专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语上学期

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高一上·上海同济大学第一附属中学·期中）F.Scott Fitzgerald, born on September 24,1896, an American novelist, was once a student of St.Paul Academy, the Newman School and attended Princeton. University for a short while. In 1917 he joined the army and was posted in Alabama, where he met his future wife Zelda Sayre. Then he had to make some money to impress her. His life with her was full of great happiness, as he wrote in his diary:“ My own happiness in the past often got such joy that I could share it even with the person dearest to me but had to walk it away in quiet streets and take down parts of it in my diary.” This side of paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. Encouraged by its success, Fitzgerald began to devote more time to his writing. Then he continued with the novel the Beautiful and Damned (1922), a collection of short stories Thales of the Jazz Age (1922), and a play The Vegetable (1923). But his greatest success was the novel The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, which quickly brought him praise from the literary world. Yet it failed to give him the needed financial security. Then, in 1926, he published another collection of short stories All the Sad Young Men. However, Fitzgerald’s problems with his wife Zelda had an effect on his writing. During the 1920s he tried to reord his life, but failed. By 1930, his wife had her first break down and went to a Swiss clinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The love of the last Tycoon in 1940. While his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to(沉迷于) alcohol. Sheila Graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism. 1.How many novels written by Fitzgerald are mentioned in the passage ? A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8 2.Which of the following is the correct order to describe Fitzgerald’s life according to the passage? a. He became addicted to drinking. b. He studied at St.Paul Academy. c. He published his first novel This Side of Paradise. d. The Great Gatsby won high praise. e. He failed to reorder his life. f. He joined the army and met Zelda. A. f-c-e-a-b-d B. b-e-a-f-c-d C. f-d-e-c-b-a D. b-f-c-d-e-a 3.We can infer from the passage that Fitzgerald _______.. A. had made some money when he met Zelda in Alabama. B. was well educated and well off before he served in the army C. would have completed more works if his wife hadn’t broken down D. helped his friend get rid of drinking while his wife was in hospital 4.The passage is probably followed by a concluding paragraph about_____. A. Zelda’s personal life B. Zelda’s illness and treatment C. Fitzgerald’s friendship with Graham D. Fitzgerald’s contributions to the literary world 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海徐汇区上海中学·期中）Cinque Terre, Italy, in thermal layers. Ireland in ceaseless rain. For decades, I limited most of my European travels to fall because, whatever the weather, I enjoyed the feeling of having the hotel, trail, restaurant or cathedral to myself. But I won’t be alone this year. From resort towns in Europe to popular summer destinations in the United States, places once emptied by October are now filled with guests. Booking.com reported notable growth in searches for traditional beach trips such as the Hamptons — up 78% уear-over-year in September and 45% in October — and Cape Cod. Searches for rooms in Dublin are up 35% in the fall over summer, according to Expedia, and Virtuoso, a consortium of high-end travel agencies, says that fall bookings have climbed 30% this year. Fall’s popularity owes some credit to the broader boom in travel. Last year, 1.4 billion people traveled internationally, up from 673 million in 2000, according to the World Travel & Tourism Council. With more of them seeking better access and fewer crowds, the off-season is now its own season. In some destinations, climate change has encouraged fall travel by extending milder weather. In the Italian Alps, with diminished early snows, the Grand Hotel Courmayeur Mont Blanc will remain open this fall for the first time, rather than closing in mid-September and reopening in December for the ski season. The fallout from overtourism — including shoulder-to-shoulder summer crowds in places like Venice and Dubrovnik, Croatia, and anti-tourism protests in Spain — has pushed some travelers to delay departures to later in the year. To ease the pressure, sustainability-minded operators have introduced trips to lesser-traveled destinations such as Uzbekistan and Romania. While taking extended vacations during back-to-school season remains a challenge for many families, travel industry experts credit the shift in flexible work patterns for introducing travelers to the joys of fall trips. “Travelers are no longer bound by school calendars or 9-to-5 routines,” said Melissa Krueger, the CEO of a travel agency based in California. “They also want more meaningful trips — harvest festivals, culinary events, wildlife encounters — that don’t follow a summer-only mindset.” October is no longer a secret whispered among in-the-know travelers. It has confidently taken its place as the crown jewel of the year. 1.What can we know about the author’s past European travels in fall? A. He often faced unpleasant weather like ceaseless rain in Ireland. B. He found it hard to book hotels due to limited autumn openings. C. He enjoyed far less crowded tourist attractions during those trips. D. He preferred visiting Cinque Terre to other European destinations. 2.Which of the following does NOT account for the growing popularity of fall travel? A. Flexible work schedules allow people to travel during the offseason. B. Lower international travel costs make fall journeys more budget-friendly. C. Mild weather lasts longer in some destinations because of climate change. D. The problems caused by overtourism causes travelers to avoid summer trips. 3.According to the passage, it can be inferred that __________. A. travel agencies are struggling to meet the rising demand for fall trips. B. the author plans to avoid European travel this fall due to greater crowds. C. climate change has reduced the appeal of the Alps in fall among visitors. D. tourists now favor experiences over seasonal routines when planning trips. 4.Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A. Fall Travel: From a Well-Kept Secret to a Beloved Choice B. The Rise of European Travel: Destinations and Highlights C. Overtourism: What Drives Travelers Towards Offseason Trips D. Embrace the Season: The Latest Data and Trend of Fall Travel Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海第四中学·期中）One survey of 485 adults in the U.S. linked travel to enhanced attention, energy, and focus. Other research suggests that the act of adapting to foreign cultures may also facilitate (促进) creativity. But what about the act of planning a trip? Planning a trip can be almost as enjoyable as going on the trip itself. A Cornell University study looked into how looking forward to an experience (like a trip) can increase a person’s happiness considerably — much more so than the anticipation of buying material goods. An earlier study, published by the University of Surrey, found that people are at their happiest when they have a vacation planned. Amit Kumar, one of the co-authors of the Cornell study, explains that the benefits are less about obsessing (使迷恋) over the finer points of a journey than they are about connecting with other people. “Travelers end up talking to people more about their experiences than they talk about material purchases,” he says. “Compared to possessions, experiences make for better story material.” Kumar’s co-author Matthew Killingsworth, now a senior fellow at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, says trip-planning encourages an optimistic outlook. “As humans, we spend a lot of our mental lives living in the future,” says Killingsworth, whose work centers on understanding the nature and causes of human happiness. “Our future-mindedness can be a source of joy if we know good things are coming, and travel is an especially good thing to look forward to.” One reason Killingsworth thinks that planning travel can be such a positive experience is the fact that trips are temporary. “Since we know a trip has a defined start and end, our minds are likely to enjoy it, even before it’s started,” he says. “Sometimes people even prefer to delay good experiences like a trip so they can extend the period of excitement.” There’s another reason why travel planning can produce happiness: We often know enough about a trip to imagine it and look forward to it — but there’s also enough novelty and uncertainty to keep our minds interested. “In a sense, we start to ‘consume’ a trip as soon as we start thinking about it,” Killingsworth says. “When we imagine eating gelato, the famous ice cream in Rome or going water skiing with friends we don’t see as much as we’d like, we get to experience a version of those events in our mind.” Planning for travel — thinking about it, talking about it, imagining it — may in fact be one of the best things you can do to stay optimistic. 1.What does the word “anticipation” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Worry. B. Experience. C. Benefit. D. Expectation. 2.According to Amit Kumar, the more important reason why trip is beneficial is that ______. A. the finer points of a journey become a good memory B. travelers can make up better stories based on their trips C. more chances are given to make contact with local people D. travel experiences provide more topics for communication 3.According to Matthew Killingsworth, planning a trip can make people happy because ______. A. they are able to have their exciting trip extended B. something good is believed to happen in the future C. the enough knowledge of a trip arouses their interests D. humans’ happiness comes from their future experience 4.What is the best title for the passage? A. Why planning trips helps mental health? B. Why a trip needs to be planned ahead? C. Why travelers should be optimistic? D. Why people are keen on traveling? 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海徐汇区上海中学·期中）As anyone who’s sat through English 101 can tell you, our national language is mysterious. And yet, somehow, the average American has managed to learn 42,000 words. Still, few of us know how the words we use were derived or what they really mean. Did you know that the word muscle comes from the Latin musculus, which means “little mouse” Apparently, the ancient Romans thought that the movement of a muscle, especially a flexed bicep (鼓起的肱二头肌), looked as if a mouse were running under the skin. Now there’s a fun visual. And that’s not even the weirdest example of a word with odd, ancient origins creeping — like mice under our skirt into modern English. Here are a few of our favorites. AMBULANCE·>The word originates from French military field hospitals of the 18th century. This type of mobile medical center could be easily broken down and moved from place to place, earning it the name hôpital ambulant —literally, “walking hospital.” Eventually, the name was shortened to just ambulance. Thankfully, today’s walking hospitals come with wheels. IDIOT·> What’s the opposite of a candidate? An idiot, or idiotes in Greek. Coming from the word idios, meaning “private”, an idiot was anyone who didn’t hold public office. That later came to mean “common man” and, much later, “ignorant person,”—which is how it’s used today. CANDIDATE·> In ancient Rome, the color of someone’s toga (长袍) could indicate that person’s social status. Politicians wore shiny white robes, probably whitened with powdered chalk, to show the purity of their intentions. This white toga was called toga candida, from the Latin candidare (to whiten). From there, we get the English words candidate (one seeking office) and candid (truthful), two words rarely used in the same sentence. GALAXY·> Thousands of years ago, ancient Greek stargazers looked up at the sky and saw a white river of light arcing overhead. Their reaction? “I could really go for some cookies right now.” The Greeks named that broad band of stars galaxías — which stems from the word gåla, meaning “milk”. To this day, we call our galaxy the Milky Way. 1.What is the main purpose of this passage? A. To explain why English is considered a mysterious language by many. B. To introduce the ancient roots and stories behind several English words. C. To show how Latin and Greek have influenced the development of English. D. To compare how different English words were created in different countries. 2.We can learn from the passage that__________. A. “Galaxy” was named by Romans because of a white river of light B. “Muscle” referred to the running mice that moved muscles in Greek C. “Ambulance” came from the French mobile military medical centers D. “Idiotẽs” evolved from “an ignorant person” to someone in “public office” 3.Where is this passage most likely taken from? A. An academic journal focusing on linguistic research. B. A popular magazine sharing fun facts and knowledge. C. A high school student’s workbook for writing practice. D. A daily newspaper exploring cultural and political facts. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海第四中学·期中）In many countries of the world, people can confidently tell you the meaning of their town or city, but most people who live in Manchester, Oxford or Birmingham would not be able to explain what the name of their city means. The name of every British town and city, however, has a long history. Two thousand years ago, most people living in Britain were Celts. Even the word “Britain” is Celtic. Then the Romans arrived and built camps which became cities called “castra”. This is why there are so many place names in England which end in “-chester” or “-caster”— Manchester, for example. The Romans never reached Wales or Scotland, and many place names there are Celtic. For example, Welsh place names that begin with “Llan” come from the Celtic word for church. After the Romans left Britain, it was attacked by tribes called the Anglo-Saxons, who were from the area of Europe that is now Germany and Holland. Without the Roman army, it was impossible to protect the country from these people. The names of their villages often ended in “-ham” or “-ton”. Some got their name from the leader of the village, so Birmingham, for example, means “Beormund’s village”. The Anglo-Saxons were farmers and the landscape was very important to them, so we have villages called Upton (“village on a hill”— a good place to build a village) and Moreton (“village by lake”, where floods could make life tough). Place names that end in “-ford” (a place where you could cross a river) also describe the location of Anglo-Saxon villages. Twelve hundred years ago, the Vikings came to England from Scandinavia. They traded with the Anglo-Saxons but lived in their own villages. These often ended in “-by” or “-thorpe”. The name “Kirkby” means “a village with a church” and Scunthorpe was the village of a man called Skuma. Finally, in 1066, England became Norman — the Normans gave us the place name “grange”, which means farm. And how about London? Experts cannot agree. The Romans called the city Londinium, but they were not the first inhabitants. People once believed that the United Kingdom’s capital city got its name from the castle of a King called Lud, but this is very unlikely. Our guess today is that the name comes from a Celtic word meaning a fast-flowing river. However, like a number of British place names, its history is lost in time. 1.According to the passage, Stratford-upon-Avon is most likely a town _______. A. on a hill B. near a castle C. built beside a river D. with a church 2.Which of the following shows the correct order of the arrival of inhabitants in Britain? A. The Celts—The Romans—The Vikings—The Normans—The Anglo Saxons. B. The Romans—The Celts—The Vikings—The Anglo Saxons—The Normans. C. The Celts—The Romans—The Anglo Saxons—The Vikings—The Normans. D. The Romans—The Anglo Saxons—The Celts—The Normans—The Vikings. 3.According to the passage, where did the name for London come from? A. It is puzzling and hard to confirm for sure. B. It comes from the term for a fast-flowing river. C. The name is short for Londinium. D. The name is from the castle of a King. Passage 3 （25-26高一上·上海青浦高级中学·期中）Post 1 Steve, USA Hi, everyone, What would you miss most and least if you were stuck on a desert island? For me, it would be the changing seasons , especially the fall in New England. Sure, it would be fantastic to have non-stop sun, but I’d miss the color of the seasons. I guess this will sound stupid but I’d probably miss the rain too. I wouldn’t miss getting up at six every day to go to work, though! What about you? Post 2 Tomas Germany Good question, Steve, I think I’d miss the pastries and different types of bread, and shopping at the local markets, and sausages, although I suppose I could try and make my own. So, yeah, the food. I’d miss the food most. What would I miss least? My mobile phone---I’d like to be completely uncontactable --- at least for a little while. Post 3 Paola Italy I would miss the company of people because I know I’d like to have someone to share experiences with. For instance, if there was a fantastic sunrise I’d want someone to be there to enjoy it with me. I’m a sociable sort of person and I’d go mad on my own. And I definitely wouldn’t miss junk mail --- I hate coming home every evening and finding a pile of junk mail in my post box. Post 4 Miko Japan Hi, I would miss Manga cartoons, the internet and Japanese food, like nori, sushi and Japanese beef. I’d also miss TV shows and shopping for clothes…and my two dogs. In fact, I’d miss everything. Post 5 Roger UK I would miss my daily newspaper and listening to the news on TV and radio. I’d feel very cut off if I didn’t know what was happening in the world. If you gave me a radio, then I’d be perfectly happy to live on a desert island for the rest of my life. What I’d miss least would be traffic jams in the city, particularly my journey to work. 1.What are the people mainly talking about in their posts? A. What they would like to do if staying on an island for some time. B. What they would miss most and least if left alone on an island. C. Why they think they would have to carry on a desert island. D. Why they think they would get stuck on a desert island. 2._____ doesn’t enjoy being alone. A. Steve B. Tomas C. Paola D. Miko 3.Roger would be glad to spend his life on the desert island if _______. A. he were allowed to listen to entertainment programs on the radio B. he were kept informed of the current events around the world C. he were given the chance to appear on TV occasionally D. he were able to avoid going to work during rush hours 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海建平中学·期中）How You Got Your Name Rule 1: The Man Who Was His Address Before he became history’s ultimate genius, the boy from Tuscany was simply “Leonardo, son of Piero, from Vinci.” In an era before standardized surnames, his identity was tied directly to his humble hometown. This practice was common, but his fame immortal (使……不朽) it. Imagine being known not by a family name, but by your neighborhood. The same rule also applies to the celebrated physicist Isaac Newton, whose surname originally referred to someone who lived in a“new town.” Rule 2: The Name That Was a Job Interview Some of the most famous names started as a simple job description. The name Wright (as in the Wright Brothers) was an Old English term for a craftsman or builder. The poet Robert Baker’s ancestor was literally a baker. Even the name Knight (as in Dame Ellen Knight), described a medieval soldier. Your name was your resume, announcing your family’s trade to the world. Rule 3: The Name That Was a Physical Trademark Before family names were fixed, a person’s most distinctive physical feature could become their lasting identifier, passing down through generations. The mighty King of France, Louis VI, was known to his subjects as Louis le Gross-Louis the Fat. This was not an insult (侮辱), but a simple, factual description that distinguished him from other rulers. Such last names, whether describing a face or a body, turned a person’s most visible quality into their legacy. Rule 4: ______________________ Long before complex addresses, the landscape itself was the most reliable map. Many family names were born from this close connection, poetically describing the exact spot where a family’s home stood. The common English name Churchill did not originally refer to a great leader, but quite literally to someone who “lived by the church on the hill.” Similarly, the surname “Ye” in Chinese, meaning “leaf,” might have described a family living in a vibrant forest or known for the fauna and flora around their home. These names go beyond simple location; they are frozen photos of the natural world as a family first encountered it, turning a geographical moment into an everlasting identity. 1.What is the main purpose of this passage? A. To introduce the life of several famous people. B. To explain the different naming rules. C. To compare naming customs between the East and the West. D. To discuss the importance of having a fixed family name. 2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. Leonardo da Vinci’s name directly reflects that he was a genius. B. The name Robert Baker originated from his participation in a job interview. C. Some family names can serve as a typical reminder of a person’s identity. D. Louis VI was called Louis le Gross because people thought ill of him. 3.Which of the following three names can be examples of Rule 1, Rule 2, and Rule 3? A. Jack London, John Smith, and Stephen King B. De Andre Hunter, William Blackwood, and Charles Brown C. George Washington, James Cook, and Thomas Longman D. Francis Bacon, Taylor Swift, and Alan Walker 4.Which of the following may be the most appropriate title for Rule 4? A. The Name That came from a Map B. The Name That came from a Family Story C. The Name That was a Historical Event D. The Name That Reflected a Natural Setting Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）It’s March, and the annual cycle of agricultural activity is gathering pace. Today much of the work in the field is done by machines, but for our ancestors this time of year promised the six months of hardest work, which continued until mid-September and the end of harvest time. The names they gave their fields reflect the direct relationship between the agricultural community and the environment that was all around. Field names reveal an understanding of soils, drainage, geology, fertility and natural history, and often have a dry humour. Of course, many fields were given very ordinary names (‘Long Meadow’, ‘Higher Close’, ‘Cow Pasture’), but there is a tremendous richness of dialect and imagination in so many others. I was reminded of this recently when reading a 1784 document relating to land at Skelton near Carlisle, which mentioned a field called Bare Arse Close. Though perhaps a little shocking at first reading, such names are not that unusual. The dictionary of English field names produced by John Field refers to that name in Cheshire, Lancashire, Leicestershire and Hampshire, and to other ‘bare’ names such as ‘Bare Bones’, all of them being “derogatory names for unproductive land”. Other “derogatory names” remind us of the hard labour before the age of mechanization, and of the heavy burden and small returns involved in cultivating poor and infertile ground. The fields called ‘Labour in Vain’, found in Dorset, Gloucestershire and Hertfordshire among other counties, could not be named more properly. ‘Break Back’ and ‘Broken Back’, ‘Raw Bones’, ‘Hunger Hill’, ‘Starve Acre’, ‘Wearisome’, ‘Heartache’, ‘Everlasting’ (as in the work needed) and ‘Hard Labour’ are all examples of the bitter thoughts our ancestors must have had. Good land, though, might be complimented by an affectionate name. I rather like the sense of ‘Have a Good Heart’, a field at Bishop’s Castle in Shropshire that was problem-free and easy to work, and names such as ‘Sweet Bit’, ‘Sweet Piece’ and ‘Sweet Tooth’ occur quite frequently. ‘Rich Field’ and ‘Rich land’, ‘Good Fortune’ and ‘Sugar Acres’ all reflect the pleasure that farmers and labourers got from knowing that a piece of land was of high quality. Field names are often overlooked by family historians, although local historians research them extensively. But if you locate land that was farmed by your ancestors, it’s well worth checking on the names of the fields they worked. It might tell you a good deal about their land, and how they regarded it. 1.According to the writer, what do field names reflect? A. People’s perception of the field. B. People’s community spirits. C. The history of the field. D. The evolution of dialect. 2.People gave “derogatory” names to the fields that _________. A. used to be productive B. they had a low opinion of C. they find were unusually fertile D. reminded them of happy experiences 3.According to the writer, what does the name “Everlasting” imply? A. The field was rich. B. The field was unproductive. C. Farmers lived a poor life. D. Farmers kept working hard. 4.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Land of Dream B. Field Names: A Long-Forgotten Tradition C. Fields Worth Researching D. Farmers and Labourers Passage 3 （25-26高一上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）In the old days— say, the 1980s— if you bought a piece of technology, a paperback user guide came with it. It was the manufacturer’s one big chance to explain its engineers’ thinking to you, to communicate what the designers and marketers had in mind. Supplying documentation seemed, at the time, like a good idea all around. Mastery made customers happy, and happy customers meant repeat sales. But there were other forces at play. Printing and binding took time and money— and customers didn’t seem to be reading user manuals(使用手册). Over time, therefore, physical manuals began disappearing from our hardware and software boxes. Maybe you’d get a Quick Start leaflet, but the rest was online. Online, you can search for certain terms, find topics faster and post questions for other people. Online communities and answer sites sprang up. Mini tutorials on the Internet began showing you how to perform a task. And it’s all free. Meanwhile the kind of technologies we use has changed. “People increasingly spend time in apps and social sites that have a fairly simple interface,” Tim O’Reilly told me. (He’s founder of O’Reilly Media, which publishes my own how-to books.) You don’t need a manual to use Google. That was the beginning of the end for physical manuals. In principle, the death of professionally prepared support materials shouldn’t be any cause for concern. It’s just another sea change caused by the Internet, another in the list of casualties, such as printed encyclopedias, newspaper classified ads and music on discs. In reality, though, none of the tech industry’s teaching channels, whether physical or online, is universal and effective. To this day, it’s astonishing how little we know about our phones, computers and software. A Microsoft product manager once told me that most feature requests the company gets for Microsoft Office are, in fact, already features of Microsoft Office. Hardware and software makers still operate with their traditional business model: Every year or so they sell us a new version, whose appeal is supposed to be more features. And so, as time goes by, our devices and apps become more and more complex-but access to documentation remains limited and incomplete. In the fantasy version of our world, designers would make our tech products simple enough, their important features obvious enough, for the masses to figure out on their own. Until then, there will be a growing information gap between the features we want and the engineering work that’s already been done. 1.Why did physical user manuals gradually disappear? A. Customers found them too difficult to read. B. They were replaced by free and convenient online resources. C. Manufacturers wanted to cut all communication with users. D. They were not environmentally friendly. 2.Why did the author mention what a Microsoft product manager once told him? A. To criticize the lack of access that we have to complete documentation. B. To reveal the traditional business model that software makers operate with. C. To emphasize that it is a pity that physical manuals are no longer available. D. To illustrate that people actually know little about the tech products they use. 3.What can be inferred from the passage? A. Tech companies’ teaching channels are shrinking as time goes by. B. There is little chance that tech products will soon be simple enough. C. Printed manuals worked better than online versions. D. Consumers of the 1980s loved to read user manuals. 4.What is the author’s main purpose in writing this article? A. To encourage readers to write their own user manuals for tech products. B. To criticize tech companies for stopping the production of physical user guides. C. To promote the online learning platforms that have replaced user manuals. D. To explain the historical evolution and the current inadequacy of technology documentation. 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高一上·上海浦东新区·期中）Would you hang out with R2-D2 if you got the chance? In the Star Wars movies, droids appear to form meaningful friendships with people. In real life, however, robots can’t actually care about anyone or anything--at least, not yet. Today’s robots can’t feel emotions. They also have no self-awareness. But that doesn’t mean they can’t act friendly in ways that help and support people. Relating to robots can have its benefits. Other people won’t always be available when someone needs to talk or get a hug. The COVID-19 pandemic taught us all how difficult it can be when it’s not safe to spend time in person with our loved ones. Although not ideal companions, social robots might be better than no one. Robots also can’t understand what people are saying or going through, so they can’t empathize. But they don’t really have to. Most people talk to their pets even though these animals don’t understand the words. The fact that an animal can react with a purr or a wagging tail is often enough to help someone feel a bit less lonely. Robots can serve a similar purpose. Similarly, robot hugs will never feel the same as actually hugging a loved one. However, mechanical hugs do have some upsides. Asking for a hug from someone, especially someone who is not a very close friend or family member, may feel scary or awkward. “A robot, however, is just there to help you for whatever you need,” says Block, a roboticist who built a machine that gives hugs. “It can’t care about you, but it also can’t judge or reject you.” Perhaps someday, someone will build a true R2-D2. Until then, social robots offer a new and interesting type of relationship. “Robots could be like friends,” says Robillard, a neuroscientist and expert in brain-health technology, “but also like a toy--and like a tool.” 1.What does the author think of a social robot according to Paragraph 2? A. It is a perfect friend. B. It is an interesting toy. C. It does more harm than good. D. It is better than nothing. 2.Why does the author mention pets in Paragraph 3? A. To prove robots can understand people. B. To show robots can perform a social function. C. To show robots are smarter than animals. D. To prove robots react to people’s needs. 3.What’s Block’s attitude towards robots? A. Confused. B. Negative. C. Objective. D. Ambiguous. 4.What would be the best title for the text? A. Do Robots Have Emotions? B. Are Robots Our Toys or Tools? C. Can Robots Be Our Friends? D. Do Robots Have Self-awareness? 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高一上·上海闵行中学·期中）The Ultimate Guide to Charging an Electric Car Of the more than 17 million new cars sold in the United States in 2017, nearly 200,000 were electric vehicles (EVs), according to market reports. While that may seem like a drop in the bucket, it’s actually a huge increase from previous years. Electric car charging options There are three types of electric car charging options. It’s important to understand the differences before committing to an electric vehicle. Level 1 charging Level 1 charging is the technical term that refers to charging your EV through a three-prong electrical outlet. The charging cord that comes with any electric car will connect to your standard wall outlet on one end, to your car’s charging port on the other, providing 120 volts of electricity right in your own driveway. Level 1 is the slowest form of EV charging, often taking all night to fully charge. Level 2 charging A Level 2 or 240-volt charging station can be easily installed in your garage to provide the power to drive up to 70 miles per hour of charging and do it in half the time of Level 1 charging. Public Level 2 charging stations are popping up all over the U.S. Additionally, many businesses are installing charging stations on site to serve their EV-driving employees and take advantage of incentives DC Fast Charging Direct Current Fast Charging is completely different from your other two options. It provides direct-current electricity to your electric car and is much more powerful than anything that can be done in your home. DC Fast Charging stations require dedicated high-power electrical lines, so it is only available at public charging stations. DC Fast Charging lives up to its name, providing up to 40 miles of range for every 10 minutes of charging. You can plug it in while enjoying lunch and drive for a couple hundred miles before needing another charge. Charging networks No matter which way you choose to charge your electric vehicle, finding a charging station is easier than ever. Many of these stations are free, while others charge a nominal fee that will cost you less than gassing up a standard car. Conclusion Electric cars make sense economically, environmentally and practically. Whether you plug it right into the outlet in your garage, install a faster home charging station, rely upon public charging ports or a combination of all of these, charging your electric vehicle is easier than you think and will keep you driving for miles and years to come. 1.The underlined phrase “a drop in the bucket” in the first paragraph can be replaced with ________. A. a decrease in the budget B. a small proportion C. a declining influence D. a challenge to traditional cars 2.How long does it take to charge your EVs to run 280 miles in the most efficient way? A. A whole night. B. An hour. C. Four hours. D. 70 minutes. 3.Which of the following statements about EV is true according to the passage? A. It’s much cheaper to charge an EV than gas up a traditional car. B. All the three ways of charging your electric car can be done at home. C. The scarcity of charging stations presents a challenge to the popularity of EVs. D. You need to convert 120 volts of electricity into 240 volts when charging. 主题语境04 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海川沙中学·期中）WE FOUND A FIX 1. Get Free Support Just want someone to talk to? At 7cups.com, you can connect with a trained “active listener” for free, completely confidential advice. Choose a listener based on location and life experience, or let the site assign someone to you for an instant conversation. 2. Clip Virtual Coupons Look for coupon codes on retailer and cash-back websites. Just google the brand name and “promo code” to find the latest offerings. And who says that when you snooze (打盹), you lose? Sometimes leaving items in your shopping cart can add up to savings. You might get a pop-up with a coupon code to tempt you to purchase what’s there or an e-mail in your inbox with a discount offer. 3. Cut Your Tax Bill Does anyone want to hear about taxes? Maybe not. But in this unusual year (the first time in history that the federal tax deadline has been extended to July 15), it pays to stay on top of things. The irs.gov website is surprisingly easy to navigate, and there’s a link on the home page to the IRS’s coronavirus tax-relief programs. 4. Remove Stubborn Food Stains Got unattractive coffee and tea stains on a pot, or mug? Pick up some denture (假牙) cleaner. Dissolve one tablet per two cups of hot water, pour it into the stained vessel, and let it sit for several hours. Then use a scrub brush to clean off the stains and any loosened bits. Pour the solution out and rinse thoroughly. 5. Save Texting Time One lesser-known secret to typing on your phone: Double-tap the space bar on the keyboard when you finish a sentence. Doing so adds a period and a space—and automatically capitalizes the next letter you type to start your next sentence. 6. Preserve Your Fragrances If you wish the scent of your eau de toilette or cologne lasted longer, store it in the fridge. “Growing up, I’d always see my grandmother’s in the fridge, and she told me it kept the fragrance longer and felt refreshing on the skin,” says TV style expert Hilary Kennedy. “I love keeping mine cool, especially during the summer and fall months.” Take note: Very cold temperatures can upset the balance of some delicate perfumes. 1.Michael, who values efficiency most, can _________________. A. turn to a trained listener at 7cups.com for free advice B. look for coupon codes online to find the latest offerings C. apply for tax-cut on the government’s website this year D. double-tap the space bar on the phone when texting 2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. If perfume is preserved in the fridge at very cold temperature, its fragrance will last longer. B. Brushing the stain soon after applying the denture cleaner can remove the stubborn one. C. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, the government has prolonged the tax deadline and cut taxes. D. Leaving items in shopping carts helps you save as you can re-consider if they are worth buying. 3.The purpose of this passage is to __________________. A. teach people how to deal with emergency B. arouse people’s interest in fixing problems C. offer tricks to help improve people’s life D. inform people of the latest scientific findings Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海闵行中学·期中）Received cooperative wisdom maintains that we should all accept the stimulating power of “co-working” and “hive offices”, where we are elbow-to-elbow with our colleagues. Privacy, it is claimed, stifles creativity. A study from the University of Sydney begs to differ. Researchers surveyed more than 40,000 office workers in 303 companies worldwide and found that the plus sides of an open-plan office — ideas sharing and friendship, are far overtaken by the downsides — disruption and noise pollution. When the first open-plan office, the Larkin Administration Building in New York, opened in 1906, all conversation was banned and those in positions of power had separate spaces. Now that corner offices are seen as expensive, your desk neighbor is just as likely to be your boss as an intern. This means permanently being on your best behavior and feeling the pressure to make small talk every time your eyes meet over the mouse pad. In a survey of American workers by Ask.com, “noisy colleagues” were cited as the No.1workplace disruption, above phone calls and social media. A 2010 study from the University of California found that it takes the average worker 25 minutes to get back into the flow of a task after an interruption. This suggests that, if you’re interrupted 16 times during an eight-hour day, you may as well have stayed in bed. Professor Cary Cooper, an expert on occupational stress from Lancaster University, suggests the help of symbolism. “Make it common knowledge that, if you fly a red flag above your desk, it means you are working on something detailed and need peace and quiet,” he says. “A white flag means that you are available.” On internet forums, dissatisfied desk colleagues exchange tips on how to make your workspace as uninviting as possible. These include: never having a sweet jar or new toys on your desk and, if you have a “guest” chair, piling it with papers so that interrupters have nowhere to sit. You can even set up fake calendar alerts to go off at intervals in case you need to make an escape. The last aid is unpopularity; be rude, cold and unhelpful until colleagues are terrified to come near you. It may not even come to that. Who would really want to approach a flag-waving crazy guy in a ridiculous hat, typing over the whirr of a fake coffee machine? 1.The researchers from the University of Sydney will agree that . A. privacy will prevent creativity B. an open-plan office has stimulating power C. an open-plan office makes people less productive D. an open-plan office is beneficial in terms of idea sharing 2.Which of the following descriptions about a modern open-plan office is NOT TRUE? A. You are more likely to make small talks with colleagues. B. You are supposed to behave yourself most of the time. C. You will probably sit alongaside your boss. D. You will have more peace and quiet. 3.All the following are suggestions to reduce interruption in an office EXCEPT . A. making workplace uninviting B. making more private phone calls C. turning to symbolism for help D. making oneself unpopular among colleagues 4.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Open-Plan Office Stimulating Productivity B. A Report Issued by the University of Sydney C. Noisy Colleagues Cited as No.1 Office Disruption D. How to Survive in An Open-Plan Office 主题语境05 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）On a sunny day in Chengdu, I walk into Proper Tea, a small but welcoming teahouse. I am greeted by the attractive scent of roasted charcoal (木炭) mixed with rich dark chocolate. Finding a decent place to drink tea has taken me a while, but the search was well worth it. In 1909, the city of Chengdu was home to 454 teahouses spread out among its 516 streets and alleys. However, tea shops are much less popular these days. In fact, you’re more likely to chance upon a stylish coffee shop in some parts of the city. Even in a proper teahouse, customers seem to care more about playing mahjong and less about enjoying their cups of tea. A beverage that dates back for millennia, tea has even been discovered in Han dynasty tombs. It wasn’t until the Tang dynasty that Lu Yu, known as the Sage of Tea (茶圣), penned the first book about the beverage, The Classic of Tea (茶经). Although tea faces fierce competition from today’s numerous contemporary and imported drinks, some young tea lovers in Chengdu are attempting to revive China’s traditional tea-drinking culture. Proper Tea is among this group. I order a rock oolong, a charcoal-roasted oolong tea from the Wuyi Mountains. Co-owner Wu Qiong serves me my brew in the traditional kung fu style, which literally means “making tea with skill”. It’s a slow tea ceremony whose aim is to make the most flavorful and enjoyable tea possible. The teahouse also boasts a virtual community for whom co-owner Qiao Jie regularly hosts live tutorials. She spends these sessions educating her viewers on the nuances (差别) of tea and the kung fu tea ceremony. In fact, my visit coincided with one of her live streams. After having finished her video, Qiao invited me and several of her regulars to sip tea together outside of her shop. Loyal customer Tang tells me that she is drawn to Proper Tea’s close community and homey environment. “The owners are friendly and know their tea. They’ve created a clean and cozy space here,” says the 20-something. For the next two hours, we have a pleasant talk about Chinese tea culture. As we wrap up our conversation, I am suddenly reminded of a Chinese idiom, yi cha hui you, which literally means to “make friends through tea”. Sure enough, tea is more than a thirst drink in China it is a social bond and connection too. I leave the teahouse with a bag of tea and several new friends. 1.Which of the following statements about Proper Tea is true? A. It is an old store with a long history in Chengdu. B. It is one of the most stylish teahouses in Chengdu. C. The most popular product in the shop is its oolong tea. D. The teahouse has been gaining in popularity among young people. 2.Paragraph 3 mainly talks about _________. A. what it is that people usually do in teahouses B. what kind of shop is more profitable in Chengdu C. the reason why teahouses are not popular in Chengdu D. indications that teahouses have become less popular in Chengdu 3.What are the ways in which Proper Tea is attempting to revive China’s traditional tea-drinking culture? ①By inviting guests to try their hand at making tea. ②By practicing tea ceremonies in front of its customers. ③By regularly hosting live-streamed lectures on tea culture. ④By holding discussions about tea culture with its customers while enjoying tea together. A. ①②③ B. ①②④ C. ①③④ D. ②③④ 4.Which of the following words best describes the author’s feeling while at Proper Tea? A. Pleased. B. Concerned. C. Indifferent. D. Disappointed. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海华东师范大学附属周浦中学·期中）Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown. Penny-pinching (节俭的) UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives. This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK. It has shrunk from 1.19 billion pounds in 2011 to 1.12 billion pounds in 2015, according to a new report from market research company Mintel. Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to 1.11 billion pounds in 2016. In the last year alone, despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households, sales of toilet paper fell by 2%, with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from 43 pounds in 2014 to 41 pounds in 2015. Overall, almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper — including facial tissue and kitchen roll—to save money. “Strength, softness and thickness remain the leading indicators of toilet paper quality, with just a small proportion of consumers preferring more luxurious alternatives, such as those with flower patterns or perfume,” said Mintel analyst Jack Duckett. “These extra features are considered unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.” While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain picky — in theory at least — when it comes to paper quality. Top of Britons’ toilet paper wish list is softness (57%) followed by strength (45%) and thickness (36%). One in 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations, highlighting how overall the environment is much less of a consideration for shoppers than product quality. In a challenge for manufacturers, 81% of paper product users said they would consider buying recycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper. 1.The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because ______. A. Britons have cut their spending on it B. its prices have gone up over the years C. its quality has seen marked improvement D. Britons have developed the habit of saving 2.What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK? A. It will expand in time. B. It will remain gray. C. It will experience ups and downs. D. It will recover as population grows. 3.What does Jack Duckett say about toilet paper? A. Special offers would promote its sales. B. Consumers are loyal to certain brands. C. Luxurious features add much to the price. D. Consumers have a variety to choose from. 4.What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper? A. They are particular about the quality of toilet paper. B. They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most. C. They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper. D. They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features. 主题语境06 人与自然-环境 （25-26高一上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中）Three hundred million children live in areas with extreme air pollution, new research by the United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reveals. The air they breathe is more than six times as polluted as what is considered safe. The new study was the first to make a global estimate of pollution exposure. It shows that almost 90 percent of the world’s children — 2 billion — live in places where outdoor air pollution levels are dangerously high. UNICEF warned that these levels of global air pollution have contributed to 600,000 child deaths a year. Children are far more likely to be harmed by air pollution than adults are, UNICEF said. So, UNICEF urged nations to cut fossil fuel burning rapidly. Fossil fuels, such as coal and gas, are the main source of air pollution. “The danger caused by air pollution is enormous,” said Anthony Lake, UNICEF’s executive director. “No society can afford to ignore air pollution. We protect our children when we protect the quality of our air, both of which are central to our future.” Air pollution is the world’s single biggest environmental health risk, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and is getting worse, with levels of poisonous air rising 8% in the last five years. More than 3 million people a year die as a result of outdoor air pollution-six every minute on average-and this is set to double by 2050 as fast-growing cities expand. Indoor air pollution, mainly from wood stoves, causes another 3 million deaths a year. Meanwhile, children are especially at risk, the UNICEF report says, because they breathe more rapidly than adults and their lungs take in more pollutant particles. The tiny particles can also cross the blood-brain barrier, which is less resistant in children. Once they do, they can permanently harm brain development. Even the unborn are affected, as the particles taken in by a pregnant woman can injure a child in the womb. Children in poor countries are doubly at risk, scientist Jos said. Their bodies are often already weakened by not getting enough to eat, and available health care is often inadequate. Of the 300 million children exposed to levels of pollution six times above what is considered safe, 220 million live in South Asia. India in particular hosts many of the world’s most polluted cities. Moreover, figures reveal a striking disparity in five-year cancer survival rates for children in air polluted areas compared with those from developed countries. UNICEF urged all countries to cut air pollution by reducing fossil fuel burning in power plants and vehicles. It also recommended that schools and playgrounds not be located near sources of pollution, such as busy roads and factories. In addition, it called for the use of less-polluting cooking stoves. 1.Which one of the following statements is WRONG according to the text? A. Pollution in the air can pose a threat to children’s brain growth. B. Heavy air pollution can even hurt the babies that are still not born. C. A majority of children all across the world cannot breathe clean air. D. Through countries’ efforts, the situation of air pollution is improving. 2.What does disparity in paragraph 5 most probably mean? A. distinction B. disturbance C. discomfort D. disengagement 3.In order to have clean air, UNICEF suggested ________. A. government should aim for a reduction in power plants and traffic B. careful decisions on the locations and structures of schools are needed C. fossil fuel is an extra feature that is likely to bring along some benefits D. cooking stoves that contribute little to air pollution should be used 4.What can be the title of the passage? A. Air Pollution, a Factor fatal to Life B. Efforts to Pull Countries out of Pollution C. Children, More Affected by Air Pollution D. Warnings from UNICEF Against Air Pollution 主题语境01 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高一上·上海陆行中学·期中）The governess was one of the most familiar figures in mid-Victorian life and literature. The 1851 Census revealed that 25,000 women earned their living teaching and caring for other women’s children. Most governesses lived with their employers and were paid a small salary on top of their board and lodging. From the 1840s novelists started to put governesses into their fiction. In 1847 Charlotte Bronte published Jane Eyre, the story of a governess who eventually marries her employer, Mr Rochester. The same year William Thackeray started publishing Vanity Fair, in which a scheming young governess called Becky Sharp cheats her way through the high society. It made sense for the Victorian heroine to be a governess. Just like an orphan, the governess had to make her own way in the world, with no resources to call upon. Her status as a “lady” allowed her to mix in the best circles, but the fact that she worked meant that she also encountered all sorts of people and situations that would have been far-fetched for a girl who lived with her parents. Who became a governess? The first part of the 19th century was marked by deep economic distress. A series of bank failures meant that many middle-class families found themselves destitute overnight. Young men from good homes could go out to work from the age of 15 without being ashamed. But their sisters, educated to be “ladies”, would have felt humiliated to be seen serving in a shop or working in a factory alongside working-class girls. The only possibility was to get a job as a teacher. Who employed a governess? The upper classes had employed governesses for centuries. But from the beginning of the 19th century the wealthier sections of the middle classes followed suit. Employing a governess sent a signal that the lady of the house was too “genteel” to teach her daughters herself. Just as she employed servants to clean her house, she paid another woman to raise her children. Hiring a governess became a status symbol. What did the governess teach? The governess could find herself teaching “the three Rs” (reading, writing and arithmetic) to the youngest. If her pupils were older teens, the governess would also be expected to instruct them in key “accomplishments” such as drawing, playing piano, and dancing, all designed to attract a husband in a crowded marriage market. The governess might also be in charge of small boys up to the age of eight. She was expected to look after her pupils’ moral education too, setting a good example of modest, moral behaviour. 1.The reason why governesses flooded Victorian literature is that ________. A. the Victorian readers preferred stories of orphaned governesses B. governesses were more morally desirable than the leisured ladies who don’t work C. governesses proved the possibility of climbing the social ladder without resources D. governesses had access to the complex world where they experienced various adventures 2.Which is TRUE according to the text? A. Most governesses had to choose between free accommodation and humble wages. B. The governess was not allowed to teach young boys. C. Governessing was the most ladylike and respectable vocation available for women. D. The wealthy employers wished to learn from the governess how to teach their own daughters. 3.Which historical illustration best depicts the duty of a governess mentioned in the text? A. The New governess: “Why are you staring so intently, Blanche, dear?” Blanche: “I was trying to count the freckles (雀斑) on your face, Miss Sandpole, but I can’t!” B. The New governess: “If you saw a poor man starving in the street, wouldn’t you give him some of your pudding, Tommy?” Tommy: “I’d give him some of yours.” C. Proud Mother (to the new Governess): “And here is a pencil, Miss Green, and a note-book in which I wish you to write down all the clever and remarkable things the dear children may say during your walk.” D. The new Governess: “How dare you Tommy! I shall tell your mommy!” Tommy: “Oh, I don’t care what mommy says!” 主题语境02 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高一上·上海七宝中学·期中）Imagine you were told you could travel the world, get free tickets to top sporting events, and have your own booth (包厢) in which to watch the games. Oh, and get paid to do it. You’re not daydreaming. Meet Paul Mellroy, technical director for Hawk-Eye Innovations. Used in sports, Hawk-Eye is a smart camera system that tracks balls with extreme accuracy in order to solve arguments between umpires (裁判员) and players. “Most people here have some interesting travel stories,” says Paul, who has been as far as East Asia to run the system, although his sporting highlight was much closer to home. “This year’s Wimbledon final was probably one of the best tennis matches ever played. That was amazing to be part of,” he says. Paul has worked with Hawk-Eye since he undertook a project with the company for his engineering degree at the University of Cambridge. He’s now responsible for a team of researchers and designers who constantly update and improve the technology. At major sporting events, a team will be assigned to set up and run the system. At the moment it’s used chiefly in tennis and cricket, where a player can challenge the umpire who will then seek confirmation from Hawk-Eye. In a matter of seconds, the team have enough accurate evidence to silence even John McEnroe. So do the umpires hate the technology? Paul admits they were worried at first. “But we have an umpire in the Hawk-Eye booth,” he says, which means Hawk-Eye teams and umpires spend a lot of time together and have a good relationship. Plus the umpires tend to be right, Paul says, “so it shows they’re doing a good job…and they don’t get the grief from players that they used to.” Jobs in operations would appeal to students from different disciplines. To work in development though, maths and programming are advantageous, and Hawk-Eye is currently seeking students in both areas. Good problem-solving skills and teamwork are important, says Paul, because “it’s always down to a small team of people to make the system work”. So for technically minded sports fans, this job would be, well, are... 1.What does the writer mean by “You’re not daydreaming” in paragraph 2? A. The job requires no imagination. B. The job described indeed exists. C. The job described is nothing new. D. The job involves very little effort. 2.What is the aim of the Hawk-Eye system? A. To automate the scoring process in games. B. To improve the relationship between umpires and players. C. To keep track of the movement of players. D. To assist in making fair judgments during sports events. 3.What do umpires think of the Hawk-Eye system? A. They find it unnecessary and rarely use it. B. They appreciate it for confirming their decisions. C. They dislike it because it questions their authority. D. They accept it though they think it needs improving. 4.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To highlight the importance of fairness in sports events. B. To explain the challenges of working in sports technology. C. To attract ideal candidates to work in a technology company. D. To introduce the development of the Hawk-Eye system for sports. 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海甘泉外国语中学·期中）It Tastes Just Like Chicken Away from home, eating is more than just a way to keep your stomach full. It is a language all its own, and no words can say, “Glad to meet you… glad to be doing business with you…” quite like sharing a meal offered by your host. Clearly, mealtime is not the time for you to say, “Thanks, but no thanks.” Acceptance of the food on your plate means acceptance of host, country, and company. So, no matter how difficult it may be to swallow, swallow. Or, as one experienced traveller says, “Travel with a cast-iron stomach and eat everything everywhere.” Often, the food offered represents proudly your host country’s eating culture. What would Americans think of a French person who refused to take a bite of homemade apple pie or sirloin? Our discomfort comes not so much from the thing itself, it comes from our unfamiliarity with it. After all, an oyster has remarkably the same look as a sheep’s eye; and a first look at a lobster would remind almost anybody of a creature from a science fiction movie, not something you dip in butter and eat. By the way, in Saudi Arabia, sheep’s eyes are a famous dish and in parts of China, it’s bear’s paw soup. Can you refuse such food without being rude? Most experienced business travellers say no, at least not before taking at least a few bites. It helps, though, to slice any item very thin. This way, you minimize the taste and the reminder of where it came from. Or, “Swallow it quickly,” as one traveller recommends. “I still can’t tell you what sheep’s eyes taste like.” As for dealing with taste, the old line that “it tastes just like chicken” is often thankfully true. Even when the “it” is really rat or snake. Another useful piece of advice is not knowing what you are eating. What’s for dinner? Don’t ask. Avoid glancing into the kitchen or looking at English-language menus. Your host will be pleased that you are eating the food he offers, and who knows? Maybe it really is chicken in that soup. 1.The purpose of the article is to ________. A. introduce unfamiliar food B. share the writer’s personal experiences C. advise on how to politely refuse to eat foreign food D. suggest ways to overcome a cultural barrier on food 2.According to the writer, people hesitate at strange food mainly due to ________. A. the way it looks B. lack of information about it C. safety worries D. the unfamiliar atmosphere 3.From the article we can infer that ________. A. one should refuse strange food after a few bites B. English-language menus are not always dependable C. an American may feel comfortable with sirloin D. one needs a cast-iron stomach to travel in other cultures Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海师范大学附属嘉定高级中学·期中）Like many parents working from home while their kids are learning remotely, we’ve been looking for creative ways to connect with our children — and nowhere has this been truer than in the kitchen. Kitchen science, as Liz Heinecke, author of Kitchen Science Lab for Kids calls it doesn’t require any fancy equipment or ingredients (配料)—and, best of all in the era of remote education, we can combine science lessons with everyday meal preparations. By helping with cooking, kids can engage in lively, project-based lessons. Actually, even the easiest recipes include both simple and complex scientific concepts. Kitchen science isn’t just about what we’re cooking: it’s also about understanding why It’s worth taking the time to figure out how ingredients and temperature interact and why substances behave the way they do. Everyone involved will learn something. For example, we all know oil and water don’t mix easily, but we can change this by adding mustard (芥末) to the oil and water to make a salad dressing. This is an opportunity to teach kids about the science of emulsions (乳化). Adding lemon juice to a vegetable stops that vegetable from turning brown: cabbage changes color when you add vinegar to it. Both of those phenomena are the result of chemical reactions. In the classroom, it can be hard to see how scientific concepts will apply outside the lab. But when kids see these concepts play out in the real world, that sparks curiosity and learning. “Every time you step into your kitchen to cook, you put science to work. In fact, physics and chemistry come into play whenever you steam, bake, freeze or boil. Thus, every time you step into the kitchen, it’s an opportunity for everyone to learn more about science,” Liz Heinecke said. 1.What are parents expected to do in the kitchen? A. Ask kids to cook a meal on their own. B. Do science experiments in the kitchen. C. Pay attention to cooking ingredients. D. Combine scientific concepts with recipes. 2.What does the fourth paragraph indicate? A. Raw materials are important in the kitchen. B. Procedures to cook dinner must be followed. C. Cooking can inspire kids’ interest in studying science. D. Family education is more important than school education. 3.What can we learn from Liz Heinecke’s words? A. Cooking can benefit both kids and parents. B. Parents need to master different cooking skills. C. Lab experiments can be repeated at home. D. Schools should offer cooking courses. 4.What does the author intend to tell us in the text? A. To practice healthy eating habits. B. To learn food science out of the lab. C. To turn meal preparations into family learning. D. To teach kids some recipes for cooking in the kitchen. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题03阅读理解（说明文） 基础必练 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1.A2.D3.C4D 主题语境02人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.B3.D4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.D3.B4.A 主题语境03人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.C3.B Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.C3.A Passage 3 【答案】1.B2.C3.B 进阶提升 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.C3.C4.D Passage 2 1/3 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 【答案】1.A2.B3.D4.B Passage 3 【答案】1.B2.D3.B4.D 主题语境02人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 【答案】1.D2.B3.C4.C 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1.B2.D3.A 主题语境04人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.C3.C Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.D 主题语境05人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.D3.D4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.A 主题语境06人与自然-环境 【答案】1.D2.A3.D4.C 拓展培优 主题语境01人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1.D2.C3.B 213 函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 主题语境02人与自我-做人与做事 【答案】1.B2.D3.B4.C 主题语境03人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.B3.C Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.C 3/3 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高一上·上海同济大学第一附属中学·期中）F.Scott Fitzgerald, born on September 24,1896, an American novelist, was once a student of St.Paul Academy, the Newman School and attended Princeton. University for a short while. In 1917 he joined the army and was posted in Alabama, where he met his future wife Zelda Sayre. Then he had to make some money to impress her. His life with her was full of great happiness, as he wrote in his diary:“ My own happiness in the past often got such joy that I could share it even with the person dearest to me but had to walk it away in quiet streets and take down parts of it in my diary.” This side of paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. Encouraged by its success, Fitzgerald began to devote more time to his writing. Then he continued with the novel the Beautiful and Damned (1922), a collection of short stories Thales of the Jazz Age (1922), and a play The Vegetable (1923). But his greatest success was the novel The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, which quickly brought him praise from the literary world. Yet it failed to give him the needed financial security. Then, in 1926, he published another collection of short stories All the Sad Young Men. However, Fitzgerald’s problems with his wife Zelda had an effect on his writing. During the 1920s he tried to reord his life, but failed. By 1930, his wife had her first break down and went to a Swiss clinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The love of the last Tycoon in 1940. While his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to(沉迷于) alcohol. Sheila Graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism. 1.How many novels written by Fitzgerald are mentioned in the passage ? A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8 2.Which of the following is the correct order to describe Fitzgerald’s life according to the passage? a. He became addicted to drinking. b. He studied at St.Paul Academy. c. He published his first novel This Side of Paradise. d. The Great Gatsby won high praise. e. He failed to reorder his life. f. He joined the army and met Zelda. A. f-c-e-a-b-d B. b-e-a-f-c-d C. f-d-e-c-b-a D. b-f-c-d-e-a 3.We can infer from the passage that Fitzgerald _______.. A. had made some money when he met Zelda in Alabama. B. was well educated and well off before he served in the army C. would have completed more works if his wife hadn’t broken down D. helped his friend get rid of drinking while his wife was in hospital 4.The passage is probably followed by a concluding paragraph about_____. A. Zelda’s personal life B. Zelda’s illness and treatment C. Fitzgerald’s friendship with Graham D. Fitzgerald’s contributions to the literary world 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. C　4. D 【解析】文章主要讲述了美国的小说家菲茨杰德拉的故事。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据This side of paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. Damned (1922), a collection of short stories Thales of the Jazz Age (1922), and a play The Vegetable (1923). But his greatest success was the novel The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The love of the last Tycoon in 1940可知文章提到了5本小说，其他的是戏剧和故事集；故选A (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据F.Scott Fitzgerald, born on September 24,1896, an American novelist, was once a student of St.Paul Academy, In 1917 he joined the army This side of paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. But his greatest success was the novel The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, During the 1920s he tried to reorder his life, but failed. While his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to(沉迷于) alcohol.故选D (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据was posted in Alabama, where he met his future wife Zelda Sayre. Then he had to make some money to impress her.可知遇到Zelda Sayre之后才决定赚钱，排除A；根据第一段和Then he had to make some money to impress her.可知他参军以前在上大学，遇到Zelda Sayre之后才决定赚钱，可知他以前并不富有，排除B；根据Sheila Graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism.可知他的好朋友帮助他戒酒，排除D；根据However, Fitzgerald’s problems with his wife Zelda had an effect on his writing---he got totally addicted to(沉迷于) alcohol. 可知他妻子的病情影响他的创作；故选C (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章主要讲述了美国的小说家菲茨杰德拉在文学方面的成就。A/B两项写的是他的妻子，C写的是他的朋友，A/B/C都过于片面；故选D 点睛：短文阅读，做题时要结合文章的特点，题目涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断，做题时要在了解文章大意的基础上，结合题目针对不同的题型采用不同的解答方式，比如细节理解题，我们要抓住里面的最有效的信息选择出正确的答案，总之理解透文章是做好一篇阅读理解的关键。例如：小题1 根据This side of paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. Damned (1922), a collection of short stories Thales of the Jazz Age (1922), and a play The Vegetable (1923). But his greatest success was the novel The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The love of the last Tycoon in 1940可知文章提到了5本小说，其他的是戏剧和故事集；故选A 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海徐汇区上海中学·期中）Cinque Terre, Italy, in thermal layers. Ireland in ceaseless rain. For decades, I limited most of my European travels to fall because, whatever the weather, I enjoyed the feeling of having the hotel, trail, restaurant or cathedral to myself. But I won’t be alone this year. From resort towns in Europe to popular summer destinations in the United States, places once emptied by October are now filled with guests. Booking.com reported notable growth in searches for traditional beach trips such as the Hamptons — up 78% уear-over-year in September and 45% in October — and Cape Cod. Searches for rooms in Dublin are up 35% in the fall over summer, according to Expedia, and Virtuoso, a consortium of high-end travel agencies, says that fall bookings have climbed 30% this year. Fall’s popularity owes some credit to the broader boom in travel. Last year, 1.4 billion people traveled internationally, up from 673 million in 2000, according to the World Travel & Tourism Council. With more of them seeking better access and fewer crowds, the off-season is now its own season. In some destinations, climate change has encouraged fall travel by extending milder weather. In the Italian Alps, with diminished early snows, the Grand Hotel Courmayeur Mont Blanc will remain open this fall for the first time, rather than closing in mid-September and reopening in December for the ski season. The fallout from overtourism — including shoulder-to-shoulder summer crowds in places like Venice and Dubrovnik, Croatia, and anti-tourism protests in Spain — has pushed some travelers to delay departures to later in the year. To ease the pressure, sustainability-minded operators have introduced trips to lesser-traveled destinations such as Uzbekistan and Romania. While taking extended vacations during back-to-school season remains a challenge for many families, travel industry experts credit the shift in flexible work patterns for introducing travelers to the joys of fall trips. “Travelers are no longer bound by school calendars or 9-to-5 routines,” said Melissa Krueger, the CEO of a travel agency based in California. “They also want more meaningful trips — harvest festivals, culinary events, wildlife encounters — that don’t follow a summer-only mindset.” October is no longer a secret whispered among in-the-know travelers. It has confidently taken its place as the crown jewel of the year. 1.What can we know about the author’s past European travels in fall? A. He often faced unpleasant weather like ceaseless rain in Ireland. B. He found it hard to book hotels due to limited autumn openings. C. He enjoyed far less crowded tourist attractions during those trips. D. He preferred visiting Cinque Terre to other European destinations. 2.Which of the following does NOT account for the growing popularity of fall travel? A. Flexible work schedules allow people to travel during the offseason. B. Lower international travel costs make fall journeys more budget-friendly. C. Mild weather lasts longer in some destinations because of climate change. D. The problems caused by overtourism causes travelers to avoid summer trips. 3.According to the passage, it can be inferred that __________. A. travel agencies are struggling to meet the rising demand for fall trips. B. the author plans to avoid European travel this fall due to greater crowds. C. climate change has reduced the appeal of the Alps in fall among visitors. D. tourists now favor experiences over seasonal routines when planning trips. 4.Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A. Fall Travel: From a Well-Kept Secret to a Beloved Choice B. The Rise of European Travel: Destinations and Highlights C. Overtourism: What Drives Travelers Towards Offseason Trips D. Embrace the Season: The Latest Data and Trend of Fall Travel 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了秋季旅行从鲜为人知到广受欢迎的原因，包括旅行整体增长、气候变化、过度旅游问题及灵活工作模式等。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“For decades, I limited most of my European travels to fall because, whatever the weather, I enjoyed the feeling of having the hotel, trail, restaurant or cathedral to myself. (几十年来，我把大部分欧洲旅行都限制在秋季，因为无论天气如何，我都喜欢独自拥有酒店、小径、餐厅或大教堂的感觉)”可知，作者过去秋季在欧洲旅行时，旅游景点的人要少得多，他享受这种不那么拥挤的旅行。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Fall’s popularity owes some credit to the broader boom in travel. (秋季的流行在一定程度上要归功于旅游业的整体繁荣)”、第四段“In some destinations, climate change has encouraged fall travel by extending milder weather. (在一些目的地，气候变化通过延长温和天气鼓励了秋季旅行)”以及第五段“The fallout from overtourism — including shoulder-to-shoulder summer crowds in places like Venice and Dubrovnik, Croatia, and anti-tourism protests in Spain — has pushed some travelers to delay departures to later in the year. (过度旅游的后果——包括在威尼斯和克罗地亚杜布罗夫尼克等地夏季人挤人，以及西班牙的反旅游抗议——促使一些旅行者将出发时间推迟到今年晚些时候)”和第六段“While taking extended vacations during back-to-school season remains a challenge for many families, travel industry experts credit the shift in flexible work patterns for introducing travelers to the joys of fall trips. (虽然在返校季延长假期对许多家庭来说仍然是一个挑战，但旅游业专家认为，灵活工作模式的转变让旅行者体验到了秋季旅行的乐趣)”可知，灵活的工作安排、气候变化以及过度旅游问题都促使秋季旅行越来越受欢迎，而文中并未提及国际旅行成本降低使秋季旅行更具预算友好性。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第六段“Travelers are no longer bound by school calendars or 9-to-5 routines,” said Melissa Krueger, the CEO of a travel agency based in California. “They also want more meaningful trips — harvest festivals, culinary events, wildlife encounters — that don’t follow a summer-only mindset.” (“旅行者不再受学校日历或朝九晚五的作息时间的限制，”加州一家旅行社的首席执行官梅利莎·克鲁格说。“他们还想要更有意义的旅行——丰收节、美食活动、野生动物邂逅——这些旅行不遵循只在夏季的思维模式。”)”可知，现在游客在规划旅行时更注重体验，而不是季节性的常规安排。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“October is no longer a secret whispered among in-the-know travelers. It has confidently taken its place as the crown jewel of the year. (十月不再是资深旅行者之间窃窃私语的秘密。它自信地成为了一年中的瑰宝)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了秋季旅行从过去鲜为人知到现在广受欢迎的转变，“秋季旅行：从鲜为人知的秘密到备受喜爱的选择”适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海第四中学·期中）One survey of 485 adults in the U.S. linked travel to enhanced attention, energy, and focus. Other research suggests that the act of adapting to foreign cultures may also facilitate (促进) creativity. But what about the act of planning a trip? Planning a trip can be almost as enjoyable as going on the trip itself. A Cornell University study looked into how looking forward to an experience (like a trip) can increase a person’s happiness considerably — much more so than the anticipation of buying material goods. An earlier study, published by the University of Surrey, found that people are at their happiest when they have a vacation planned. Amit Kumar, one of the co-authors of the Cornell study, explains that the benefits are less about obsessing (使迷恋) over the finer points of a journey than they are about connecting with other people. “Travelers end up talking to people more about their experiences than they talk about material purchases,” he says. “Compared to possessions, experiences make for better story material.” Kumar’s co-author Matthew Killingsworth, now a senior fellow at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, says trip-planning encourages an optimistic outlook. “As humans, we spend a lot of our mental lives living in the future,” says Killingsworth, whose work centers on understanding the nature and causes of human happiness. “Our future-mindedness can be a source of joy if we know good things are coming, and travel is an especially good thing to look forward to.” One reason Killingsworth thinks that planning travel can be such a positive experience is the fact that trips are temporary. “Since we know a trip has a defined start and end, our minds are likely to enjoy it, even before it’s started,” he says. “Sometimes people even prefer to delay good experiences like a trip so they can extend the period of excitement.” There’s another reason why travel planning can produce happiness: We often know enough about a trip to imagine it and look forward to it — but there’s also enough novelty and uncertainty to keep our minds interested. “In a sense, we start to ‘consume’ a trip as soon as we start thinking about it,” Killingsworth says. “When we imagine eating gelato, the famous ice cream in Rome or going water skiing with friends we don’t see as much as we’d like, we get to experience a version of those events in our mind.” Planning for travel — thinking about it, talking about it, imagining it — may in fact be one of the best things you can do to stay optimistic. 1.What does the word “anticipation” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Worry. B. Experience. C. Benefit. D. Expectation. 2.According to Amit Kumar, the more important reason why trip is beneficial is that ______. A. the finer points of a journey become a good memory B. travelers can make up better stories based on their trips C. more chances are given to make contact with local people D. travel experiences provide more topics for communication 3.According to Matthew Killingsworth, planning a trip can make people happy because ______. A. they are able to have their exciting trip extended B. something good is believed to happen in the future C. the enough knowledge of a trip arouses their interests D. humans’ happiness comes from their future experience 4.What is the best title for the passage? A. Why planning trips helps mental health? B. Why a trip needs to be planned ahead? C. Why travelers should be optimistic? D. Why people are keen on traveling? 【答案】1. D　2. D　3. B　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章指出计划旅行几乎和旅行本身一样愉悦，能增加人的幸福感，专家解释计划旅行有益在于能帮助与人建立联系，鼓励乐观的态度，还因让人去了解旅行的同时保持想象、期待和兴趣。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“A Cornell University study looked into how looking forward to an experience (like a trip) can increase a person’s happiness considerably — much more so (康奈尔大学的一项研究调查了期待一段经历（比如一次旅行）如何能大大增加一个人的幸福感——而且要多得多)”和下文“buying material goods (购买物质商品)”可推知，此处是把对购买物质商品的期待与对一段经历的期待做比较，指出对一段经历的期待更能增加幸福感，画线词意思是“期待，期望”，与D项Expectation意思接近。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Amit Kumar, one of the co-authors of the Cornell study, explains that the benefits are less about obsessing (使迷恋) over the finer points of a journey than they are about connecting with other people. “Travelers end up talking to people more about their experiences than they talk about material purchases,” he says. “Compared to possessions, experiences make for better story material.” (康奈尔大学研究报告的合著者之一Amit Kumar解释说，旅行的好处不在于沉迷于旅行的细节，而在于与其他人建立联系。他说：“旅行者最终会更多地谈论自己的经历，而不是物质消费。与拥有相比，经历是更好的故事素材。”)”可知，Amit Kumar认为，旅行经历为交流提供了更多的话题，帮助与他人建立联系，因而让人受益。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段““As humans, we spend a lot of our mental lives living in the future,” says Killingsworth, whose work centers on understanding the nature and causes of human happiness. “Our future-mindedness can be a source of joy if we know good things are coming, and travel is an especially good thing to look forward to.” (“作为人类，我们花了大量的精神生活生活在未来，”Killingsworth说，他的工作重点是理解人类幸福的本质和原因。“如果我们知道好事即将到来，我们的未来意识就会成为快乐的源泉，而旅行是一件特别值得期待的好事。”)”可知，Killingsworth认为，计划旅行能让人相信未来会有好事发生，从而让人觉得快乐。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“Planning a trip can be almost as enjoyable as going on the trip itself. (计划旅行几乎和旅行本身一样令人愉快)”可知，文章主要讨论了计划旅行通过帮助与人建立联系，鼓励乐观的态度，在让人去了解旅行的同时保持想象、期待和兴趣等方式，对心理健康产生积极影响。因此，A项“为什么计划旅行有助于心理健康？”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海徐汇区上海中学·期中）As anyone who’s sat through English 101 can tell you, our national language is mysterious. And yet, somehow, the average American has managed to learn 42,000 words. Still, few of us know how the words we use were derived or what they really mean. Did you know that the word muscle comes from the Latin musculus, which means “little mouse” Apparently, the ancient Romans thought that the movement of a muscle, especially a flexed bicep (鼓起的肱二头肌), looked as if a mouse were running under the skin. Now there’s a fun visual. And that’s not even the weirdest example of a word with odd, ancient origins creeping — like mice under our skirt into modern English. Here are a few of our favorites. AMBULANCE·>The word originates from French military field hospitals of the 18th century. This type of mobile medical center could be easily broken down and moved from place to place, earning it the name hôpital ambulant —literally, “walking hospital.” Eventually, the name was shortened to just ambulance. Thankfully, today’s walking hospitals come with wheels. IDIOT·> What’s the opposite of a candidate? An idiot, or idiotes in Greek. Coming from the word idios, meaning “private”, an idiot was anyone who didn’t hold public office. That later came to mean “common man” and, much later, “ignorant person,”—which is how it’s used today. CANDIDATE·> In ancient Rome, the color of someone’s toga (长袍) could indicate that person’s social status. Politicians wore shiny white robes, probably whitened with powdered chalk, to show the purity of their intentions. This white toga was called toga candida, from the Latin candidare (to whiten). From there, we get the English words candidate (one seeking office) and candid (truthful), two words rarely used in the same sentence. GALAXY·> Thousands of years ago, ancient Greek stargazers looked up at the sky and saw a white river of light arcing overhead. Their reaction? “I could really go for some cookies right now.” The Greeks named that broad band of stars galaxías — which stems from the word gåla, meaning “milk”. To this day, we call our galaxy the Milky Way. 1.What is the main purpose of this passage? A. To explain why English is considered a mysterious language by many. B. To introduce the ancient roots and stories behind several English words. C. To show how Latin and Greek have influenced the development of English. D. To compare how different English words were created in different countries. 2.We can learn from the passage that__________. A. “Galaxy” was named by Romans because of a white river of light B. “Muscle” referred to the running mice that moved muscles in Greek C. “Ambulance” came from the French mobile military medical centers D. “Idiotẽs” evolved from “an ignorant person” to someone in “public office” 3.Where is this passage most likely taken from? A. An academic journal focusing on linguistic research. B. A popular magazine sharing fun facts and knowledge. C. A high school student’s workbook for writing practice. D. A daily newspaper exploring cultural and political facts. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章以英语词汇的词源为切入点，介绍了muscle、ambulance、idiot等多个常见英语单词的古老起源和演变故事。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“And that not even the weirdest example of a word with odd, ancient origins creeping-like mice under our skirt into modern English. Here are a few of our favorites.(这甚至都算不上是词源最古怪的例子，那些有着古老渊源的词汇就像老鼠那样在裙摆下悄无声息地溜进了现代英语里。以下是几个我们特别喜欢的例子。)”以及后文对ambulance、idiot等单词词源的介绍可知，文章的主要目的是介绍几个英语单词背后的古老起源和相关故事。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据AMBULANCE·中“The word originates from French military field hospitals of the 18th century. This type of mobile medical center could be easily broken down and moved from place to place, earning it the name hôpital ambulant — literally, “walking hospital.” Eventually, the name was shortened to just ambulance.(这个词起源于18世纪的法国军用战地医院。这种移动医疗中心可以轻松拆解并转移到不同地点，因此得名“行走的医院（hôpital ambulant）”。最终，这个名称被简化为ambulance。)”可知ambulance一词来源于法国的移动军用医疗中心。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“Did you know that the word muscle comes from the Latin musculus, which means “little mouse” Apparently, the ancient Romans thought that the movement of a muscle, especially a flexed bicep (鼓起的肱二头肌), looked as if a mouse were running under the skin. Now there’s a fun visual. And that not even the weirdest example of a word with odd, ancient origins creeping-like mice under our skirt into modern English. (你知道吗？英语里“muscle”（肌肉）一词源自拉丁语“musculus”，这个词的意思是“小老鼠”。显然，古罗马人认为肌肉的活动方式 —— 尤其是鼓起的肱二头肌 —— 看起来就像有只小老鼠在皮肤底下钻来钻去。这真是个有趣的画面。而这还不算最离谱的例子，英语中还有不少词带着古怪的古老起源，像老鼠那样悄无声息地溜进了现代英语里。)”以及全文的语言风格可知，文章以轻松有趣的方式介绍英语单词的词源故事，内容通俗易懂且富有趣味性，并非严谨的学术研究内容。由此可推断，这篇文章最有可能摘自一本分享趣味知识的流行杂志。故选B项。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海第四中学·期中）In many countries of the world, people can confidently tell you the meaning of their town or city, but most people who live in Manchester, Oxford or Birmingham would not be able to explain what the name of their city means. The name of every British town and city, however, has a long history. Two thousand years ago, most people living in Britain were Celts. Even the word “Britain” is Celtic. Then the Romans arrived and built camps which became cities called “castra”. This is why there are so many place names in England which end in “-chester” or “-caster”— Manchester, for example. The Romans never reached Wales or Scotland, and many place names there are Celtic. For example, Welsh place names that begin with “Llan” come from the Celtic word for church. After the Romans left Britain, it was attacked by tribes called the Anglo-Saxons, who were from the area of Europe that is now Germany and Holland. Without the Roman army, it was impossible to protect the country from these people. The names of their villages often ended in “-ham” or “-ton”. Some got their name from the leader of the village, so Birmingham, for example, means “Beormund’s village”. The Anglo-Saxons were farmers and the landscape was very important to them, so we have villages called Upton (“village on a hill”— a good place to build a village) and Moreton (“village by lake”, where floods could make life tough). Place names that end in “-ford” (a place where you could cross a river) also describe the location of Anglo-Saxon villages. Twelve hundred years ago, the Vikings came to England from Scandinavia. They traded with the Anglo-Saxons but lived in their own villages. These often ended in “-by” or “-thorpe”. The name “Kirkby” means “a village with a church” and Scunthorpe was the village of a man called Skuma. Finally, in 1066, England became Norman — the Normans gave us the place name “grange”, which means farm. And how about London? Experts cannot agree. The Romans called the city Londinium, but they were not the first inhabitants. People once believed that the United Kingdom’s capital city got its name from the castle of a King called Lud, but this is very unlikely. Our guess today is that the name comes from a Celtic word meaning a fast-flowing river. However, like a number of British place names, its history is lost in time. 1.According to the passage, Stratford-upon-Avon is most likely a town _______. A. on a hill B. near a castle C. built beside a river D. with a church 2.Which of the following shows the correct order of the arrival of inhabitants in Britain? A. The Celts—The Romans—The Vikings—The Normans—The Anglo Saxons. B. The Romans—The Celts—The Vikings—The Anglo Saxons—The Normans. C. The Celts—The Romans—The Anglo Saxons—The Vikings—The Normans. D. The Romans—The Anglo Saxons—The Celts—The Normans—The Vikings. 3.According to the passage, where did the name for London come from? A. It is puzzling and hard to confirm for sure. B. It comes from the term for a fast-flowing river. C. The name is short for Londinium. D. The name is from the castle of a King. 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. A 【解析】【导语】 本文为一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国城镇的名字的由来。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Place names that end in “-ford” (a place where you could cross a river) also describe the location of Anglo-Saxon villages.(以“ford”结尾的地名(你可以过河的地方)也描述了盎格鲁-撒克逊村庄的位置)”可知，以ford结尾的地名和河流相关。由此推知，Stratford-upon-Avon极有可能是一座建在河边的小镇。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Two thousand years ago, most people living in Britain were Celts. Even the word “Britain” is Celtic. Then the Romans arrived and built camps which became cities called “castra”. (两千年前，大多数居住在英国的人都是凯尔特人。甚至“不列颠”这个词也是凯尔特语。后来，罗马人来到这里，建造了营地，这些营地后来成为了被称为“卡斯特拉”的城市)”可知，最先住在英国的人是凯尔特人，然后是罗马人；再根据文章第四段“After the Romans left Britain, it was attacked by tribes called the Anglo-Saxons, who were from the area of Europe that is now Germany and Holland.(罗马人离开不列颠后，它遭到了盎格鲁-撒克逊部落的袭击，这些部落来自现在的欧洲地区，即德国和荷兰)”可知，罗马人之后是盎格鲁撒克逊人；根据文章第六段“Twelve hundred years ago, the Vikings came to England from Scandinavia.(1200年前，维京人从斯堪的纳维亚来到英格兰)”可知，盎格鲁撒克逊人之后是维京人；最后根据文章第七段“Finally, in 1066, England became Norman—the Normans gave us the place name “grange”, which means farm.(最后，在1066年，英格兰变成了诺曼，诺曼人给我们起了一个地名“grange”，意思是农场)”可知，最后到的是诺曼人。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“And how about London? Experts cannot agree. The Romans called the city Londinium, but they were not the first inhabitants. People once believed that the United Kingdom’s capital city got its name from the castle of a King called Lud, but this is very unlikely. Our guess today is that the name comes from a Celtic word meaning a fast-flowing river. However, like a number of British place names, its history is lost in time.(伦敦怎么样？专家们对此并不认同。罗马人称这座城市为Londinium，但他们并不是第一批居民。人们曾经认为，英国首都的名字来自一个名叫路德的国王的城堡，但这是非常不可能的。我们今天猜测这个名字来自凯尔特语，意思是湍急的河流。然而，就像许多英国地名一样，它的历史在时间中消失了)”可推知，伦敦这一名字的由来很难定论。故选A。 Passage 3 （25-26高一上·上海青浦高级中学·期中）Post 1 Steve, USA Hi, everyone, What would you miss most and least if you were stuck on a desert island? For me, it would be the changing seasons , especially the fall in New England. Sure, it would be fantastic to have non-stop sun, but I’d miss the color of the seasons. I guess this will sound stupid but I’d probably miss the rain too. I wouldn’t miss getting up at six every day to go to work, though! What about you? Post 2 Tomas Germany Good question, Steve, I think I’d miss the pastries and different types of bread, and shopping at the local markets, and sausages, although I suppose I could try and make my own. So, yeah, the food. I’d miss the food most. What would I miss least? My mobile phone---I’d like to be completely uncontactable --- at least for a little while. Post 3 Paola Italy I would miss the company of people because I know I’d like to have someone to share experiences with. For instance, if there was a fantastic sunrise I’d want someone to be there to enjoy it with me. I’m a sociable sort of person and I’d go mad on my own. And I definitely wouldn’t miss junk mail --- I hate coming home every evening and finding a pile of junk mail in my post box. Post 4 Miko Japan Hi, I would miss Manga cartoons, the internet and Japanese food, like nori, sushi and Japanese beef. I’d also miss TV shows and shopping for clothes…and my two dogs. In fact, I’d miss everything. Post 5 Roger UK I would miss my daily newspaper and listening to the news on TV and radio. I’d feel very cut off if I didn’t know what was happening in the world. If you gave me a radio, then I’d be perfectly happy to live on a desert island for the rest of my life. What I’d miss least would be traffic jams in the city, particularly my journey to work. 1.What are the people mainly talking about in their posts? A. What they would like to do if staying on an island for some time. B. What they would miss most and least if left alone on an island. C. Why they think they would have to carry on a desert island. D. Why they think they would get stuck on a desert island. 2._____ doesn’t enjoy being alone. A. Steve B. Tomas C. Paola D. Miko 3.Roger would be glad to spend his life on the desert island if _______. A. he were allowed to listen to entertainment programs on the radio B. he were kept informed of the current events around the world C. he were given the chance to appear on TV occasionally D. he were able to avoid going to work during rush hours 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. B 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了五位来自不同地方的人对于“如果你被困在一个荒岛上，你最想和最不想的是什么？”这一问题的回答。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“What would you miss most and least if you were stuck on a desert island?（如果你被困在一个荒岛上，你最想和最不想的是什么?）”可知，人们在他们的帖子里主要在谈论如果把他们单独留在岛上，他们最想念的和最不想念的是什么。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据Post 3 Paola Italy下的“I’m a sociable sort of person and I’d go mad on my own.（我是一个善于交际的人，我一个人会发疯的。）”可知，Paola不喜欢独处。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据Post 5 Roger UK下的“I’d feel very cut off if I didn’t know what was happening in the world. If you gave me a radio, then I’d be perfectly happy to live on a desert island for the rest of my life.（如果我不知道世界上正在发生的事情，我会感到很孤立。如果你给我一台收音机，我会非常乐意在荒岛上度过余生。）”可知，如果罗杰能随时了解世界各地的时事，他会很高兴在荒岛上度过他的一生。故选B。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海建平中学·期中）How You Got Your Name Rule 1: The Man Who Was His Address Before he became history’s ultimate genius, the boy from Tuscany was simply “Leonardo, son of Piero, from Vinci.” In an era before standardized surnames, his identity was tied directly to his humble hometown. This practice was common, but his fame immortal (使……不朽) it. Imagine being known not by a family name, but by your neighborhood. The same rule also applies to the celebrated physicist Isaac Newton, whose surname originally referred to someone who lived in a“new town.” Rule 2: The Name That Was a Job Interview Some of the most famous names started as a simple job description. The name Wright (as in the Wright Brothers) was an Old English term for a craftsman or builder. The poet Robert Baker’s ancestor was literally a baker. Even the name Knight (as in Dame Ellen Knight), described a medieval soldier. Your name was your resume, announcing your family’s trade to the world. Rule 3: The Name That Was a Physical Trademark Before family names were fixed, a person’s most distinctive physical feature could become their lasting identifier, passing down through generations. The mighty King of France, Louis VI, was known to his subjects as Louis le Gross-Louis the Fat. This was not an insult (侮辱), but a simple, factual description that distinguished him from other rulers. Such last names, whether describing a face or a body, turned a person’s most visible quality into their legacy. Rule 4: ______________________ Long before complex addresses, the landscape itself was the most reliable map. Many family names were born from this close connection, poetically describing the exact spot where a family’s home stood. The common English name Churchill did not originally refer to a great leader, but quite literally to someone who “lived by the church on the hill.” Similarly, the surname “Ye” in Chinese, meaning “leaf,” might have described a family living in a vibrant forest or known for the fauna and flora around their home. These names go beyond simple location; they are frozen photos of the natural world as a family first encountered it, turning a geographical moment into an everlasting identity. 1.What is the main purpose of this passage? A. To introduce the life of several famous people. B. To explain the different naming rules. C. To compare naming customs between the East and the West. D. To discuss the importance of having a fixed family name. 2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. Leonardo da Vinci’s name directly reflects that he was a genius. B. The name Robert Baker originated from his participation in a job interview. C. Some family names can serve as a typical reminder of a person’s identity. D. Louis VI was called Louis le Gross because people thought ill of him. 3.Which of the following three names can be examples of Rule 1, Rule 2, and Rule 3? A. Jack London, John Smith, and Stephen King B. De Andre Hunter, William Blackwood, and Charles Brown C. George Washington, James Cook, and Thomas Longman D. Francis Bacon, Taylor Swift, and Alan Walker 4.Which of the following may be the most appropriate title for Rule 4? A. The Name That came from a Map B. The Name That came from a Family Story C. The Name That was a Historical Event D. The Name That Reflected a Natural Setting 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，通过四个具体规则，详细解释了姓氏的不同起源方式，包括源于出生地、职业、身体特征和自然环境等。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据全文内容，文章分别介绍了“源于出生地”“源于职业”“源于身体特征”和“源于自然环境”四条姓氏命名规则，核心目的是解释不同的命名规则。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据Rule 1中“his identity was tied directly to his humble hometown (他的身份直接与他卑微的家乡相关)”、Rule 2中“Your name was your resume, announcing your family’s trade to the world (你的名字就是你的简历，向世界宣告你家族的职业)”、Rule 3中“a person’s most distinctive physical feature could become their lasting identifier (一个人最显著的身体特征可能成为他们持久的标识)”可知，一些姓氏可以作为一个人身份的典型象征。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据Rule 1（源于出生地）、Rule 2（源于职业）、Rule 3（源于身体特征）的定义，分析选项：A选项中Jack London（London为城市名，符合Rule 1）、John Smith（Smith意为“铁匠”，符合Rule 2）、Stephen King（King意为“国王”，并非身体特征，不符合Rule 3）；B选项中De Andre Hunter（Hunter意为“猎人”，符合Rule 2）、William Blackwood（Blackwood意为“黑森林”，符合Rule 4）、Charles Brown（Brown意为“棕色的”，可指肤色，符合Rule 3），顺序不符；C选项中George Washington（Washington为地名，符合Rule 1）、James Cook（Cook意为“厨师”，符合Rule 2）、Thomas Longman（Longman意为“高个子的人”，符合Rule 3），顺序完全对应；D选项中Francis Bacon（Bacon意为“培根”，可能源于职业或地名）、Taylor Swift（Taylor意为“裁缝”，符合Rule 2）、Alan Walker（Walker意为“行者”，符合Rule 2），不符合要求。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据Rule 4中“Many family names were born from this close connection, poetically describing the exact spot where a family’s home stood (许多姓氏源于这种紧密的联系，诗意地描述了一个家庭住所的确切位置)”以及“turning a geographical moment into an everlasting identity (将一个地理瞬间转化为永恒的身份)”），核心是姓氏源于自然环境或地理场景。D选项“The Name That Reflected a Natural Setting (源于自然环境的名字)”最符合段落主旨，适合用作小标题。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）It’s March, and the annual cycle of agricultural activity is gathering pace. Today much of the work in the field is done by machines, but for our ancestors this time of year promised the six months of hardest work, which continued until mid-September and the end of harvest time. The names they gave their fields reflect the direct relationship between the agricultural community and the environment that was all around. Field names reveal an understanding of soils, drainage, geology, fertility and natural history, and often have a dry humour. Of course, many fields were given very ordinary names (‘Long Meadow’, ‘Higher Close’, ‘Cow Pasture’), but there is a tremendous richness of dialect and imagination in so many others. I was reminded of this recently when reading a 1784 document relating to land at Skelton near Carlisle, which mentioned a field called Bare Arse Close. Though perhaps a little shocking at first reading, such names are not that unusual. The dictionary of English field names produced by John Field refers to that name in Cheshire, Lancashire, Leicestershire and Hampshire, and to other ‘bare’ names such as ‘Bare Bones’, all of them being “derogatory names for unproductive land”. Other “derogatory names” remind us of the hard labour before the age of mechanization, and of the heavy burden and small returns involved in cultivating poor and infertile ground. The fields called ‘Labour in Vain’, found in Dorset, Gloucestershire and Hertfordshire among other counties, could not be named more properly. ‘Break Back’ and ‘Broken Back’, ‘Raw Bones’, ‘Hunger Hill’, ‘Starve Acre’, ‘Wearisome’, ‘Heartache’, ‘Everlasting’ (as in the work needed) and ‘Hard Labour’ are all examples of the bitter thoughts our ancestors must have had. Good land, though, might be complimented by an affectionate name. I rather like the sense of ‘Have a Good Heart’, a field at Bishop’s Castle in Shropshire that was problem-free and easy to work, and names such as ‘Sweet Bit’, ‘Sweet Piece’ and ‘Sweet Tooth’ occur quite frequently. ‘Rich Field’ and ‘Rich land’, ‘Good Fortune’ and ‘Sugar Acres’ all reflect the pleasure that farmers and labourers got from knowing that a piece of land was of high quality. Field names are often overlooked by family historians, although local historians research them extensively. But if you locate land that was farmed by your ancestors, it’s well worth checking on the names of the fields they worked. It might tell you a good deal about their land, and how they regarded it. 1.According to the writer, what do field names reflect? A. People’s perception of the field. B. People’s community spirits. C. The history of the field. D. The evolution of dialect. 2.People gave “derogatory” names to the fields that _________. A. used to be productive B. they had a low opinion of C. they find were unusually fertile D. reminded them of happy experiences 3.According to the writer, what does the name “Everlasting” imply? A. The field was rich. B. The field was unproductive. C. Farmers lived a poor life. D. Farmers kept working hard. 4.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Land of Dream B. Field Names: A Long-Forgotten Tradition C. Fields Worth Researching D. Farmers and Labourers 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，文章围绕田地名称展开，介绍田地名称能反映农业社群与环境的直接关联，体现人们对土壤、地质等的认知。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“The names they gave their fields reflect the direct relationship between the agricultural community and the environment that was all around. Field names reveal an understanding of soils, drainage, geology, fertility and natural history, and often have a dry humour.(他们给田地起的名字反映了农业社群和周围环境之间的直接关系。田地名称体现了对土壤、排水、地质、肥力和自然历史的理解，且往往带有冷幽默。)”以及后文对褒贬田地名称的分析可知，田地名称反映了人们对田地的认知。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“all of them being “derogatory names for unproductive land”(所有这些都是“对低产土地的贬义名称”)”以及第四段“Other “derogatory names” remind us of the hard labour before the age of mechanization, and of the heavy burden and small returns involved in cultivating poor and infertile ground.(其他“贬义名称”提醒我们机械化时代之前的艰苦劳动，以及耕种贫瘠土地所涉及的沉重负担和微薄回报。)”可知，贬义名称是给那些人们评价不高的田地起的。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“‘Everlasting’ (as in the work needed)(“Everlasting”（指所需的劳作）)”以及该段前文提到贬义名称与繁重劳动、贫瘠土地相关可知，“Everlasting”暗示耕种这片田地需要持续不断的劳作，即农民要一直辛勤工作。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章开篇引入田地名称的话题，随后详细阐述田地名称反映的内容“对环境的认知、田地质量、劳作感受等”，通过具体的褒贬名称实例展开说明，最后指出田地名称对研究祖先农耕情况的价值，核心围绕“田地名称”展开。B选项“Field Names: A Long-Forgotten Tradition（田地名称：一种被遗忘的传统）”能概括文章主旨，适合用作标题。故选B。 Passage 3 （25-26高一上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）In the old days— say, the 1980s— if you bought a piece of technology, a paperback user guide came with it. It was the manufacturer’s one big chance to explain its engineers’ thinking to you, to communicate what the designers and marketers had in mind. Supplying documentation seemed, at the time, like a good idea all around. Mastery made customers happy, and happy customers meant repeat sales. But there were other forces at play. Printing and binding took time and money— and customers didn’t seem to be reading user manuals(使用手册). Over time, therefore, physical manuals began disappearing from our hardware and software boxes. Maybe you’d get a Quick Start leaflet, but the rest was online. Online, you can search for certain terms, find topics faster and post questions for other people. Online communities and answer sites sprang up. Mini tutorials on the Internet began showing you how to perform a task. And it’s all free. Meanwhile the kind of technologies we use has changed. “People increasingly spend time in apps and social sites that have a fairly simple interface,” Tim O’Reilly told me. (He’s founder of O’Reilly Media, which publishes my own how-to books.) You don’t need a manual to use Google. That was the beginning of the end for physical manuals. In principle, the death of professionally prepared support materials shouldn’t be any cause for concern. It’s just another sea change caused by the Internet, another in the list of casualties, such as printed encyclopedias, newspaper classified ads and music on discs. In reality, though, none of the tech industry’s teaching channels, whether physical or online, is universal and effective. To this day, it’s astonishing how little we know about our phones, computers and software. A Microsoft product manager once told me that most feature requests the company gets for Microsoft Office are, in fact, already features of Microsoft Office. Hardware and software makers still operate with their traditional business model: Every year or so they sell us a new version, whose appeal is supposed to be more features. And so, as time goes by, our devices and apps become more and more complex-but access to documentation remains limited and incomplete. In the fantasy version of our world, designers would make our tech products simple enough, their important features obvious enough, for the masses to figure out on their own. Until then, there will be a growing information gap between the features we want and the engineering work that’s already been done. 1.Why did physical user manuals gradually disappear? A. Customers found them too difficult to read. B. They were replaced by free and convenient online resources. C. Manufacturers wanted to cut all communication with users. D. They were not environmentally friendly. 2.Why did the author mention what a Microsoft product manager once told him? A. To criticize the lack of access that we have to complete documentation. B. To reveal the traditional business model that software makers operate with. C. To emphasize that it is a pity that physical manuals are no longer available. D. To illustrate that people actually know little about the tech products they use. 3.What can be inferred from the passage? A. Tech companies’ teaching channels are shrinking as time goes by. B. There is little chance that tech products will soon be simple enough. C. Printed manuals worked better than online versions. D. Consumers of the 1980s loved to read user manuals. 4.What is the author’s main purpose in writing this article? A. To encourage readers to write their own user manuals for tech products. B. To criticize tech companies for stopping the production of physical user guides. C. To promote the online learning platforms that have replaced user manuals. D. To explain the historical evolution and the current inadequacy of technology documentation. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了技术产品使用手册的历史变迁及现状。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Online, you can search for certain terms, find topics faster and post questions for other people. Online communities and answer sites sprang up. Mini tutorials on the Internet began showing you how to perform a task. And it’s all free.(在线上，你可以搜索特定术语、更快找到相关主题，还能向其他人发布问题。在线社区和问答网站纷纷涌现，互联网上的迷你教程也开始教你如何完成某项任务。而这一切都是免费的。)”可知，实体手册被免费且便捷的线上资源取代，导致了实体手册逐渐消失。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第七段中“To this day, it’s astonishing how little we know about our phones, computers and software.(直到如今，我们对自己的手机、电脑和软件了解得如此之少，这仍然令人震惊。)”可知，作者提及微软产品经理的话是为了说明人们对自己使用的科技产品了解甚少。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第九段中“In the fantasy version of our world, designers would make our tech products simple enough, their important features obvious enough, for the masses to figure out on their own. Until then, there will be a growing information gap between the features we want and the engineering work that’s already been done.(在我们世界的理想版本里，设计师会把科技产品设计得足够简单，让其核心功能足够直观，以便大众能自行掌握。但在此之前，我们想要的功能与已实现的工程成果之间，信息鸿沟会越来越大。)”可知，科技产品短期内很难变得足够简单。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“In the old days— say, the 1980s— if you bought a piece of technology, a paperback user guide came with it.(过去——比如20世纪80年代——如果你买一件科技产品，会附带一本纸质使用指南。)”、第三段中“Over time, therefore, physical manuals began disappearing from our hardware and software boxes.(因此，随着时间推移，实体手册开始从我们的硬件和软件包装盒里消失。)”以及第九段中“Until then, there will be a growing information gap between the features we want and the engineering work that’s already been done.(但在此之前，我们想要的功能与已实现的工程成果之间，信息鸿沟会越来越大。)”可知，全文内容描述的是从1980年代实体手册的存在，到其被线上资源取代，再到如今技术文档的不足等内容，作者旨在解释技术文档的历史演变与当前的不足。故选D。 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高一上·上海浦东新区·期中）Would you hang out with R2-D2 if you got the chance? In the Star Wars movies, droids appear to form meaningful friendships with people. In real life, however, robots can’t actually care about anyone or anything--at least, not yet. Today’s robots can’t feel emotions. They also have no self-awareness. But that doesn’t mean they can’t act friendly in ways that help and support people. Relating to robots can have its benefits. Other people won’t always be available when someone needs to talk or get a hug. The COVID-19 pandemic taught us all how difficult it can be when it’s not safe to spend time in person with our loved ones. Although not ideal companions, social robots might be better than no one. Robots also can’t understand what people are saying or going through, so they can’t empathize. But they don’t really have to. Most people talk to their pets even though these animals don’t understand the words. The fact that an animal can react with a purr or a wagging tail is often enough to help someone feel a bit less lonely. Robots can serve a similar purpose. Similarly, robot hugs will never feel the same as actually hugging a loved one. However, mechanical hugs do have some upsides. Asking for a hug from someone, especially someone who is not a very close friend or family member, may feel scary or awkward. “A robot, however, is just there to help you for whatever you need,” says Block, a roboticist who built a machine that gives hugs. “It can’t care about you, but it also can’t judge or reject you.” Perhaps someday, someone will build a true R2-D2. Until then, social robots offer a new and interesting type of relationship. “Robots could be like friends,” says Robillard, a neuroscientist and expert in brain-health technology, “but also like a toy--and like a tool.” 1.What does the author think of a social robot according to Paragraph 2? A. It is a perfect friend. B. It is an interesting toy. C. It does more harm than good. D. It is better than nothing. 2.Why does the author mention pets in Paragraph 3? A. To prove robots can understand people. B. To show robots can perform a social function. C. To show robots are smarter than animals. D. To prove robots react to people’s needs. 3.What’s Block’s attitude towards robots? A. Confused. B. Negative. C. Objective. D. Ambiguous. 4.What would be the best title for the text? A. Do Robots Have Emotions? B. Are Robots Our Toys or Tools? C. Can Robots Be Our Friends? D. Do Robots Have Self-awareness? 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了机器人是否能够成为人类的朋友这一话题，表明社交机器人虽无情感，但能给人类提供陪伴和支持，带来一定的情绪价值和帮助。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Although not ideal companions, social robots might be better than no one.(社交机器人虽非理想伴侣，但总比没有强。)”可知，作者认为社交机器人要好过无人陪伴。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“The fact that an animal can react with a purr or a wagging tail is often enough to help someone feel a bit less lonely. Robots can serve a similar purpose.(动物能通过咕噜声或摇尾巴做出回应的事实往往足以帮助人们减轻些许孤独感，而机器人也能起到类似的作用。)”可知，作者提到宠物时为了表明机器人也能够发挥社交功能。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段““A robot, however, is just there to help you for whatever you need,” says Block, a roboticist who built a machine that gives hugs. “It can’t care about you, but it also can’t judge or reject you.”(“然而，机器人只是在那里为你提供你需要的任何帮助，”制造出拥抱机器的机器人专家布洛克说道，“它无法真正关心你，但也绝不会评判或拒绝你。”)”可知，布洛克认为机器人既不能真心关心你，但也不会评判或拒绝你，只是提供你所需要的帮助，可见他持有客观的态度。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Would you hang out with R2-D2 if you got the chance?(如果有机会，你会和R2-D2一起出去玩吗？)”、“But that doesn’t mean they can’t act friendly in ways that help and support people.(但这并不意味着他们不能以友好的方式帮助和支持人们。)”和最后一段““Robots could be like friends,” says Robillard, a neuroscientist and expert in brain-health technology, “but also like a toy--and like a tool.”(“机器人可以像朋友一样，”脑健康技术专家、神经科学家罗比拉德说，“也可以像玩具——或者工具。”)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要探讨了机器人是否能够成为人类的朋友这一话题，表明社交机器人虽无情感，但能给人类提供陪伴和支持，带来一定的情绪价值和帮助。所以最佳标题为“机器人能成为我们的朋友吗？”。故选C。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高一上·上海闵行中学·期中）The Ultimate Guide to Charging an Electric Car Of the more than 17 million new cars sold in the United States in 2017, nearly 200,000 were electric vehicles (EVs), according to market reports. While that may seem like a drop in the bucket, it’s actually a huge increase from previous years. Electric car charging options There are three types of electric car charging options. It’s important to understand the differences before committing to an electric vehicle. Level 1 charging Level 1 charging is the technical term that refers to charging your EV through a three-prong electrical outlet. The charging cord that comes with any electric car will connect to your standard wall outlet on one end, to your car’s charging port on the other, providing 120 volts of electricity right in your own driveway. Level 1 is the slowest form of EV charging, often taking all night to fully charge. Level 2 charging A Level 2 or 240-volt charging station can be easily installed in your garage to provide the power to drive up to 70 miles per hour of charging and do it in half the time of Level 1 charging. Public Level 2 charging stations are popping up all over the U.S. Additionally, many businesses are installing charging stations on site to serve their EV-driving employees and take advantage of incentives DC Fast Charging Direct Current Fast Charging is completely different from your other two options. It provides direct-current electricity to your electric car and is much more powerful than anything that can be done in your home. DC Fast Charging stations require dedicated high-power electrical lines, so it is only available at public charging stations. DC Fast Charging lives up to its name, providing up to 40 miles of range for every 10 minutes of charging. You can plug it in while enjoying lunch and drive for a couple hundred miles before needing another charge. Charging networks No matter which way you choose to charge your electric vehicle, finding a charging station is easier than ever. Many of these stations are free, while others charge a nominal fee that will cost you less than gassing up a standard car. Conclusion Electric cars make sense economically, environmentally and practically. Whether you plug it right into the outlet in your garage, install a faster home charging station, rely upon public charging ports or a combination of all of these, charging your electric vehicle is easier than you think and will keep you driving for miles and years to come. 1.The underlined phrase “a drop in the bucket” in the first paragraph can be replaced with ________. A. a decrease in the budget B. a small proportion C. a declining influence D. a challenge to traditional cars 2.How long does it take to charge your EVs to run 280 miles in the most efficient way? A. A whole night. B. An hour. C. Four hours. D. 70 minutes. 3.Which of the following statements about EV is true according to the passage? A. It’s much cheaper to charge an EV than gas up a traditional car. B. All the three ways of charging your electric car can be done at home. C. The scarcity of charging stations presents a challenge to the popularity of EVs. D. You need to convert 120 volts of electricity into 240 volts when charging. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了电动汽车的三种充电方式、充电网络及优势，为电动汽车用户提供充电实用指南。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“Of the more than 17 million new cars sold in the United States in 2017, nearly 200,000 were electric vehicles (EVs), according to market reports. While that may seem like a drop in the bucket, it’s actually a huge increase from previous years.(市场报告显示，2017年美国售出的1700多万辆新车中，近20万辆是电动汽车。虽然这看起来像是a drop in the bucket，但与前几年相比，实际上是一个巨大的增长)”可知，20万辆电动汽车在1700多万辆新车中占比很小，因此a drop in the bucket意为“很小的一部分”。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据DC Fast Charging部分第二段中的“DC Fast Charging lives up to its name, providing up to 40 miles of range for every 10 minutes of charging.(直流快速充电名副其实，每充电10分钟可行驶40英里)”可知，最高效的充电方式是直流快速充电，行驶280英里需要充电的时间为（280÷40）×10 = 70分钟。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据Charging networks部分中的“Many of these stations are free, while others charge a nominal fee that will cost you less than gassing up a standard car.(这些充电站中许多是免费的，而其他的则收取象征性费用，比普通汽车加油便宜)”可知，给电动汽车充电比传统汽车加油便宜得多。故选A项。 主题语境04 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海川沙中学·期中）WE FOUND A FIX 1. Get Free Support Just want someone to talk to? At 7cups.com, you can connect with a trained “active listener” for free, completely confidential advice. Choose a listener based on location and life experience, or let the site assign someone to you for an instant conversation. 2. Clip Virtual Coupons Look for coupon codes on retailer and cash-back websites. Just google the brand name and “promo code” to find the latest offerings. And who says that when you snooze (打盹), you lose? Sometimes leaving items in your shopping cart can add up to savings. You might get a pop-up with a coupon code to tempt you to purchase what’s there or an e-mail in your inbox with a discount offer. 3. Cut Your Tax Bill Does anyone want to hear about taxes? Maybe not. But in this unusual year (the first time in history that the federal tax deadline has been extended to July 15), it pays to stay on top of things. The irs.gov website is surprisingly easy to navigate, and there’s a link on the home page to the IRS’s coronavirus tax-relief programs. 4. Remove Stubborn Food Stains Got unattractive coffee and tea stains on a pot, or mug? Pick up some denture (假牙) cleaner. Dissolve one tablet per two cups of hot water, pour it into the stained vessel, and let it sit for several hours. Then use a scrub brush to clean off the stains and any loosened bits. Pour the solution out and rinse thoroughly. 5. Save Texting Time One lesser-known secret to typing on your phone: Double-tap the space bar on the keyboard when you finish a sentence. Doing so adds a period and a space—and automatically capitalizes the next letter you type to start your next sentence. 6. Preserve Your Fragrances If you wish the scent of your eau de toilette or cologne lasted longer, store it in the fridge. “Growing up, I’d always see my grandmother’s in the fridge, and she told me it kept the fragrance longer and felt refreshing on the skin,” says TV style expert Hilary Kennedy. “I love keeping mine cool, especially during the summer and fall months.” Take note: Very cold temperatures can upset the balance of some delicate perfumes. 1.Michael, who values efficiency most, can _________________. A. turn to a trained listener at 7cups.com for free advice B. look for coupon codes online to find the latest offerings C. apply for tax-cut on the government’s website this year D. double-tap the space bar on the phone when texting 2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. If perfume is preserved in the fridge at very cold temperature, its fragrance will last longer. B. Brushing the stain soon after applying the denture cleaner can remove the stubborn one. C. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, the government has prolonged the tax deadline and cut taxes. D. Leaving items in shopping carts helps you save as you can re-consider if they are worth buying. 3.The purpose of this passage is to __________________. A. teach people how to deal with emergency B. arouse people’s interest in fixing problems C. offer tricks to help improve people’s life D. inform people of the latest scientific findings 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. C 【解析】 本文是说明文。讲述了六个改善人们生活的小技巧。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据5. Save Texting Time部分的“One lesser-known secret to typing on your phone: Double-tap the space bar on the keyboard when you finish a sentence. Doing so adds a period and a space—and automatically capitalizes the next letter you type to start your next sentence.( 在手机上打字的一个鲜为人知的秘密：当你完成一个句子时，双击键盘上的空格键。 这样做会增加一个句号和一个空格——并自动大写您键入的下一个字母以开始下一个句子)”可知，迈克尔，看重效率，发短信时双击手机上的空格键可以提高效率。 故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据3.Cut Your Tax Bill的“But in this unusual year (the first time in history that the federal tax deadline has been extended to July 15), it pays to stay on top of things. The irs.gov website is surprisingly easy to navigate, and there’s a link on the home page to the IRS’s coronavirus tax-relief programs.（但在这不寻常的一年，这是历史上第一次将联邦税收期限延长到7月15日，对于最重要的事情上是值得的。irs.gov网站令人惊讶地容易浏览，并且在主页上有一个链接到irs的冠状病毒税收减免计划）可知，由于冠状病毒的流行，政府延长了税收期限，并削减了税收。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章标题WE FOUND A FIX和黑体小标题1.Get Free Support(得到免费帮助)；2.Clip Virtual Coupons(剪辑虚拟优惠券); 3.Cut Your Tax Bill(削减税收的法令)；4. Remove Stubborn Food Stains(去除顽固的食物污渍)；5. Save Texting Time(节省短信时间)；6. Preserve Your Fragrances(保存香水)可知，文章讲述改善人们生活的一些技巧。故选C。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海闵行中学·期中）Received cooperative wisdom maintains that we should all accept the stimulating power of “co-working” and “hive offices”, where we are elbow-to-elbow with our colleagues. Privacy, it is claimed, stifles creativity. A study from the University of Sydney begs to differ. Researchers surveyed more than 40,000 office workers in 303 companies worldwide and found that the plus sides of an open-plan office — ideas sharing and friendship, are far overtaken by the downsides — disruption and noise pollution. When the first open-plan office, the Larkin Administration Building in New York, opened in 1906, all conversation was banned and those in positions of power had separate spaces. Now that corner offices are seen as expensive, your desk neighbor is just as likely to be your boss as an intern. This means permanently being on your best behavior and feeling the pressure to make small talk every time your eyes meet over the mouse pad. In a survey of American workers by Ask.com, “noisy colleagues” were cited as the No.1workplace disruption, above phone calls and social media. A 2010 study from the University of California found that it takes the average worker 25 minutes to get back into the flow of a task after an interruption. This suggests that, if you’re interrupted 16 times during an eight-hour day, you may as well have stayed in bed. Professor Cary Cooper, an expert on occupational stress from Lancaster University, suggests the help of symbolism. “Make it common knowledge that, if you fly a red flag above your desk, it means you are working on something detailed and need peace and quiet,” he says. “A white flag means that you are available.” On internet forums, dissatisfied desk colleagues exchange tips on how to make your workspace as uninviting as possible. These include: never having a sweet jar or new toys on your desk and, if you have a “guest” chair, piling it with papers so that interrupters have nowhere to sit. You can even set up fake calendar alerts to go off at intervals in case you need to make an escape. The last aid is unpopularity; be rude, cold and unhelpful until colleagues are terrified to come near you. It may not even come to that. Who would really want to approach a flag-waving crazy guy in a ridiculous hat, typing over the whirr of a fake coffee machine? 1.The researchers from the University of Sydney will agree that . A. privacy will prevent creativity B. an open-plan office has stimulating power C. an open-plan office makes people less productive D. an open-plan office is beneficial in terms of idea sharing 2.Which of the following descriptions about a modern open-plan office is NOT TRUE? A. You are more likely to make small talks with colleagues. B. You are supposed to behave yourself most of the time. C. You will probably sit alongaside your boss. D. You will have more peace and quiet. 3.All the following are suggestions to reduce interruption in an office EXCEPT . A. making workplace uninviting B. making more private phone calls C. turning to symbolism for help D. making oneself unpopular among colleagues 4.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Open-Plan Office Stimulating Productivity B. A Report Issued by the University of Sydney C. Noisy Colleagues Cited as No.1 Office Disruption D. How to Survive in An Open-Plan Office 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文为一篇说明文。在开放性办公室办公会降低员工的工作效率，文章介绍了避免被打扰的方法。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“A study from the University of Sydney begs to differ. Researchers surveyed more than 40,000 office workers in 303 companies worldwide and found that the plus sides of an open-plan office — ideas sharing and friendship, are far overtaken by the downsides — disruption and noise pollution.(悉尼大学的一项研究对此提出了不同的观点。研究人员对全球303家公司的40000多名办公室职员进行了调查，结果发现开放式办公室的优点——思想交流和友谊的建立——远不及缺点——干扰和噪音污染——那么显著)”可知，悉尼大学的研究者认为开放式办公室会降低员工的工作效率。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Researchers surveyed more than 40,000 office workers in 303 companies worldwide and found that the plus sides of an open-plan office — ideas sharing and friendship, are far overtaken by the downsides — disruption and noise pollution.(研究人员对全球303家公司的40000多名办公室职员进行了调查，结果发现开放式办公室的优点——思想交流和友谊的建立——远不及缺点——干扰和噪音污染——那么显著)”可知，开放式办公室会有很多干扰和噪音污染，所以不会有更多的平静和安静。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The last aid is unpopularity; be rude, cold and unhelpful until colleagues are terrified to come near you.(最后一种应对方式是不讨人喜欢；态度粗鲁、冷漠且不提供帮助，直到同事们都不敢再靠近你为止)”；倒数第二段“On internet forums, dissatisfied desk colleagues exchange tips on how to make your workspace as uninviting as possible.(在网络论坛上，那些不满于当前工作环境的同事们纷纷交流心得，探讨如何让自己的工作空间变得越加令人不悦)”和倒数第三段“Professor Cary Cooper, an expert on occupational stress form Lancaster University, suggests the help of symbolism.(兰卡斯特大学职业压力研究专家卡里·库珀教授提出，借助象征手法或许能有所帮助)”可知，文章提到了避免打扰的方式包括：使工作场所没有吸引力，求助于象征主义和减少自己的受欢迎度，B选项“进行更多的私人通话”没有提及。故选B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章第一段和第二段指出“开放性办公室会导致工作效率下降”，第三段讲到了这种办公方式的由来和其一直延续到现在，第四段讲到了开放性办公室被打断的主要因素，五、六、七三段分别介绍了避免被打扰的办法。D选项“如何在开放式办公室中生存下去”能最好地概括全文主旨，为最佳标题。故选D。 主题语境05 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）On a sunny day in Chengdu, I walk into Proper Tea, a small but welcoming teahouse. I am greeted by the attractive scent of roasted charcoal (木炭) mixed with rich dark chocolate. Finding a decent place to drink tea has taken me a while, but the search was well worth it. In 1909, the city of Chengdu was home to 454 teahouses spread out among its 516 streets and alleys. However, tea shops are much less popular these days. In fact, you’re more likely to chance upon a stylish coffee shop in some parts of the city. Even in a proper teahouse, customers seem to care more about playing mahjong and less about enjoying their cups of tea. A beverage that dates back for millennia, tea has even been discovered in Han dynasty tombs. It wasn’t until the Tang dynasty that Lu Yu, known as the Sage of Tea (茶圣), penned the first book about the beverage, The Classic of Tea (茶经). Although tea faces fierce competition from today’s numerous contemporary and imported drinks, some young tea lovers in Chengdu are attempting to revive China’s traditional tea-drinking culture. Proper Tea is among this group. I order a rock oolong, a charcoal-roasted oolong tea from the Wuyi Mountains. Co-owner Wu Qiong serves me my brew in the traditional kung fu style, which literally means “making tea with skill”. It’s a slow tea ceremony whose aim is to make the most flavorful and enjoyable tea possible. The teahouse also boasts a virtual community for whom co-owner Qiao Jie regularly hosts live tutorials. She spends these sessions educating her viewers on the nuances (差别) of tea and the kung fu tea ceremony. In fact, my visit coincided with one of her live streams. After having finished her video, Qiao invited me and several of her regulars to sip tea together outside of her shop. Loyal customer Tang tells me that she is drawn to Proper Tea’s close community and homey environment. “The owners are friendly and know their tea. They’ve created a clean and cozy space here,” says the 20-something. For the next two hours, we have a pleasant talk about Chinese tea culture. As we wrap up our conversation, I am suddenly reminded of a Chinese idiom, yi cha hui you, which literally means to “make friends through tea”. Sure enough, tea is more than a thirst drink in China it is a social bond and connection too. I leave the teahouse with a bag of tea and several new friends. 1.Which of the following statements about Proper Tea is true? A. It is an old store with a long history in Chengdu. B. It is one of the most stylish teahouses in Chengdu. C. The most popular product in the shop is its oolong tea. D. The teahouse has been gaining in popularity among young people. 2.Paragraph 3 mainly talks about _________. A. what it is that people usually do in teahouses B. what kind of shop is more profitable in Chengdu C. the reason why teahouses are not popular in Chengdu D. indications that teahouses have become less popular in Chengdu 3.What are the ways in which Proper Tea is attempting to revive China’s traditional tea-drinking culture? ①By inviting guests to try their hand at making tea. ②By practicing tea ceremonies in front of its customers. ③By regularly hosting live-streamed lectures on tea culture. ④By holding discussions about tea culture with its customers while enjoying tea together. A. ①②③ B. ①②④ C. ①③④ D. ②③④ 4.Which of the following words best describes the author’s feeling while at Proper Tea? A. Pleased. B. Concerned. C. Indifferent. D. Disappointed. 【答案】1. D　2. D　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在成都一家名为Proper Tea的茶馆的所见所闻，以及茶馆为复兴中国传统茶文化所做的努力。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段“Although tea faces fierce competition from today’s numerous contemporary and imported drinks, some young tea lovers in Chengdu are attempting to revive China’s traditional tea-drinking culture. Proper Tea is among this group.(尽管茶面临着来自当今众多现代和进口饮料的激烈竞争，但成都的一些年轻茶爱好者正试图复兴中国的传统茶文化。Proper Tea就是其中之一)”可知，Proper Tea在年轻人中越来越受欢迎。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段“In fact, you’re more likely to chance upon a stylish coffee shop in some parts of the city. Even in a proper teahouse, customers seem to care more about playing mahjong and less about enjoying their cups of tea.(事实上，在城市的某些地方，你更有可能偶然发现一家时尚的咖啡店。即使在一家像样的茶馆里，顾客似乎也更关心打麻将，而不是享受他们的茶)”可知，第三段主要讲的是茶馆在成都变得不那么受欢迎的迹象。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第六段中“Co-owner Wu Qiong serves me my brew in the traditional kung fu style, which literally means “making tea with skill”. It’s a slow tea ceremony whose aim is to make the most flavorful and enjoyable tea possible.(联合老板吴琼用传统的功夫茶方式为我泡茶，从字面上看，“功夫”就是“有技巧地泡茶”。这是一种缓慢的茶道，目的是泡出最美味、最享受的茶)”，第七段中“The teahouse also boasts a virtual community for whom co-owner Qiao Jie regularly hosts live tutorials. She spends these sessions educating her viewers on the nuances of tea and the kung fu tea ceremony.(茶馆还拥有一个虚拟社区，联合老板乔洁定期为社区成员举办现场教学。她利用这些时间向观众传授茶的细微差别和功夫茶道)”以及第八段中“After having finished her video, Qiao invited me and several of her regulars to sip tea together outside of her shop.(录完视频后，乔邀请我和她的几位常客到店外一起喝茶)”可知，Proper Tea通过在顾客面前表演茶道、定期举办茶文化直播讲座以及与顾客一起品茶讨论茶文化等方式，试图复兴中国的传统茶文化，即②③④符合题意。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“For the next two hours, we have a pleasant talk about Chinese tea culture. As we wrap up our conversation, I am suddenly reminded of a Chinese idiom, yi cha hui you, which literally means to “make friends through tea”.(在接下来的两个小时里，我们就中国茶文化进行了愉快的交谈。当我们结束谈话时，我突然想起了一句中国成语“以茶会友”，字面意思是“通过茶交朋友”)”和最后一段“Sure enough, tea is more than a thirst drink in China it is a social bond and connection too. I leave the teahouse with a bag of tea and several new friends.(果然，茶在中国不仅仅是一种解渴饮料，它也是一种社会纽带和联系。我带着一袋茶和几个新朋友离开了茶馆)”可推知，作者在Proper Tea通过茶交到朋友，有愉快的经历。故选A项。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海华东师范大学附属周浦中学·期中）Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown. Penny-pinching (节俭的) UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives. This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK. It has shrunk from 1.19 billion pounds in 2011 to 1.12 billion pounds in 2015, according to a new report from market research company Mintel. Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to 1.11 billion pounds in 2016. In the last year alone, despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households, sales of toilet paper fell by 2%, with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from 43 pounds in 2014 to 41 pounds in 2015. Overall, almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper — including facial tissue and kitchen roll—to save money. “Strength, softness and thickness remain the leading indicators of toilet paper quality, with just a small proportion of consumers preferring more luxurious alternatives, such as those with flower patterns or perfume,” said Mintel analyst Jack Duckett. “These extra features are considered unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.” While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain picky — in theory at least — when it comes to paper quality. Top of Britons’ toilet paper wish list is softness (57%) followed by strength (45%) and thickness (36%). One in 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations, highlighting how overall the environment is much less of a consideration for shoppers than product quality. In a challenge for manufacturers, 81% of paper product users said they would consider buying recycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper. 1.The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because ______. A. Britons have cut their spending on it B. its prices have gone up over the years C. its quality has seen marked improvement D. Britons have developed the habit of saving 2.What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK? A. It will expand in time. B. It will remain gray. C. It will experience ups and downs. D. It will recover as population grows. 3.What does Jack Duckett say about toilet paper? A. Special offers would promote its sales. B. Consumers are loyal to certain brands. C. Luxurious features add much to the price. D. Consumers have a variety to choose from. 4.What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper? A. They are particular about the quality of toilet paper. B. They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most. C. They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper. D. They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国消费者为节省开支减少卫生纸消费的现象，以及卫生纸市场的现状、消费者的选择偏好等相关信息。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown. Penny-pinching (节俭的) UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives.(研究显示，英国消费者为了省钱，在卫生纸上的开销变少了。节俭的英国消费者会选择Aldi、Lidl等折扣店的便宜产品，而非高端替代品)”可知，卫生纸的市场销售额下降是因为英国人削减了在这方面的开支。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Furthermore, the future of the market looks far from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to 1.11 billion pounds in 2016.(此外，该市场的前景远称不上乐观，预计2016年销售额会进一步下滑至11.1亿英镑)”可知，英国卫生纸市场的未来并不乐观，前景依然黯淡。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“These extra features are considered unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.(大多数消费者认为这些额外功能是不必要的，这或许反映出这类产品通常比普通卫生纸更贵——即便在特价促销时也是如此)”可知，Jack Duckett认为卫生纸的奢华附加功能会大幅增加其价格。故选C。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中“While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain picky — in theory at least — when it comes to paper quality.(尽管消费者在卫生纸上的支出减少了，但至少从理论上来说，他们在卫生纸的质量方面依然很挑剔)”可知，英国人在卫生纸方面对质量是比较讲究的。故选A。 主题语境06 人与自然-环境 （25-26高一上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中）Three hundred million children live in areas with extreme air pollution, new research by the United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reveals. The air they breathe is more than six times as polluted as what is considered safe. The new study was the first to make a global estimate of pollution exposure. It shows that almost 90 percent of the world’s children — 2 billion — live in places where outdoor air pollution levels are dangerously high. UNICEF warned that these levels of global air pollution have contributed to 600,000 child deaths a year. Children are far more likely to be harmed by air pollution than adults are, UNICEF said. So, UNICEF urged nations to cut fossil fuel burning rapidly. Fossil fuels, such as coal and gas, are the main source of air pollution. “The danger caused by air pollution is enormous,” said Anthony Lake, UNICEF’s executive director. “No society can afford to ignore air pollution. We protect our children when we protect the quality of our air, both of which are central to our future.” Air pollution is the world’s single biggest environmental health risk, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and is getting worse, with levels of poisonous air rising 8% in the last five years. More than 3 million people a year die as a result of outdoor air pollution-six every minute on average-and this is set to double by 2050 as fast-growing cities expand. Indoor air pollution, mainly from wood stoves, causes another 3 million deaths a year. Meanwhile, children are especially at risk, the UNICEF report says, because they breathe more rapidly than adults and their lungs take in more pollutant particles. The tiny particles can also cross the blood-brain barrier, which is less resistant in children. Once they do, they can permanently harm brain development. Even the unborn are affected, as the particles taken in by a pregnant woman can injure a child in the womb. Children in poor countries are doubly at risk, scientist Jos said. Their bodies are often already weakened by not getting enough to eat, and available health care is often inadequate. Of the 300 million children exposed to levels of pollution six times above what is considered safe, 220 million live in South Asia. India in particular hosts many of the world’s most polluted cities. Moreover, figures reveal a striking disparity in five-year cancer survival rates for children in air polluted areas compared with those from developed countries. UNICEF urged all countries to cut air pollution by reducing fossil fuel burning in power plants and vehicles. It also recommended that schools and playgrounds not be located near sources of pollution, such as busy roads and factories. In addition, it called for the use of less-polluting cooking stoves. 1.Which one of the following statements is WRONG according to the text? A. Pollution in the air can pose a threat to children’s brain growth. B. Heavy air pollution can even hurt the babies that are still not born. C. A majority of children all across the world cannot breathe clean air. D. Through countries’ efforts, the situation of air pollution is improving. 2.What does disparity in paragraph 5 most probably mean? A. distinction B. disturbance C. discomfort D. disengagement 3.In order to have clean air, UNICEF suggested ________. A. government should aim for a reduction in power plants and traffic B. careful decisions on the locations and structures of schools are needed C. fossil fuel is an extra feature that is likely to bring along some benefits D. cooking stoves that contribute little to air pollution should be used 4.What can be the title of the passage? A. Air Pollution, a Factor fatal to Life B. Efforts to Pull Countries out of Pollution C. Children, More Affected by Air Pollution D. Warnings from UNICEF Against Air Pollution 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了联合国儿童基金会的新研究表明，全球有3亿儿童生活在空气污染极端严重的地区，探讨了空气污染对儿童健康的严重危害，并提出了相应的解决建议。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“The tiny particles can also cross the blood-brain barrier, which is less resistant in children. Once they do, they can permanently harm brain development. (这些微小颗粒还能穿过儿童抵抗力较弱的血脑屏障。一旦穿过，就会对大脑发育造成永久性伤害)”可知，空气污染会威胁儿童大脑发育，故选项A正确。根据第四段“Even the unborn are affected, as the particles taken in by a pregnant woman can injure a child in the womb. (甚至未出生的胎儿也会受到影响，因为孕妇吸入的颗粒会伤害子宫内的孩子)”可知，重度空气污染甚至会伤害未出生的婴儿，故选项B正确。根据第一段“It shows that almost 90 percent of the world’s children—2 billion — live in places where outdoor air pollution levels are dangerously high. (数据显示，全球近90%的儿童——20亿——生活在室外空气污染水平高到危险程度的地区)”可知，全球大多数儿童无法呼吸清洁空气，故选项C正确。根据第三段“Air pollution is the world’s single biggest environmental health risk, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and is getting worse, with levels of poisonous air rising 8% in the last five years. (根据世界卫生组织的数据，空气污染是全球最大的单一环境健康风险，且在不断恶化，过去五年有毒空气水平上升了8%)”可知，空气污染状况在恶化而非改善，故选项D“通过各国的努力，空气污染状况正在改善。”错误。故选D。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第五段“Of the 300 million children exposed to levels of pollution six times above what is considered safe, 220 million live in South Asia. India in particular hosts many of the world’s most polluted cities. Moreover, figures reveal a striking disparity in five-year cancer survival rates for children in air polluted areas compared with those from developed countries. (在3亿暴露于超安全标准6倍污染水平的儿童中，2.2亿生活在南亚，印度尤其有许多全球污染最严重的城市。此外，数据显示，空气污染地区儿童的五年癌症存活率与发达国家儿童相比存在显著disparity)”，结合语境，这里是在对比两类儿童的存活率，表明他们之间的差异，“disparity”应表示“差异、不同”，与“distinction”意思相近。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“In addition, it called for the use of less-polluting cooking stoves. (此外，它呼吁使用污染较少的炉灶)”可知，UNICEF建议使用对空气污染影响小的炉灶。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Three hundred million children live in areas with extreme air pollution (3亿儿童生活在空气污染极端严重的地区)”、第二段“these levels of global air pollution have contributed to 600,000 child deaths a year (全球空气污染水平导致每年 60 万儿童死亡)”以及第四段“children are especially at risk (儿童尤其面临风险) 等内容可知，文章围绕UNICEF的研究，重点阐述了空气污染对儿童健康的严重影响。选项C“儿童，受空气污染影响更大”准确概括了文章主旨。故选C。 主题语境01 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高一上·上海陆行中学·期中）The governess was one of the most familiar figures in mid-Victorian life and literature. The 1851 Census revealed that 25,000 women earned their living teaching and caring for other women’s children. Most governesses lived with their employers and were paid a small salary on top of their board and lodging. From the 1840s novelists started to put governesses into their fiction. In 1847 Charlotte Bronte published Jane Eyre, the story of a governess who eventually marries her employer, Mr Rochester. The same year William Thackeray started publishing Vanity Fair, in which a scheming young governess called Becky Sharp cheats her way through the high society. It made sense for the Victorian heroine to be a governess. Just like an orphan, the governess had to make her own way in the world, with no resources to call upon. Her status as a “lady” allowed her to mix in the best circles, but the fact that she worked meant that she also encountered all sorts of people and situations that would have been far-fetched for a girl who lived with her parents. Who became a governess? The first part of the 19th century was marked by deep economic distress. A series of bank failures meant that many middle-class families found themselves destitute overnight. Young men from good homes could go out to work from the age of 15 without being ashamed. But their sisters, educated to be “ladies”, would have felt humiliated to be seen serving in a shop or working in a factory alongside working-class girls. The only possibility was to get a job as a teacher. Who employed a governess? The upper classes had employed governesses for centuries. But from the beginning of the 19th century the wealthier sections of the middle classes followed suit. Employing a governess sent a signal that the lady of the house was too “genteel” to teach her daughters herself. Just as she employed servants to clean her house, she paid another woman to raise her children. Hiring a governess became a status symbol. What did the governess teach? The governess could find herself teaching “the three Rs” (reading, writing and arithmetic) to the youngest. If her pupils were older teens, the governess would also be expected to instruct them in key “accomplishments” such as drawing, playing piano, and dancing, all designed to attract a husband in a crowded marriage market. The governess might also be in charge of small boys up to the age of eight. She was expected to look after her pupils’ moral education too, setting a good example of modest, moral behaviour. 1.The reason why governesses flooded Victorian literature is that ________. A. the Victorian readers preferred stories of orphaned governesses B. governesses were more morally desirable than the leisured ladies who don’t work C. governesses proved the possibility of climbing the social ladder without resources D. governesses had access to the complex world where they experienced various adventures 2.Which is TRUE according to the text? A. Most governesses had to choose between free accommodation and humble wages. B. The governess was not allowed to teach young boys. C. Governessing was the most ladylike and respectable vocation available for women. D. The wealthy employers wished to learn from the governess how to teach their own daughters. 3.Which historical illustration best depicts the duty of a governess mentioned in the text? A. The New governess: “Why are you staring so intently, Blanche, dear?” Blanche: “I was trying to count the freckles (雀斑) on your face, Miss Sandpole, but I can’t!” B. The New governess: “If you saw a poor man starving in the street, wouldn’t you give him some of your pudding, Tommy?” Tommy: “I’d give him some of yours.” C. Proud Mother (to the new Governess): “And here is a pencil, Miss Green, and a note-book in which I wish you to write down all the clever and remarkable things the dear children may say during your walk.” D. The new Governess: “How dare you Tommy! I shall tell your mommy!” Tommy: “Oh, I don’t care what mommy says!” 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。女家庭教师是维多利亚中期社会生活中以及文学作品中最常见的形象之一，文章描述了这一现象及其背后的原因。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Her status as a “lady” allowed her to mix in the best circles, but the fact that she worked meant that she also encountered all sorts of people and situations that would have been far-fetched for a girl who lived with her parents.(她身为“淑女”的身份使她能够融入最上层的社交圈，但她的职业身份又意味着她会接触到各种各样的人和情况，而这些对于一个与父母同住的女孩来说是难以想象的。)”可知，女家庭教师既保有“淑女”身份又需工作，因而能接触到不同阶层与复杂的社会境况，经历各种奇遇，这一点在当时的其他“淑女”角色中较为少见，故文学作品中常以她们为主角。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Who became a governess?”中的“But their sisters, educated to be “ladies”, would have felt humiliated to be seen serving in a shop or working in a factory alongside working-class girls. The only possibility was to get a job as a teacher.(但她们的姐妹们，从小就被教育要成为“淑女”，要是被人看到在商店里当售货员，或者和工人阶级的女孩们一起在工厂里干活，会觉得很丢脸。唯一的出路就是去当老师。)”可知，女家庭教师是当时女性所能从事的最娴淑高贵的、最受人尊敬的职业。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“What did the governess teach?”中的“She was expected to look after her pupils’ moral education too, setting a good example of modest, moral behaviour.(她还需要顾及学生的道德教育，以谦逊、正直的行为树立良好的榜样。)”可知，选项B所示的场景和对话中，教师通过“给路边挨饿的穷人一些布丁”一事对孩子进行品德教育，最能体现文本所述的“道德教育”职责。故选B。 主题语境02 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高一上·上海七宝中学·期中）Imagine you were told you could travel the world, get free tickets to top sporting events, and have your own booth (包厢) in which to watch the games. Oh, and get paid to do it. You’re not daydreaming. Meet Paul Mellroy, technical director for Hawk-Eye Innovations. Used in sports, Hawk-Eye is a smart camera system that tracks balls with extreme accuracy in order to solve arguments between umpires (裁判员) and players. “Most people here have some interesting travel stories,” says Paul, who has been as far as East Asia to run the system, although his sporting highlight was much closer to home. “This year’s Wimbledon final was probably one of the best tennis matches ever played. That was amazing to be part of,” he says. Paul has worked with Hawk-Eye since he undertook a project with the company for his engineering degree at the University of Cambridge. He’s now responsible for a team of researchers and designers who constantly update and improve the technology. At major sporting events, a team will be assigned to set up and run the system. At the moment it’s used chiefly in tennis and cricket, where a player can challenge the umpire who will then seek confirmation from Hawk-Eye. In a matter of seconds, the team have enough accurate evidence to silence even John McEnroe. So do the umpires hate the technology? Paul admits they were worried at first. “But we have an umpire in the Hawk-Eye booth,” he says, which means Hawk-Eye teams and umpires spend a lot of time together and have a good relationship. Plus the umpires tend to be right, Paul says, “so it shows they’re doing a good job…and they don’t get the grief from players that they used to.” Jobs in operations would appeal to students from different disciplines. To work in development though, maths and programming are advantageous, and Hawk-Eye is currently seeking students in both areas. Good problem-solving skills and teamwork are important, says Paul, because “it’s always down to a small team of people to make the system work”. So for technically minded sports fans, this job would be, well, are... 1.What does the writer mean by “You’re not daydreaming” in paragraph 2? A. The job requires no imagination. B. The job described indeed exists. C. The job described is nothing new. D. The job involves very little effort. 2.What is the aim of the Hawk-Eye system? A. To automate the scoring process in games. B. To improve the relationship between umpires and players. C. To keep track of the movement of players. D. To assist in making fair judgments during sports events. 3.What do umpires think of the Hawk-Eye system? A. They find it unnecessary and rarely use it. B. They appreciate it for confirming their decisions. C. They dislike it because it questions their authority. D. They accept it though they think it needs improving. 4.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To highlight the importance of fairness in sports events. B. To explain the challenges of working in sports technology. C. To attract ideal candidates to work in a technology company. D. To introduce the development of the Hawk-Eye system for sports. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Hawk-Eye Innovations公司的技术总监Paul Mellroy的工作内容、Hawk-Eye系统的目的、裁判对该系统的看法，以及公司招聘人员的要求和倾向，目的是吸引合适的人才加入公司。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine you were told you could travel the world, get free tickets to top sporting events, and have your own booth (包厢) in which to watch the games. Oh, and get paid to do it.(想象一下，有人告诉你，你可以环游世界，免费获得顶级体育赛事的门票，还可以拥有自己的包厢观看比赛。哦，而且还能得到报酬)”和第二段“You’re not daydreaming. Meet Paul Mellroy, technical director for Hawk-Eye Innovations.(你不是在做白日梦。认识一下Hawk-Eye Innovations公司的技术总监Paul Mellroy)”可推知，作者说“你不是在做白日梦”的意思是上文描述的工作确实存在。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Used in sports, Hawk-Eye is a smart camera system that tracks balls with extreme accuracy in order to solve arguments between umpires (裁判员) and players.(Hawk-Eye是一种用于体育运动的智能摄像系统，它能极其精确地追踪球的运动轨迹，以解决裁判和球员之间的争议)”可知，Hawk-Eye系统的目的是在体育赛事中协助做出公正的裁决。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“So do the umpires hate the technology? Paul admits they were worried at first. “But we have an umpire in the Hawk-Eye booth,” he says, which means Hawk-Eye teams and umpires spend a lot of time together and have a good relationship. Plus the umpires tend to be right, Paul says, “so it shows they’re doing a good job…and they don’t get the grief from players that they used to.”(那么，裁判讨厌这项技术吗？保罗承认他们起初也曾担忧。“但鹰眼操作间里有裁判坐镇，”他解释道，这意味着双方需长期协作培养默契。况且裁判判罚通常准确，“既证明了他们的专业水准，也避免了昔日球员的责难。”)”可知，Hawk-Eye系统帮助裁判确认了他们的决定，证明了他们的专业水准，也避免了球员的责难，所以裁判会欣赏Hawk-Eye系统。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文，结合最后一段“Jobs in operations would appeal to students from different disciplines. To work in development though, maths and programming are advantageous, and Hawk-Eye is currently seeking students in both areas. Good problem-solving skills and teamwork are important, says Paul, because “it’s always down to a small team of people to make the system work”. So for technically minded sports fans, this job would be, well, are.(运营方面的工作会吸引不同学科的学生。不过，要想从事开发工作，数学和编程能力是有优势的，Hawk-Eye目前正在这两个领域寻找学生。保罗说，良好的解决问题的能力和团队合作精神很重要，因为“系统能否正常运行总是取决于一小队人”。所以对于有技术头脑的体育迷来说，这份工作……”)”可知，文章主要介绍了Hawk-Eye Innovations公司的技术总监Paul Mellroy的工作内容、Hawk-Eye系统的目的、裁判对该系统的看法，以及公司招聘人员的要求和倾向，可推知，这篇文章的主要目的是吸引合适的人才来科技公司工作。故选C项。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·上海甘泉外国语中学·期中）It Tastes Just Like Chicken Away from home, eating is more than just a way to keep your stomach full. It is a language all its own, and no words can say, “Glad to meet you… glad to be doing business with you…” quite like sharing a meal offered by your host. Clearly, mealtime is not the time for you to say, “Thanks, but no thanks.” Acceptance of the food on your plate means acceptance of host, country, and company. So, no matter how difficult it may be to swallow, swallow. Or, as one experienced traveller says, “Travel with a cast-iron stomach and eat everything everywhere.” Often, the food offered represents proudly your host country’s eating culture. What would Americans think of a French person who refused to take a bite of homemade apple pie or sirloin? Our discomfort comes not so much from the thing itself, it comes from our unfamiliarity with it. After all, an oyster has remarkably the same look as a sheep’s eye; and a first look at a lobster would remind almost anybody of a creature from a science fiction movie, not something you dip in butter and eat. By the way, in Saudi Arabia, sheep’s eyes are a famous dish and in parts of China, it’s bear’s paw soup. Can you refuse such food without being rude? Most experienced business travellers say no, at least not before taking at least a few bites. It helps, though, to slice any item very thin. This way, you minimize the taste and the reminder of where it came from. Or, “Swallow it quickly,” as one traveller recommends. “I still can’t tell you what sheep’s eyes taste like.” As for dealing with taste, the old line that “it tastes just like chicken” is often thankfully true. Even when the “it” is really rat or snake. Another useful piece of advice is not knowing what you are eating. What’s for dinner? Don’t ask. Avoid glancing into the kitchen or looking at English-language menus. Your host will be pleased that you are eating the food he offers, and who knows? Maybe it really is chicken in that soup. 1.The purpose of the article is to ________. A. introduce unfamiliar food B. share the writer’s personal experiences C. advise on how to politely refuse to eat foreign food D. suggest ways to overcome a cultural barrier on food 2.According to the writer, people hesitate at strange food mainly due to ________. A. the way it looks B. lack of information about it C. safety worries D. the unfamiliar atmosphere 3.From the article we can infer that ________. A. one should refuse strange food after a few bites B. English-language menus are not always dependable C. an American may feel comfortable with sirloin D. one needs a cast-iron stomach to travel in other cultures 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讨论了在异国他乡用餐时如何克服文化障碍，强调接受陌生食物是尊重主人文化的重要方式，并给出了实用建议。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Away from home, eating is more than just a way to keep your stomach full. It is a language all its own (离家在外，吃东西不仅仅是一种填饱肚子的方式。它是一种自成一体的语言)”、第二段中“Acceptance of the food on your plate means acceptance of host, country, and company. So, no matter how difficult it may be to swallow, swallow. (接受盘子里的食物意味着接受主人、国家和同伴。所以，不管咽下有多难，都要咽下去。)”和最后一段中“Another useful piece of advice is not knowing what you are eating. (另一个有用的建议是不知道你在吃什么。)”可知，文章聚焦在异国他乡用餐时的文化障碍，强调接受陌生食物是尊重主人文化的重要方式，并给出了实用建议，如快速吞咽、不要询问食物成分等。因此，本文的目的是建议如何克服饮食上的文化障碍。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Our discomfort comes not so much from the thing itself, it comes from our unfamiliarity with it. (我们的不适感更多不是来自食物本身，而是来自我们对它的陌生感。)”可知，作者认为，人们对陌生食物犹豫主要是由于对其缺乏了解。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Often, the food offered represents proudly your host country’s eating culture. What would Americans think of a French person who refused to take a bite of homemade apple pie or sirloin? (通常，所提供的食物代表了东道国的饮食文化。美国人会怎么看一个拒绝吃自制苹果派或西冷牛排的法国人？)”可知，自制苹果派或西冷牛排代表的是美国的饮食文化，拒绝这两种食物会让美国人不舒服。由此推知，美国人可能吃得惯西冷牛排。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·上海师范大学附属嘉定高级中学·期中）Like many parents working from home while their kids are learning remotely, we’ve been looking for creative ways to connect with our children — and nowhere has this been truer than in the kitchen. Kitchen science, as Liz Heinecke, author of Kitchen Science Lab for Kids calls it doesn’t require any fancy equipment or ingredients (配料)—and, best of all in the era of remote education, we can combine science lessons with everyday meal preparations. By helping with cooking, kids can engage in lively, project-based lessons. Actually, even the easiest recipes include both simple and complex scientific concepts. Kitchen science isn’t just about what we’re cooking: it’s also about understanding why It’s worth taking the time to figure out how ingredients and temperature interact and why substances behave the way they do. Everyone involved will learn something. For example, we all know oil and water don’t mix easily, but we can change this by adding mustard (芥末) to the oil and water to make a salad dressing. This is an opportunity to teach kids about the science of emulsions (乳化). Adding lemon juice to a vegetable stops that vegetable from turning brown: cabbage changes color when you add vinegar to it. Both of those phenomena are the result of chemical reactions. In the classroom, it can be hard to see how scientific concepts will apply outside the lab. But when kids see these concepts play out in the real world, that sparks curiosity and learning. “Every time you step into your kitchen to cook, you put science to work. In fact, physics and chemistry come into play whenever you steam, bake, freeze or boil. Thus, every time you step into the kitchen, it’s an opportunity for everyone to learn more about science,” Liz Heinecke said. 1.What are parents expected to do in the kitchen? A. Ask kids to cook a meal on their own. B. Do science experiments in the kitchen. C. Pay attention to cooking ingredients. D. Combine scientific concepts with recipes. 2.What does the fourth paragraph indicate? A. Raw materials are important in the kitchen. B. Procedures to cook dinner must be followed. C. Cooking can inspire kids’ interest in studying science. D. Family education is more important than school education. 3.What can we learn from Liz Heinecke’s words? A. Cooking can benefit both kids and parents. B. Parents need to master different cooking skills. C. Lab experiments can be repeated at home. D. Schools should offer cooking courses. 4.What does the author intend to tell us in the text? A. To practice healthy eating habits. B. To learn food science out of the lab. C. To turn meal preparations into family learning. D. To teach kids some recipes for cooking in the kitchen. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了家长在厨房里可以将科学课程中的科学概念与日常做饭食谱结合起来，从而让厨房成为孩子和父母学习更多科学知识地方。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Kitchen science, as Liz Heinecke, author of Kitchen Science Lab for Kids calls it doesn’t require any fancy equipment or ingredients (配料)—and, best of all in the era of remote education, we can combine science lessons with everyday meal preparations.(就像《孩子们的厨房科学实验室》的作者莉兹•海内克所说的那样，厨房科学不需要任何昂贵的设备或配料，而且尤其是在远程教育时代，我们可以将科学课程与日常做饭结合起来)”和第二段中的例子“For example, we all know oil and water don’t mix easily, but we can change this by adding mustard (芥末) to the oil and water to make a salad dressing.(例如，我们都知道油和水不容易混合，但我们可以通过在油和水中加入芥末来改变这一点，制作沙拉酱)”可推知，家长在厨房里可以将科学课程中的科学概念与日常做饭食谱结合起来。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“In the classroom, it can be hard to see how scientific concepts will apply outside the lab. But when kids see these concepts play out in the real world, that sparks curiosity and learning.(在课堂上，很难看到科学概念在实验室之外如何应用。但当孩子们看到这些概念在现实世界中发挥作用时，就会激发他们的好奇心和学习能力)”可推知，第四段通过举例表明烹饪可以激发孩子们学习科学的兴趣。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。从最后一段中Liz Heinecke的话“Every time you step into your kitchen to cook, you put science to work. In fact, physics and chemistry come into play whenever you steam, bake, freeze or boil. Thus, every time you step into the kitchen, it’s an opportunity for everyone to learn more about science,(每次你走进厨房做饭，你都是在运用科学。事实上，无论你什么时候蒸、烤、冻或煮，物理和化学都会发挥作用。因此，每次你走进厨房，都是每个人学习更多科学知识的机会)”可推知，烹饪对孩子和父母来说都是学习更多科学知识的机会，孩子和父母都能获益。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文并结合最后一段中“Thus, every time you step into the kitchen, it’s an opportunity for everyone to learn more about science (因此，每次你走进厨房，都是每个人学习更多科学知识的机会)”可推知，作者想要告诉我们厨房可以成为学习更多科学知识地方，家长应该把做饭变成家庭学习的机会。故选C项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $