专题04 阅读理解（议论文&新闻报道）（期中真题汇编，北京专用）高三英语上学期

专题04 阅读理解（议论文&新闻报道） 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 （24-25高三上·北京北京师范大学第二附属中学·期中）Learning to say “yes, and” When I first heard about the improvisation (即兴交流) class, I was hesitating. As a quiet and shy girl, I feared improvising in front of strangers. However, I knew I wanted to work as a science communicator after finishing my Ph.D., so it seemed like a perfect chance to learn how to speak and communicate with others effectively. I signed up, knowing the experience would give me help. During our first class, we learned an important concept of improvisation: “yes, and.” It means that, as improvisers, we’d better accept what fellow performers say. If someone says that rhinos (犀牛) are librarians, for example, then rhinos are librarians. We do not question the logic; we say “yes” and then continue with the scene as if nothing is wrong. The first few scenes were hard, but as weeks turned into months, I became more comfortable and even started to enjoy our classes. I became better at listening, relating to my conversation partners, and communicating clearly in the moment. Once when I was giving a presentation about my science, an audience member surprised me with a question that didn’t grow out of the information I’d presented. Instead of getting confused and nervous, I took the “yes, and” approach—accepting the question and letting my mind focus on why it was asked. That helped me find an appropriate answer. I got pretty excited about it. The benefits of improvisation go beyond communication. Before attending the class, I would get stuck when my experiments produced unexpected data, thinking that I had made a mistake. But now, instead of getting discouraged, I will stay open to the possibility that the results are real, keep exploring the data and end up identifying a new type of cell—one that isn’t behaving as expected. I think all scientists can benefit from this lesson. If the data say rhinos are librarians, then it’s worth finding out whether rhinos are, in fact, librarians. As scientists, our job isn’t to challenge data that support, a preconceived story, but to say “yes, and.” 1.Why did the author attend the improvisation class? A. To get a different experience. B. To finish her Ph.D. at university. C. To give up her job as a science communicator. D. To improve her speaking and communicating ability. 2.What was the author’s change after attending the improvisation class? A. She formed her own idea quickly. B. She came up with lots of creative responses. C. She paid more attention to the logic of answers. D. She became a good listener before giving an opinion. 3.The author mentions applying the “yes, and” approach to her scientific experiments to ________. A. explain the process of using the method B. prove the benefits of the improvisation class C. share her own research experiences with readers D. attract fellow scientists to attend the improvisation class 4.What can be inferred about scientists from the last paragraph? A. They should attend the improvisation class. B. They should question all preconceived ideas. C. They should carry on research by admitting earlier data. D. They should try to improve their academic knowledge. 主题语境02 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·北京顺义牛栏山第一中学·期中）Many people associate their self-worth with their work. The more successful their career, the better they feel about themselves. Work-related self-esteem is therefore a worthy ideal to pursue with vigor, right? Well, not always. According to recent research, in which psychologists interviewed 370 full-time workers over a period of three weeks, the reality is a little more complicated. And it involves negative as well as positive consequences. It’s natural to be drawn towards pleasure and to step away from pain. In the workplace, if that pleasure comes from a triumph which boosts our self-respect, people will try to repeat that accomplishment. But repeating that accomplishment is often not realistic, which can lead to severe negative emotional consequences when it doesn’t reoccur. This form of motivation is widely regarded as a negative type of motivation. It can set back other more positive motivation types, such as completing a task purely because it’s fulfilling or enjoyable. What consumes the employees instead is a pressing need to feel mighty and sure of themselves. They then take on only tasks and objectives which serve that ego-driven need. As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their well-being. This internal pressure to succeed at all costs demands a lot of effort. It exhausts their energy, terminating in disproportionate levels of damaging sentiment. Those negative emotions mount into heightened anxiety, impacting their ability to make the most of their personal life. Their desire to avoid feeling inferior ends up making them feel inferior when it comes to their diminished (减弱的) capacity for friendship and leisure. They end up dissatisfied both at work and outside of it. But thankfully, for those people forced almost entirely by this specific form of motivation, the news isn’t all bad, or bad at all. The study also discovered several positive outcomes that can actually outweigh the harmful ones. Though these types of employees are motivated by the desire to avoid negative consequences, they are also motivated by the excitement of pursuing emotional rewards. This excitement makes pursuing goals enjoyable and stimulates pleasure and pride that would result from success. An effect of the positive motivation is that it neutralizes the existence of negative motivation. Sure, it affects people’s personal lives to an unhealthy extent, because leisure activities are often seen as a part of life that must be sacrificed to manage work and family demands. However, the way people feel about their work has less to do with whether they’re motivated by the preservation of self-esteem but more with the fact that they’ re simply motivated. 1.What do employees tend to do in pursuing work-related self-esteem? A. Stretch their sense of shame and worthlessness. B. Turn to all means regardless of the consequences. C. Take on tasks well beyond their actual capabilities. D. Strive to succeed at the expense of their well-being. 2.What do we learn about people over-concerned with work-related self-esteem? A. They cannot enjoy their personal life to the full. B. They may often feel inferior to their colleagues. C. They are never satisfied with their achievements. D. They have their own view of friendship and leisure. 3.What can we learn from the recent research? A. The goal of boosting self-esteem can be achieved if one keeps trying. B. The emotional rewards from goal pursuit are worth the pains taken. C. The negative consequences of goal pursuit can mostly be avoided. D. The pursuit of goals may turn out to be enjoyable and pleasant. Passage 2 （25-26高三上·北京海淀·期中）Why do we get angry, fearful, joyful, or anxious? What’s the point in having emotions? In many instances in life we wish we could do away with emotions altogether, particularly the unpleasant ones like fear, anxiety, and anger. Remaining calm and peaceful often feels preferable to experiencing extreme ups and downs. But what if we regard emotions as key to decision making — and start to see that without them we would start to make some truly unwise choices? Emotions then become more than childlike yelps (joy) and screams (anger); instead, they are bodily processes that signal value, influence risk assessment, and speed up judgements in uncertain situations. Neuroscientist Antonio Damasio developed the “somatic marker hypothesis” in response to observations made in neurological patients who had suffered damage to the brain’s frontal lobe. Before the onset of brain damage, the patients were intelligent, creative, and successful— but after damage the patients struggled to organise their workday, had problems planning their future over immediate, medium and long-range goals, and could no longer choose suitable friends, partners, and activities. The plans they organised, the groups they elected to join, or the activities they undertook often led to financial losses, losses in social standing, and losses to family and friends, Damasio writes in his paper, The Somatic marker Hypothesis and the Possible Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex. Not only were the choices made by patients no longer personally advantageous, but they were also demonstrably different from the choices the patients were known to have made prior to brain damage. But in all other aspects of intellect— basic attention and working memory, the ability to use logic in the solution of problems, the learning of factual knowledge and skills, even their knowledge of social issues — the patients were otherwise perfectly fine. Interestingly, in conjunction with impaired decision making, patients also suffered a compromised ability to express emotion and to experience feelings. “Along with normal intellect and abnormal decision making, there were abnormalities in emotion and feeling,” writes Damasio. When we feel joy, rage, disgust — the entire body’s internal environment, including muscles, organs, fluids, and physiological states including blood pressure and temperature, shift in response, and this “somatic” response is what drives decision making. We meet someone who gives us a “bad taste in the mouth” and we don’t invite them around for dinner. Without emotion and the accompanying somatic markers — a pounding heart rate, tight face, lump in the throat, dry mouth, butterflies in the stomach, sweaty hands, and so forth — we would, more often than not, according to Damasio’s hypothesis, make sub-optimal decisions in our everyday life. 1.What did Damasio find about patients with frontal lobe damage? A. Failure to learn some social skills. B. Decline in their working memory. C. Inability to express their emotions. D. Difficulty in making wise decisions. 2.What does the word “somatic” underlined in Para.3 most possibly mean? A. Intellectual. B. Emotional. C. Bodily. D. Logical. 3.Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Feeling Our Way B. Head Ruling Heart C. Trusting the Senses D. Calm Before Storm Passage 3 （25-26高三上·北京昌平·期中）In the early 1900s, French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, invented shatterproof (防碎的) glass by chance. But its significance and relevance didn’t emerge until the car market created the problem for which he had already found the answer. Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. Yet, even in cases where chance plays a role, as in Benedictus’s story, the broader question remains: Are such discoveries truly born of luck, or were they somehow “in the air,” waiting for the right person to seize them? Some argue all the discoveries would have been made by other people. They believe if the time was ripe in conceptual and technological terms, someone would have got there sooner or later. This is the used and abused understanding of theories that were “in the air”. independently, Charles Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace (the latter 15 years behind Darwin) arrived at the theory of evolution by natural selection, both counting on similar data. There existed slight differences in the theory, but the coincidences of thought were astonishing. This phenomenon, which also exists in biological evolution, is called convergence: two non-closely related species develop similar functional adaptations. This occurs because the environment poses similar survival problems to both, namely similar selective pressures. This is an important clue that can help explain why this dynamic also exists in scientific knowledge: There are similar selective pressures and different research groups that compete to come up with the solutions. If we analyze the steps undertaken that led to the result, we can see that there were in fact some accidental elements. The overall dynamic was not accidental, though. Yet is it really possible that all discoveries were in the air? Let us assume for a moment that this is true and that the most luck can do is speed up the inevitable. All scientists are standing on the shoulders of the giants who have gone before them, and there is objectively a cumulative (积累的) element in science. Nevertheless, at some point and in the right circumstances, it was the unknown scientists, not the giants, who managed to see a little farther. The mind of the giant was imprisoned by prior knowledge and so trapped within the framework of established habits, research questions, and established methods. The new, little-known scientist, on the other hand, will in one way or another have been able to break free of the chains of established knowledge. And so it will have been possible for them to imagine other worlds. This suggests that it will be innovators, with their prepared minds, who have a better chance of making accidental discoveries, namely that are irregular and unexpected. 1.In Paragraph 2, “serendipity” refers to __________. A. accidental invention B. emergence of problems C. late recognition D. chemical innovation 2.The example of Darwin and Wallace is given to illustrate __________. A. the fierce competition among biological scientists B. the important role of similar data in intentional research C. independent but similar solutions under shared pressures D. limited resources and technological dependency in science 3.Which statement best reflects the main idea of the passage? A. All discoveries are inevitable results of technological progress. B. Serendipity alone drives groundbreaking scientific achievements. C. Traditional methods prevent innovation and should be abandoned. D. Breakthroughs arise when ready thinkers meet opportunities. 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 （24-25高三上·北京房山·期中）“What are you reading?” It’s a simple question but a powerful one, and it can change lives. Here’s one example: I met a woman who told me that she had fallen sadly out of touch with her beloved grandson. And then one day, she asked him what he was reading. He had just started “The Hunger Games”. The grandmother decided to read the book so that she could talk about it with her grandson. The book helped engage her grandson on the most important questions that humans face. Now her grandson couldn’t wait to talk to her when she called. Other than belonging to the same family, they had never had much in common. Now they did. The conduit (中介) was reading. We need to read and to be readers now more than ever. We overschedule our days and complain constantly about being too busy. We shop endlessly for stuff we don’t need and then feel oppressed by the clutter that surrounds us. We bombard ourselves with video clips and emails and instant messages. Connectivity is one of the great blessings of the Internet era, and it makes extraordinary things possible. But constant connectivity can be a curse, encouraging the lesser angels of our nature. Books are uniquely suited to helping us change our relationship to the rhythms and habits of daily life in this world of endless connectivity. We can’t interrupt books; we can only interrupt ourselves while reading them. They are the expression of an individual or a group of individuals, not of a hive mind or collective consciousness. They speak to us, thoughtfully, one at a time. They demand our attention. And they demand that we briefly put aside our own beliefs and prejudices and listen to someone else’s. You can complain about a book, write carelessly in the margin or even throw it out the window. Still, you won’t change the words on the page. The technology of a book is genius: the order of the words is fixed, whether on the page or on the screen, but the speed at which you read them is entirely up to you. Socrates said that the unexamined life isn’t worth living. Reading is the best way I know to learn how to examine your life. By comparing what you’ve done to what others have done, and your thoughts and theories and feelings to those of others, you learn about yourself and the world around you. Reading isn’t just a respite from the relentlessness of technology. It isn’t just a strike against narrowness: it’s one of the world’s great joys. 1.What is the author’s attitude about reading? A. Doubtful. B. Puzzled. C. Unconcerned. D. Supportive. 2.What does the word “oppressed” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Challenged. B. Burdened. C. Impressed. D. Encouraged. 3.What can we learn from Paragraph 4? A. Books allow us to interrupt ourselves. B. Books reflect collective consciousness. C. Books require our active involvement. D. Books can be easily revised by readers. 4.Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Reading Is Important. Do We Need to Read in the Internet Era? B. Reading Is Important. Can Reading Lead to Connectivity? C. Technology Is Essential. Does Technology Help Us to Read? D. Technology Is Essential. Can Technology Help Us to Connect? 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 （24-25高三上·北京汇文中学·期中）The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools. Pat Hardy, who sympathizes with the views of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes to science standards for pre-teen pupils. “There are as many scientists working against all the panic of global climate change as there are those who are pushing it,” she claims. “Texas is an energy state and we need to recognize that. You need to remember where your bread is buttered.” Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy’s views. Board members like her “casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion,” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education. Such debates reflect fierce discussions across the US, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools. A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere. Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralizes decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says. Another issue is that, while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages-such as earth and space sciences in high schools—it is not as well represented in curricula (教学大纲) for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses. Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more biased perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by energy industry associations. 1.What does Quinn think of Hardy? A. She exaggerates the existing panic. B. She shows no concern for pre-teens. C. She expresses self-contradictory views. D. She denies the value of scientific work. 2.The study mentioned in Paragraph 5 shows that ________. A. Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooks B. policymakers have little drive for science education C. climate education is insufficient at state public schools D. environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision 3.According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US________. A. call for regular revision B. have limited influence C. require urgent application D. prioritize local needs 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·北京通州·期中）The Age of Information is exploding: if you tried to download all the data available today, you’d need more than 180 million years to do so. But you are wrong to assume that all information would stimulate a boost of innovation (创新) to match the output of data. Indeed, the last time we found ourselves in a period of significant innovation was over 120 years ago, called the Age of Insight (洞察力). Innovations, big or small, start with a new idea. Often, these ideas occur as a moment of insight—the result of a novel connection in our brains made between existing and new information. Studies show insights involve quiet signals deep in the brain. Anything that helps us notice quiet signals can increase the chance of insights. However, it’s becoming more challenging to find those signals today, every moment filled with an endless supply of content. Besides, we also want to increase the quality of them to sort through big new ideas and find the really valuable ones that can be hard to measure. Launched in 2015, the Eureka Scale (尤里卡量表) allows us to assess the strength of our insight experiences on a five-point scale, namely, intense emotions, motivation, memory advantage, aftershocks, and following ideas. The Scale combines these five variables into a single value to define the importance of a new idea and has broad applications for measuring and improving individual and organizational performance. Even it can be used to measure the impact of different kinds of work environments and learning approaches on participants’ growth. The level-5 insight, involving the richest emotion, motivation, and lasting impact, holds the greatest significance. In order for organizations to benefit from another age of insight, it’s not enough to try to access more data or increase the number of insights we generate. Instead, it’s about making space for the biggest ideas to emerge from all the information. Using the Scale as a way to measure how important ideas are will enable better decision-making toward practical and competitive outcomes. If we’re to enter a new age of insight, we must make timely and necessary changes to design our environments for the best insight possible to surface. 1.According to the passage, which of the following cases can increase the chance of insights? A. By engaging in ongoing social media interactions. B. By relying on technology to receive regular notices. C. By stepping away from computers between meetings. D. By participating in additional training and coaching sessions. 2.What can be inferred from the passage? A. The Eureka Scale controls the influence of our insights. B. One with a level-5 insight has minimal emotional responses. C. Both the quantity and quality of insights are essential to innovation. D. A breakthrough has been made in innovation due to a wealth of information. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards the current environment for innovations? A. Uncertain. B. Optimistic. C. Unconcerned. D. Dissatisfied. Passage 2 （25-26高三上·北京海淀·期中）What are you doing later: wandering through Van Gogh’s landscapes, time-travelling to ancient Egypt? These are the kinds of “immersive” experiences we are increasingly flooded with. The immersive entertainment market globally was valued at around 442 billion by 2030. As a journalist and life-long pop culture fan, I am simultaneously fascinated and unsettled by immersive entertainment. My most memorable experiences of it were personalised and powerfully emotive, making me exhilarated, tearful, even “cybersick”. When we are wrapped up in a narrative, particularly one relayed through a headset, we are removed from real time. It isn’t the escapism that worries me, though — great culture frees us from everyday constraints — it is the insularity (孤立). Immersive events stress the subjective viewpoint, often at the expense of the communal energy that fuels social atmosphere, so even packed-out immersive shows can seem like solitary pursuits, with human companions resembling NPCs (non-playable video game characters). The cultural academic Keren Zaiontz coined a sharp term for our consumption of immersive entertainment: “narcissistic spectatorship”. One study found VR use induced dissociative symptoms in 83.9 percent of participants. The long-term effects remain undefined, but research has highlighted recurring themes of addiction to the experience and isolation. Over at London’s Barbican Centre, Feel the Sound is a new immersive exhibition whose installations offer imaginative personalised features, including Your Inner Symphony’s “sensing stations”, which generate unique visuals by tracking our bodily reactions to music. Luke Kemp, who heads up the Barbican’s immersive programming, says these experiences respond to our need for “playful” cultural spaces, accessible regardless of prior knowledge: “It allows the audience to feel part of something”. Robyn Landau at Kinda Studios, co-developer of Your Inner Symphony, points out the link to interoception — our awareness of our body’s inner senses. “When we have these transformative experiences individually that connect us to ourselves, they actually transform how we show up in the world and the way we connect to others,” she says. According to psychologist Sophie Janicke-Bowles, immersive experiences “can have an incredible recovery effect on our mind, where we can detach from our everyday concerns and cognitively, emotionally and even physiologically get absorbed into something different”. But for me, there is still a curious tension at play in immersive entertainment, and I am torn about where the rapidly developing scene is taking us. It does give us an opportunity to tune into ourselves, but I am less convinced it amplifies our bond with those around us. If we remain fixated by our own reflections, then we are missing the bigger picture. Immersive entertainment might make VIPs of us all, but culture should also bring us together. 1.What can we learn about the author’s immersive experiences? A. They free the author from restrictions. B. They lift the author out of an awful mood. C. They leave the author feeling alone in the crowd. D. They cause the author to be emotionally unstable. 2.What can be inferred about Luke Kemp’s view on immersive experiences? A. They make people feel included. B. They lead to self-focused perspectives. C. They help with mental wellness. D. They transform our social interactions. 3.The author mentions Your Inner Symphony mainly to ________. A. restate an argument B. propose a concept C. provide an example D. present an opinion 4.The author considers Sophie Janicke-Bowles’s view ________. A. partial B. insightful C. confusing D. practical 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （23-24高三上·北京朝阳·期中）Brian Peterson had just moved to California. Outside his apartment, a homeless man was often shouting on the street corner, sometimes keeping him awake at night. Peterson would pass the guy on his way to work, but they never spoke. One day, Peterson was reading the book Love Does when he was disturbed by the homeless man. Inspired by the book’s compassionate (有同情心的) message, Peterson made an unexpected decision: He was going to go outside and introduce himself. The homeless man was Matt Faris. He’d moved to California to pursue a career in music, but he ended up living on the street. “It was the strangest thing to me,” Peterson recalled. “I saw beauty on the face of a man who hadn’t shaved or taken a shower in probably a year. But his story inspired me.” And even though Peterson, an art school graduate, hadn’t painted in about eight years, he asked if he could paint Faris’s portrait (肖像). Faris said yes. This experience led Peterson to form Faces of Santa Ana, a non-profit organization focused on befriending and painting portraits of unhoused people. Peterson sells the portraits, putting the income into what he calls a “love account” for his model. He then helps people use the money to get back on their feet. Many of Peterson’s new friends use the donations to secure immediate necessities — medical care, hotel rooms, and food. Faris used the funds from his portrait to record an album (专辑), realizing his musical dreams. Another subject, Sondoval, who had never been able to financially support her daughter, used the money to pay her daughter’s rent. Since Faces of Santa Ana was established, Peterson has painted 41 of all the portraits. But there’s more to the finished products than the money they bring to someone who’s down and out. He’s discovered that the buyers tend to connect to the story of the person in the painting, finding similarities and often friendship with someone they might have otherwise stereotyped (持固有观念) or overlooked. “People often tell me, ‘I was the one that would cross the street. But I see homeless people differently now,’” Peterson says. “I didn’t know that would happen.” 1.How did Peterson feel about the homeless man after reading the book? A. Annoyed. B. Amazed. C. Concerned. D. Confused. 2.After talking with Faris, Peterson decided to______. A. pay for his rent B. record an album C. go to an art school D. paint his portrait 3.How did Peterson help the homeless? A. He founded a non-profit organization. B. He bought immediate necessities for them. C. He donated money to related organizations. D. He taught them how to realize their dreams. 4.What can we learn from the passage? A. Prejudice blocks dreams. B. Wealth can make people wise. C. Sympathy can break stereotypes. D. Actions speak louder than words. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·北京中国人民大学附属中学·期中）Psychological science is full of interesting topics, many of which tell a coherent picture of human nature, but some of which create seemingly contradictory stories. A case in point is the tricky and misunderstood intersection between strength-based science and the research on narcissism (自恋). There is now convincing evidence to show that narcissism is on the rise, especially in our youth. Some researchers have gone so far as to say that it is occurring in epidemic proportions, with about 25% of young people showing symptoms of narcissism. The inflated ego of Generation Me is reflected in reality TV, celebrity worship, out-of-control consumerism, materialism...perhaps even a new type of president. We are correct to be concerned about this phenomenon but our fear that all kids are potential narcissists has caused an unhelpful counter-reaction to approaches that seek to make our children and teens feel good about themselves. In my own research on strength-based parenting it is common for people to wrongly label this approach as a recipe for self-entitlement. Their argument seems to be that a child who knows their strengths will automatically view themselves as better than everyone else. It is argued that the self-assurance that comes with identifying and using their positive qualities will make a child arrogant, selfish and uncaring. Genuine confidence about one’s strengths is categorized as over-confidence; desirable self-knowledge is branded as excessive self-admiration. Why does this occur? It’s partly because more is known about narcissism than strengths. While strengths psychology has largely stayed within the limit of academic journals or has been applied only within certain contexts such as the workplace, research on narcissism has made its way into the mass media and into our collective conscious. The New York Times noted that narcissism is a favored “go-to” topic and that people everywhere are diagnosing others with it. The fear that a strength-based approach will cause narcissism also occurs because we unwittingly fall prey to binary (非此即彼的) thinking. We mistakenly believe that one cannot be both confident and humble. We focus on Donald Trump and Kim Kardashian rather than Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa. There’s no way that Gandhi and Mother Teresa could have achieved what they did without confidence in their strengths, and yet they are both pillars of humility and selflessness. When we assume that strength-focus is the same as a self-focus, we fail to entertain the idea that people who know their strengths are, actually, more likely to be pro-social and focus on helping others. It’s tempting to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble — even when they use their strengths. 1.What can we learn from the passage? A. Both strengths psychology and narcissism are difficult to understand. B. Approximately a quarter of kids are potential narcissists. C. Knowing the kids’ strengths has an opposite effect on making them feel good. D. An increasing number of youth are showing an inflated sense of self. 2.Why are teenagers’ strengths often mistaken for narcissism? A. Strengths psychology is less accessible to the general public. B. Academic journals and mass media report more on narcissism. C. There is a lack of strengths in our collective consciousness. D. A number of people are diagnosed with narcissism by doctors. 3.What’s the author’s attitude towards strength-based parenting? A. Skeptical. B. Neutral. C. Favorable. D. Cautious. 4.Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A. A Recipe for Self-entitlement B. Teens’ Narcissism Diagnosis C. Binary Thinking of Psychological Science D. Teens’ Confidence Misunderstood Passage 2 （23-24高三上·北京房山良乡中学·期中）We’ve all heard it before: to be successful, get out of bed early. After all, Apple CEO Tim Cook gets up at 3:45 am, Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne at 3:30 am and Richard Branson at 5:45 am- - -and, as we know, “The early bird catches the worm.” Indeed, it may be true that those who get up early have a jump start on the day before others are even out of bed. But just because some successful people wake up early, does that mean it’s a trait most of them share? And if the idea of having exercised, planned your day, eaten breakfast, visualized and done one task before 8 am. makes you want to roll over and hit snooze until next Saturday, are you really doomed to a less successful life? For about half of us, this isn’t really an issue. It’s estimated that some 50% of the population isn’t really morning- oriented or evening oriented, but somewhere in the middle. Roughly one in four of us, though, tend more toward bright-eyed early risers, and another one in four are night owls. For them, the effect can go beyond falling asleep in front of the TV at10 pm or being regularly late for work. Numerous studies have found that morning people are more self-directed and agreeable. And compared to night owls, they are less likely to be depressed, drink or smoke. Although morning types may achieve more academically, night owls tend to perform better on measures of memory, processing speed and cognitive ability, even when they have to perform those tasks in the morning. Night-time people are also more open and more creative. And one study shows that night owls are as healthy and wise as morning types- and a little bit wealthier. Still think the morning people sound more like CEO material? Don’t set your alarm for 5 am just, yet, as it turns out, overhauling (大修) your sleep times may not have much effect. “If people are left to their naturally preferred times, they feel much better. They say that they are much more productive. The mental capacity they have is much broader,” says Oxford University biologist Katharina Wulf. On the other hand, she says, pushing people too far out of their natural preference can be harmful. When they wake early, for example, night owls are still producing melatonin (褪黑激素 ). “Then, you disrupt it and push the body to be in the daytime mode. That can have lots of negative, physiological consequences,” Wulff says like a different sensitivity to insulin and glucose (葡萄糖) which can cause weight gain. 1.What can we know from the 4th and 5th paragraphs? A. Neither night owls no morning persons perform better than the middle ones. B. To beat night-time people, ask them to do maths calculation in the morning. C. Night owls tend to sacrifice their health for their wealth. D. Morning types are more conservative but more optimistic. 2.Which of the following does Katharina Wulff support? A. Don’t fall asleep in front of the TV. B. Better not overhaul your sleep times. C. Stop sting your alarm for 5 am. D. Avoid being-regularly late for work. 3.What does the author do in the first three paragraphs? A. raising the problem→analysing the problem→solving the problem. B. presenting author’s viewpoint → providing supporting proofs→making a conclusion. C. leading in the topic→challenging a viewpoint → discussing about the topic. D. introducing a viewpoint -raising the question→presenting author’s viewpoint. 4.Why does the author write this article? A. To argue against the view that the early bird catches the worm. B. To compare the differences between early risers and night owls. C. To advise people to get up neither too early nor too late. D. To explain why some people are more successful. 主题语境04 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·北京北京师范大学第二附属中学·期中）The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. It you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or shared the same birthday. This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would hive her some idea of a fascinating circle who might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fueling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings. Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance form the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems — how do I get characters into a room—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems. The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine; the latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour. 1.The passage mainly deals with . A. the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writer B. the relationship between genius and success C. the decisive factor in making a genius D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction 2.By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could . A. come to understand the inner structure of writing B. join a fascinating circle of writers someday C. share with a novelist her likes and dislikes D. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security 3.In the girl’s long painstaking training process, ________. A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success B. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance C. she acquires the magic of some great achievement D. she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write 4.What can be concluded from the passage? A. A fueling ambition plays a leading role in one’s success B. A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing. C. As to the growth of a genius, I.Q. doesn’t matter, but just his/her effort. D. What really matters is what you do rather than who you are. Passage 2 （25-26高三上·北京顺义牛栏山第一中学·期中）In a recent article, Markham Heid shares with us an unusual life crisis. At 41, he has built what many would regard as the good life: he has a family; he is healthy, productive, and creative; he has time to travel, read, exercise, and see friends. Yet, he feels that “something is off.” To fight against this feeling, some of his friends have turned to special retreats, while others try to solve it through fitness. What makes Heid’s problem somewhat odd is that it does not seem to arise from anything specific. If he had lost his job, had no time for himself, or was struggling in his marriage, the feeling would be understandable. In the history of philosophy, there have been many attempts to understand such a powerful but objectless feeling. Boredom, anxiety, depression and despair are some of the descriptions this mood has received. Heid ends up attributing his crisis to the lack of new experiences. The Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard calls this the “illusion of crop rotation”, the idea that changing the environment frequently can save us from this mood. The German philosopher Martin Heidegger also describes a similar state: one may still be surrounded by the same people and activities, but these no longer engage us as they used to. He calls it a kind of “anxiety” created by nothing in particular. No wonder the psychologist Sigmund Freud once described anxiety as a “riddle.” But what really drives this mood is not the need for new experiences. It is not even the particulars of our individual lives or the cultures we belong to, but that we have been given a life to live in the first place, the taste of possibility that comes with being alive. This mood is not due to doubts like “Do I have enough hobbies?” or “Have I achieved my goal?” It is related to the more fundamental questions like “What does it mean to be human?” “What am I supposed to do with the fact that I was given a life?” and “What kind of life is possible for me?” This is why this mood is likely to appear frequently in our life. This is why once many of our life goals are fulfilled, we begin to wonder what life itself is for. These questions never have a final answer and they can always leave us with a great sense of anguish about who we are and how we should go on. Nevertheless, recognizing that these doubts are there, and that they matter, can at least allow us to know what may be missing, even when everything is good. 1.The author shares Markham Heid’s crisis mainly to________. A. present an argument B. introduce a topic C. make an assumption D. evaluate an event 2.According to the author, how can the crisis in the passage be dealt with? A. By studying philosophy. B. By developing new hobbies. C. By going travelling frequently. D. By embracing the objectless feeling. 3.What does the word “anguish” underlined in the last paragraph most probably mean? A. Pain. B. Wonder. C. Direction. D. Achievement. 4.Which would be the best title for the passage? A. What leads to a Life Crisis B. Letting Go of Dark Moods C. Boredom Makes Us Human D. Anxiety Gives Us Life Goals 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 （25-26高三上·北京朝阳·期中）In the fall of 1944, Norman Borlaug moved to Mexico to produce a new variety of wheat. Finally, he got lucky. His wheat proved to be not just high-yielding (高产的) but also surprisingly varied. But, as proud as he was of his seeds, Borlaug also saw their limits. When he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970, he used his Nobel address to caution against self-satisfaction. The new varieties of wheat he had reproduced represented, he said, only a “temporary success in man’s war against hunger.” The world’s population, he worried out loud, would continue to grow, and eventually the demand for food would again outpace the supply. Now in 2025, Michael Grunwald says in his new book, We Are Eating the Earth, that humanity is facing “some terrible math.” On one side of the equation is the growing need for food. On the other side is climate change. Agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gases, depending on how you calculate it. We need to “feed the world without frying the world” is how Grunwald puts it. What’s to be done? A good first step, Grunwald advocates, would be to stop making things worse. We could start with biofuels. Every year in the US, some fourteen billion gallons of a corn-based additive get mixed in gas. The practice is supposed to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. Almost certainly, though, it has the opposite outcome. Redirecting corn from grocery stores to gas tanks pushes up goods prices — which, in turn, encourages farmers to change forests into cropland. Since forests store a lot of carbon, cutting down them increases atmospheric \( CO_2 \). Grunwald quotes a song: Biofuel use is gonna burn up all my food Deforestation can only ruin our nation. Immoral men with that bad intention What is your plan? Is it life or ruination? Were it not for Borlaug, the world in the late twentieth century would have been a very different place. In the eight years since Borlaug arrived in Mexico, farming in much of the world has been transformed. New tools that could make farms even more productive are constantly being developed. At the same time, the world, too, has been transformed, by such things as climate change, groundwater exhaustion, and soil pollution. The new tools and the new threats are bound up in each other—two sides, as it were, of the same leaf. If it is reasonable to imagine that we will, somehow or other, find ways to feed ten billion people, it is also reasonable to fear how much damage will be done in the process. 1.What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A. The downstream consequences of food shortage. B. The significance of inventing high-productive seeds. C. The problems humans face in the course of development. D. Two contrary perspectives on the growing demand for food. 2.Why does the author mention the song? A. To illustrate a current attempt of biofuels. B. To reveal convention is still better than innovation. C. To raise public awareness of redirecting food for fuel. D. To prove good intentions may bring about bad results. 3.What can we learn from the passage? A. Farming transformation lacks recognition. B. The issue of hunger should be prioritized. C. It is urgent to treat human-caused damage. D. We need view food and environment as one. 4.Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Can We Satisfy Our Growing Appetites? B. Farming: Will It Be Life without Ruination? C. Is Agriculture to Blame for Climate Change? D. Environment: Are We Transforming or Harming It? 主题语境06 人与自然-自然生态 （23-24高三上·北京海淀·期中）Climate experts are having a debate: they are asking whether the UK should focus more on adapting to climate change or trying to prevent it. David Frost holds that preventing climate change is no longer an option, given the extent to which the Earth now appears certain to heat up. Despite the many policies which attempt to stop climate change, it now seems unavoidable that the world will pass the 1.5℃ or 2℃ increases in average global temperature that are likely to induce large changes in the climate. David Frost is right in that our economies are growing so much slower than we had anticipated. Our emissions can drop if we reduce emissions per unit of GDP we create—but they can also drop if the GDP is lower. Lower growth means it is more feasible (可行的) for us to achieve targets such as Net Zero, but it also makes it less environmentally urgent to achieve those targets so soon, because we are and have been emitting a lot less carbon than we had anticipated. The UK authority finds the debate about adaptation difficult. Partly, it is because some activists claim that adaptation is not feasible. They say that climate change will end human civilization, potentially leading to the entire extinction of the human race. However, the mainstream view of many scientists and economists, who work on climate change, is that global warming could lead to large changes in our environment. Significant parts of the world currently heavily populated could become effectively uninhabitable while other parts currently unsuitable for high-density human habitation would become more habitable. Meanwhile, at higher temperatures both climate and weather are likely to become more volatile—including increased frequency of storms, flooding and other weather events. These would be significant changes, but it would be perfectly feasible for humans to adapt to them. The issue is not whether adapting would be technically feasible, but whether it would be desirable either in ethical or practical terms. Are we willing to accept a materially warmer world, with humans living in different parts of it? Are we willing to accept the possible extinctions of certain species and the greater flourishing of those currently less successful and of new species yet to evolve? Are we willing to accept the consequences of a large shift in the patterns of human habitation across the world? It is by no means clear on what basis we ought to ethnically privilege the plants and animals that flourish under today’s climate over those that would flourish under a warmer, more volatile climate. However, adaptation will be feasible and is a necessity given the extent to which warming is now unavoidable. Slower GDP growth and thus slower climate change ought to make greater efforts at adaptation more attractive. 1.According to the passage, who hesitate(s) to adapt to the climate change? A. The government. B. Climate experts. C. David Frost. D. The activists. 2.The underlined word “volatile” in Paragraph 5 probably means ________. A. changeable B. predictable C. bearable D. noticeable 3.The questions in Paragraph 6 are mainly aimed at __________. A. expressing doubts about people’s adaptability B. presenting examples of future climate patterns C. highlighting the consequences of human activities D. helping people decide on their openness to adaptation 4.Which of the following might the author agree with? A. Slowing climate change deserves great efforts. B. Global warming is preventable to some extent. C. Adaptation to climate change is beyond question. D. Protection of the current species should be prioritized. 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （23-24高三上·北京丰台·期中）We humans are in trouble. We have let loose a new evolutionary process that we don’t understand and can’t control. The latest leaps forward in artificial intelligence (AI) are rightly causing anxiety. Yet people are responding as though AI is just one more scary new technology, like electricity or cars once were. We invented it, the argument goes, so we should be able to manage it for our own benefit. Not so. I believe that this situation is new and potentially dangerous. My thinking starts from the premise that all design anywhere in the universe is created by the evolutionary algorithm (算法). This is the process in which some kind of information is copied many times, the copies vary slightly and only some are selected to be copied again. The information is called the replicator (复制者), and our most familiar example is the gene. But genes aren’t the only replicator, as Richard Dawkins stressed in The Selfish Gene. People copy habits, stories, words, technologies and songs; we change, recombine and pass them on in ever greater variety. This second replicator, evolving much faster than genes ever could, Dawkins called memes (模仿传递行为) — and they are selfish too. As we face up to the recent explosion in AI, new questions arise. Could a third replicator take advantage of the first two? And what would happen if it did? For billions of years, all of the Earth’s organisms were gene machines, until, about 2 million years ago, just one species — our ancestors — started imitating sounds, gestures and ways of processing food. They had let loose a second replicator and turned us into meme machines. Following the same principle, could a third replicator appear if some object we made started copying, varying and selecting a new kind of information? It could, and I believe it has. Our digital technology can copy, store and spread vast amounts of information with near-perfect accuracy. While we had mostly been the ones selecting what to copy and share, that is changing now. Mindless algorithms choose which ads we see and which news stories they “think” we would like. Once a digital replicator takes off, its products will evolve for its own benefit, not ours. All is not lost, though. We already cope with fast-evolving parasites such as viruses by using our immune systems, machines and vaccines. Now, we need to build our collective mental immunity, our critical thinking and our ability to protect our attention from all that selfish information. Taking lessons from evolution, we can stop imagining we are the controllers of our accidentally dangerous offspring and start learning how to live with them. 1.As for people’s attitude toward AI, the author is ____________. A. disapproving B. unconcerned C. sympathetic D. tolerant 2.According to the passage, Richard Dawkins may agree that ____________. A. memes are composed of selfish genes B. the speed of evolution is underestimated C. replicators vary with human interference D. memes and genes share a common feature 3.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Technologies can be double-edged. B. Collective efforts make a better world. C. We should live in harmony with nature. D. Past experience is relevant to future action. 4.What can we learn from the passage? A. The pace of technological progress is unstoppable. B. The initiative of algorithm should be strengthened. C. The new evolution can bring about negative effects. D. The artificial intelligence can satisfy our real desires. Passage 2 （25-26高三上·北京东直门·期中）“Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science. To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods. But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow. What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic presumably shares. One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too. Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis (假说): that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together. 1.What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A. Reformers tend to devalue researchers’ work. B. Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms. C. People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science. D. The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection. 2.The strategy of “assuming you are wrong” may contribute to ______. A. the enormous efforts of scientists at work B. the reliability of potential research results C. the public’s passion for scientific findings D. the improvement in the quality of evidence 3.The underlined word “demoralizing” in Paragraph 5 means ______. A. discouraging B. ineffective C. unfair D. misleading 4.The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis is ______. A. doubtful but sincere B. disapproving but soft C. authoritative and direct D. reflective and humorous 主题语境02 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高三上·北京顺义·期中）Science should guide policy, but caution is needed when technologies like CRISPR have the potential to exclude rather than assist people to live their lives. CRISPR can be used to treat disease. Yet the far-reaching, more worrying promise of this technology — one about which scientists seem at once excited and cautious — lies in its ability to eliminate from the gene pool what medical science identifies as faulty or abnormal genes that cause difference in individual people. Certainly, goes the logic of CRISPR’s promise, the goal of ridding future generations of terrible diseases that cause suffering and death and exhaust resources, seems an unquestionable enterprise. This logic is consistent with wider societal views. The idea that ridding society of genetic differences that count as defect (缺陷) is an undeniable “good” continues to be pervasive. Editing out a gene-linked condition, supporters may argue, is different from editing out a person, and curing disease is a good thing. But our genetic conditions are not simply entities that can be clipped away from us and our genetic conditions form a fundamental part of who we are. Using genome manipulation tools and performing genetic selection is equal to a new form of eugenic (优生学的) thinking grounded in what the communications studies scholar James L. Chemey calls “common sense” ableism, a belief system that allows people to simultaneously deny any commitment to distasteful eugenic principles while also holding them up. Ultimately, “common sense” ableism embodies a similar goal of cleansing unacceptable human variations that the campaigns to eliminate the supposedly inferior have held in the past. People with “bad” genes shouldn’t be edited out of existence in some version of a utopian (乌托邦的) future. Evaluating the quality of life of another person is morally questionable in a society based on the concept that all people are of equal value regardless of their individual differences. Expanding diversity in all its forms, including disability, strengthens the human community ethically and biologically because it opens the public and private sphere to a variety of perspectives, experiences and ideas to live together with mutual flourishing. Genome editing is powerful in reshaping medical treatments, but it can also be harmful by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically contaminated — people who are understood as having bad genes. We should be reminded that bad genes don’t necessarily lead to bad lives, just as good genes don’t necessarily lead to good lives. If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. 1.According to the author, CRISPR is________. A. a necessary evil in treating severe diseases B. a questionable tool for removing faulty genes C. a promising technology to conserve resources D. a logical approach to improving human genetics 2.The author discusses “common sense” ableism in Paragraph 4 to________. A. compare genetic selection to eugenic thinking B. trace the evolution of genetic selection in history C. offer an example of campaigns to remove bad genes D. reveal the root of the societal view on genetic differences 3.What does the underlined part in the last sentence mean? A. People need to adopt more simplified solutions. B. The society should apply CRISPR into other fields. C. This belief might be widely practiced in the society. D. The technology will be used to create a utopian future. 4.Which would be the best title for this passage? A. The Dark Side of CRISPR B. In the Wake of Genetic Selection C. In Defense of Our Bad Genes D. The Promise and Price of Gene Editing / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题04阅读理解（议论文&新闻报道） 基础必练 主题语境01人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1.D2.D3.B4.C 主题语境02人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.A3.D Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.C3.A Passage 3 【答案】1.A2.C3.D 主题语境03人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.A 主题语境04人与自然-环境 【答案】1.D2.C3.B 进阶提升 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.C3.D Passage 2 1/3 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.A 主题语境02人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.C 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.A3.C4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.B3.C4.A 主题语境04人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.D3.A4C 主题语境05人与自然-环境 【答案】1.C2.D3.D4.B 主题语境06人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1.A2.A3.D4.C 拓展培优)》 主题语境01人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.D3.D4.C Passage 2 213 西学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.D 主题语境02人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.A 3/3 专题04 阅读理解（议论文&新闻报道） 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 （24-25高三上·北京北京师范大学第二附属中学·期中）Learning to say “yes, and” When I first heard about the improvisation (即兴交流) class, I was hesitating. As a quiet and shy girl, I feared improvising in front of strangers. However, I knew I wanted to work as a science communicator after finishing my Ph.D., so it seemed like a perfect chance to learn how to speak and communicate with others effectively. I signed up, knowing the experience would give me help. During our first class, we learned an important concept of improvisation: “yes, and.” It means that, as improvisers, we’d better accept what fellow performers say. If someone says that rhinos (犀牛) are librarians, for example, then rhinos are librarians. We do not question the logic; we say “yes” and then continue with the scene as if nothing is wrong. The first few scenes were hard, but as weeks turned into months, I became more comfortable and even started to enjoy our classes. I became better at listening, relating to my conversation partners, and communicating clearly in the moment. Once when I was giving a presentation about my science, an audience member surprised me with a question that didn’t grow out of the information I’d presented. Instead of getting confused and nervous, I took the “yes, and” approach—accepting the question and letting my mind focus on why it was asked. That helped me find an appropriate answer. I got pretty excited about it. The benefits of improvisation go beyond communication. Before attending the class, I would get stuck when my experiments produced unexpected data, thinking that I had made a mistake. But now, instead of getting discouraged, I will stay open to the possibility that the results are real, keep exploring the data and end up identifying a new type of cell—one that isn’t behaving as expected. I think all scientists can benefit from this lesson. If the data say rhinos are librarians, then it’s worth finding out whether rhinos are, in fact, librarians. As scientists, our job isn’t to challenge data that support, a preconceived story, but to say “yes, and.” 1.Why did the author attend the improvisation class? A. To get a different experience. B. To finish her Ph.D. at university. C. To give up her job as a science communicator. D. To improve her speaking and communicating ability. 2.What was the author’s change after attending the improvisation class? A. She formed her own idea quickly. B. She came up with lots of creative responses. C. She paid more attention to the logic of answers. D. She became a good listener before giving an opinion. 3.The author mentions applying the “yes, and” approach to her scientific experiments to ________. A. explain the process of using the method B. prove the benefits of the improvisation class C. share her own research experiences with readers D. attract fellow scientists to attend the improvisation class 4.What can be inferred about scientists from the last paragraph? A. They should attend the improvisation class. B. They should question all preconceived ideas. C. They should carry on research by admitting earlier data. D. They should try to improve their academic knowledge. 【答案】1. D　2. D　3. B　4. C 【解析】 这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要介绍了作者通过上即兴交流课，学会了“yes, and”方法，让自己更善于倾听，并给自己的科学研究带来了好处。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段关键句“As a quiet and shy girl, I feared improvising in front of strangers. However, I knew I wanted to work as a science communicator after finishing my Ph.D., so it seemed like a perfect chance to learn how to speak and communicate with others effectively. I signed up, knowing the experience would give me help.”（作为一个安静害羞的女孩，我害怕在陌生人面前即兴交流。然而，我知道我想在完成博士学位后成为一名科学交流者，因此，这似乎是一个学习如何有效地与他人交谈和沟通的绝佳机会。我报名了，因为我知道这段经历会给我帮助）可知，因为作者打算的完成博士学位后成为一名科学交流者，需要提高与他人交谈和沟通的能力，但她一个安静害羞的女孩，她参加即兴交流课是想要提高自己的交谈和沟通的能力，由此可知，作者参加即兴交流课是为了提高她的交谈和沟通能力。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段关键句“The first few scenes were hard, but as weeks turned into months, I became more comfortable and even started to enjoy our classes. I became better at listening, relating to my conversation partners, and communicating clearly in the moment.”（最初的几个场景很难，但随着上了几个月课后，我变得更舒服了，甚至开始享受我们的课程。我变得更善于倾听，更善于与我的谈话伙伴交流，也更善于在这一刻清晰地沟通）可知，在上了几周课后，作者变得更善于倾听，更善于与谈话伙伴交流，也更善于清晰地沟通，由此可知，作者参加即兴交流课后的变化是：在发表意见之前，她成了一个很好的倾听者。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段关键句“Before attending the class, I would get stuck when my experiments produced unexpected data, thinking that I had made a mistake. But now, instead of getting discouraged, I will stay open to the possibility that the results are real, keep exploring the data and end up identifying a new type of cell—one that isn’t behaving as expected.”（在上课之前，当我的实验产生意想不到的数据时，我会被卡住，觉得自己犯了一个错误。但是现在，我不会灰心，而是会对结果是真实的可能性保持开放态度，继续探索数据，最终发现一种新类型的细胞——一种不符合预期的细胞）和最后一段关键句“I think all scientists can benefit from this lesson.”（我认为所有的科学家都能从这个课中受益）可知，运用了“yes, and”方法，让作者在进行科学实验的过程中受益，她会对意想不到的结果持开放态度，继续研究，最终有了意想不到的科学发现，她认为所有的科学家都能从这个课中受益，由此可知，作者提到在她的科学实验中运用“yes, and”的方法是为了证明即兴交流课的好处。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“If the data say rhinos are librarians, then it’s worth finding out whether rhinos are, in fact, librarians. As scientists, our job isn’t to challenge data that support, a preconceived story, but to say “yes, and.””（如果数据显示犀牛是图书管理员，那么就有必要了解犀牛是否是图书管理员。作为科学家，我们的工作不是去挑战支持一个事先形成的描述的数据，而是说“yes, and”）可知，作者认为面对之前的科学数据，我们的工作并不是去挑战它，而是要接受它，并继续研究，探索真伪，由此可知，从最后一段可以推断出科学家应该通过接受早期数据进行研究。故选C项。 主题语境02 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （25-26高三上·北京顺义牛栏山第一中学·期中）Many people associate their self-worth with their work. The more successful their career, the better they feel about themselves. Work-related self-esteem is therefore a worthy ideal to pursue with vigor, right? Well, not always. According to recent research, in which psychologists interviewed 370 full-time workers over a period of three weeks, the reality is a little more complicated. And it involves negative as well as positive consequences. It’s natural to be drawn towards pleasure and to step away from pain. In the workplace, if that pleasure comes from a triumph which boosts our self-respect, people will try to repeat that accomplishment. But repeating that accomplishment is often not realistic, which can lead to severe negative emotional consequences when it doesn’t reoccur. This form of motivation is widely regarded as a negative type of motivation. It can set back other more positive motivation types, such as completing a task purely because it’s fulfilling or enjoyable. What consumes the employees instead is a pressing need to feel mighty and sure of themselves. They then take on only tasks and objectives which serve that ego-driven need. As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their well-being. This internal pressure to succeed at all costs demands a lot of effort. It exhausts their energy, terminating in disproportionate levels of damaging sentiment. Those negative emotions mount into heightened anxiety, impacting their ability to make the most of their personal life. Their desire to avoid feeling inferior ends up making them feel inferior when it comes to their diminished (减弱的) capacity for friendship and leisure. They end up dissatisfied both at work and outside of it. But thankfully, for those people forced almost entirely by this specific form of motivation, the news isn’t all bad, or bad at all. The study also discovered several positive outcomes that can actually outweigh the harmful ones. Though these types of employees are motivated by the desire to avoid negative consequences, they are also motivated by the excitement of pursuing emotional rewards. This excitement makes pursuing goals enjoyable and stimulates pleasure and pride that would result from success. An effect of the positive motivation is that it neutralizes the existence of negative motivation. Sure, it affects people’s personal lives to an unhealthy extent, because leisure activities are often seen as a part of life that must be sacrificed to manage work and family demands. However, the way people feel about their work has less to do with whether they’re motivated by the preservation of self-esteem but more with the fact that they’ re simply motivated. 1.What do employees tend to do in pursuing work-related self-esteem? A. Stretch their sense of shame and worthlessness. B. Turn to all means regardless of the consequences. C. Take on tasks well beyond their actual capabilities. D. Strive to succeed at the expense of their well-being. 2.What do we learn about people over-concerned with work-related self-esteem? A. They cannot enjoy their personal life to the full. B. They may often feel inferior to their colleagues. C. They are never satisfied with their achievements. D. They have their own view of friendship and leisure. 3.What can we learn from the recent research? A. The goal of boosting self-esteem can be achieved if one keeps trying. B. The emotional rewards from goal pursuit are worth the pains taken. C. The negative consequences of goal pursuit can mostly be avoided. D. The pursuit of goals may turn out to be enjoyable and pleasant. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了职场自尊对员工的正负影响，指出其可能危害身心健康，但也存在积极作用。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their well-being.(因此，为了避免与失败相关的羞耻感和无价值感，他们过度透支自己，进而对身心健康产生不利影响)”可知，员工为追求职场自尊，会不惜以健康为代价努力成功。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Those negative emotions mount into heightened anxiety, impacting their ability to make the most of their personal life.(这些负面情绪逐渐加剧为严重的焦虑，影响他们充分享受个人生活的能力)”可知，过度关注职场自尊的人无法充分享受个人生活。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Though these types of employees are motivated by the desire to avoid negative consequences, they are also motivated by the excitement of pursuing emotional rewards. This excitement makes pursuing goals enjoyable and stimulates pleasure and pride that would result from success.(尽管这类员工的动机是避免负面后果，但他们也受到追求情感回报的兴奋感所驱动。这种兴奋感让追求目标变得愉快，并激发成功带来的愉悦感和自豪感)”可推知，追求目标可能会变得愉快且令人愉悦。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·北京海淀·期中）Why do we get angry, fearful, joyful, or anxious? What’s the point in having emotions? In many instances in life we wish we could do away with emotions altogether, particularly the unpleasant ones like fear, anxiety, and anger. Remaining calm and peaceful often feels preferable to experiencing extreme ups and downs. But what if we regard emotions as key to decision making — and start to see that without them we would start to make some truly unwise choices? Emotions then become more than childlike yelps (joy) and screams (anger); instead, they are bodily processes that signal value, influence risk assessment, and speed up judgements in uncertain situations. Neuroscientist Antonio Damasio developed the “somatic marker hypothesis” in response to observations made in neurological patients who had suffered damage to the brain’s frontal lobe. Before the onset of brain damage, the patients were intelligent, creative, and successful— but after damage the patients struggled to organise their workday, had problems planning their future over immediate, medium and long-range goals, and could no longer choose suitable friends, partners, and activities. The plans they organised, the groups they elected to join, or the activities they undertook often led to financial losses, losses in social standing, and losses to family and friends, Damasio writes in his paper, The Somatic marker Hypothesis and the Possible Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex. Not only were the choices made by patients no longer personally advantageous, but they were also demonstrably different from the choices the patients were known to have made prior to brain damage. But in all other aspects of intellect— basic attention and working memory, the ability to use logic in the solution of problems, the learning of factual knowledge and skills, even their knowledge of social issues — the patients were otherwise perfectly fine. Interestingly, in conjunction with impaired decision making, patients also suffered a compromised ability to express emotion and to experience feelings. “Along with normal intellect and abnormal decision making, there were abnormalities in emotion and feeling,” writes Damasio. When we feel joy, rage, disgust — the entire body’s internal environment, including muscles, organs, fluids, and physiological states including blood pressure and temperature, shift in response, and this “somatic” response is what drives decision making. We meet someone who gives us a “bad taste in the mouth” and we don’t invite them around for dinner. Without emotion and the accompanying somatic markers — a pounding heart rate, tight face, lump in the throat, dry mouth, butterflies in the stomach, sweaty hands, and so forth — we would, more often than not, according to Damasio’s hypothesis, make sub-optimal decisions in our everyday life. 1.What did Damasio find about patients with frontal lobe damage? A. Failure to learn some social skills. B. Decline in their working memory. C. Inability to express their emotions. D. Difficulty in making wise decisions. 2.What does the word “somatic” underlined in Para.3 most possibly mean? A. Intellectual. B. Emotional. C. Bodily. D. Logical. 3.Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Feeling Our Way B. Head Ruling Heart C. Trusting the Senses D. Calm Before Storm 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了情绪对决策的关键作用，结合相关假说展开说明。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Before the onset of brain damage, the patients were intelligent, creative, and successful— but after damage the patients struggled to organise their workday, had problems planning their future over immediate, medium and long-range goals, and could no longer choose suitable friends, partners, and activities.(在脑损伤发作之前，这些患者都很聪明、有创造力且成功，但在脑损伤后，患者很难安排自己的工作日程，在规划近期、中期和长期目标方面存在问题，也无法再选择合适的朋友、伴侣和活动。)”可知，Damasio发现额叶受损的患者难以做出明智的决定。故选D。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Neuroscientist Antonio Damasio developed the “somatic marker hypothesis” in response to observations made in neurological patients who had suffered damage to the brain’s frontal lobe.(神经科学家Antonio Damasio提出了“somatic标记假说”，以回应在对大脑额叶受损的神经患者的观察中所发现的情况。)”以及第五段中“When we feel joy, rage, disgust — the entire body’s internal environment, including muscles, organs, fluids, and physiological states including blood pressure and temperature, shift in response, and this “somatic” response is what drives decision making.(当我们感到喜悦、愤怒、厌恶时——整个身体的内部环境，包括肌肉、器官、体液和包括血压和体温在内的生理状态都会发生相应的变化，而这种‘somatic’反应正是驱动决策的因素。)”可知，somatic与身体的内部环境、肌肉、器官等生理状态相关，故推测somatic意为“身体的”。故选C。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段“But what if we regard emotions as key to decision making — and start to see that without them we would start to make some truly unwise choices? Emotions then become more than childlike yelps (joy) and screams (anger); instead, they are bodily processes that signal value, influence risk assessment, and speed up judgements in uncertain situations.(但是，如果我们把情绪看作是决策的关键，并开始意识到没有情绪我们就会做出一些真正不明智的选择呢？那么，情绪就不仅仅是孩子般的欢呼（喜悦）和尖叫（愤怒）；相反，它们是在不确定情况下发出价值信号、影响风险评估和加速判断的身体过程。)”以及第五段中“When we feel joy, rage, disgust — the entire body’s internal environment, including muscles, organs, fluids, and physiological states including blood pressure and temperature, shift in response, and this “somatic” response is what drives decision making.(当我们感到喜悦、愤怒、厌恶时——整个身体的内部环境，包括肌肉、器官、体液和包括血压和体温在内的生理状态都会发生相应的变化，而这种‘躯体’反应正是驱动决策的因素。)”可知，文章核心围绕“情绪通过躯体反应影响决策”展开，强调感受（情绪）对行动（决策）的指引作用。A选项“Feeling Our Way(凭感觉行事)”最符合文章主旨。故选A。 Passage 3 （25-26高三上·北京昌平·期中）In the early 1900s, French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, invented shatterproof (防碎的) glass by chance. But its significance and relevance didn’t emerge until the car market created the problem for which he had already found the answer. Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. Yet, even in cases where chance plays a role, as in Benedictus’s story, the broader question remains: Are such discoveries truly born of luck, or were they somehow “in the air,” waiting for the right person to seize them? Some argue all the discoveries would have been made by other people. They believe if the time was ripe in conceptual and technological terms, someone would have got there sooner or later. This is the used and abused understanding of theories that were “in the air”. independently, Charles Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace (the latter 15 years behind Darwin) arrived at the theory of evolution by natural selection, both counting on similar data. There existed slight differences in the theory, but the coincidences of thought were astonishing. This phenomenon, which also exists in biological evolution, is called convergence: two non-closely related species develop similar functional adaptations. This occurs because the environment poses similar survival problems to both, namely similar selective pressures. This is an important clue that can help explain why this dynamic also exists in scientific knowledge: There are similar selective pressures and different research groups that compete to come up with the solutions. If we analyze the steps undertaken that led to the result, we can see that there were in fact some accidental elements. The overall dynamic was not accidental, though. Yet is it really possible that all discoveries were in the air? Let us assume for a moment that this is true and that the most luck can do is speed up the inevitable. All scientists are standing on the shoulders of the giants who have gone before them, and there is objectively a cumulative (积累的) element in science. Nevertheless, at some point and in the right circumstances, it was the unknown scientists, not the giants, who managed to see a little farther. The mind of the giant was imprisoned by prior knowledge and so trapped within the framework of established habits, research questions, and established methods. The new, little-known scientist, on the other hand, will in one way or another have been able to break free of the chains of established knowledge. And so it will have been possible for them to imagine other worlds. This suggests that it will be innovators, with their prepared minds, who have a better chance of making accidental discoveries, namely that are irregular and unexpected. 1.In Paragraph 2, “serendipity” refers to __________. A. accidental invention B. emergence of problems C. late recognition D. chemical innovation 2.The example of Darwin and Wallace is given to illustrate __________. A. the fierce competition among biological scientists B. the important role of similar data in intentional research C. independent but similar solutions under shared pressures D. limited resources and technological dependency in science 3.Which statement best reflects the main idea of the passage? A. All discoveries are inevitable results of technological progress. B. Serendipity alone drives groundbreaking scientific achievements. C. Traditional methods prevent innovation and should be abandoned. D. Breakthroughs arise when ready thinkers meet opportunities. 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨创新中偶然与必然的关系，分析偶然发现背后的积累与思考的作用。 (1)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“In the early 1900s, French chemist, Edouard Benedictus, invented shatterproof (防碎的) glass by chance. But its significance and relevance didn’t emerge until...(20世纪初，法国化学家爱德华·本尼迪克特偶然发明了防碎玻璃。但它的意义和相关性直到……才显现)”以及第二段中的“Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. Yet, even in cases where chance plays a role, as in Benedictus’s story...(这种serendipity的时刻揭示了创新的不可预测性。然而，即便在像本尼迪克特的故事这样“偶然”起作用的案例中……)”可知，“serendipity”指代前文提到的“偶然发明”（本尼迪克特偶然发明防碎玻璃）。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Some argue all the discoveries would have been made by other people. They believe if the time was ripe in conceptual and technological terms, someone would have got there sooner or later. This is the used and abused understanding of theories that were “in the air”. independently, Charles Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace (the latter 15 years behind Darwin) arrived at the theory of evolution by natural selection, both counting on similar data. There existed slight differences in the theory, but the coincidences of thought were astonishing. This phenomenon, which also exists in biological evolution, is called convergence: two non-closely related species develop similar functional adaptations. This occurs because the environment poses similar survival problems to both, namely similar selective pressures. This is an important clue that can help explain why this dynamic also exists in scientific knowledge: There are similar selective pressures and different research groups that compete to come up with the solutions.(一些人认为，所有的发现即便不是由这些人完成，也会有其他人来实现。他们相信，一旦概念和技术层面的时机成熟，总有人迟早会取得这些成果。这是对那些‘已在空气中弥漫’的理论的常用且滥用的理解。查尔斯·达尔文和阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士（后者比达尔文晚15年）各自独立地依靠相似的数据，得出了自然选择的进化理论。虽然他们的理论存在细微差异，但思维上的巧合却令人惊讶。这种现象在生物进化中也同样存在，被称为趋同：两个亲缘关系较远的物种发展出相似的功能适应性。出现这种情况是因为环境给它们带来了相似的生存问题，即相似的选择压力。这是一条重要线索，有助于解释为什么这种动态也存在于科学知识领域：存在相似的选择压力，不同的研究小组竞相提出解决方案。)”可知，举达尔文和华莱士的例子，是为了说明“在共同的压力（相似需求/问题）下，不同研究者会独立得出相似的解决方案”。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文以及最后一段“This suggests that it will be innovators, with their prepared minds, who have a better chance of making accidental discoveries, namely that are irregular and unexpected.(这表明，那些具备有备思维的创新者，更有可能做出偶然性的发现，也就是说，这些发现是不合常规且出乎意料的)”可知，D选项“当有准备的思考者遇到机遇时，突破就会出现”反映了文章的大意。故选D项。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 （24-25高三上·北京房山·期中）“What are you reading?” It’s a simple question but a powerful one, and it can change lives. Here’s one example: I met a woman who told me that she had fallen sadly out of touch with her beloved grandson. And then one day, she asked him what he was reading. He had just started “The Hunger Games”. The grandmother decided to read the book so that she could talk about it with her grandson. The book helped engage her grandson on the most important questions that humans face. Now her grandson couldn’t wait to talk to her when she called. Other than belonging to the same family, they had never had much in common. Now they did. The conduit (中介) was reading. We need to read and to be readers now more than ever. We overschedule our days and complain constantly about being too busy. We shop endlessly for stuff we don’t need and then feel oppressed by the clutter that surrounds us. We bombard ourselves with video clips and emails and instant messages. Connectivity is one of the great blessings of the Internet era, and it makes extraordinary things possible. But constant connectivity can be a curse, encouraging the lesser angels of our nature. Books are uniquely suited to helping us change our relationship to the rhythms and habits of daily life in this world of endless connectivity. We can’t interrupt books; we can only interrupt ourselves while reading them. They are the expression of an individual or a group of individuals, not of a hive mind or collective consciousness. They speak to us, thoughtfully, one at a time. They demand our attention. And they demand that we briefly put aside our own beliefs and prejudices and listen to someone else’s. You can complain about a book, write carelessly in the margin or even throw it out the window. Still, you won’t change the words on the page. The technology of a book is genius: the order of the words is fixed, whether on the page or on the screen, but the speed at which you read them is entirely up to you. Socrates said that the unexamined life isn’t worth living. Reading is the best way I know to learn how to examine your life. By comparing what you’ve done to what others have done, and your thoughts and theories and feelings to those of others, you learn about yourself and the world around you. Reading isn’t just a respite from the relentlessness of technology. It isn’t just a strike against narrowness: it’s one of the world’s great joys. 1.What is the author’s attitude about reading? A. Doubtful. B. Puzzled. C. Unconcerned. D. Supportive. 2.What does the word “oppressed” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Challenged. B. Burdened. C. Impressed. D. Encouraged. 3.What can we learn from Paragraph 4? A. Books allow us to interrupt ourselves. B. Books reflect collective consciousness. C. Books require our active involvement. D. Books can be easily revised by readers. 4.Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Reading Is Important. Do We Need to Read in the Internet Era? B. Reading Is Important. Can Reading Lead to Connectivity? C. Technology Is Essential. Does Technology Help Us to Read? D. Technology Is Essential. Can Technology Help Us to Connect? 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. A　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过讲述一个祖母与孙子通过阅读增进感情的例子，强调了阅读的重要性，并指出在这个互联互通的时代，阅读能帮助我们改变与日常生活节奏和习惯的关系，让我们更好地审视自己和周围的世界，体验阅读的乐趣。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中“We need to read and to be readers now more than ever.(我们现在比以往任何时候都更需要阅读，更需要成为读者)”和最后一段中“Reading isn’t just a respite from the relentlessness of technology. It isn’t just a strike against narrowness: it’s one of the world’s great joys.(阅读不仅仅是从技术的无情中暂时解脱。它不仅仅是对狭隘的一种打击：它是世界上最大的乐趣之一)”可知，作者认为阅读是非常重要的，明确表达了对阅读的支持态度。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“We shop endlessly for stuff we don’t need and then feel oppressed by the clutter that surrounds us.(我们无休止地购买我们不需要的东西，然后感到被周围的杂物所_____)”中“stuff we don’t need”和“clutter”可推知，我们购买了很多不需要的东西，这些东西会造成杂乱，从而给人带来负担。故划线词oppressed意思是“有负担的”，与Burdened意思相近。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Books are uniquely suited to helping us change our relationship to the rhythms and habits of daily life in this world of endless connectivity. We can’t interrupt books; we can only interrupt ourselves while reading them.(书籍特别适合帮助我们改变在这个无限连接的世界中与日常生活节奏和习惯的关系。我们无法打断书籍；我们只能在阅读它们时打断自己)”可知，书籍让我们能断开与这个无限连接世界的联系，书籍允许我们打断自己。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第二段中“We need to read and to be readers now more than ever.(我们现在比以往任何时候都更需要阅读，更需要成为读者)”、第四段中“Books are uniquely suited to helping us change our relationship to the rhythms and habits of daily life in this world of endless connectivity.(书籍特别适合帮助我们改变在这个无限连接的世界中与日常生活节奏和习惯的关系)”和最后一段中“Reading isn’t just a respite from the relentlessness of technology. It isn’t just a strike against narrowness: it’s one of the world’s great joys.(阅读不仅仅是从技术的无情中暂时解脱。它不仅仅是对狭隘的一种打击：它是世界上最大的乐趣之一)”可知，文章主要强调了阅读的重要性，并探讨了在这个互联网时代，我们为什么需要阅读。A项“阅读很重要。在互联网时代我们需要阅读吗？”最能概括文章主旨，且能吸引读者注意，引发思考，是最佳标题。故选A项。 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 （24-25高三上·北京汇文中学·期中）The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools. Pat Hardy, who sympathizes with the views of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes to science standards for pre-teen pupils. “There are as many scientists working against all the panic of global climate change as there are those who are pushing it,” she claims. “Texas is an energy state and we need to recognize that. You need to remember where your bread is buttered.” Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy’s views. Board members like her “casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion,” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education. Such debates reflect fierce discussions across the US, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools. A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere. Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralizes decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says. Another issue is that, while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages-such as earth and space sciences in high schools—it is not as well represented in curricula (教学大纲) for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses. Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more biased perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by energy industry associations. 1.What does Quinn think of Hardy? A. She exaggerates the existing panic. B. She shows no concern for pre-teens. C. She expresses self-contradictory views. D. She denies the value of scientific work. 2.The study mentioned in Paragraph 5 shows that ________. A. Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooks B. policymakers have little drive for science education C. climate education is insufficient at state public schools D. environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision 3.According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US________. A. call for regular revision B. have limited influence C. require urgent application D. prioritize local needs 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇议论文。本文主要讨论了在气候问题日益严重的情况下，我们应该如何加强公立学校的气候教育工作。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段关键句“Board members like her “casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion,” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education. (监督公共教育的非营利组织德克萨斯自由网络的高级传播策略师Dan Quinn说，像她这样的董事会成员“随意地驳回学者和科学家的职业工作只是另一种误导性的观点”。)”可知，Dan Quinn认为Hardy随意地驳回学者和科学家的职业工作，由此可知，Quinn认为Hardy否认了科学工作的价值。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段关键句“A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. (美国国家科学教育中心是一个由科学家和教师组成的非营利组织，去年的一项研究考察了全国各州公立学校如何在科学课上应对气候变化，该研究仅给美国一半的州打了B+或更高的分数。)”可知，美国仅有一半的州在教授学生如何应对气候变化方面得了B+或更高的分数，由此可知，第5段中提到的研究表明公立学校的气候教育不足。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段关键句“Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralizes decisions to local school boards. (该中心副主任格伦·布兰奇警告说，在一个将决策权下放给地方学校董事会的国家，制定州级科学标准只是一个有限的基准。)”可知，布兰奇认为制定州级科学标准只是一个有限的基准，由此可知，布兰奇认为美国州级科学标准影响力有限。故选B项。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·北京通州·期中）The Age of Information is exploding: if you tried to download all the data available today, you’d need more than 180 million years to do so. But you are wrong to assume that all information would stimulate a boost of innovation (创新) to match the output of data. Indeed, the last time we found ourselves in a period of significant innovation was over 120 years ago, called the Age of Insight (洞察力). Innovations, big or small, start with a new idea. Often, these ideas occur as a moment of insight—the result of a novel connection in our brains made between existing and new information. Studies show insights involve quiet signals deep in the brain. Anything that helps us notice quiet signals can increase the chance of insights. However, it’s becoming more challenging to find those signals today, every moment filled with an endless supply of content. Besides, we also want to increase the quality of them to sort through big new ideas and find the really valuable ones that can be hard to measure. Launched in 2015, the Eureka Scale (尤里卡量表) allows us to assess the strength of our insight experiences on a five-point scale, namely, intense emotions, motivation, memory advantage, aftershocks, and following ideas. The Scale combines these five variables into a single value to define the importance of a new idea and has broad applications for measuring and improving individual and organizational performance. Even it can be used to measure the impact of different kinds of work environments and learning approaches on participants’ growth. The level-5 insight, involving the richest emotion, motivation, and lasting impact, holds the greatest significance. In order for organizations to benefit from another age of insight, it’s not enough to try to access more data or increase the number of insights we generate. Instead, it’s about making space for the biggest ideas to emerge from all the information. Using the Scale as a way to measure how important ideas are will enable better decision-making toward practical and competitive outcomes. If we’re to enter a new age of insight, we must make timely and necessary changes to design our environments for the best insight possible to surface. 1.According to the passage, which of the following cases can increase the chance of insights? A. By engaging in ongoing social media interactions. B. By relying on technology to receive regular notices. C. By stepping away from computers between meetings. D. By participating in additional training and coaching sessions. 2.What can be inferred from the passage? A. The Eureka Scale controls the influence of our insights. B. One with a level-5 insight has minimal emotional responses. C. Both the quantity and quality of insights are essential to innovation. D. A breakthrough has been made in innovation due to a wealth of information. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards the current environment for innovations? A. Uncertain. B. Optimistic. C. Unconcerned. D. Dissatisfied. 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。这篇文章主要讲述了信息时代的到来以及洞察力对创新的重要性。信息的数量不断增加，但并不一定能刺激创新的提升。洞察力是创新的基础，通过Eureka量表可以评估洞察力的强度和重要性。为了进入新的洞察力时代，需要找到那些重要想法的空间，以使它们能够浮出水面。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Studies show insights involve quiet signals deep in the brain. Anything that helps us notice quiet signals can increase the chance of insights. (研究表明，洞察力涉及大脑深处的静默信号。任何能帮助我们注意到安静信号的东西都能增加洞察的机会。)”可知，静默的信号是产生洞察力的一种方式，因此需要避免一些干扰，比如社交媒体，并且需要适当的间隔来让大脑有机会产生新的想法，即在会议间隙远离电脑可以增加获得洞察力的可能性。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Innovations, big or small, start with a new idea. Often, these ideas occur as a moment of insight—the result of a novel connection in our brains made between existing and new information. (创新，无论大小，都始于一个新的想法。通常，这些想法都是在灵光一现的瞬间产生的——这是我们大脑中在现有信息和新信息之间建立的一种新联系的结果。)”以及第三段中“Besides, we also want to increase the quality of them to sort through big new ideas and find the really valuable ones that can be hard to measure. (此外，我们还希望提高它们的质量，以便对重大的新想法进行分类，并找到那些难以衡量的真正有价值的想法。)”以及“Launched in 2015, the Eureka Scale (尤里卡量表) allows us to assess the strength of our insight experiences on a five-point scale(2015年推出的“尤里卡量表”(Eureka Scale)允许我们用五分制来评估我们的洞察力体验的强度)”可知，对于创新不论大小，都需要很多灵光一现的瞬间产生的想法（洞察力）；同时也需要提高洞察力的质量，从而才能对重大想法进行分类，确定出有真正价值的想法，尤里卡量表以对洞察力的强度进行评估进行确定。因此洞察的数量和质量对创新都至关重要。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“In order for organizations to benefit from another age of insight, it’s not enough to try to access more data or increase the number of insights we generate. Instead, it’s about making space for the biggest ideas to emerge from all the information. (为了让组织从另一个洞察时代中受益，仅仅尝试访问更多数据或增加我们产生的洞察数量是不够的。相反，它是为从所有信息中脱颖而出的最伟大的想法腾出空间。)”以及第二段中“However, it’s becoming more challenging to find those signals today, every moment filled with an endless supply of content. (然而，如今要找到这些信号变得越来越困难，因为每时每刻都充斥着无穷无尽的内容。)”以及最后一段中“If we’re to enter a new age of insight, we must make timely and necessary changes to design our environments for the best insight possible to surface. (如果我们要进入一个洞察的新时代，我们必须及时做出必要的改变来设计我们的环境，以使最好的洞察可能浮出水面。)”可知，对于创新，仅仅尝试访问更多数据或增加我们产生的洞察数量是不够的，而是应该为从所有信息中脱颖而出的最伟大的想法腾出空间，可是当下随着科技的日益普及，找到这些安静的信号变得越来越有挑战性，故作者对于当下的创新环境是感到不满意的，因此作者呼吁我们必须设计我们的环境，以允许最好的洞察浮出水面。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·北京海淀·期中）What are you doing later: wandering through Van Gogh’s landscapes, time-travelling to ancient Egypt? These are the kinds of “immersive” experiences we are increasingly flooded with. The immersive entertainment market globally was valued at around 442 billion by 2030. As a journalist and life-long pop culture fan, I am simultaneously fascinated and unsettled by immersive entertainment. My most memorable experiences of it were personalised and powerfully emotive, making me exhilarated, tearful, even “cybersick”. When we are wrapped up in a narrative, particularly one relayed through a headset, we are removed from real time. It isn’t the escapism that worries me, though — great culture frees us from everyday constraints — it is the insularity (孤立). Immersive events stress the subjective viewpoint, often at the expense of the communal energy that fuels social atmosphere, so even packed-out immersive shows can seem like solitary pursuits, with human companions resembling NPCs (non-playable video game characters). The cultural academic Keren Zaiontz coined a sharp term for our consumption of immersive entertainment: “narcissistic spectatorship”. One study found VR use induced dissociative symptoms in 83.9 percent of participants. The long-term effects remain undefined, but research has highlighted recurring themes of addiction to the experience and isolation. Over at London’s Barbican Centre, Feel the Sound is a new immersive exhibition whose installations offer imaginative personalised features, including Your Inner Symphony’s “sensing stations”, which generate unique visuals by tracking our bodily reactions to music. Luke Kemp, who heads up the Barbican’s immersive programming, says these experiences respond to our need for “playful” cultural spaces, accessible regardless of prior knowledge: “It allows the audience to feel part of something”. Robyn Landau at Kinda Studios, co-developer of Your Inner Symphony, points out the link to interoception — our awareness of our body’s inner senses. “When we have these transformative experiences individually that connect us to ourselves, they actually transform how we show up in the world and the way we connect to others,” she says. According to psychologist Sophie Janicke-Bowles, immersive experiences “can have an incredible recovery effect on our mind, where we can detach from our everyday concerns and cognitively, emotionally and even physiologically get absorbed into something different”. But for me, there is still a curious tension at play in immersive entertainment, and I am torn about where the rapidly developing scene is taking us. It does give us an opportunity to tune into ourselves, but I am less convinced it amplifies our bond with those around us. If we remain fixated by our own reflections, then we are missing the bigger picture. Immersive entertainment might make VIPs of us all, but culture should also bring us together. 1.What can we learn about the author’s immersive experiences? A. They free the author from restrictions. B. They lift the author out of an awful mood. C. They leave the author feeling alone in the crowd. D. They cause the author to be emotionally unstable. 2.What can be inferred about Luke Kemp’s view on immersive experiences? A. They make people feel included. B. They lead to self-focused perspectives. C. They help with mental wellness. D. They transform our social interactions. 3.The author mentions Your Inner Symphony mainly to ________. A. restate an argument B. propose a concept C. provide an example D. present an opinion 4.The author considers Sophie Janicke-Bowles’s view ________. A. partial B. insightful C. confusing D. practical 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了沉浸式娱乐体验的利弊，包括其带来的情感冲击、孤立感及对个体与社会关系的影响。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Immersive events stress the subjective viewpoint, often at the expense of the communal energy that fuels social atmosphere, so even packed-out immersive shows can seem like solitary pursuits, with human companions resembling NPCs (non-playable video game characters). (沉浸式活动强调主观观点，往往以牺牲激发社会氛围的集体能量为代价，因此即使是座无虚席的沉浸式表演也可能看起来像是孤独的追求，人类同伴就像非玩家角色。)”可知，作者的沉浸式体验让作者感到在人群中很孤独。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Luke Kemp, who heads up the Barbican’s immersive programming, says these experiences respond to our need for “playful” cultural spaces, accessible regardless of prior knowledge: “It allows the audience to feel part of something”. (负责巴比肯沉浸式节目策划的卢克·肯普表示，这些体验满足了我们对“有趣”文化空间的需求，无论是否有先验知识都可以参与其中：“它让观众感受到自己是其中的一部分”。)”可知，卢克·肯普认为沉浸式体验让观众感受到自己是其中的一部分，即让观众感到被包含在内。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Over at London’s Barbican Centre, Feel the Sound is a new immersive exhibition whose installations offer imaginative personalised features, including Your Inner Symphony’s “sensing stations”, which generate unique visuals by tracking our bodily reactions to music. Luke Kemp, who heads up the Barbican’s immersive programming, says these experiences respond to our need for “playful” cultural spaces, accessible regardless of prior knowledge: “It allows the audience to feel part of something”. (在伦敦巴比肯艺术中心，一场名为“聆听声音”的全新沉浸式展览正在举办。展览中的装置作品兼具创意与个性化特色，其中《内心交响曲》项目的“感知站”，能通过追踪人体对音乐的反应生成独特视觉效果。巴比肯中心沉浸式项目负责人卢克・肯普表示，这些体验满足了人们对“富有趣味性”的文化空间的需求，无论是否有相关知识储备都能参与：“它让观众感觉自己是某件事的一部分。”)”可知，作者提及该作品是为了通过开发者的表述，传递沉浸式体验与自我、社交相关的观点。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第七段中“According to psychologist Sophie Janicke-Bowles, immersive experiences “can have an incredible recovery effect on our mind, where we can detach from our everyday concerns and cognitively, emotionally and even physiologically get absorbed into something different”. (根据心理学家索菲·贾尼克-鲍尔斯的说法，沉浸式体验“可以对我们的心灵产生令人难以置信的恢复效果，我们可以摆脱日常的烦恼，在认知、情感甚至生理上投入到不同的东西中”。)”以及最后一段中作者的观点“It does give us an opportunity to tune into ourselves, but I am less convinced it amplifies our bond with those around us. (它确实给了我们关注自我的机会，但我不太相信它能加强我们与周围人的联结。)”可知，作者认可该观点中沉浸式体验对心灵的修复作用，但认为其未提及社交联结层面，观点不够全面。故选A。 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （23-24高三上·北京朝阳·期中）Brian Peterson had just moved to California. Outside his apartment, a homeless man was often shouting on the street corner, sometimes keeping him awake at night. Peterson would pass the guy on his way to work, but they never spoke. One day, Peterson was reading the book Love Does when he was disturbed by the homeless man. Inspired by the book’s compassionate (有同情心的) message, Peterson made an unexpected decision: He was going to go outside and introduce himself. The homeless man was Matt Faris. He’d moved to California to pursue a career in music, but he ended up living on the street. “It was the strangest thing to me,” Peterson recalled. “I saw beauty on the face of a man who hadn’t shaved or taken a shower in probably a year. But his story inspired me.” And even though Peterson, an art school graduate, hadn’t painted in about eight years, he asked if he could paint Faris’s portrait (肖像). Faris said yes. This experience led Peterson to form Faces of Santa Ana, a non-profit organization focused on befriending and painting portraits of unhoused people. Peterson sells the portraits, putting the income into what he calls a “love account” for his model. He then helps people use the money to get back on their feet. Many of Peterson’s new friends use the donations to secure immediate necessities — medical care, hotel rooms, and food. Faris used the funds from his portrait to record an album (专辑), realizing his musical dreams. Another subject, Sondoval, who had never been able to financially support her daughter, used the money to pay her daughter’s rent. Since Faces of Santa Ana was established, Peterson has painted 41 of all the portraits. But there’s more to the finished products than the money they bring to someone who’s down and out. He’s discovered that the buyers tend to connect to the story of the person in the painting, finding similarities and often friendship with someone they might have otherwise stereotyped (持固有观念) or overlooked. “People often tell me, ‘I was the one that would cross the street. But I see homeless people differently now,’” Peterson says. “I didn’t know that would happen.” 1.How did Peterson feel about the homeless man after reading the book? A. Annoyed. B. Amazed. C. Concerned. D. Confused. 2.After talking with Faris, Peterson decided to______. A. pay for his rent B. record an album C. go to an art school D. paint his portrait 3.How did Peterson help the homeless? A. He founded a non-profit organization. B. He bought immediate necessities for them. C. He donated money to related organizations. D. He taught them how to realize their dreams. 4.What can we learn from the passage? A. Prejudice blocks dreams. B. Wealth can make people wise. C. Sympathy can break stereotypes. D. Actions speak louder than words. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了艺术家Brian Peterson如何通过肖像画帮助无家可归的人并改变他们的生活的感人故事。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“One day, Peterson was reading the book Love Does when he was disturbed by the homeless man. Inspired by the book’s compassionate (有同情心的) message, Peterson made an unexpected decision: He was going to go outside and introduce himself.(一天，Peterson正在读《爱的力量》，这时他被一个流浪汉打扰了。受到书中富有同情心的信息的启发，Peterson做了一个意想不到的决定：他要出去介绍自己)”可知，Peterson之前一直对流浪汉的存在感到困扰，而读完这本书，他受到了书中同情心理念的影响，决定走出去向流浪汉介绍自己，并最终帮助了流浪汉。由此可知，当Peterson读完书后，他对流浪汉充满担忧。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段““It was the strangest thing to me,” Peterson recalled. “I saw beauty on the face of a man who hadn’t shaved or taken a shower in probably a year. But his story inspired me.” And even though Peterson, an art school graduate, hadn’t painted in about eight years, he asked if he could paint Faris’s portrait(肖像). Faris said yes(“这对我来说是最奇怪的事情，” Peterson回忆说。“我在一个大概一年都没刮胡子、没洗澡的男人脸上看到了美。但他的故事激励了我。”尽管毕业于艺术学院的Peterson已经有八年没有画过画了，但他还是问能不能画一下Faris的肖像。Faris答应了)”可知，Peterson和Faris交流之后，决定为他画一幅肖像画。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“This experience led Peterson to form Faces of Santa Ana, a non-profit organization focused on befriending and painting portraits of unhoused people.(这段经历促使Peterson成立了“Faces of Santa Ana”，这是一个非营利组织，致力于帮助无家可归的人，并为他们画肖像)”可知，为了帮助无家可归的人，Peterson成立了一个非营利组织。故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“He’s discovered that the buyers tend to connect to the story of the person in the painting, finding similarities and often friendship with someone they might have otherwise stereotyped (持固有观念) or overlooked.(他发现，买家倾向于与画中人物的故事联系起来，找到相似之处，往往与他们原本可能刻板印象或忽视的人建立友谊)”以及全文内容可知，通过画肖像，Peterson帮助无家可归的人打破了人们的固有观念，让他们感到被尊重和欣赏。由此推知，这所有的一切都是源于Peterson最初对流浪汉的同情心。故选C。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·北京中国人民大学附属中学·期中）Psychological science is full of interesting topics, many of which tell a coherent picture of human nature, but some of which create seemingly contradictory stories. A case in point is the tricky and misunderstood intersection between strength-based science and the research on narcissism (自恋). There is now convincing evidence to show that narcissism is on the rise, especially in our youth. Some researchers have gone so far as to say that it is occurring in epidemic proportions, with about 25% of young people showing symptoms of narcissism. The inflated ego of Generation Me is reflected in reality TV, celebrity worship, out-of-control consumerism, materialism...perhaps even a new type of president. We are correct to be concerned about this phenomenon but our fear that all kids are potential narcissists has caused an unhelpful counter-reaction to approaches that seek to make our children and teens feel good about themselves. In my own research on strength-based parenting it is common for people to wrongly label this approach as a recipe for self-entitlement. Their argument seems to be that a child who knows their strengths will automatically view themselves as better than everyone else. It is argued that the self-assurance that comes with identifying and using their positive qualities will make a child arrogant, selfish and uncaring. Genuine confidence about one’s strengths is categorized as over-confidence; desirable self-knowledge is branded as excessive self-admiration. Why does this occur? It’s partly because more is known about narcissism than strengths. While strengths psychology has largely stayed within the limit of academic journals or has been applied only within certain contexts such as the workplace, research on narcissism has made its way into the mass media and into our collective conscious. The New York Times noted that narcissism is a favored “go-to” topic and that people everywhere are diagnosing others with it. The fear that a strength-based approach will cause narcissism also occurs because we unwittingly fall prey to binary (非此即彼的) thinking. We mistakenly believe that one cannot be both confident and humble. We focus on Donald Trump and Kim Kardashian rather than Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa. There’s no way that Gandhi and Mother Teresa could have achieved what they did without confidence in their strengths, and yet they are both pillars of humility and selflessness. When we assume that strength-focus is the same as a self-focus, we fail to entertain the idea that people who know their strengths are, actually, more likely to be pro-social and focus on helping others. It’s tempting to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble — even when they use their strengths. 1.What can we learn from the passage? A. Both strengths psychology and narcissism are difficult to understand. B. Approximately a quarter of kids are potential narcissists. C. Knowing the kids’ strengths has an opposite effect on making them feel good. D. An increasing number of youth are showing an inflated sense of self. 2.Why are teenagers’ strengths often mistaken for narcissism? A. Strengths psychology is less accessible to the general public. B. Academic journals and mass media report more on narcissism. C. There is a lack of strengths in our collective consciousness. D. A number of people are diagnosed with narcissism by doctors. 3.What’s the author’s attitude towards strength-based parenting? A. Skeptical. B. Neutral. C. Favorable. D. Cautious. 4.Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A. A Recipe for Self-entitlement B. Teens’ Narcissism Diagnosis C. Binary Thinking of Psychological Science D. Teens’ Confidence Misunderstood 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文为一篇议论文。文章主要论述了一直以来，人们对个人长处和自恋两者之间认识不足导致了对青少年的自信产生误解这一观点。作者认为，以突出孩子们长处为基础的育儿方式是有益的。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段关键句“There is now convincing evidence to show that narcissism is on the rise, especially in our youth. (现在有令人信服的证据表明，自恋正在上升，特别是在我们的年轻人当中)”及“The inflated ego of Generation Me is reflected in reality TV, celebrity worship, out-of-control consumerism, materialism...perhaps even a new type of president. (“我这一代”膨胀的自我表现在真人秀、名人崇拜、失控的消费主义、物质主义，甚至可能是一个新型的总统等方面)”可知，越来越多的年轻人表现出自我膨胀的感觉。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第四段内容及第五段关键句“It’s partly because more is known about narcissism than strengths.While strengths psychology has largely stayed within the limit of academic journals or has been applied only within certain contexts such as the workplace, research on narcissism has made its way into the mass media and into our collective conscious.(这在一定程度上是因为人们对自恋的了解超过了对优势的了解。虽然优势心理学在很大程度上还停留在学术期刊的范围内，或者只应用于特定的环境，如工作场所，但对自恋的研究已经进入了大众媒体和我们的集体意识)”可知，青少年的优点经常被认为是自恋是由于大众对于优势心理学有较少接触。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第四段关键句“In my own research on strength-based parenting it is common for people to wrongly label this approach as a recipe for self-entitlement. (在我自己关于以力量为基础的育儿方式的研究中，人们通常错误地将这种方式称为自我授权的秘诀)”及最后一段关键句“but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble — even when they use their strengths. (但我想为成千上万和我一起工作过的孩子们说话，他们有爱心、有思想、谦逊——即使当他们发挥自己的长处时)”可推知，作者对以长处为基础的育儿方式持赞成态度。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段关键句“A case in point is the tricky and misunderstood intersection between strength-based science and the research on narcissism. (一个恰当的例子是基于优势的科学和对自恋的研究之间棘手而又被误解的交叉)”及最后一段“It’s tempting to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble — even when they use their strengths.(我们很容易得出这样的结论：每个年轻人都有成为自恋者的风险，但我想为我工作过的成千上万的孩子们说话，他们是有爱心的、有思想的、谦逊的——即使当他们发挥自己的长处时)”可知，本文主要论述了一直以来，人们对个人长处和自恋两者之间认识不足导致了对青少年的自信产生误解这一观点。D选项“Teens’ Confidence Misunderstood(青少年的自信被误解)”适合作为本文最佳标题。故选D项。 Passage 2 （23-24高三上·北京房山良乡中学·期中）We’ve all heard it before: to be successful, get out of bed early. After all, Apple CEO Tim Cook gets up at 3:45 am, Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne at 3:30 am and Richard Branson at 5:45 am- - -and, as we know, “The early bird catches the worm.” Indeed, it may be true that those who get up early have a jump start on the day before others are even out of bed. But just because some successful people wake up early, does that mean it’s a trait most of them share? And if the idea of having exercised, planned your day, eaten breakfast, visualized and done one task before 8 am. makes you want to roll over and hit snooze until next Saturday, are you really doomed to a less successful life? For about half of us, this isn’t really an issue. It’s estimated that some 50% of the population isn’t really morning- oriented or evening oriented, but somewhere in the middle. Roughly one in four of us, though, tend more toward bright-eyed early risers, and another one in four are night owls. For them, the effect can go beyond falling asleep in front of the TV at10 pm or being regularly late for work. Numerous studies have found that morning people are more self-directed and agreeable. And compared to night owls, they are less likely to be depressed, drink or smoke. Although morning types may achieve more academically, night owls tend to perform better on measures of memory, processing speed and cognitive ability, even when they have to perform those tasks in the morning. Night-time people are also more open and more creative. And one study shows that night owls are as healthy and wise as morning types- and a little bit wealthier. Still think the morning people sound more like CEO material? Don’t set your alarm for 5 am just, yet, as it turns out, overhauling (大修) your sleep times may not have much effect. “If people are left to their naturally preferred times, they feel much better. They say that they are much more productive. The mental capacity they have is much broader,” says Oxford University biologist Katharina Wulf. On the other hand, she says, pushing people too far out of their natural preference can be harmful. When they wake early, for example, night owls are still producing melatonin (褪黑激素 ). “Then, you disrupt it and push the body to be in the daytime mode. That can have lots of negative, physiological consequences,” Wulff says like a different sensitivity to insulin and glucose (葡萄糖) which can cause weight gain. 1.What can we know from the 4th and 5th paragraphs? A. Neither night owls no morning persons perform better than the middle ones. B. To beat night-time people, ask them to do maths calculation in the morning. C. Night owls tend to sacrifice their health for their wealth. D. Morning types are more conservative but more optimistic. 2.Which of the following does Katharina Wulff support? A. Don’t fall asleep in front of the TV. B. Better not overhaul your sleep times. C. Stop sting your alarm for 5 am. D. Avoid being-regularly late for work. 3.What does the author do in the first three paragraphs? A. raising the problem→analysing the problem→solving the problem. B. presenting author’s viewpoint → providing supporting proofs→making a conclusion. C. leading in the topic→challenging a viewpoint → discussing about the topic. D. introducing a viewpoint -raising the question→presenting author’s viewpoint. 4.Why does the author write this article? A. To argue against the view that the early bird catches the worm. B. To compare the differences between early risers and night owls. C. To advise people to get up neither too early nor too late. D. To explain why some people are more successful. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕早起的好坏展开论述，最后得出的结论是强行让人们偏离自己天生喜好的作息时间太多可能是有害的，反驳了“早起的鸟儿有虫吃”。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Numerous studies have found that morning people are more self-directed and agreeable. And compared to night owls, they are less likely to be depressed, drink or smoke.(许多研究发现，早起的人更有自主性，也更容易相处。与夜猫子相比，他们更不容易抑郁、喝酒或吸烟。)”和第五段的“Night-time people are also more open and more creative.(夜猫子也更开放，更有创造力。)”可知，从第四和第五段我们可以知道早起的人更保守，但也更乐观。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。 根据文章最后一段“On the other hand, she says, pushing people too far out of their natural preference can be harmful. When they wake early, for example, night owls are still producing melatonin (褪黑激素 ). “Then, you disrupt it and push the body to be in the daytime mode. That can have lots of negative, physiological consequences,” Wulff says like a different sensitivity to insulin and glucose (葡萄糖) which can cause weight gain.(另一方面，她说，让人们过分偏离他们的自然偏好可能是有害的。例如，当夜猫子早起时，他们仍在分泌褪黑激素。“然后，你破坏它，把身体推到白天模式。这可能会产生许多负面的生理后果，”Wulff说，比如对胰岛素和葡萄糖的不同敏感性会导致体重增加。)”可知，Katharina Wulff支持的观点是最好不要改变你的睡眠时间。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。 根据第一段的“Indeed, it may be true that those who get up early have a jump start on the day before others are even out of bed.(事实上，早起的人在别人起床之前就已经开始了一天的工作，这可能是真的。)”可知，第一段，作者用大家所知的俗语“早起的鸟儿有虫吃”来引入话题（leading in the topic）；根据第二段的“But just because some successful people wake up early, does that mean it’s a trait most of them share? And if the idea of having exercised, planned your day, eaten breakfast, visualized and done one task before 8 am. makes you want to roll over and hit snooze until next Saturday, are you really doomed to a less successful life?(但是，仅仅因为一些成功人士起得早，就意味着他们中的大多数人都有早起的特点吗？如果在早上8点之前锻炼、计划一天、吃早餐、想象并完成一项任务的想法让你想要翻个身，然后再睡到下周六，你真的注定要过不那么成功的生活吗?)”可知，第二段用两个问句提出质疑（challenging the viewpoint）；根据第三段的“For about half of us, this isn’t really an issue. It’s estimated that some 50% of the population isn’t really morning- oriented or evening oriented, but somewhere in the middle. Roughly one in four of us, though, tend more toward bright-eyed early risers, and another one in four are night owls.(对于大约一半的人来说，这不是一个真正的问题。据估计，大约50%的人不是真正的早起或晚起，而是介于两者之间。然而，大约四分之一的人更倾向于成为眼睛明亮的早起者，另外四分之一的人是夜猫子。)”可知，在第三段，作者对这个话题进行更深入的讨论（discussing the topic），因此作者在前三段是导入话题→挑战观点→讨论话题。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。 通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Indeed, it may be true that those who get up early have a jump start on the day before others are even out of bed.(事实上，早起的人在别人起床之前就已经开始了一天的工作，这可能是真的。)”和最后一段的“On the other hand, she says, pushing people too far out of their natural preference can be harmful. When they wake early, for example, night owls are still producing melatonin (褪黑激素 ). “Then, you disrupt it and push the body to be in the daytime mode. That can have lots of negative, physiological consequences,” Wulff says like a different sensitivity to insulin and glucose (葡萄糖) which can cause weight gain.(另一方面，她说，让人们过分偏离他们的自然偏好可能是有害的。例如，当夜猫子早起时，他们仍在分泌褪黑激素。“然后，你破坏它，把身体推到白天模式。这可能会产生许多负面的生理后果，”Wulff说，比如对胰岛素和葡萄糖的不同敏感性会导致体重增加。)”可知，本文一直在围绕早起的好坏进行论述，最后得出的结论是一味强调早起是不好的，强行让人们偏离自己天生喜好的作息时间太多可能是有害的，因此作者写这篇文章的目的是反驳文章开头提到的“早起的鸟儿有虫吃”，故选A。 主题语境04 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·北京北京师范大学第二附属中学·期中）The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. It you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or shared the same birthday. This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would hive her some idea of a fascinating circle who might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fueling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings. Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance form the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems — how do I get characters into a room—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems. The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine; the latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour. 1.The passage mainly deals with . A. the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writer B. the relationship between genius and success C. the decisive factor in making a genius D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction 2.By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could . A. come to understand the inner structure of writing B. join a fascinating circle of writers someday C. share with a novelist her likes and dislikes D. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security 3.In the girl’s long painstaking training process, ________. A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success B. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance C. she acquires the magic of some great achievement D. she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write 4.What can be concluded from the passage? A. A fueling ambition plays a leading role in one’s success B. A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing. C. As to the growth of a genius, I.Q. doesn’t matter, but just his/her effort. D. What really matters is what you do rather than who you are. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. B　4. D 【解析】这篇文章主要讲了决定成功的主要因素并不是IQ,而是些后天的、有目的的训练和努力。如果你要成功，重要的不是你的智商，而在于你的实际行动。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段的The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice.可知文章讲的是在成为天才的时候决定性的因素。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第2段最后一句She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.可知通过阅读小说和作者的故事，女孩逐渐的理解写作的内在结构。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段2,3行Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills.可知在女孩长期的痛苦的训练过程中，她获得了一些伟大的成就的魔力。故选B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。从最后一段的句子：And it's true that genes play a role in our capabilities．But the brain is also very plastic．We construct ourselves through behaviour．文章讲述了一个人要成功，重要的是自己的行动，而不是看你是什么样的人，故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·北京顺义牛栏山第一中学·期中）In a recent article, Markham Heid shares with us an unusual life crisis. At 41, he has built what many would regard as the good life: he has a family; he is healthy, productive, and creative; he has time to travel, read, exercise, and see friends. Yet, he feels that “something is off.” To fight against this feeling, some of his friends have turned to special retreats, while others try to solve it through fitness. What makes Heid’s problem somewhat odd is that it does not seem to arise from anything specific. If he had lost his job, had no time for himself, or was struggling in his marriage, the feeling would be understandable. In the history of philosophy, there have been many attempts to understand such a powerful but objectless feeling. Boredom, anxiety, depression and despair are some of the descriptions this mood has received. Heid ends up attributing his crisis to the lack of new experiences. The Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard calls this the “illusion of crop rotation”, the idea that changing the environment frequently can save us from this mood. The German philosopher Martin Heidegger also describes a similar state: one may still be surrounded by the same people and activities, but these no longer engage us as they used to. He calls it a kind of “anxiety” created by nothing in particular. No wonder the psychologist Sigmund Freud once described anxiety as a “riddle.” But what really drives this mood is not the need for new experiences. It is not even the particulars of our individual lives or the cultures we belong to, but that we have been given a life to live in the first place, the taste of possibility that comes with being alive. This mood is not due to doubts like “Do I have enough hobbies?” or “Have I achieved my goal?” It is related to the more fundamental questions like “What does it mean to be human?” “What am I supposed to do with the fact that I was given a life?” and “What kind of life is possible for me?” This is why this mood is likely to appear frequently in our life. This is why once many of our life goals are fulfilled, we begin to wonder what life itself is for. These questions never have a final answer and they can always leave us with a great sense of anguish about who we are and how we should go on. Nevertheless, recognizing that these doubts are there, and that they matter, can at least allow us to know what may be missing, even when everything is good. 1.The author shares Markham Heid’s crisis mainly to________. A. present an argument B. introduce a topic C. make an assumption D. evaluate an event 2.According to the author, how can the crisis in the passage be dealt with? A. By studying philosophy. B. By developing new hobbies. C. By going travelling frequently. D. By embracing the objectless feeling. 3.What does the word “anguish” underlined in the last paragraph most probably mean? A. Pain. B. Wonder. C. Direction. D. Achievement. 4.Which would be the best title for the passage? A. What leads to a Life Crisis B. Letting Go of Dark Moods C. Boredom Makes Us Human D. Anxiety Gives Us Life Goals 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了以Markham Heid的危机为例，探讨一种强大但无明确对象的情绪及其产生原因和应对方式。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“In a recent article, Markham Heid shares with us an unusual life crisis.(在最近的一篇文章中，Markham Heid与我们分享了一场不寻常的生活危机)”以及后文对这种无明确原因的情绪的探讨可知，作者分享Markham Heid的危机主要是为了引入一个话题。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Nevertheless, recognizing that these doubts are there, and that they matter, can at least allow us to know what may be missing, even when everything is good.(尽管如此，认识到这些疑虑的存在，并且它们很重要，至少可以让我们知道，即使一切都好，可能还缺少什么)”可知，作者认为要接受这种无明确对象的情绪，这样才能知道可能缺少什么。故选D。 (3)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据最后一段“These questions never have a final answer and they can always leave us with a great sense of anguish about who we are and how we should go on.(这些问题永远没有最终的答案，它们总是会让我们对自己是谁以及该如何继续下去产生一种巨大的anguish感)”可知，这些问题没有答案，会让人对自己和未来感到痛苦，“anguish”意思是“痛苦”。A. Pain痛苦；B. Wonder惊奇；C. Direction方向；D. Achievement成就。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段“In the history of philosophy, there have been many attempts to understand such a powerful but objectless feeling. (在哲学史中，人们曾多次试图去理解这种强大却无具体对象感的现象)”并结合文章讲述一位生活顺利的中年人却陷入无明显原因的“人生危机”可知，通过哲学与心理学视角，作者指出这种“无对象的焦虑”源于对生命意义的追问，而非外部环境。认识这种情绪本身，有助于理解生活的缺失与价值。所以，C选项“Boredom Makes Us Human(无聊使我们成为人类)”最符合文章标题。故选C项。 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 （25-26高三上·北京朝阳·期中）In the fall of 1944, Norman Borlaug moved to Mexico to produce a new variety of wheat. Finally, he got lucky. His wheat proved to be not just high-yielding (高产的) but also surprisingly varied. But, as proud as he was of his seeds, Borlaug also saw their limits. When he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970, he used his Nobel address to caution against self-satisfaction. The new varieties of wheat he had reproduced represented, he said, only a “temporary success in man’s war against hunger.” The world’s population, he worried out loud, would continue to grow, and eventually the demand for food would again outpace the supply. Now in 2025, Michael Grunwald says in his new book, We Are Eating the Earth, that humanity is facing “some terrible math.” On one side of the equation is the growing need for food. On the other side is climate change. Agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gases, depending on how you calculate it. We need to “feed the world without frying the world” is how Grunwald puts it. What’s to be done? A good first step, Grunwald advocates, would be to stop making things worse. We could start with biofuels. Every year in the US, some fourteen billion gallons of a corn-based additive get mixed in gas. The practice is supposed to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. Almost certainly, though, it has the opposite outcome. Redirecting corn from grocery stores to gas tanks pushes up goods prices — which, in turn, encourages farmers to change forests into cropland. Since forests store a lot of carbon, cutting down them increases atmospheric \( CO_2 \). Grunwald quotes a song: Biofuel use is gonna burn up all my food Deforestation can only ruin our nation. Immoral men with that bad intention What is your plan? Is it life or ruination? Were it not for Borlaug, the world in the late twentieth century would have been a very different place. In the eight years since Borlaug arrived in Mexico, farming in much of the world has been transformed. New tools that could make farms even more productive are constantly being developed. At the same time, the world, too, has been transformed, by such things as climate change, groundwater exhaustion, and soil pollution. The new tools and the new threats are bound up in each other—two sides, as it were, of the same leaf. If it is reasonable to imagine that we will, somehow or other, find ways to feed ten billion people, it is also reasonable to fear how much damage will be done in the process. 1.What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A. The downstream consequences of food shortage. B. The significance of inventing high-productive seeds. C. The problems humans face in the course of development. D. Two contrary perspectives on the growing demand for food. 2.Why does the author mention the song? A. To illustrate a current attempt of biofuels. B. To reveal convention is still better than innovation. C. To raise public awareness of redirecting food for fuel. D. To prove good intentions may bring about bad results. 3.What can we learn from the passage? A. Farming transformation lacks recognition. B. The issue of hunger should be prioritized. C. It is urgent to treat human-caused damage. D. We need view food and environment as one. 4.Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Can We Satisfy Our Growing Appetites? B. Farming: Will It Be Life without Ruination? C. Is Agriculture to Blame for Climate Change? D. Environment: Are We Transforming or Harming It? 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了农业在满足食物需求的同时对环境造成的影响，特别是气候变化。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“The new varieties of wheat he had reproduced represented, he said, only a “temporary success in man’s war against hunger.” The world’s population, he worried out loud, would continue to grow, and eventually the demand for food would again outpace the supply. (他说，他培育的小麦新品种只是“人类对抗饥饿战争的暂时成功”。他大声地担心，世界人口将继续增长，最终对食物的需求将再次超过供应。)”和第二段“On one side of the equation is the growing need for food. On the other side is climate change. Agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gases, depending on how you calculate it. We need to “feed the world without frying the world” is how Grunwald puts it. (一方面是对食物日益增长的需求。另一方面是气候变化。农业是温室气体的主要来源，这取决于你如何计算。格伦沃尔德说，我们需要“在不破坏世界的情况下养活世界”。)”可知第一段提到Norman Borlaug的高产小麦虽暂时应对饥饿，但人口增长会让粮食需求再次超过供给；第二段指人类面临“粮食需求增长”与“气候变化”的“可怕平衡”，核心都是人类发展过程中遭遇的问题。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。第三段“Every year in the US, some fourteen billion gallons of a corn-based additive get mixed in gas. The practice is supposed to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. Almost certainly, though, it has the opposite outcome. Redirecting corn from grocery stores to gas tanks pushes up goods prices — which, in turn, encourages farmers to change forests into cropland. Since forests store a lot of carbon, cutting down them increases atmospheric \( CO_2 \). (在美国，每年大约有140亿加仑的玉米添加剂混入汽油中。这种做法旨在减少温室气体排放。然而，几乎可以肯定的是，它会产生相反的结果。将玉米从杂货店转到汽油罐中推高了商品价格，这反过来又鼓励农民把森林变成农田。由于森林储存了大量的碳，砍伐它们会增加大气中的二氧化碳。)”可知生物燃料的使用本意是为了减少温室气体排放，但实际上却导致了食物价格上涨和森林砍伐，进而增加了大气中的二氧化碳。那首歌的歌词直接表达了生物燃料使用可能带来的不良后果，即食物被消耗和森林被砍伐，从而证明了好意可能带来不良后果。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。文章核心矛盾是“满足粮食需求”与“保护地球环境”的冲突，再根据最后一段“New tools that could make farms even more productive are constantly being developed. At the same time, the world, too, has been transformed, by such things as climate change, groundwater exhaustion, and soil pollution. The new tools and the new threats are bound up in each other — two sides, as it were, of the same leaf. (能够提高农场生产力的新工具不断被开发出来。与此同时，由于气候变化、地下水枯竭和土壤污染等原因，世界也发生了变化。新的工具和新的威胁是相互联系在一起的——就像一片叶子的两面一样。)”可知新工具和新威胁是相互交织的，需要综合看待。因此，我们需要将食物和环境视为一个整体。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章主要讨论了农业在满足食物需求的同时对环境造成的影响，特别是气候变化。文章通过Norman Borlaug的故事和Michael Grunwald的观点，以及生物燃料使用的例子，强调了农业发展需要平衡食物需求和环境保护。因此，最佳标题是B，即“农业：会是生存而无毁灭吗？”，这个标题既概括了文章的主题，又提出了一个引人深思的问题。故选B。 主题语境06 人与自然-自然生态 （23-24高三上·北京海淀·期中）Climate experts are having a debate: they are asking whether the UK should focus more on adapting to climate change or trying to prevent it. David Frost holds that preventing climate change is no longer an option, given the extent to which the Earth now appears certain to heat up. Despite the many policies which attempt to stop climate change, it now seems unavoidable that the world will pass the 1.5℃ or 2℃ increases in average global temperature that are likely to induce large changes in the climate. David Frost is right in that our economies are growing so much slower than we had anticipated. Our emissions can drop if we reduce emissions per unit of GDP we create—but they can also drop if the GDP is lower. Lower growth means it is more feasible (可行的) for us to achieve targets such as Net Zero, but it also makes it less environmentally urgent to achieve those targets so soon, because we are and have been emitting a lot less carbon than we had anticipated. The UK authority finds the debate about adaptation difficult. Partly, it is because some activists claim that adaptation is not feasible. They say that climate change will end human civilization, potentially leading to the entire extinction of the human race. However, the mainstream view of many scientists and economists, who work on climate change, is that global warming could lead to large changes in our environment. Significant parts of the world currently heavily populated could become effectively uninhabitable while other parts currently unsuitable for high-density human habitation would become more habitable. Meanwhile, at higher temperatures both climate and weather are likely to become more volatile—including increased frequency of storms, flooding and other weather events. These would be significant changes, but it would be perfectly feasible for humans to adapt to them. The issue is not whether adapting would be technically feasible, but whether it would be desirable either in ethical or practical terms. Are we willing to accept a materially warmer world, with humans living in different parts of it? Are we willing to accept the possible extinctions of certain species and the greater flourishing of those currently less successful and of new species yet to evolve? Are we willing to accept the consequences of a large shift in the patterns of human habitation across the world? It is by no means clear on what basis we ought to ethnically privilege the plants and animals that flourish under today’s climate over those that would flourish under a warmer, more volatile climate. However, adaptation will be feasible and is a necessity given the extent to which warming is now unavoidable. Slower GDP growth and thus slower climate change ought to make greater efforts at adaptation more attractive. 1.According to the passage, who hesitate(s) to adapt to the climate change? A. The government. B. Climate experts. C. David Frost. D. The activists. 2.The underlined word “volatile” in Paragraph 5 probably means ________. A. changeable B. predictable C. bearable D. noticeable 3.The questions in Paragraph 6 are mainly aimed at __________. A. expressing doubts about people’s adaptability B. presenting examples of future climate patterns C. highlighting the consequences of human activities D. helping people decide on their openness to adaptation 4.Which of the following might the author agree with? A. Slowing climate change deserves great efforts. B. Global warming is preventable to some extent. C. Adaptation to climate change is beyond question. D. Protection of the current species should be prioritized. 【答案】1. A　2. A　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了目前关于如何应对气候变化有两种不同观点——适应气候变化或者阻止气候变化，但作者认为适应气候变化是可行的和必要的。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据2段的“David Frost holds that preventing climate change is no longer an option, given the extent to which the Earth now appears certain to heat up.(大卫·弗罗斯特(David Frost)认为，考虑到地球现在似乎肯定会变暖的程度，阻止气候变化不再是一种选择。) ”可以判断Frost是支持适应气候变化的，根据第4段“The UK authority finds the debate about adaptation difficult. Partly, it is because some activists claim that adaptation is not feasible. They say that climate change will end human civilization, potentially leading to the entire extinction of the human race.(英国当局发现，有关适应气候变化的辩论很困难。部分原因是一些活动人士声称适应气候变化是不可行的。他们说，气候变化将终结人类文明，有可能导致整个人类灭绝。)”可知英国当局对关于适应论的争论犯了难，即不知道该支持哪边，对是否去适应气候变化存疑。故选A。 (2)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第五段破折号后的“including increased frequency of storms, flooding and other weather events(包括暴风雨、洪水和其他天气事件的频率增加)”可知，风暴、洪水和其他天气事件发生的频率增加，由此可推测出，气候和天气可能变得更加多变。volatile意为“易变的”，与changeable意思最接近。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“The issue is not whether adapting would be technically feasible, but whether it would be desirable either in ethical or practical terms.(问题不在于适应在技术上是否可行，而在于从道德或实践角度来看是否可取。)”可知，从技术上来说适应气候变化是可行的，但问题是从道德或实践角度来看适应气候变化是否可取。接下来“Are we willing to accept a materially warmer world, with humans living in different parts of it? Are we willing to accept the possible extinctions of certain species and the greater flourishing of those currently less successful and of new species yet to evolve? Are we willing to accept the consequences of a large shift in the patterns of human habitation across the world?(我们是否愿意接受一个实质上更温暖的世界，人类生活在这个世界的不同地方？我们是否愿意接受某些物种可能灭绝，以及那些目前不太成功的物种和尚未进化的新物种更加繁荣？我们是否愿意接受世界各地人类居住模式发生重大转变的后果？)”用提问的方式引发人们思考是否能接受气候变化带来的影响。由此可推测出，这些问题旨在帮助人们确定自己对适应的接受性。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“However, adaptation will be feasible and is a necessity given the extent to which warming is now unavoidable.(然而，考虑到气候变暖目前不可避免的程度，适应将是可行的，也是必要的。)”可知，作者认为气候变暖是不可避免的，所以适应是可行的和必要的，由此可推测出，作者认为适应气候变化是毋庸置疑的。故选C。 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （23-24高三上·北京丰台·期中）We humans are in trouble. We have let loose a new evolutionary process that we don’t understand and can’t control. The latest leaps forward in artificial intelligence (AI) are rightly causing anxiety. Yet people are responding as though AI is just one more scary new technology, like electricity or cars once were. We invented it, the argument goes, so we should be able to manage it for our own benefit. Not so. I believe that this situation is new and potentially dangerous. My thinking starts from the premise that all design anywhere in the universe is created by the evolutionary algorithm (算法). This is the process in which some kind of information is copied many times, the copies vary slightly and only some are selected to be copied again. The information is called the replicator (复制者), and our most familiar example is the gene. But genes aren’t the only replicator, as Richard Dawkins stressed in The Selfish Gene. People copy habits, stories, words, technologies and songs; we change, recombine and pass them on in ever greater variety. This second replicator, evolving much faster than genes ever could, Dawkins called memes (模仿传递行为) — and they are selfish too. As we face up to the recent explosion in AI, new questions arise. Could a third replicator take advantage of the first two? And what would happen if it did? For billions of years, all of the Earth’s organisms were gene machines, until, about 2 million years ago, just one species — our ancestors — started imitating sounds, gestures and ways of processing food. They had let loose a second replicator and turned us into meme machines. Following the same principle, could a third replicator appear if some object we made started copying, varying and selecting a new kind of information? It could, and I believe it has. Our digital technology can copy, store and spread vast amounts of information with near-perfect accuracy. While we had mostly been the ones selecting what to copy and share, that is changing now. Mindless algorithms choose which ads we see and which news stories they “think” we would like. Once a digital replicator takes off, its products will evolve for its own benefit, not ours. All is not lost, though. We already cope with fast-evolving parasites such as viruses by using our immune systems, machines and vaccines. Now, we need to build our collective mental immunity, our critical thinking and our ability to protect our attention from all that selfish information. Taking lessons from evolution, we can stop imagining we are the controllers of our accidentally dangerous offspring and start learning how to live with them. 1.As for people’s attitude toward AI, the author is ____________. A. disapproving B. unconcerned C. sympathetic D. tolerant 2.According to the passage, Richard Dawkins may agree that ____________. A. memes are composed of selfish genes B. the speed of evolution is underestimated C. replicators vary with human interference D. memes and genes share a common feature 3.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Technologies can be double-edged. B. Collective efforts make a better world. C. We should live in harmony with nature. D. Past experience is relevant to future action. 4.What can we learn from the passage? A. The pace of technological progress is unstoppable. B. The initiative of algorithm should be strengthened. C. The new evolution can bring about negative effects. D. The artificial intelligence can satisfy our real desires. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。作者在文中探讨了人工智能的最新发展所带来的焦虑和人类的应对办法。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Yet people are responding as though AI is just one more scary new technology, like electricity or cars once were. We invented it, the argument goes, so we should be able to manage it for our own benefit. Not so. I believe that this situation is new and potentially dangerous.(然而，人们的反应似乎是，人工智能只不过是又一项可怕的新技术，就像曾经的电力或汽车一样。这种观点认为，我们发明了它，所以我们应该能够为了自己的利益来管理它。不是这样的。我认为这种情况是新的，而且有潜在的危险。)”可知，人们认为人工智能与曾经的电力或汽车一样，不会给人类带来威胁，但作者并不赞成这一观点。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“But genes aren’t the only replicator, as Richard Dawkins stressed in The Selfish Gene. People copy habits, stories, words, technologies and songs; we change, recombine and pass them on in ever greater variety. This second replicator, evolving much faster than genes ever could, Dawkins called memes (模仿传递行为) — and they are selfish too.(但正如理查德·道金斯在《自私的基因》中强调的那样，基因并不是唯一的复制因子。人们复制习惯、故事、文字、技术和歌曲；我们改变、重组并以更大的变化将它们传递下去。第二种复制因子，进化得比基因快得多，道金斯称之为模因——它们也很自私。)”可知，理查德·道金斯认为基因和模因都很很自私。所以他会赞同“基因和模因有一个共同的特征”这一说法。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We already cope with fast-evolving parasites such as viruses by using our immune systems, machines and vaccines. Now, we need to build our collective mental immunity, our critical thinking and our ability to protect our attention from all that selfish information. Taking lessons from evolution, we can stop imagining we are the controllers of our accidentally dangerous offspring and start learning how to live with them.(我们已经通过免疫系统、机器和疫苗来应对病毒等快速进化的寄生物。现在，我们需要建立我们的集体精神免疫力，我们的批判性思维和我们保护我们的注意力不受所有自私信息影响的能力。从进化中吸取教训，我们可以停止想象我们是我们意外危险后代的控制者，并开始学习如何与他们相处。)”可推知，作者认为人类可以从过去战胜寄生物的经历中总结经验，从人类的进化过程中吸取教训，用来指导未来的行动，来应对人工智能这种新的威胁。所以，从最后一段中可以推出“过去的经验与未来的行动有关。”。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“We humans are in trouble. We have let loose a new evolutionary process that we don’t understand and can’t control.(我们人类有麻烦了。我们已经释放了一个我们不理解也无法控制的新的进化过程。)”、第二段中“We invented it, the argument goes, so we should be able to manage it for our own benefit. Not so. I believe that this situation is new and potentially dangerous.(这种观点认为，我们发明了它，所以我们应该能够为了自己的利益来管理它。不是这样的。我认为这种情况是新的，而且有潜在的危险。)”和倒数第二段中“Once a digital replicator takes off, its products will evolve for its own benefit, not ours.(一旦数字复制器起飞，它的产品将为自己的利益而进化，而不是为我们的利益。)”可推知，作者在文中反复表达人工智能的新进化可能会给人类来带威胁，产生负面影响。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高三上·北京东直门·期中）“Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science. To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods. But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow. What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic presumably shares. One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too. Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis (假说): that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together. 1.What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A. Reformers tend to devalue researchers’ work. B. Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms. C. People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science. D. The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection. 2.The strategy of “assuming you are wrong” may contribute to ______. A. the enormous efforts of scientists at work B. the reliability of potential research results C. the public’s passion for scientific findings D. the improvement in the quality of evidence 3.The underlined word “demoralizing” in Paragraph 5 means ______. A. discouraging B. ineffective C. unfair D. misleading 4.The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis is ______. A. doubtful but sincere B. disapproving but soft C. authoritative and direct D. reflective and humorous 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇议论文。这篇文章主要讲心理学教授BrianNosek提出“假定自己是错的”这一建议用于追求更好的科学，文章围绕该建议展开，论述其背景、面临的挑战及担忧，作者虽对这一假说存疑，但喜欢该建议，希望借助科学社区和方法工具，共同减少错误。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段的“But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow.(但方法改革并非没有一些烦恼和摩擦。方法论改革家说了很多难听的话，也说了很多关于他们的坏话。很少有人喜欢自己毕生工作的价值受到质疑。另一方面，很少有人善于以善意和建设性的方式提出批评。所以，挑战的一部分是弄清楚如何将批判性的自我反思融入科学文化本身，这样它就会成为这个过程中受欢迎的、完整的一部分，而不是令人尴尬的杂耍)”可知，方法上的改革面临一些挑战，其中之一就是要弄清楚如何将批判性的自我反思融入科学文化本身，使其成为过程中受欢迎和整合的一部分，这说明科学社区应该实践批判性自我反思。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic presumably shares.(相反，从假设你是错的开始，批评更容易被解释为如何减少错误的建设性建议——你的批评者可能也有同样的目标)”及第五段的“Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too.(如果不了解科学是如何运作的，就很容易把不确定性或分歧当作反对科学的标志，而事实上，它们恰恰反映了科学的一些特征，正是这些特征使科学成为我们得出关于世界的可靠结论的最佳途径。科学是可靠的，因为它对证据作出反应：随着证据数量和质量的提高，我们的理论也可以而且应该改变) ”可知，“假定自己是错的”这种策略有助于科学家寻找更多的证据，提高了潜在研究结果的可靠性。故选B。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第五段的“One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science.(对这种方法的一个担忧是，它可能会使科学家……。努力少犯错误的动机可能不如承诺正确的动机有效。另一个担忧是，在科学领域行之有效的策略在与公众交流科学时可能会适得其反。如果不了解科学是如何运作的，就很容易把不确定性或分歧当作反对科学的标志)”可知，在科学领域，追求完全正确往往是一个理想化的目标，因为实现这个目标可能是困难的，甚至是不可能的。相比之下，追求变得“不那么错误”可能更为现实和可行。这种方法鼓励科学家不断学习和改进，接受在研究过程中会犯错的可能性，从而更好地理解和解决问题。虽然这种方法可能会减轻一些压力，但也可能会在一定程度上降低科学家的动机和信心，因为他们可能会觉得自己永远无法达到完美的正确性。因此，“假定自己是错的”这种策略可能会让科学家感到士气低落。故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.(尽管存在这些担忧，但我喜欢诺塞克的建议，因为它建立了认知上的谦卑，以及我们可以做得更好的感觉。它还建立了一种社区意识——当我们做错事的时候，我们都在同一条船上)”及最后一段的“Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis: that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together.(不幸的是，这仍然给我们留下了一个未经检验的假设：假设一个人是错的可以改变社会规范，并最终支持更好的科学，甚至可能是更好的生活决策。我不知道这是不是真的。事实上，我应该假设这是错的。但是有了科学界和我们最好的方法论工具的帮助，我希望我们能一起减少错误)”可知，作者用幽默的语调一方面承认自己不确定这个假说是否正确，另一方面又对其抱有希望。由此推知，作者在谈论这个未经检验的假设时使用的语气是反思和幽默的。故选D。 主题语境02 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高三上·北京顺义·期中）Science should guide policy, but caution is needed when technologies like CRISPR have the potential to exclude rather than assist people to live their lives. CRISPR can be used to treat disease. Yet the far-reaching, more worrying promise of this technology — one about which scientists seem at once excited and cautious — lies in its ability to eliminate from the gene pool what medical science identifies as faulty or abnormal genes that cause difference in individual people. Certainly, goes the logic of CRISPR’s promise, the goal of ridding future generations of terrible diseases that cause suffering and death and exhaust resources, seems an unquestionable enterprise. This logic is consistent with wider societal views. The idea that ridding society of genetic differences that count as defect (缺陷) is an undeniable “good” continues to be pervasive. Editing out a gene-linked condition, supporters may argue, is different from editing out a person, and curing disease is a good thing. But our genetic conditions are not simply entities that can be clipped away from us and our genetic conditions form a fundamental part of who we are. Using genome manipulation tools and performing genetic selection is equal to a new form of eugenic (优生学的) thinking grounded in what the communications studies scholar James L. Chemey calls “common sense” ableism, a belief system that allows people to simultaneously deny any commitment to distasteful eugenic principles while also holding them up. Ultimately, “common sense” ableism embodies a similar goal of cleansing unacceptable human variations that the campaigns to eliminate the supposedly inferior have held in the past. People with “bad” genes shouldn’t be edited out of existence in some version of a utopian (乌托邦的) future. Evaluating the quality of life of another person is morally questionable in a society based on the concept that all people are of equal value regardless of their individual differences. Expanding diversity in all its forms, including disability, strengthens the human community ethically and biologically because it opens the public and private sphere to a variety of perspectives, experiences and ideas to live together with mutual flourishing. Genome editing is powerful in reshaping medical treatments, but it can also be harmful by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically contaminated — people who are understood as having bad genes. We should be reminded that bad genes don’t necessarily lead to bad lives, just as good genes don’t necessarily lead to good lives. If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. 1.According to the author, CRISPR is________. A. a necessary evil in treating severe diseases B. a questionable tool for removing faulty genes C. a promising technology to conserve resources D. a logical approach to improving human genetics 2.The author discusses “common sense” ableism in Paragraph 4 to________. A. compare genetic selection to eugenic thinking B. trace the evolution of genetic selection in history C. offer an example of campaigns to remove bad genes D. reveal the root of the societal view on genetic differences 3.What does the underlined part in the last sentence mean? A. People need to adopt more simplified solutions. B. The society should apply CRISPR into other fields. C. This belief might be widely practiced in the society. D. The technology will be used to create a utopian future. 4.Which would be the best title for this passage? A. The Dark Side of CRISPR B. In the Wake of Genetic Selection C. In Defense of Our Bad Genes D. The Promise and Price of Gene Editing 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了CRISPR基因编辑技术在治疗疾病的同时可能带来的社会伦理问题，特别是该技术可能导致排除遗传差异，从而影响社会多样性。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。由文章第二段中“CRISPR can be used to treat disease. Yet the far-reaching, more worrying promise of this technology — one about which scientists seem at once excited and cautious— lies in its ability to eliminate from the gene pool what medical science identifies as faulty or abnormal genes that cause difference in individual people. (CRISPR可以用于治疗疾病。然而，这项技术的深远、更令人担忧的前景——科学家们似乎既兴奋又谨慎——在于它有能力从基因库中消除医学认定的导致个体差异的缺陷或异常基因)”可知，作者认为CRISPR技术虽然有治疗疾病的能力，但也有删除基因池中有缺陷或异常基因的风险，这种做法是值得质疑的。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。由文章第四段“Using genome manipulation tools and performing genetic selection is equal to a new form of eugenic (优生学的) thinking grounded in what the communications studies scholar James L. Chemey calls “common sense” ableism, a belief system that allows people to simultaneously deny any commitment to distasteful eugenic principles while also holding them up. Ultimately, “common sense” ableism embodies a similar goal of cleansing unacceptable human variations that the campaigns to eliminate the supposedly inferior have held in the past. (使用基因组操作工具和进行基因选择等同于一种新的优生思维形式，其基础是传播研究学者James L. Chemey所说的“常识”残疾歧视，这是一种信仰体系，它允许人们在否认任何令人厌恶的优生原则的同时，也支持它们。最终，“常识性”残疾歧视体现了一个类似的目标，即清除不可接受的人类变异，这与过去消除所谓的劣等运动的目标类似)”可知，作者讨论“常识”残疾主义是为了揭示社会遗传差异观的根源。故选D。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。由文章最后一段中“If CRISPR is put to use to eliminate rather than to treat genetic difference, we as a society would essentially instrumentalize this moralistic and reductionist assumption. (如果CRISPR被用于消除而不是治疗基因差异，我们作为一个社会，本质上是将这种道德主义和简化主义的假设工具化。)”可知，将这种道德主义和简化主义的假设工具化，暗示这种做法可能在社会上广泛实践。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Science should guide policy, but caution is needed when technologies like CRISPR have the potential to exclude rather than assist people to live their lives. (科学应该指导政策，但是当像CRISPR这样的技术有可能排斥而不是帮助人们过自己的生活时，就需要谨慎)”和最后一段中“Genome editing is powerful in reshaping medical treatments, but it can also be harmful by editing out the kinds of people that medical science, and the society it has shaped, categorize as diseased or genetically contaminated — people who are understood as having bad genes. We should be reminded that bad genes don’t necessarily lead to bad lives, just as good genes don’t necessarily lead to good lives. (基因组编辑在重塑医学治疗方面是强大的，但它也可能是有害的，因为它把医学及其塑造的社会归类为患病或基因污染的人——那些被认为有坏基因的人——剔除了。我们应该记住，坏的基因并不一定导致坏的生活，正如好的基因并不一定导致好的生活一样)”可知，本文主要讨论了CRISPR基因编辑技术在治疗疾病的同时可能带来的社会伦理问题，特别是该技术可能导致排除遗传差异，从而影响社会多样性。因此，选项A“The Dark Side of CRISPR(CRISPR的阴暗面)”最适合作为本文标题。故选A。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $