own expense or mine: “Like a moth to a flame, ChatGPT found itself drawn to the familiar turns of phrase that littered the English language.” For me, there is no light at the end of the tunnel. I know that playfully ending a story about clichés with a bunch of clichés is itself clichéd, but unfortunately, my hands are tied. 1.What does the article say about clichés? A. They usually come from famous books. B. Machines have trouble understanding them. C. They have become boring because of overuse. D. They have lost their original meaning over time. 2.Why does ChatGPT tend to use clichés? A. It cannot identify what counts as a cliché. B. It lacks access to creative writing resources. C. It is programmed to quote renowned authors. D. It generates words based on common patterns in writing. 3.What does the author suggest will happen if people keep using chatbots to write everything? A. Machines will write better than humans. B. Better phrases will be created to train AI. C. Writing in the future will be full of clichés. D. AI writing will become more unpredictable. 4.How does the author feel about ChatGPT’s use of clichés? A. Neutral and objective. B. Amused and entertained. C. Frustrated and concerned. D. Supportive and enthusiastic. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高一上·上海七宝中学·期中）In today’s data-driven world, the value of data has been likened to that of oil, but unlike oil, data is not a finite resource — it grows continuously as new information is created. Businesses, particularly those employing AI algorithms, rely on data more than ever to drive success. However, a challenge that has arisen is ensuring the data used is reliable, objective, and ethically sourced. Concerns are mounting over the use of shady data sources and “black-box” collection methods, where businesses are unsure of how the data was sourced, raising ethical and legal issues. Rachel Aldighieri of the Data and Marketing Association (DMA) stresses that ethical practices in data collection are essential, especially as businesses increasingly use AI to automate decision-making processes. Inappropriate data usage can lead to inaccurate AI models and prejudiced outcomes. Stephen Lester, CTO at Paragon, echoes this sentiment, noting that companies should use open methods to collect data, ensuring participants know how their data is being used and that they receive proper payment. To follow data protection rules, businesses should balance their needs with individuals’ rights. This helps ensure they have the right permissions to use collected data, building customer trust and reducing legal risks. They should also consult resources like the DMA Code for guidance on ethical data practices. However, obtaining reliable data isn’t always straightforward. Open-source datasets are available, but they often lack quality controls and safeguards against bias. Synthetic data, generated by AI, offers an alternative, allowing companies to train AI models without risking real individuals’ privacy. Although synthetic data isn’t linked to real people, businesses must be cautious about potential inaccuracies. A notable tool in this space is MIT’s Synthetic Data Vault, which helps generate synthetic data for a variety of enterprise use cases. Despite its usefulness, there remain concerns about the accuracy of such data when used for critical AI training. Chris Stephenson from Sagacity highlights the importance of training AI models with error-checking mechanisms. He notes that while synthetic data can be useful, businesses must remain careful about how algorithms are trained, paying close attention to the potential for mistakes or biases to slip through unnoticed. As ethical concerns rise, businesses are expected to carefully review their data collection practices. They should know where their data comes from, avoid unreliable sources, and ensure data used in AI models is accurate and fair. Ultimately, organizations must be open and accountable in their data practices to remain trustworthy. 1.What does the phrase “echoes this sentiment” in paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Agrees with clear and ethical data practices. B. Disapproves of the views on data collection. C. Questions the use of open data collection methods. D. Ignores the ethical concerns surrounding AI and data. 2.What can be learned from paragraphs 3 and 4? A. There are tools to ensure data accuracy. B. Reliable data is extremely hard to obtain. C. Ethical data practices lack clear definitions. D. Synthetic data should generally be restricted. 3.Which of the following statements is Chris Stephenson most likely to agree with? A. Error-checking tools are already mature for practical use. B. Data protection rules should be prioritized over data accuracy. C. Mistakes may remain undetected during the training of AI models. D. Synthetic data is the best way to collect data for AI model training. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. Synthetic data solves most ethical concerns associated with AI. B. Data collection practices in Al have limited ethical implications. C. Ethical data collection and accuracy are essential for responsible AI usage. D. Businesses should prioritize using as much data as possible for AI training. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高一上·上海师范大学附属嘉定高级中学·期中）If your in-box is currently reporting unread messages in the hundreds or thousands, you might have a hard time believing the news: e-mail is on the decline. At first thought, that might seem to be the case. The incoming generation, after all, doesn’t do e-mail. Oh, they might have an account. They use it only as we would use a fax machine: as a means to communicate with old-school folks like their parents or to fulfill the sign-up requirements of Web sites. They rarely check it, though. Today’s instant electronic memos—such as texting and Facebook and Twitter messages—are more direct, more concentrated, more efficient. They go without the salutation (称呼语) and the signoff (签收); we already know the “to” and “from”. Many corporations are moving to messaging networks for exactly that reason: more signals, less noise and less time. This trend is further evidence that store-and-forward systems such as e-mail and voicemail are outdated. Instead of my leaving you a lengthy message that you pick up later, I can now send you an easily-read message that you can read—and respond to—on the go. The coming of the mobile era is responsible for the decline of e-mail. Instant messages bring great convenience to people. They can deal with them at about any time: before a movie, in a taxi, waiting for lunch. And because these notes are very brief, they’re a natural for smart phone typing. Does this mean e-mail is on its way to the dustbin of digital history? Not necessarily. E-mail still has certain advantages. On the other hand, tweets and texts feel ephemeral—you read them, then they’re gone, into an endless string, but e-mail still feels like something you have and that you can file, search and return to later. It’s easy to imagine that it will continue to feel more appropriate for formal communications: agreements, important news, longer explanations. So, e-mail won’t go away completely. Remember, we’ve been through a transition like this not so long ago: when e-mail was on the rise, people said that postal mail was dead. That’s not how it works. Postal mail found its smaller niche, and so will e-mail. Technology rarely replaces an institution completely; it just adds new alternatives. 1.What would the incoming generation like to do with their e-mail accounts? A. Contact close friends B. Send long messages C. Fill in some forms D. Communicate with their colleagues 2.Paragraphs 3-4 are important to the passage in that they ______. A. illustrate the preferences of the young generation B. explain the possible reasons behind the decline of e-mail C. reveal the rapid development of e-communication channels D. offer evidence about the uncertain future of easily-consumed messages 3.What does the underlined word “ephemeral” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Conveniently-sent B. Randomly-written C. Hardly readable D. Short-lived 4.According to the passage, which of the following statement is true? A. It’s too early to determine the decline of e-mail. B. E-mail has reasons to exist on its own advantages. C. E-mail, just like postal mail has come to its end. D. We should feel sorry for the decline of e-mail. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解（议论文） 主题语境01 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高一上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中）One of the major pleasures in life is appetite, and one of our major duties should be to preserve it. Appetite is the keenness of living; it is one of the senses that tell you that you are still curious to exist, that you still have an edge on your longings and want to bite into the world and taste its multiple flavours and juices. By appetite, of course, I don’t mean just the hunger for food, but any condition of unsatisfied desire, any burning in the blood that proves you want more than you’ve got, and that you haven’t yet used up your life. Oscar Wilde said he felt sorry for those who never got their heart’s desire, but sorrier for those who did. So I think we should arrange to give up our pleasures regularly — our food, our friends, our lovers — in order to preserve their intensity, and the moment of coming back to them. For this is the moment that renews and refreshes both oneself and the thing one loves. Sailors and travelers enjoyed this once, and so did hunters, I suppose. The men went off hunting, and the dogs went with them; the women and children waved goodbye. The cave was empty of men for days on end; nobody ate, or knew what to do. The women crouched (蜷缩) by the fire, the wet smoke in their eyes; the children cried; everybody was hungry. Then one night there were shouts and the barking of dogs from the hills, and the men came back loaded with meat. This was the great reunion, and everybody gorged (狼吞虎咽) themselves silly, and appetite came into its own; the long-awaited meal became a feast (盛宴) to remember and an almost holy celebration of life. Too much of anything — too much music, entertainment, happy snacks, or time spent with one’s friends — creates a kind of inability of living by which one can no longer hear, or taste, or see, or love, or remember. Life is short and precious, and appetite is one of its guardians, and loss of appetite is a kind of death. So if we are to enjoy this short life we should respect the divinity of appetite, and keep it eager and not too much blunted. It is a long time now since I knew that acute moment of bliss that comes from putting dried lips to a cup of cold water. The springs are still there to be enjoyed — all one needs is the original thirst. 1.According to the author, appetite is important because it ________. A. proves we have a healthy body B. keeps us in an active state C. brings us a success D. helps us conquer the world 2.Oscar Wilde felt sorrier for those who did because ________. A. these people didn’t get what they wanted B. these people got what they wanted C. these people had unsatisfied desires D. these people had no more unsatisfied desires 3.The author suggests that we should ________ to preserve appetite. A. hold on to what we have now B. change our attitude towards life C. enjoy life to the full D. give up some of the pleasures we’ re used to 4.The author uses all the following techniques to make his point except ________. A. quoting research findings B. quoting famous people C. giving a definition D. giving examples 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了欲望是生活中的一大乐趣，我们应通过适度克制来保持其强烈度，以此珍惜生活。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Appetite is the keenness of living; it is one of the senses that tell you that you are still curious to exist, that you still have an edge on your longings and want to bite into the world and taste its multiple flavours and juices.(欲望是生活的热忱所在；它是一种感官，告诉你你依然对生存充满好奇，依然对渴望抱有热情，想要拥抱这个世界，品尝它多样的滋味与精髓)”可知，欲望能体现人对生活的好奇与热情，让人们处于积极的生活状态。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“By appetite, of course, I don’t mean just the hunger for food, but any condition of unsatisfied desire, any burning in the blood that proves you want more than you’ve got, and that you haven’t yet used up your life. Oscar Wilde said he felt sorry for those who never got their heart’s desire, but sorrier for those who did.(当然，我说的欲望，不仅仅指对食物的渴望，还指任何未被满足的欲望状态，指血液中燃烧的渴望，这证明你想要的比拥有的更多，证明你尚未耗尽自己的生命力。奥斯卡・王尔德曾说，他为那些从未实现心中渴望的人感到遗憾，但更为那些实现了渴望的人感到惋惜)”可知，奥斯卡・王尔德更为实现了心中渴望的人感到惋惜，是因为实现了渴望就失去了这种未被满足的欲望，进而失去了对生活的热忱。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“So I think we should arrange to give up our pleasures regularly — our food, our friends, our lovers — in order to preserve their intensity, and the moment of coming back to them.(所以我认为，我们应该有意识地定期放弃一些乐趣 —— 我们的美食、朋友、爱人 —— 以此来保持这些乐趣的强烈度，以及重获它们时的那份美好时刻)”可知，作者建议定期放弃一些我们习以为常的乐趣，以此来保持欲望。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“By appetite, of course, I don’t mean just the hunger for food, but any condition of unsatisfied desire, any burning in the blood that proves you want more than you’ve got, and that you haven’t yet used up your life.(当然，我说的欲望，不仅仅指对食物的渴望，还指任何未被满足的欲望状态，指血液中燃烧的渴望，这证明你想要的比拥有的更多，证明你尚未耗尽自己的生命力)”可知，作者对欲望下了定义，使用了下定义的手法；根据第二段中的 “Oscar Wilde said he felt sorry for those who never got their heart’s desire, but sorrier for those who did.(奥斯卡・王尔德曾说，他为那些从未实现心中渴望的人感到遗憾，但更为那些实现了渴望的人感到惋惜)”可知，作者引用了名人名言；根据第三段中的 “Sailors and travelers enjoyed this once, and so did hunters, I suppose.(我想，水手、旅行者们曾经体会过这种感觉，猎人也是如此)”可知，作者举了猎人狩猎归来的例子。文中并未引用研究发现。故选A项。 主题语境02 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海青浦高级中学·期中）I was born a bookworm. Reading was almost like breathing to me — I’d curl up with a book anywhere, from my bedroom to under a tree. My fictional worlds took me to distant places, and I experienced everything through pages. My father would take me to the nearest bookshop every Saturday morning. There was an order in shelves that I found profoundly comforting. They started with A and ended in Z, and in between were hundreds of new friends waiting to be met, new lands waiting to be discovered. He would wait patiently while I browsed — a bookshop is the one place you can stay long without anyone becoming suspicious (可疑的) or impatient, and the choosing of a new book is something that cannot be rushed. And so began my love for bookshops. They are gateways to other worlds, blending (融合) the familiar with the new, old favorites with fresh discoveries. A good bookseller understands your tastes and opens doors to new adventures. Books shape who we are. One day, in a cozy Cotswolds bookshop, I felt a wave of calm and inspiration. That was my lightbulb moment: My next book would be set in a bookshop, a place where readers could connect with the magic of books and explore how they shape lives. The title of How to Find Love in a Bookshop isn’t just about discovering romantic love. It’s about finding the love of books: something that can exist throughout your life, and provide escape, entertainment, education, comfort, wonder. And, as I learned from my own father, it’s a love you can share with everyone in your family. There is nothing more satisfying than sharing something you have read with someone else, knowing they will love it as much as you do. But if we are to keep bookshops alive, we need to use them, and to encourage the next generation to make them a part of their life and view bookshops as a treat, a pleasure, an adventure, a gateway. So they become a necessity. Something we can’t live without. Thus my challenge to you, fellow reader, is to go to your local bookshop and come out with something that might change your life. 1.Which of the following is NOT a reason why the author loves bookshops? A. The comforting order of shelves. B. The atmosphere where readers can stay without pressure. C. Their role as a window into diverse worlds. D. The nature that the author was born with. 2.What can we infer about “the love of books” in paragraph 5 from the passage? A. It can only be developed by reading romantic novels. B. It is a feeling that cannot be shared with other people. C. It can provide people with multiple forms of support in life. D. It fades away easily if people don’t visit bookshops often. 3.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To introduce the writer’s new book How to Find Love in a Bookshop. B. To share the writer’s life-long love for reading and bookshops. C. To explain how the writer’s father influenced his reading habit. D. To call on readers to support bookshops and discover the magic of books. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者对书籍和书店的热爱，并呼吁读者支持书店，探索书籍的魔力。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“There was an order in shelves that I found profoundly comforting.(书架上的排列顺序让我感到非常安慰。)”可知，书架上令人安心的排列顺序是作者喜欢书店的原因之一，选项A正确；根据第二段中“He would wait patiently while I browsed — a bookshop is the one place you can stay long without anyone becoming suspicious (可疑的) or impatient, and the choosing of a new book is something that cannot be rushed.(我浏览书籍时，他会耐心地等待——书店是唯一一个你可以长时间逗留而不会有人怀疑或不耐烦的地方，挑选一本新书是件不能仓促行事的事情。)”可知，读者可以毫无压力地停留的氛围是作者喜欢书店的原因之一，选项B正确；根据第三段中“They are gateways to other worlds, blending (融合) the familiar with the new, old favorites with fresh discoveries.(它们是通往其他世界的门户，融合了熟悉与新奇、旧爱与新发现。)”可知，它们作为通往多样世界的窗口是作者喜欢书店的原因之一，选项C正确；作者天生就有的特质，并不是作者喜欢书店的原因，而是作者本身的特点，选项D不是作者喜欢书店的原因。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中“It’s about finding the love of books: something that can exist throughout your life, and provide escape, entertainment, education, comfort, wonder.(它是关于找到对书籍的热爱：这种热爱可以贯穿你的一生，并提供逃避、娱乐、教育、安慰和惊奇。)”可知，对书籍的热爱可以在生活中为人们提供多种形式的支持。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Thus my challenge to you, fellow reader, is to go to your local bookshop and come out with something that might change your life.(因此，我对你，亲爱的读者，提出的挑战是：去你当地的书店，带回一些可能改变你生活的东西。)”可知，作者的主要目的是呼吁读者支持书店，发现书籍的魅力。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海外国语大学附属大境中学·期中）Many people who want to lose weight often choose to go on a diet. But is this really the best way? With celebrities speaking about new diets that have helped them become slim in advertisements, more and more people are turning to dieting. Some shops begin to sell diet products such as diet milkshakes, snack bars and even diet pills. However, such popular products and diets are often found to be extremely unhealthy. Most of these popular diets work by cutting down on a certain nutrient from your food intake. For example, some diets work by cutting down on carbohydrates (碳水化合物). This means the body must use its fat reserves for energy. This might help you lose weight. However, by cutting a particular food group out of your diet, you are starving your body of a nutrient that it needs, which could leave you feeling weak, tired or even bad-tempered. Besides, these diets are often unsuccessful in the long run. Generally, one of the most effective ways of losing weight is to cut down on calories. The recommended calorie intake for an adult male is 2,500. If a man consumes more than 2,500 calories each day, then he is likely to gain weight. However, if he consumes less, then he is likely to lose weight. In fact, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals all play an important role in staying healthy, which is why they all should be included in your meals. Of course, some foods can be eaten in moderation as an occasional snack. For example, a bar of chocolate every once in a while won’t cause you any problems. So, instead of spending money on popular diet pills or special weight loss foods, try to eat healthy balanced meals containing foods from all food groups. So, next time your friends tell you that they are going on a diet, tell them that eating a healthy balanced diet is a much better choice. 1.What is the author’s opinion about the popular diets mentioned in the passage? A. They are useful for losing weight. B. They are welcomed by celebrities. C. They are not as healthy as people think. D. They are replacing people’s everyday meals. 2.The underline phrase is closest in meaning to . A. regularly B. reasonably C. immediately D. frequently 3.How can we lose weight effectively according to the author? A. By having diet pills. B. By following a strict diet. C. By taking regular exercise. D. By reducing calorie intake. 4.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Diet products should be limited. B. Snacking is a big no-no for health. C. Keeping a diet with various nutrients is ideal. D. Going on a diet should be stopped immediately. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕减肥这一话题展开论述，先指出很多人选择节食减肥以及市面上流行的节食产品等现象，接着分析了流行节食方法存在的弊端，随后阐述了有效减肥的方式，最后得出结论并给出建议。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, such popular products and diets are often found to be extremely unhealthy. (然而，这类受欢迎的产品和饮食常常被发现极其不健康。)”可知，作者认为这些流行的节食产品和节食方法是非常不健康的，故选C项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Of course, some foods can be eaten in moderation as an occasional snack. For example, a bar of chocolate every once in a while won’t cause you any problems. (当然，有些食物可以……食用，作为偶尔的零食。例如，偶尔吃一块巧克力不会给你带来任何问题。)”可知，有些食物可以作为偶尔的零食适度食用，in moderation在句中意为“合理地；适度地”，故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Generally, one of the most effective ways of losing weight is to cut down on calories. (一般来说，最有效的减肥方法之一是减少卡路里的摄入。)”可知，作者认为最有效的减肥方法之一是减少卡路里的摄入，故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“So, instead of spending money on popular diet pills or special weight loss foods, try to eat healthy balanced meals containing foods from all food groups. So, next time your friends tell you that they are going on a diet, tell them that eating a healthy balanced diet is a much better choice. (减肥药或特殊的减肥食品，尝试食用包含所有食物种类的健康均衡膳食。所以，下次你的朋友告诉你他们正在节食时，告诉他们食用健康均衡的饮食是更好的选择。)”可知，作者建议人们不要花钱买流行的减肥药或特殊的减肥食品，而是要尝试吃包含所有食物种类的健康均衡的膳食，由此可推断出保持含有各种营养的饮食是理想的，故选C项。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高一上·上海青浦高级中学·期中）Recently, I was walking with some parents when we found a five-pound note on the ground. We stood around it for a moment, a bit awkwardly, until someone suggested putting it on a nearby bench. Then one of the parents said that we would probably have acted differently — that is, we would have just taken the money — if we had been alone. This relates to a classic question: Do we behave more selfishly when we aren’t being observed? The debate goes on across the psychological and biological sciences, as well as in popular culture, about whether kindness can exist in a competitive world. Yom Kippur is a Jewish (犹太人的) religious holiday. On this day, Jewish people don’t eat food and ask for forgiveness for the mistakes they’ve made. A key idea of Yom Kippur is to behave better, no matter who is watching. The teachings of Yom Kippur are beautiful in terms of human development. They are the result of thousands of years of cultural changes and growth. The Maasai people of Kenya practise osotua: relationships between people that work based on need. When someone builds an osotua relationship with another, they make an unwritten agreement to help their partner in times of need. And hunter-gatherer groups, which can represent the situations our species evolved (进化) in, have many similar examples. Cultural evolution helps explain why these systems exist and how they become so complex. Cultural changes happen much faster than biological evolution. This lets smart species like humans develop ways of acting that help them deal with complicated social environments. Osotua, or any other practice that helps people treat each other well in society, comes from tens of thousands of years of cultural trying and correcting. The customs passed down over time are the ones that help us grow as groups. The study of those changes has helped us to understand how we successfully spread around the world as cooperative groups. Biological evolution has made humans more willing to cooperate, but cultural changes have made this process faster. Cultural evolution helps us to overcome our selfish natures. Try to understand rules before you ignore them — and next time you find a five-pound note on the ground, you might think about the awkward situation your discovery brings. 1.What does the author want to show by talking about finding the five-pound note? A. People’s actions are often affected when others are around. B. It’s common for people to feel uncomfortable when getting something unexpected. C. Most people choose to be honest in public places. D. Parents are more likely to set a good example for children. 2.Why does the author mention Yom Kippur and the Maasai’s osotua practice? A. To show that religious and cultural traditions are different around the world. B. To prove that being kind is deeply part of how humans have evolved biologically. C. To give examples of cultural systems that encourage kindness without conditions. D. To compare how Jews and Maasai people show their generosity in different ways. 3.What can we learn about cultural evolution from the passage? A. It has taken the place of biological evolution in making humans work together. B. It only happens in developed societies with complex social structures. C. It tends to remove selfish actions from human nature. D. It helps humans get used to complex social environments more quickly. 4.What is the main idea the author wants to tell us in the passage? A. Cultural evolution is very important for developing human kindness and cooperation. B. Biological evolution is the main reason why humans are generous. C. Different cultures have similar ways to encourage people to work together. D. People should follow moral rules even when no one is watching. 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。主要围绕人类行为与文化进化展开，探讨文化进化对人类善良品质和合作能力的重要影响。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Then one of the parents said that we would probably have acted differently — that is, we would have just taken the money — if we had been alone.(然后其中一位家长说，如果我们独自一人，我们的做法可能会有所不同 —— 也就是说，我们可能会直接把钱拿走)”可知，作者提及捡到五英镑纸币的事，是为了说明有他人在场时，人们的行为常会受到影响。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“A key idea of Yom Kippur is to behave better, no matter who is watching.(赎罪日的一个核心思想是，无论谁在看着，都要表现得更好)”、第四段中的“When someone builds an osotua relationship with another, they make an unwritten agreement to help their partner in times of need.(当一个人与另一个人建立起osotua关系时，他们会达成一份不成文的协议，在对方需要时提供帮助)”和第五段中“Osotua, or any other practice that helps people treat each other well in society, comes from tens of thousands of years of cultural trying and correcting.(Osotua，或任何其他帮助人们在社会中善待彼此的做法，都来自于数万年的文化尝试和纠正)”可知，这两个例子均是倡导友善的文化体系，用于支撑文章观点。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Cultural changes happen much faster than biological evolution. This lets smart species like humans develop ways of acting that help them deal with complicated social environments.(文化变迁比生物进化快得多。这使得人类这样聪明的物种能够发展出有助于应对复杂社会环境的行为方式)”可知，文化进化能帮助人类更快地适应复杂的社会环境。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Cultural evolution helps explain why these systems exist and how they become so complex.(文化进化有助于解释这些体系为何存在以及它们如何变得如此复杂)”和第六段中的“Biological evolution has made humans more willing to cooperate, but cultural changes have made this process faster.(生物进化让人类更愿意合作，但文化变迁加快了这一进程)”可知，文章核心是阐述文化进化对培养人类善良品质和合作能力至关重要。故选A项。 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海领科双语学校·期中）One might expect that the ever-growing demands of the tourist trade would bring nothing but good for the countries that receive the holiday-makers. Indeed, a rosy picture is painted for the long-term future of the holiday industry. Every month sees the building of a new hotel somewhere, and every month another rock-bound Pacific island is advertised as the “last paradise(天堂) on earth”. However, the scale and speed of this growth seem set to destroy the very things tourists want to enjoy. In those countries where there was a rush to make quick money out of sea-side holidays, over-crowded beaches and the concrete jungles of endless hotels have begun to lose their appeal. Those countries with little experience of tourism can suffer most. In recent years, Nepal set out to attract foreign visitors to fund developments in health and education. Its forests, full of wildlife and rare flowers, were offered to tourists as one more untouched paradise. In fact, the nature all too soon felt the effects of thousands of holiday-makers traveling through the forest land. Ancient tracks became major routes for the walkers, with the consequent exploitation of precious trees and plants. Not only the environment of a country can suffer from the sudden growth of tourism. The people as well rapidly feel its effects. Farmland makes way for hotels, roads and airports; the old way of life goes. The one-time farmer is now the servant of some multi-national organization; he is no longer his own master. Once it was his back that bore the pain; now it is his smile that is exploited. No doubt he wonders whether he wasn't happier in his village working his own land. Thankfully, the tourist industry is waking up to the responsibilities it has towards those countries that receive its customers. The protection of wildlife and the creation of national parks go hand in hand with tourist development and in fact obtain financial support from tourist companies. At the same time, tourists are being encouraged to respect not only the countryside they visit but also its people. The way tourism is handled in the next ten years will decide its fate and that of the countries we all want to visit. Their needs and problems are more important than those of the tourist companies. Increased understanding in planning world-wide tourism can preserve the market for these companies. If not, in a few years’ time the very things that attract tourists now may well have been destroyed. 1.What does the author indicate in the last sentence of Paragraph 1? A. The Pacific island is a paradise. B. The Pacific island is worth visiting. C. The advertisement is not convincing. D. The advertisement is not impressive 2.The example of Nepal is used to suggest _________ . A. its natural resources are untouched. B. its forests are exploited for farmland C. it develops well in health and education. D. it suffers from the heavy flow of tourists. 3.What can we learn about the farmers from Paragraph 4 ? A. They are happy to work their own lands. B. They have to please the tourists for a living. C. They have to struggle for their independence. D. They are proud of working in multi-national organizations. 4.Which of the following determines the future of tourism ? A. The number of tourists B. The improvement of services. C. The promotion of new products. D. The management of tourism 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B　4. D 【解析】 本文是一篇议论文。众所周知旅游业可以给当地经济发展带来无限商机，尤其是一些欠发达国家和地区。但是盲目无序地发展旅游业也会给当地环境带来危害，甚至是致命危害。那我们该怎样平衡旅游业和环保之间的关系呢？。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段的“Every month sees the building of a new hotel somewhere,and every month another rock-bound Pacific island is advertised as the “last paradise(天堂) on earth”.”（每个月都会看到某个地方在建一座新宾馆，每个月都会看到太平洋中的某个小岛打出广告“这儿是世上最后一处天堂。”）和第三段的“over-crowded beaches and the concrete jungles of endless hotels have begun to lose their appeal. ”（过度拥挤的海滩和密布酒店已经开始失去它们的吸引力。）可推知，这样的广告已经没有什么说服力了，故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段的“In those countries where there was a rush to make quick money out of sea-side holidays, over-crowded beaches and the concrete jungles of endless hotels have begun to lose their appeal. Those countries with little experience of tourism can suffer most.”（在那些通过海边度假方式来快速挣钱的国家，过度拥挤的海滩和密布酒店已经开始失去它们的吸引力。那些几乎没有旅游业经验的国家影响最大）和“In fact, the nature all too soon felt the effects of thousands of holiday-makers traveling through the forest land.”（事实上，大自然很快就受到了成千上万游客到森林旅行带来的影响）可推知，作者引用尼泊尔发展旅游业是为了说明，现在这个国家正经受着旅游业带来的痛苦。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段的“Once it was his back that bore the pain；now it is his smile that is exploited.”（过去是他的脊背在承受痛苦，现在是人们开发利用他的微笑）可推知，农民现在不得不以取悦游客谋生。故选B。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第一段的“The way tourism is handled in the next ten years will decide its fate and that of the countries we all want to visit. ”（未来十年，如何管理旅游业将决定旅游业和我们要去参观的国家的命运。）可知，未来旅游业的管理方式将决定旅游业的未来。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海华东师范大学附属周浦中学·期中）What is the place of art in a culture of inattention? Recent visitors to the Louvre report that tourists can now spend only a minute in front of the Mona Lisa before being asked to move on. Much of that time, for some of them, is spent taking photographs not even of the painting but of themselves with the painting in the background. One view is that we have democratized (平民化) tourism and gallery-going so much that we have made it effectively impossible to appreciate what we’ve travelled to see. In this oversubscribed society, experience becomes a commodity like any other. There are queues to climb Mount Qomolangma as well as to see famous paintings. Leisure, thus considered, is hard labour, and returning to work becomes a well-earned break from the tough experience. What gets lost in this industrialized haste (加速) is the quality of looking. Think about an extreme example, the late philosopher Richard Wollheim. When he visited the Louvre, he could spend as much as four hours sitting before a painting. The first hour, he claimed, was necessary for misperceptions to be eliminated. It was only then that the picture would begin to disclose itself. This seems unthinkable today, but it is still possible to organize. Even in the busiest museums there are many rooms and many pictures worth hours of contemplation (沉思) which the crowds largely ignore. Sometimes the largest crowds are partly the products of bad management; the Mona Lisa is such a hurried experience today partly because the museum is being reorganized. The Uffizi in Florence, another site of cultural pilgrimage (朝圣), has cut its entry queues down to seven minutes by clever management. And there are some forms of art, those designed to be spectacles as well as objects of contemplation, which can work perfectly well in the face of huge crowds. Olafur Eliasson’s current Tate Modern show, for instance, might seem nothing more than an entertainment, overrun as it is with kids romping (喧嚣地玩耍) in fog rooms and spray mist installations. But it’s more than that: where Eliasson is at his most entertaining, he is at his most serious too, and his disorienting installations bring home the reality of the destructive effects we are having on the planet — not least what we are doing to the glaciers of Eliasson’s beloved Iceland. Marcel Proust, another lover of the Louvre, wrote: “It is only through art that we can escape from ourselves and know how another person sees the universe, whose landscapes would otherwise have remained as unknown as any on the moon.” If any art remains worth seeing, it must lead us to such escapes. But a minute in front of a painting in a hurried crowd won’t do that. 1.Why did the late philosopher Richard Wollheim spend four hours before a picture? A. It takes time to appreciate a piece of art fully. B. It is quite common to misinterpret artistic works. C. The longer people contemplate a picture, the more likely they will enjoy it. D. The more time one spends before a painting, the more valuable one finds it. 2.What does the case of the Uffizi in Florence show? A. Art works in museums should be better taken care of. B. Sites of cultural pilgrimage are always flooded with visitors. C. Good management is key to handling large crowds of visitors. D. Large crowds of visitors cause management problems for museums. 3.What do we learn from Olafur Eliasson’s current Tate Modern show? A. Children learn to appreciate art works most effectively while they are playing. B. It is possible to combine entertainment with appreciation of serious art. C. Art works about the environment appeal most to young children. D. Some forms of art can accommodate huge crowds of visitors. 4.What can art do according to Marcel Proust? A. Enable us to live a much fuller life. B. Allow us to escape the harsh reality. C. Help us to see the world from a different perspective. D. Urge us to explore the unknown domain of the universe. 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“注意力分散文化下艺术的处境”展开，探讨了当下艺术欣赏的匆忙现象，同时结合案例说明深度欣赏艺术的价值与可能性。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Think about an extreme example, the late philosopher Richard Wollheim. When he visited the Louvre, he could spend as much as four hours sitting before a painting. The first hour, he claimed, was necessary for misperceptions to be eliminated. It was only then that the picture would begin to disclose itself.(想一个极端的例子：已故哲学家Richard Wollheim。当他参观卢浮宫时，能在一幅画前静坐长达四小时。他认为，第一个小时是消除误解的必要时间。只有在那之后，这幅画才会开始展现它的内涵)”可知，充分欣赏一件艺术作品需要花费时间。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The Uffizi in Florence, another site of cultural pilgrimage (朝圣), has cut its entry queues down to seven minutes by clever management.(佛罗伦萨的Uffizi美术馆是另一处文化朝圣地，它通过巧妙的管理，将入场排队时间缩短到了7分钟)”可知，良好的管理是应对大量游客的关键。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Olafur Eliasson’s current Tate Modern show, for instance, might seem nothing more than an entertainment, overrun as it is with kids romping (喧嚣地玩耍) in fog rooms and spray mist installations. But it’s more than that: where Eliasson is at his most entertaining, he is at his most serious too, and his disorienting installations bring home the reality of the destructive effects we are having on the planet — not least what we are doing to the glaciers of Eliasson’s beloved Iceland.(比如Olafur Eliasson当前在泰特现代美术馆的展览，看起来或许不过是一场娱乐活动——展厅里满是在雾室和喷雾装置中喧闹玩耍的孩子。但它不止于此：在Eliasson最具娱乐性的作品里，也藏着最严肃的内核，且他那些让人迷失方向的装置作品，让人们真切意识到人类对地球造成的破坏性影响——尤其是我们对Eliasson深爱的冰岛冰川所做的一切)”可推知，娱乐和严肃艺术的欣赏是可以结合的。故选B。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中“Marcel Proust, another lover of the Louvre, wrote: “It is only through art that we can escape from ourselves and know how another person sees the universe, whose landscapes would otherwise have remained as unknown as any on the moon.” (另一位卢浮宫的爱好者Marcel Proust写道：“唯有通过艺术，我们才能摆脱自我，了解他人眼中的宇宙；若非如此，那些宇宙图景会像月球上的景象一样，始终不为我们所知。”)”可知，艺术能帮助我们从不同的视角看待世界。故选C。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高一上·上海建平中学·期中）Clichés (陈词滥调) aren’t necessarily bad turns of phrase — in fact, they’re generally good, and that’s how they become clichés. The first person to say “in the wake of” should have been proud of themselves. It was an impactful boat metaphor(隐喻). But now it is horrible. Sadly, this human failing is spreading via machine. Chatbots can now write everything for us, but they can’t write anything good. Ask ChatGPT to write a high school graduation speech, and you’ll get some tired, overused lines: “Once again, congratulations to my fellow graduates. We did it. And as we move on to the next chapter of our lives, let us always remember the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson…” And you’ll get some tired, overused lines: “Once again, congratulations to my fellow graduates. We did it. And as we move on to the next chapter of our lives, let us always remember the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson…” Even when I asked ChatGPT to avoid clichés, it still called graduation“a significant milestone,” and quoted Socrates (苏格拉底) to illustrate the essence of education. Then I asked the chatbot who it loves clichés so much. It told me that none of the language it generates reflects its own preferences. “Sometimes, my responses may include overused phrases simply because they are common patterns in the language I have learned from,” it said. That’s why the chatbot couldn’t resist clichés. As a large language model that operates by computing probabilities, it predicts the most likely next word based on patterns it has learned. This means that it simply cannot generate many creative turns of phrase on its own. If I want ChatGPT to use fewer clichés, it suggests that I try to prompt it with more creative questions or topics. If I read between the lines, that response is almost a personal insult(侮辱). If its outputs are predictable, that’s because the inputs are too — both the sentences I’m writing now and the billions it was trained on. And as people like me continue playing with chatbots — asking them to write everything and accepting whatever ordinary phrases they produce — we will bring about a super — clichéd future. Each generation of chatbots trains on clichés from the last, piling overused phrases higher and higher. Should these systems be trained on their own outputs? That would only lead to a return to mediocrity (平庸). When I finally asked ChatGPT to write a story in the style of The Atlantic about how ChatGPT uses too many clichés, I couldn’t tell whether the result was a joke at its own expense or mine: “Like a moth to a flame, ChatGPT found itself drawn to the familiar turns of phrase that littered the English language.” For me, there is no light at the end of the tunnel. I know that playfully ending a story about clichés with a bunch of clichés is itself clichéd, but unfortunately, my hands are tied. 1.What does the article say about clichés? A. They usually come from famous books. B. Machines have trouble understanding them. C. They have become boring because of overuse. D. They have lost their original meaning over time. 2.Why does ChatGPT tend to use clichés? A. It cannot identify what counts as a cliché. B. It lacks access to creative writing resources. C. It is programmed to quote renowned authors. D. It generates words based on common patterns in writing. 3.What does the author suggest will happen if people keep using chatbots to write everything? A. Machines will write better than humans. B. Better phrases will be created to train AI. C. Writing in the future will be full of clichés. D. AI writing will become more unpredictable. 4.How does the author feel about ChatGPT’s use of clichés? A. Neutral and objective. B. Amused and entertained. C. Frustrated and concerned. D. Supportive and enthusiastic. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. C　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文，围绕人工智能（以ChatGPT为例）频繁使用陈词滥调展开论述。作者指出陈词滥调本因精妙而流行，却因过度使用变得乏味；ChatGPT受其运行机制限制依赖常见语言模式，导致输出充满陈腐表达，而人类过度依赖AI写作可能会让未来文字陷入平庸，表达了对这一现象的担忧。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The first person to say “in the wake of” should have been proud of themselves. It was an impactful boat metaphor(隐喻). But now it is horrible.(第一个说出“in the wake of”的人本该为自己感到骄傲。这是一个极具感染力的船只隐喻。但现在它却令人反感。)”以及第二段“And you’ll get some tired, overused lines(你得到的只会是一些乏味又陈腐的语句)”可知，陈词滥调原本可能是精妙的表达，但因被反复使用而变得枯燥无聊。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As a large language model that operates by computing probabilities, it predicts the most likely next word based on patterns it has learned. This means that it simply cannot generate many creative turns of phrase on its own.(作为一种通过计算概率运行的大型语言模型，它会根据所学的模式预测最可能出现的下一个词。这意味着它本身无法生成太多有创意的表达方式。)”可知，ChatGPT会根据书面语中的常见表达模式来生成文字，这是它倾向于使用陈词滥调的核心原因。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“And as people like me continue playing with chatbots — asking them to write everything and accepting whatever ordinary phrases they produce — we will bring about a super-clichéd future. Each generation of chatbots trains on clichés from the last, piling overused phrases higher and higher.(如果像我这样的人继续依赖聊天机器人——让它们写所有东西，接受它们产出的任何平庸语句——我们将迎来一个超级陈腐的未来。每一代聊天机器人都以前一代的陈词滥调为训练素材，让过度使用的表达堆积得越来越多。)”可知，作者认为人类过度依赖AI写作，会导致未来的文字充满陈词滥调。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“That would only lead to a return to mediocrity(平庸).(这只会导致回归平庸。)”以及最后一段中的“For me, there is no light at the end of the tunnel. I know that playfully ending a story about clichés with a bunch of clichés is itself clichéd, but unfortunately, my hands are tied.(对我来说，这看不到希望。我知道用一堆陈词滥调来调侃式地结束一篇关于陈词滥调的文章本身就是陈腐的，但不幸的是，我别无选择。)”可知，作者对ChatGPT过度使用陈词滥调的现象感到沮丧（frustrated）；同时，结合全文对“未来文字陷入平庸”的担忧，可推断作者对此持关切态度（concerned）。故选C项。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高一上·上海七宝中学·期中）In today’s data-driven world, the value of data has been likened to that of oil, but unlike oil, data is not a finite resource — it grows continuously as new information is created. Businesses, particularly those employing AI algorithms, rely on data more than ever to drive success. However, a challenge that has arisen is ensuring the data used is reliable, objective, and ethically sourced. Concerns are mounting over the use of shady data sources and “black-box” collection methods, where businesses are unsure of how the data was sourced, raising ethical and legal issues. Rachel Aldighieri of the Data and Marketing Association (DMA) stresses that ethical practices in data collection are essential, especially as businesses increasingly use AI to automate decision-making processes. Inappropriate data usage can lead to inaccurate AI models and prejudiced outcomes. Stephen Lester, CTO at Paragon, echoes this sentiment, noting that companies should use open methods to collect data, ensuring participants know how their data is being used and that they receive proper payment. To follow data protection rules, businesses should balance their needs with individuals’ rights. This helps ensure they have the right permissions to use collected data, building customer trust and reducing legal risks. They should also consult resources like the DMA Code for guidance on ethical data practices. However, obtaining reliable data isn’t always straightforward. Open-source datasets are available, but they often lack quality controls and safeguards against bias. Synthetic data, generated by AI, offers an alternative, allowing companies to train AI models without risking real individuals’ privacy. Although synthetic data isn’t linked to real people, businesses must be cautious about potential inaccuracies. A notable tool in this space is MIT’s Synthetic Data Vault, which helps generate synthetic data for a variety of enterprise use cases. Despite its usefulness, there remain concerns about the accuracy of such data when used for critical AI training. Chris Stephenson from Sagacity highlights the importance of training AI models with error-checking mechanisms. He notes that while synthetic data can be useful, businesses must remain careful about how algorithms are trained, paying close attention to the potential for mistakes or biases to slip through unnoticed. As ethical concerns rise, businesses are expected to carefully review their data collection practices. They should know where their data comes from, avoid unreliable sources, and ensure data used in AI models is accurate and fair. Ultimately, organizations must be open and accountable in their data practices to remain trustworthy. 1.What does the phrase “echoes this sentiment” in paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Agrees with clear and ethical data practices. B. Disapproves of the views on data collection. C. Questions the use of open data collection methods. D. Ignores the ethical concerns surrounding AI and data. 2.What can be learned from paragraphs 3 and 4? A. There are tools to ensure data accuracy. B. Reliable data is extremely hard to obtain. C. Ethical data practices lack clear definitions. D. Synthetic data should generally be restricted. 3.Which of the following statements is Chris Stephenson most likely to agree with? A. Error-checking tools are already mature for practical use. B. Data protection rules should be prioritized over data accuracy. C. Mistakes may remain undetected during the training of AI models. D. Synthetic data is the best way to collect data for AI model training. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. Synthetic data solves most ethical concerns associated with AI. B. Data collection practices in Al have limited ethical implications. C. Ethical data collection and accuracy are essential for responsible AI usage. D. Businesses should prioritize using as much data as possible for AI training. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了在当今数据驱动的世界中，企业需确保数据收集的伦理性和准确性以实现人工智能的负责任应用。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Rachel Aldighieri of the Data and Marketing Association (DMA) stresses that ethical practices in data collection are essential, especially as businesses increasingly use AI to automate decision-making processes. Inappropriate data usage can lead to inaccurate AI models and prejudiced outcomes. Stephen Lester, CTO at Paragon, echoes this sentiment, noting that companies should use open methods to collect data, ensuring participants know how their data is being used and that they receive proper payment.(数据与营销协会（DMA）的雷切尔·阿尔迪吉里强调，数据收集中的道德实践至关重要，尤其是在企业越来越多地使用人工智能来自动化决策过程的情况下。不恰当的数据使用会导致人工智能模型不准确和结果带有偏见。Paragon公司的首席技术官斯蒂芬·莱斯特echoes this sentiment，他指出，公司应采用公开的方法来收集数据，确保参与者知道他们的数据将如何被使用，并确保他们获得适当的报酬)”可知，斯蒂芬·莱斯特表达了同雷切尔·阿尔迪吉里相同的看法，echoes this sentiment意思是“同意清晰和道德的数据实践”。故选A。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“However, obtaining reliable data isn’t always straightforward. Open-source datasets are available, but they often lack quality controls and safeguards against bias.(然而，获取可靠数据并不总是那么简单。开源数据集虽然可用，但往往缺乏质量控制和防止偏见的保障措施)”可知，获取可靠数据不简单，开源数据集有缺陷，表明可靠数据极难获得。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“Chris Stephenson from Sagacity highlights the importance of training AI models with error-checking mechanisms. He notes that while synthetic data can be useful, businesses must remain careful about how algorithms are trained, paying close attention to the potential for mistakes or biases to slip through unnoticed.(来自Sagacity公司的克里斯·斯蒂芬森强调了使用错误检查机制训练人工智能模型的重要性。他指出，虽然合成数据可能有用，但企业必须对算法的训练方式保持谨慎，密切关注错误或偏见可能悄然溜过而未被察觉的潜在风险)”可知，克里斯·斯蒂芬森最可能同意的是在人工智能模型的训练过程中，错误可能仍未被发现。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“As ethical concerns rise, businesses are expected to carefully review their data collection practices. They should know where their data comes from, avoid unreliable sources, and ensure data used in AI models is accurate and fair. Ultimately, organizations must be open and accountable in their data practices to remain trustworthy.(随着伦理问题的日益突出，企业需要仔细审查其数据收集实践。他们应该知道数据来自哪里，避免不可靠的来源，并确保人工智能模型中使用的数据准确公正。最终，组织必须在数据实践中保持开放和负责，以保持可信度)”可知，文章主要讲述了在当今数据驱动的世界中，企业需确保数据收集的伦理性和准确性以实现人工智能的负责任应用。故C选项“Ethical data collection and accuracy are essential for responsible Al usage.(道德数据收集和准确性对于负责任地使用人工智能至关重要)”最符合文章主旨。故选C。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高一上·上海师范大学附属嘉定高级中学·期中）If your in-box is currently reporting unread messages in the hundreds or thousands, you might have a hard time believing the news: e-mail is on the decline. At first thought, that might seem to be the case. The incoming generation, after all, doesn’t do e-mail. Oh, they might have an account. They use it only as we would use a fax machine: as a means to communicate with old-school folks like their parents or to fulfill the sign-up requirements of Web sites. They rarely check it, though. Today’s instant electronic memos—such as texting and Facebook and Twitter messages—are more direct, more concentrated, more efficient. They go without the salutation (称呼语) and the signoff (签收); we already know the “to” and “from”. Many corporations are moving to messaging networks for exactly that reason: more signals, less noise and less time. This trend is further evidence that store-and-forward systems such as e-mail and voicemail are outdated. Instead of my leaving you a lengthy message that you pick up later, I can now send you an easily-read message that you can read—and respond to—on the go. The coming of the mobile era is responsible for the decline of e-mail. Instant messages bring great convenience to people. They can deal with them at about any time: before a movie, in a taxi, waiting for lunch. And because these notes are very brief, they’re a natural for smart phone typing. Does this mean e-mail is on its way to the dustbin of digital history? Not necessarily. E-mail still has certain advantages. On the other hand, tweets and texts feel ephemeral—you read them, then they’re gone, into an endless string, but e-mail still feels like something you have and that you can file, search and return to later. It’s easy to imagine that it will continue to feel more appropriate for formal communications: agreements, important news, longer explanations. So, e-mail won’t go away completely. Remember, we’ve been through a transition like this not so long ago: when e-mail was on the rise, people said that postal mail was dead. That’s not how it works. Postal mail found its smaller niche, and so will e-mail. Technology rarely replaces an institution completely; it just adds new alternatives. 1.What would the incoming generation like to do with their e-mail accounts? A. Contact close friends B. Send long messages C. Fill in some forms D. Communicate with their colleagues 2.Paragraphs 3-4 are important to the passage in that they ______. A. illustrate the preferences of the young generation B. explain the possible reasons behind the decline of e-mail C. reveal the rapid development of e-communication channels D. offer evidence about the uncertain future of easily-consumed messages 3.What does the underlined word “ephemeral” in paragraph 5 mean? A. Conveniently-sent B. Randomly-written C. Hardly readable D. Short-lived 4.According to the passage, which of the following statement is true? A. It’s too early to determine the decline of e-mail. B. E-mail has reasons to exist on its own advantages. C. E-mail, just like postal mail has come to its end. D. We should feel sorry for the decline of e-mail. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文为一篇议论文。文章主要陈述了电子邮件正在减少，文章分析了其原因，并且说明尽管使用它的人在减少，但是它是不会消失的，因为新的科技不会代替旧事物，它们只是为人们带来了一些新的选择。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They use it only as we would use a fax machine: as a means to communicate with old-school folks like their parents or to fulfill the sign-up requirements of Web sites.(他们使用它就像我们使用传真机一样：作为一种与老一辈人（比如他们的父母）交流的方式，或者是为了满足网站的注册要求。)”可知，新一代年轻人可能会用电子邮件来满足网站的注册要求，可能会用电子邮件处理一些表格。故选C。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。结合第三段首句“Today’s instant electronic memos—such as texting and Facebook and Twitter messages—are more direct, more concentrated, more efficient.(今天的即时电子备忘录，如短信和在线信息，更直接、更集中、更高效。)”可知，本段主要谈论了短信和在线消息更直接、更集中、更高效；结合第四段首句“The coming of the mobile era is responsible for the decline of e-mail. (移动时代的到来是电子邮件衰落的原因。)”可知，本段谈论了智能手机的便利，由此可知，第三、四段主要谈论了电子邮件衰落背后可能的原因。故选B。 (3)题解析： 词义猜测题。破折号后“you read them and then they're gone(你读过它们，然后它们就消失了)”是对划线词的补充和解释，由此可知，“tweets and texts feel ephemeral”表示“推特和短信让人感觉转瞬即逝”，所以划线词“ephemeral”意为与D项意思接近，A．automatically-sending.自动发送；B．rarely.极少；C．hardly-recognized.几乎不认识；D．short-lived.短暂的；短命的；昙花一现的。故选D。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“E-mail still has certain advantages.(电子邮件有特定的优势。)”可知，此处谈到了电子邮件的优势及最后一段首句“So, e-mail won't go away completely.(所以，电子邮件不会完全消失。)”可知，电子邮件不会彻底消失，它有理由凭自己的优势继续存在。故选B。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题05阅读理解（议论文） 基础必练 主题语境01人与自我-做人与做事 【答案】1.B2.D3.D4.A 主题语境02人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.C3.D Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.B3.D4.C 进阶提升》 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1.A2.C3.D4.A 主题语境02人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.C 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1.C2.D3.C4.C 112 函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 拓展培优) 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.C 主题语境02人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1.C2.B3.D4.B 212