专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，北京专用）高二英语上学期

函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题02阅读理解（说明文） 基础必练 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.D3.C Passage 2 【答案】1.A2.D3.B 主题语境02人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1.B2.C3.D4.A 主题语境03人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.D 主题语境04人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1.C2.A3.B4D 主题语境05人与自我-做人与做事 【答案】1.A2.B3.B 主题语境06人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.B Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.A3.D 114 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 Passage 3 【答案】1.C2.D3.A4C Passage 4 【答案】1.D2.A3.D4.A 主题语境07人与自然-环境 【答案】1.C2.B3.A 进阶提升】 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.C3.C4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.C3.A 主题语境02人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 【答案】1.B2.D3.D 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.A3.D Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.B Passage 3 【答案】1.D2.B3.C Passage 4 【答案】1.A2.D3.A4.C Passage 5 2/4 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.B Passage 6 【答案】1.C2.C3.B4.C Passage 7 【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.C 主题语境04人与自我做人与做事 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.A3.B Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.B3.C4.D Passage 3 【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.D 主题语境05人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1.C2.D3.A4D 主题语境06人与自然-环境 【答案】1.D2.B3.B 主题语境07人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.B3.D4.C Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.A3.B4.B 拓展培优) 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 314 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.C3.C4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.C3.A 主题语境02人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1.A2.D3.A 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.A3.B Passage 3 【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.D 主题语境04人与自我-做人与做事 【答案】1.A2.B3.B4.C 主题语境05人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1.C2.D3.A4B 414 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京第五中学·期中）The start-up that attracted the largest investment in the history of cybersecurity, of more than half a billion dollars, has a simple goal: a passwordless future. Despite the spread of password management software that can generate and remember complicated strings of random characters, some of the most common passwords are still “12345”, “password” and “iloveyou”. As a result, more than 80 percent of hacks involve these kinds of passwords; and passwords remain the most sought-after data by hackers, above other personal or sensitive information. In many cases, individuals are tricked into handing over password details by phishing emails and other social engineering techniques. Hackers have sought to break into apps and steal entire password databases as well. Passwords are also under attack from new technology, such as automated programs that can rapidly try to guess them, or can try stolen passwords on multiple online accounts. Since the need to replace the easily forgotten and highly hackable strings of letters and numbers that we use to access everyday life has become even more urgent, the race to replace the password is under way, with biometric-based (基于生物识别的) security emerging as one of the most sought-after solutions. According to Tieo, a union of more than 250 companies, which promotes a standard system of passwordless authentication (身份验证), the vast majority of consumer services will offer passwordless login systems in the next couple of years. “If done correctly and safely, biometrics are really helping us move to a passwordless future in a rapid manner,” said Andrew Jenkinson, CEO of Tieo. But there are still risks associated with the use of biometric authentication. Unlike passwords, biometrics cannot be changed. This means such data must be closely guarded for privacy purposes and to prevent spoofing—hackers trying to trick cameras or sensors with photos, or masks of their victim. “Biometric authentication and passwordless authentication has its own attack surface,” said Paul Smith, director of security research at CyberPek. His team revealed that it had found a design problem which would allow potential attackers to bypass facial recognition login by injecting a spoofed photo of a user’s face into the process. The biggest obstacle standing in the way of the start-ups hoping to kill the password is how to change years of habit. Eric Brown, founder of TAK Cyber, a cyber research and advisory company, argued that while sensitive applications may rapidly shift from passwords, other websites have less motivation to update their systems. “You’ll never get rid of them,” he said. “We’re never going to get to the post-password era.” 1.What is the third paragraph mainly about? A. Why passwords are the most sought-after data. B. Why passwords are difficult to secure. C. How passwords have caused us trouble. D. How passwords are stolen by phishing emails. 2.What is Eric Brown’s attitude towards a passwordless future? A. Indifferent. B. Passionate. C. Objective D. Pessimistic. 3.Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Biometric authentication: password security solution! B. Start-ups race to welcome a passwordless future. C. Killing the password: a cure or a fantasy? D. The argument to end passwords has begun. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。短文介绍了密码存在的安全隐患、生物识别等无密码认证技术的兴起，同时分析了生物识别技术的风险及“淘汰密码”面临的习惯障碍，探讨了无密码未来的可行性。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段“In many cases, individuals are tricked into handing over password details by phishing emails and other social engineering techniques. Hackers have sought to break into apps and steal entire password databases as well. Passwords are also under attack from new technology, such as automated programs that can rapidly try to guess them, or can try stolen passwords on multiple online accounts.(在许多情况下，个人会被钓鱼邮件和其他社会工程学技术欺骗，泄露密码信息。黑客还试图入侵应用程序，窃取整个密码数据库。密码还面临着新技术的攻击，例如能够快速尝试猜测密码或在多个在线账户上测试被盗密码的自动化程序。)”可知，该段从“钓鱼邮件欺骗”“数据库被盗”“新技术攻击”三个方面，阐述了密码容易被破解、难以保障安全的原因。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中““You’ll never get rid of them,” he said. “We’re never going to get to the post-password era.(“你永远无法摆脱它们，”他说，“我们永远也进入不了后密码时代。”)”可知，他认为密码无法被淘汰，对无密码未来持悲观态度。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开篇介绍“无密码未来”的愿景及密码的安全问题，随后提出生物识别技术这一解决方案，接着分析生物识别技术存在的风险（如数据不可更改、易被欺骗），最后指出“改变多年使用习惯”这一最大障碍，并引用专家观点对“无密码未来”提出质疑。核心围绕“淘汰密码”这一议题，探讨其可行性与挑战，即“淘汰密码是解决安全问题的良方，还是不切实际的幻想”。C项“淘汰密码：良方还是幻想？”准确概括了全文的核心争议，是最佳标题。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·北京第十一中学顺义学校·期中）Throughout history, several economists have contributed greatly to the field of economics and changed society. Adam Smith (1723-1790) Adam Smith is best known for An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which is one of the earliest and the most famous works on industry and commerce. Smith's arguments against mercantilism (重商主义) and in favor of free trade were a challenge to much of the protectionism that was influential in the mid-18th century. Today, he's often called" the father of modern economics". In a globalized world, imagine how much slower life would be, had free, open trade not been encouraged. David Ricardo (1772-1823) Ricardo joined his father to work on the London Stock Exchange at the age of 14 and quickly became successful. After reading Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations, he took an interest in economics. Ricardo is best known for the belief that nations should specialize for the greater good. He also carried forward the argument against protectionism, and showed that landlords seizing wealth at the expense of laborers was not beneficial for society. Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) Marshall is credited with attempting to apply mathematics to economics to turn economics into more of a science than a philosophy. Despite his emphasis on math, Marshall spared no effort to make his work accessible to regular people; his Economics of Industry became widely used in England as a curriculum. He also spent almost 10 years working on the more scientific Principles of Economics, which proved to be his most important work. John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) The six-foot-six Brit accepted a lectureship at Cambridge that was personally funded by Alfred Marshall, whose supply and demand curves were the basis for much of Keynes' work. He is particularly remembered for advocating government monetary policy to reduce the negative effects of economic depressions and booms. His influential work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, advocated government intervention to promote consumption and investing. It also pushed to relieve the global Great Depression that was spreading at the time. 1.What did Adam Smith and David Ricardo have in common? A. Being opposed to protectionism. B. Working on the London Stock Exchange. C. Specializing in the study of mercantilism. D. Becoming successful at a young age. 2.How was Alfred Marshall different from the other economists? A. He focused on practical applications. B. He designed a university curriculum. C. He wrote many works on economics. D. He made economics more scientific. 3.What is John Maynard Keynes most famous for? A. Developing supply and demand curves. B. Facilitating the relief of economic depressions. C. Designing government monetary policy. D. Restricting consumption and investment. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了历史上几位对经济学领域做出巨大贡献并改变社会的经济学家，包括他们的主要观点和成就。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Smith's arguments against mercantilism (重商主义) and in favor of free trade were a challenge to much of the protectionism that was influential in the mid-18th century. (亚当·斯密反对重商主义、支持自由贸易的论点，是对18世纪中期颇具影响力的保护主义的挑战)”以及第三段中“He also carried forward the argument against protectionism, and showed that landlords seizing wealth at the expense of laborers was not beneficial for society.(他还发扬了反对保护主义的观点，表明地主以牺牲劳动者为代价夺取财富对社会是不利的)”可知，亚当·斯密和大卫·李嘉图的共同点是他们都反对保护主义。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Marshall is credited with attempting to apply mathematics to economics to turn economics into more of a science than a philosophy. (阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔试图将数学应用于经济学，使经济学更像是一门科学而不是哲学，这一点得到了认可)”可知，阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔与其他经济学家的不同之处在于他使经济学更加科学化。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“He is particularly remembered for advocating government monetary policy to reduce the negative effects of economic depressions and booms. (他尤其因倡导政府货币政策以减少经济萧条和繁荣的负面影响而被人铭记)”以及“It also pushed to relieve the global Great Depression that was spreading at the time. (它还推动了缓解当时正在蔓延的全球大萧条)”可知，约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯最著名的是他推动了缓解经济萧条。故选B项。 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·北京铁路第二中学·期中）Cheerleading Is a Sport A sport, according to the Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Advisors, is a “physical activity against another team, governed by rules under which a winner is declared, and the primary purpose of the competition is a comparison of the relative skills of the participants.” Because cheerleading follows these guidelines, it is a sport. Cheerleading includes lots of physical activity. Like gymnasts, cheerleaders must learn to do a lot of movements, such as jumping, twisting and so on. It is not rare to see cheerleaders “flying” high up into the sky and falling to be caught by the “bases” in different positions that require strength and cooperation. Just as basketball and football have rules for competitive play, so does cheerleading. The performance has to be completed in less than three minutes and 15 seconds and the cheerleaders are required to stay within a certain area. A cheerleader’s goal is to be the best. Just like gymnasts, they are awarded points for difficulty, technique, and creativity. Cheerleading is a team sport, so the performance is also awarded according to the cooperation and synchronization. That is to say, the girls need to act like one person. Otherwise, first place is out of reach. According to the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, cheerleading is the number one cause of serious sports injuries to women, which is partly because they do not wear protective equipment. However, the main reason is that cheerleading is not yet recognized as a sport by many schools, the proper equipment is not provided to ensure safety. Instead, the girls use whatever space is available. More recognition of cheerleading as a sport would decrease the number of injuries. So why do many Americans think cheerleading is not a sport? It cannot be because cheerleaders do not use balls or other objects. Wrestling, swimming, track, skating and boxing are recognized sports that do not use balls. Hopefully, cheerleading will become as well-known a sport as football and basketball, and even appear in the Olympics since cheerleaders are just as athletic and physically fit as those involved in the more accepted sports. 1.What is NOT the standard for sport according to the Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Advisors? A. Physical movement is required. B. The number of participants is limited. C. The aim of a sport is to beat another team. D. A winner is finally decided after the competition. 2.The underlined word “synchronization” in Paragraph 4 probably means _________. A. being creative in designing the movements B. presenting a challenging performance C. doing the movement at the same time D. setting a practical competitive goal 3.Which is the main reason for more injuries to women in cheerleading according to the author? A. Physical activities. B. Strong competition. C. Carelessness. D. Less recognition. 4.What is the purpose of the author to write the passage? A. To introduce the sport of cheerleading. B. To discuss the standards of cheerleading. C. To invite people to take part in cheerleading. D. To suggest improving cheerleading equipment. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。主要说明了依据运动的官方定义，啦啦操符合运动的各项标准，它有大量体能动作、明确竞赛规则和竞技目标，却常未被认可，且因缺乏保障致伤病率高。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“A sport, according to the Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Advisors, is a “physical activity against another team, governed by rules under which a winner is declared, and the primary purpose of the competition is a comparison of the relative skills of the participants.” Because cheerleading follows these guidelines, it is a sport.(根据啦啦队教练和顾问协会的定义，一项运动是“与另一支队伍对抗的体力活动，受规则约束并据此判定胜负，且比赛的主要目的是比较参赛者的相对技能。”由于啦啦队符合这些标准，所以它是一项运动)”可知，参与人数有限不是运动的标准。故选B。 (2)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“That is to say, the girls need to act like one person. Otherwise, first place is out of reach.(也就是说，队员们必须像一个整体一样行动。否则，冠军的位置就遥不可及了)”以及上文“Cheerleading is a team sport(啦啦队是一项团队运动)”可知，啦啦队是一项团队运动，表演的评分包括合作和同步，故划线词意思是“同时进行该动作”，故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“However, the main reason is that cheerleading is not yet recognized as a sport by many schools, the proper equipment is not provided to ensure safety.(然而，主要原因在于许多学校尚未将啦啦队运动视为一项体育项目，也没有配备必要的安全防护装备以保障参与者的安全)”可知，导致女子在啦啦队活动中受伤情况更为严重的最主要原因是认可度较低。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“A sport, according to the Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Advisors, is a “physical activity against another team, governed by rules under which a winner is declared, and the primary purpose of the competition is a comparison of the relative skills of the participants.” Because cheerleading follows these guidelines, it is a sport.(根据啦啦队教练和顾问协会的定义，一项运动是“与另一支队伍对抗的体力活动，受规则约束并据此判定胜负，且比赛的主要目的是比较参赛者的相对技能。”由于啦啦队符合这些标准，所以它是一项运动)”结合文章主要说明了依据运动的官方定义，啦啦操符合运动的各项标准，却常未被认可，且因缺乏保障致伤病率高，但目前有望获得更多认可，甚至进入奥运赛事。说明作者写这篇文章的目的是介绍啦啦队这项运动。故选A。 主题语境03 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高二上·北京铁路第二中学·期中） Teens who have good, supportive relationships with their teachers enjoy better health as adults, according to a research. “This research suggests that improving students’ relationships with teachers could have important, positive and long-lasting effects beyond just academic success,” said Jinho Kim, the author of the study. “It could also bring about important health benefits in the long run.” Previous research has suggested that teens’ social relationships might be linked to health outcomes in adulthood — perhaps because poor relationships can lead to chronic stress which can raise a person’s risk of health problems over the lifespan, according to Kim. However, it is not clear whether the link between teen relationships and lifetime health is certainly cause and effect — it could be that other factors, such as different family backgrounds, might contribute to both relationship problems in adolescence and poor health in adulthood. Also, most research has focused on teens relationships with their peers, rather than on their relationships with teachers. To explore those questions further, Kim analyzed data on nearly 20,000 participants from the Add Health study, a national study that followed participants for 13 years, from seventh grade into early adulthood. The participants included more than 3,400 pairs of brothers and sisters. As teens, participants answered questions, like “How often have you had trouble getting along with other students?” “How much do you agree that friends care about you?” “How often have you had trouble getting along with your teachers?” and “How much do you agree that teachers care about you?” As adults, participants were asked about their physical and mental health. Researchers also took measures of physical health, such as blood pressure and BMI. Kim found that, as expected, participants who had reported better relationships with both their peers and teachers in middle school and high school also reported better physical and mental health in their mid-20s. However, when he controlled for family background by looking at pairs of brothers and sisters, only the link between good teacher relationships and adult health remained significant. The results suggest that teacher relationships are even more important than previously realized and that schools should invest in training teachers on how to build warm and supportive relationships with their students, according to Kim. 1.According to paragraph 3, we can know that _________. A. teen relationships with teachers were not studied before B. family background is the main factor in improving mental health C. teen relationship is not the only factor that affects the lifetime health D. relationship problems in adolescence can cause poor health in adulthood 2.What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. How the research was done. B. What questions were explored. C. How physical health was measured. D. What kind of participants were studied. 3.Which does Kim’s research show? A. Good adult health depends on teens’ good teachers. B. Good family background promises long-term adult health. C. Healthy peer relationships leads to students’ academic success. D. Positive student-teacher relationship helps students’ adult success. 4.Where does this text probably come from? A. A family survey. B. A personal blog. C. A term paper. D. A health magazine. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍研究表明与老师关系良好，有益于青少年成年时的健康状况。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“However, it is not clear whether the link between teen relationships and lifetime health is certainly cause and effect — it could be that other factors, such as different family backgrounds, might contribute to both relationship problems in adolescence and poor health in adulthood. (然而，青少年时期的人际关系与终身健康之间的联系是否存在必然的因果关系，目前尚不清楚 —— 可能是其他因素，比如不同的家庭背景，既会导致青少年时期的人际关系问题，也会导致成年后的健康状况不佳。)”可知，青少年时期的人际关系并非影响终身健康的唯一因素。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第四段内容“To explore those questions further, Kim analyzed data on nearly 20,000 participants from the Add Health study, a national study that followed participants for 13 years, from seventh grade into early adulthood. The participants included more than 3,400 pairs of brothers and sisters. (为了进一步探究这些问题，金（Kim）分析了“青少年健康纵向研究”（Add Health）中的近2万名参与者数据。该研究是一项全国性追踪研究，对参与者进行了长达13年的随访，跨度从七年级直至成年初期。研究参与者包括3400多对兄弟姐妹。)”以及后文可知，该段主要介绍了这项研究的开展方式，包括研究对象、数据来源和调研方法。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“Teens who have good, supportive relationships with their teachers enjoy better health as adults, according to a research. (一项研究表明，与老师建立良好、互助关系的青少年，成年后健康状况会更好。)”以及第五段“However, when he controlled for family background by looking at pairs of brothers and sisters, only the link between good teacher relationships and adult health remained significant. (然而，当他通过研究兄弟姐妹组来控制家庭背景因素后，只有良好的师生关系与成年健康之间的关联依然显著。)”可知，Kim的研究表明积极的师生关系有助于学生成年后的健康。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Teens who have good, supportive relationships with their teachers enjoy better health as adults, according to a research. (一项研究表明，与老师建立良好、互助关系的青少年，成年后健康状况会更好。)”以及后文内容可知，本文围绕一项“青少年师生关系与成年后健康关联”的研究展开，内容涉及健康影响因素，具有科普和健康指导的属性，这类文章最有可能刊登在健康杂志上。故选D项。 主题语境04 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·北京怀柔·期中）Teens who have good, supportive relationships with their teachers enjoy better health as adults, according to a research. “This research suggests that improving students’ relationships with teachers could have important, positive and long-lasting effects beyond just academic success,” said Jinho Kim, the author of the study. “It could also bring about important health benefits in the long run.” Previous research has suggested that teens’ social relationships might be linked to health outcomes in adulthood—perhaps because poor relationships can lead to chronic stress which can raise a person’s risk of health problems over the lifespan, according to Kim. However, it is not clear whether the link between teen relationships and lifetime health is certainly cause and effect—it could be that other factors, such as different family backgrounds, might contribute to both relationship problems in adolescence and poor health in adulthood. Also, most research has focused on teens relationships with their peers, rather than on their relationships with teachers. To explore those questions further, Kim analyzed data on nearly 20,000 participants from the Add Health study, a national study that followed participants for 13 years, from seventh grade into early adulthood. The participants included more than 3, 400 pairs of brothers and sisters. As teens, participants answered questions, like “How often have you had trouble getting along with other students?” “How much do you agree that friends care about you?” “How often have you had trouble getting along with your teachers?” and “How much do you agree that teachers care about you?” As adults, participants were asked about their physical and mental health. Researchers also took measures of physical health, such as blood pressure and BMI (体质指数). Kim found that, as expected, participants who had reported better relationships with both their peers and teachers in middle school and high school also reported better physical and mental health in their mid-20s. However, when he controlled for family background by looking at pairs of brothers and sisters, only the link between good teacher relationships and adult health remained significant. The results suggest that teacher relationships are even more important than previously realized and that schools should invest in training teachers on how to build warm and supportive relationships with their students, according to Kim. 1.According to paragraph 3, we can know that ________. A. teen relationships with teachers were not studied before. B. family background is the main factor in improving mental health. C. teen relationship is not the only factor that affects the lifetime health. D. relationship problems in adolescence can cause poor health in adulthood. 2.What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. How the research was done B. What questions were explored C. How physical health was measured D. What kind of participants were studied 3.According to Kim’s findings, we can infer that ________. A. Good adult health depends on teens’ good teachers. B. More attention should be paid to the students relationships with teachers. C. The importance of student-teacher relationships was fully realized before. D. Participants reported better relationships with their teachers and better health as adults. 4.Where does this text probably come from? A. A. family survey B. A medical report C. A term paper D. A health magazine 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是说明文。文章介绍研究表明与老师关系良好，有益于青少年成年时的健康状况。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Previous research has suggested that teens’ social relationships might be linked to health outcomes in adulthood—perhaps because poor relationships can lead to chronic stress which can raise a person’s risk of health problems over the lifespan, according to Kim. However, it is not clear whether the link between teen relationships and lifetime health is certainly cause and effect—it could be that other factors, such as different family backgrounds, might contribute to both relationship problems in adolescence and poor health in adulthood.(此前的研究表明，青少年的社会关系可能与成年后的健康状况有关——据Kim说，这可能是因为不良的人际关系会导致慢性压力，从而增加一个人一生中出现健康问题的风险。然而，目前还不清楚青少年关系和终生健康之间的联系是否一定是因果关系——可能是其他因素，如不同的家庭背景，可能导致青少年时期的关系问题和成年后的健康状况不佳)”可知，青少年关系不是影响一生健康的唯一因素。故选C。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第四段“To explore those questions further, Kim analyzed data on nearly 20,000 participants from the Add Health study that followed participants for 13 years, from seventh grade into early adulthood.(为了进一步探索这些问题，Kim分析了来自于Add Health研究的几乎2万个参与者们的13年跟踪的数据，从他们7年级直到成年早期)”可知，第四段主要描述这项研究是如何实施的。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The results suggest that teacher relationships are even more important than previously realized and that schools should invest in training teachers on how to build warm and supportive relationships with their students, according to Kim.(结果表明，跟老师的关系要比以前意识到的更加重要，并且学校应该投入对老师在如何跟学生建立温和支持的关系上的培训)”可知，最后一段表明应该更加关注学生和老师的关系。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Teens who have good, supportive relationships with their teachers enjoy better health as adults, according to a research.(一项研究表明，与老师有着良好、支持性关系的青少年成年后更健康)”结合文章主要围绕青少年时期和老师的关系跟他们的成年健康有关系进行讨论。可推知，文章选自健康杂志。故选D。 主题语境05 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高二上·北京顺义牛栏山第一中学·期中）We live in a world filled with distractions. Everywhere we look, we can find instant pleasures available for next-day delivery right to our homes. In a culture surrounded by messages saying that we can lose the discomfort right now, delayed gratification, which refers to the ability to wait for a long-term reward, is less attractive. But research shows it makes all the difference in achieving a more important and satisfying goal. Delayed gratification and instant gratification involve the timing and approach to achieving satisfaction or rewards. The former requires self-discipline and the ability to manage impulses, while the latter often involves giving in to immediate desires. An example of this could be when a young man chooses to resist the urge to splurge on luxury items and instead save money regularly and patiently to buy a house. The delayed gratification is the goal and satisfaction he would achieve from owning a dream home, rather than the instant delight of impulsive shopping. Delayed gratification has to do with one’s natural ability and environment and what one is taught. Learning to delay the impulse for immediate pleasure in favor of long-term satisfaction is a skill required for progressive and long-term growth. We can start by making small changes every day and staying consistent with those changes. Over time, these habits can accumulate and lead to big changes and results. Consistent reminders of why we want to reach our goals can also help. If we were all masters at delayed gratification, our environment would not be filled with “quick” solutions to everything under the sun. Our culture demands that successful humans rise above the constant distraction to self-motivate and delay personal gratification in favor of distant goals. However, a balance between our thirst for instant rewards and our desire to create longevity in our career, relationships, and health is difficult to achieve. Our entire lives require that we weigh the choices of “okay right now” vs. “bigger better later”. It takes a joint effort to override the environment to create our successful personal worlds. 1.What is delayed gratification? A. The ability to wait for a long-term reward. B. The desire to get instant pleasure. C. The skill to manage money wisely. D. The habit of making quick decisions. 2.How can delayed gratification help us? A. It helps us avoid all kinds of risks. B. It leads to more satisfying and important goals. C. It allows us to enjoy life without any effort. D. It makes us more popular among friends. 3.What is the main idea of the passage? A. Instant gratification is more beneficial than delayed gratification. B. Delayed gratification is key to achieving long-term success. C. People should always choose instant rewards over long-term goals. D. Success depends entirely on one’s natural ability. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了延迟满足的定义、与即时满足的区别、影响因素及培养方法，强调其对实现长期成功的关键作用。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“In a culture surrounded by messages saying that we can lose the discomfort right now, delayed gratification, which refers to the ability to wait for a long-term reward, is less attractive. But research shows it makes all the difference in achieving a more important and satisfying goal. (在一个充斥着我们现在可以摆脱不适的信息的文化中，延迟满足（指等待长期奖励的能力）不那么有吸引力。但研究表明，这对实现更重要、更令人满意的目标至关重要)”可知，延迟满足指的是等待长期奖励的能力。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“But research shows it makes all the difference in achieving a more important and satisfying goal. (但研究表明，它在实现更重要和令人满意的目标方面起着至关重要的作用)”可知，延迟满足有助于实现更重要和令人满意的目标。故选B。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章整体强调延迟满足对长期成功的核心作用，第1段指出它有助于实现重要目标，第3段提到它是进步和长期增长所需的技能以及根据文章第4段“Our culture demands that successful humans rise above the constant distraction to self-motivate and delay personal gratification in favor of distant goals(我们的文化要求成功者超越持续分心，自我激励并延迟个人满足以追求长远目标)”可推知，短文讲的是延迟满足为长期成功的关键，与选项B相符。故选B。 主题语境06 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京顺义牛栏山第一中学·期中）Elephants and gorillas in the Republic of the Congo’s rainforests spend a lot of time hiding in the shadows — or so we thought. Using drone (无人机) surveys and AI processing, scientists have discovered an extensive network of mysterious open clearings among the trees. Animals like elephants, gorillas visit these muddy areas, called bais, in the languages of the Indigenous Ba’Aka, to search for vital nutrition and maintain their complex social networks. The numerous playgrounds are visible in satellite images, and AI analysis is helping researchers find them more effectively. The discovery began in 2021 when Sylvain Ngouma and Evan Hockridge came upon a massive clearing during fieldwork in Odzala-Kokoua National Park and found a trail (踪迹) of wet, pot-sized footprints leading through the woods to the open roundabout. Hockridge, who had thought bais were abnormal, says, “I had it backward. It kind of hit me when I was there. You can’t understand animal interactions without first understanding bais.” For the next three summers, the team investigated the clearings. They analyzed camera-trap images, confirming what local people had told them — that these natural clearings are crucial gathering grounds for some of the world’s most endangered mammals. The bais, they realized, are big melting pots, big playgrounds, for a collection of forest animals. During the initial surveys, the team followed elephant trails to move through the rainforest from bai to bai. This process led Hockridge to wonder about a network. Although previous studies documented animal behavior in selected bais, no one had counted them or had the means to map their distribution. The team partnered with African Parks, using drones to scan known sites. They trained an AI algorithm (算法) to identify bais in satellite imagery, revealing 2,176 clearings in one park — 10 times more than previously recorded. Bais are always near rivers or streams. Most are smaller than a city block, but few, at more than 100 acres, are bigger than some college campuses. “Bais are ultimately islands of resources, and animals produce these networks of trails to essentially navigate to and from a network of bais,” Hockridge says. The researchers’ map of bais, the first of its kind, is also a map of conservation priorities. “We find that a huge portion of the animal community depends on this unique ecosystem. These species don’t have alternative habitats other than bais,” Hockridge says. The study is also a step toward solving the ultimate mystery: How did bais form? Many ecologists have argued that a combination of hydrology (水文学) and animal landscaping is at play. But definitive proof remains elusive. Now, with a map in hand and camera traps still in place, the research team is tracking long-term changes, which have implications for the maintenance of these crucial animal habitats. “We have hypotheses (假说),” Andrew Davies, an ecologist in Harvard, says, “but the short answer is: we don’t know.” 1.For rainforest animals, bais are places for ________. A. fun and safety B. water and shelter C. food and connection D. shade and entertainment 2.What can we learn about Ngouma and Hockridge’s research? A. It discovered how bais formed. B. It was the first to map the network of bais. C. It analyzed images of bais provided by local people. D. It concluded bais were spots intended for endangered species. 3.What does the underlined word “elusive” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A. Difficult to find. B. Simple to clarify. C. Possible to overestimate. D. Unlikely to question. 4.Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Conservation Priorities in Rainforests B. Hidden Playgrounds Revealed in Rainforests C. Secrets of Rainforest Animals’ Social Networks D. Modern Tools Adopted for Rainforest Exploration 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍科学家借助无人机调查和人工智能处理，在刚果共和国雨林中发现众多神秘开阔空地“bais”，这些空地对大象、大猩猩等动物意义重大，研究团队还绘制出首张“bais”网络地图，但“bais”的形成原因仍有待探索。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Animals like elephants, gorillas visit these muddy areas, called bais... to search for vital nutrition and maintain their complex social networks.(像大象、大猩猩这样的动物会来到这些被称为bais的泥泞区域……寻找重要的营养物质，并维持它们复杂的社会网络)”可知，对于雨林动物来说，bais是获取食物（营养物质）和建立联系（维持社会网络）的地方。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The researchers’ map of bais, the first of its kind, is also a map of conservation priorities.(研究人员绘制的bais地图，是此类地图中的首张，也是一张保护优先级地图)”可知，Ngouma和Hockridge的研究首次绘制出了bais网络地图。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第六段中的“The study is also a step toward solving the ultimate mystery: How did bais form? Many ecologists have argued that a combination of hydrology(水文学) and animal landscaping is at play. But definitive proof remains elusive.(这项研究也是朝着解开最终谜团迈出的一步：bais是如何形成的？许多生态学家认为水文学和动物景观的结合在起作用。但确凿的证据仍然elusive)”以及最后一段““We have hypotheses(假说),” Andrew Davies, an ecologist in Harvard, says, “but the short answer is: we don’t know.”(哈佛大学的生态学家安德鲁·戴维斯说：“我们有一些假设，但简短的答案是：我们不知道”)”可知，虽然有一些观点，但仍不确定bais的形成原因，所以确凿证据难以找到，“elusive”意思是“Difficult to find（难以找到）”故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。主要介绍科学家借助无人机调查和人工智能处理，在刚果共和国雨林中发现众多神秘开阔空地“bais”，这些空地对大象、大猩猩等动物意义重大，研究团队还绘制出首张“bais”网络地图，但“bais”的形成原因仍有待探索。B选项“雨林中揭示的隐藏游乐场”，准确概括文章内容，为最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·北京陈经纶中学·期中）Students applying to colleges that use the Common Application should hand in an essay of 650 words. That includes the essay title, notes, and any other text that you include in the essay. What Can You Accomplish in 650 Words? Even if you take advantage of the full length available to you, keep in mind that 650 words is not a long essay. It’s roughly the equivalent of a two-page, double-spaced essay. Most essays tend to be between three and eight paragraphs depending on the applicant’s writing style and essay strategy. As you plan your essay, you definitely want to keep the length requirement in mind. Many applicants attempt to do too much with their essays and then struggle to edit them down to 650 words. Realize the purpose of the personal statement is not to tell your life story or to give an exhaustive overview of all of your accomplishments. Let your list of extracurricular activities, academic record, letters of recommendation, and supplemental essays and materials show your range of accomplishments. The personal statement is not the place for long lists or catalogs of achievement. To write an engaging and effective 650 word or shorter essay, you need to have a sharp focus. Narrate a single event, or illuminate a single passion or talent. Allow enough space for self-reflection so that whatever your topic is you spend at least some time talking about its significance to you. Again, use the essay to narrate an engaging story. Make sure it highlights something you care about deeply, and be sure to provide a window into your interests or personality that isn’t already obvious from the rest of your application. A Final Word About Essay Length With the primary Common Application essay, you will need to come in at 650 words or fewer. However, you will find that most supplemental essays on the Common Application have different length guidelines, and colleges that don’t use the Common Application will have differing length requirements. No matter what the circumstances, make sure you follow the guidelines. If an essay should be 350 words, don’t write 370. Finally, keep in mind that what you say and how you say it is far more important than whether you have 550 words or 650 words. If you’ve said all you have to say in 500 words, don’t try to pad your essay to make it longer. Regardless of length, the best writing will tell a compelling story, provide insight to your character and interests, and are written with crisp and engaging prose. 1.According to the passage, what might be a right thing to do while writing an essay? A. To tell some interesting life stories. B. To list all the possible achievements. C. To show the range of accomplishments. D. To highlight the focus of one single event. 2.As for the essay length, the applicant ________. A. should follow the guidelines. B. can set his or her own limit accordingly C. should make sure it no less than 650 words D. can write more than 650 words when necessary 3.What is the purpose of the passage? A. To stress the importance of essay writing. B. To introduce methods of writing a good essay. C. To advertise a writing course for college students. D. To remind the applicants of the length of their essay. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了申请大学的论文的650字应该写什么，以及文章的具体长度是什么。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Let your list of extracurricular activities, academic record, letters of recommendation, and supplemental essays and materials show your range of accomplishments. The personal statement is not the place for long lists or catalogs of achievement.(让你的课外活动清单、学术记录、推荐信、补充文章和材料显示你的成就范围。)”可知，写论文时，你需要显示出你的成就范围，故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章A Final Word About Essay Length部分“No matter what the circumstances, make sure you follow the guidelines. If an essay should be 350 words, don’t write 370.(不论在什么情况下，都要确保遵守准则。如果一篇文章应该是350字，就不要写370字。)”可知，关于论文的长度，申请者需要遵守准则，故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Students applying to colleges that use the Common Application should hand in an essay of 650 words. (申请使用通用应用程序的大学生应该要提交一篇650字的论文。)”以及后文的两个小标题“What Can You Accomplish in 650 Words?(在650字内，你应该写什么？)”“A Final Word About Essay Length(论文长度的最终提示。)”可知，本篇文章主要介绍了论文的长度限制，故文章的目的在于提醒申请者所写论文的长度，故选D。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·北京怀柔·期中）Teenagers who spend more than three hours a day on social media may have doubled the risk of mental health problems compared with those who avoid it, research suggests. The study of more than 6,000 children aged 12 to 15 found those who used social media more heavily were more likely to report situations such as sadness, anxiety and loneliness， as well as aggression(攻击性) and anti-social actions, than teenagers who did not use social media. The findings held true even when researchers took into account mental health problems experienced by young persons in the year before they were asked about social media use. The research, from a team at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Maryland, was published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry(精神病学). Some previous studies have suggested no connection between poorer mental health and screen time. Dr. Rina Dutta, senior medical lecturer at Kings College London, said, “A main strength of this study compared to previous research is that the researchers took into account mental health problems the young people already had a year before the measurement of social media use. This largely overcomes the ‘what came first -mental health problem or high social media use’ question.” The study looked at two types of actions that can show mental health problems: internalizing(内化行为) and externalizing(外化行为). Internalising can include social disconnection or difficulty dealing with anxiety or sadness. Externalising can include aggression or breaking instructions. The study found that the use of social media for at least three hours a day was connected with around twice the risk of mental health problems, compared with those who avoided it. Lead author Kira Riehm said, “Many present studies have found a connection between digital or social media use and the health of teens, but few look at this connection across time. We cannot say that social media causes mental health problems, but we do think that less time on social media may be better for the health of teens. The study found that fewer than 17 percent of teenagers did not use social media. Of those who did, 32 percent spent less than 30 minutes a day; 31 percent spent 30 minutes to three hours; 12 percent spent three to six hours and 8 percent spent more than six hours per day. Ms. Riehm said, “Social media has the ability to connect teenagers who may be excluded(排除在外) in their daily life. We need to find a better way to balance the benefits of social media with possible harmful health results.” 1.The research published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry aims to prove_________ A. the advantages and disadvantages of social media B. the mental health problems experienced by teenagers C. the connection between mental health and screen time D. the sadness, anxiety and loneliness caused by social media 2.Which of the following might be one of the intenalising actions? A. Aggression. B. Following instructions. C. Skillfully dealing with anxiety. D. Being afraid of talking to people. 3.What was Kira Riehm’s view on social media? A. It would play a balanced role. B. It might disconnect teenagers. C. It caused mental health problems. D. It might be better for the health of teens. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. Social media is capable of connecting teenagers. B. Teenagers have mental health problems before using social media. C. Social media connects to increased risk of mental health problems. D. Teenagers with less time on social media do better than those with more time. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了社交媒体的过多使用会增加青少年心理健康问题的风险。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“The study of more than 6,000 children aged 12 to 15 found those who used social media more heavily were more likely to report situations such as sadness, anxiety and loneliness, as well as aggression (攻击性) and anti-social actions, than teenagers who did not use social media. The findings held true even when researchers took into account mental health problems experienced by young persons in the year before they were asked about social media use.(这项针对6000多名12岁至15岁少年的研究发现，与不使用社交媒体的青少年相比，频繁使用社交媒体的少年更有可能出现悲伤、焦虑、孤独、攻击性和反社会行为等情况。即使研究人员考虑到年轻人在被问及社交媒体使用情况之前一年经历的心理健康问题，这一发现仍然成立。)”可知，发表在《美国医学会精神病学》杂志上的这项研究旨在证明心理健康和盯着屏幕看的时间之间的联系。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Internalising can include social disconnection or difficulty dealing with anxiety or sadness.(内化包括与社会脱节或难以处理焦虑或悲伤。)”可知，害怕与人交谈，是与社会脱节的行为表现，属于内化行为。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ms Riehm said, ‘Social media has the ability to connect teenagers who may bee excluded(排除在外) in their daily life. We need to find a better way to balance the benefits of social media with possible harmful health results. ’(Riehm女士说：“社交媒体有能力将那些在日常生活中可能被排除在外的青少年联系起来。我们需要找到一种更好的方法来平衡社交媒体的好处和可能对健康有害的结果。”)”可知，Kira Riehm的看法是社交媒体将发挥平衡的作用，青少年应该对自己有利的社交媒体来平衡社交媒体带来的利与弊。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Teenagers who spend more than three hours a day on social media may have doubled the risk of mental health problems compared with those who avoid it, research suggests.(研究表明，每天花在社交媒体上的时间超过3小时的青少年患心理健康问题的风险可能是不上社交媒体的青少年的两倍。)”可知，本文主要讲述了社交媒体的过多使用会增加青少年心理健康问题的风险。故选C项。 Passage 4 （25-26高二上·北京平谷中学·期中）Students’ comprehension of words in a foreign language improves if teachers pair each word with a gesture, researchers at the University of Illinois found. The aim of the study was to compare participants’ comprehension of vocabulary words in Chinese when they were taught new words paired with standard or arbitrary (任意的) gestures and without gestures. Standard gestures are representational and tend to be consistent across languages, such as those commonly used to represent drinking or talking on the telephone, said Kiel Christianson, an author of the study. Arbitrary gestures are meaningless motions that are made up by the speaker and bear no obvious connection to a particular word. The 30 student participants watched as the instructor introduced 18 new words, presenting them to the students in groups of six — six words each accompanied by arbitrary gestures, standard gestures and without gestures. Instructors and students repeated both the Chinese word and its English translation twice. After two instructional sessions, the students took a multiple-choice test, with the instructor presenting the words and associated gestures in random order and the students choosing the English translation of each word from a list of four words. When the vocabulary words were presented with standard or random gestures, students’ ability to recall the words’ meanings was 8.10 percent better than with words that were presented without gestures, the researchers found. They also found that gestures do not need to be obviously specific to facilitate learning. Christianson and his co-authors assumed that simply watching the instructor move their hands while presenting a word enabled students to create a motion-related image of that word in their mind. “Visualizing a gesture with each word creates multiple pathways into the meaning of new words and helps students remember them better,” Christianson said. However, the gestural advantage in learning declined when students were introduced to more than about 10 — 12 words at a time, the researchers found. “This suggests that instructors should introduce new vocabulary words in small batches (批),” Christianson said. “That’s a very practical application.” 1.What do we know about standard gestures? A. They have no obvious meaning. B. They are specific to particular cultures. C. They are made up by language experts. D. They share similar forms in various languages. 2.What were the students asked to do following the second instruction? A. Recall the meanings of the words. B. Pair the words with relevant gestures. C. Speak out the words based on gestures. D. Repeat the gestures the instructor used. 3.What is paragraph 6 mainly about? A. A suggestion for future studies. B. A major limitation of the study. C. An explanation of the research method. D. A possible reason for the study findings. 4.What principle would Christianson recommend while applying gesture learning? A. Limit input per session. B. Review in small batches. C. Practice makes perfect. D. Precise matching is key. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。介绍了伊利诺伊大学关于将手势与外语单词配对可提升学生单词理解的研究，包括研究目的、手势类型、实验过程及发现。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Standard gestures are representational and tend to be consistent across languages, such as those commonly used to represent drinking or talking on the telephone, said Kiel Christianson, an author of the study. (该研究的作者Kiel Christianson说，标准手势具有代表性，在不同语言中往往是一致的，比如通常用来表示喝东西或打电话的手势)”可知，标准手势在不同语言中形式相似。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段“After two instructional sessions, the students took a multiple-choice test, with the instructor presenting the words and associated gestures in random order and the students choosing the English translation of each word from a list of four words. (在两次教学之后，学生们参加了一次选择题测试，教师以随机顺序呈现单词和相关手势，学生们从四个单词的列表中选择每个单词的英文翻译)”可知，学生需根据单词及对应手势回忆词义。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第六段“Christianson and his co-authors assumed that simply watching the instructor move their hands while presenting a word enabled students to create a motion-related image of that word in their mind. “Visualizing a gesture with each word creates multiple pathways into the meaning of new words and helps students remember them better,” Christianson said. (Christianson和他的合著者认为，学生在看到教师展示单词时做手势，就能在脑海中形成与该单词相关的动作意象。他表示：“将每个单词与手势可视化，能为新单词的词义建立多种记忆路径，帮助学生更好地记住单词。”)”可知，本段解释了“手势能提升单词理解”这一研究结果的背后原因。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, the gestural advantage in learning declined when students were introduced to more than about10-12 words at a time, the researchers found. “This suggests that instructors should introduce new vocabulary words in small batches (批),” Christianson said. “That’s a very practical application.” (然而，研究人员发现，当学生一次学习10-12个单词以上时，手势在学习中的优势就会减弱。Christianson说：“这表明教师应该小批量地介绍新词汇，这是一个非常实际的应用。”)”可知，Christianson建议每次学习的单词量要有限制。故选A项。 主题语境07 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·北京平谷中学·期中）In 1993, a ship sailed into the Pacific Ocean carrying nearly 1,000 pounds of iron, then dumped it all into the waves. The next morning, the water turned a little greenish due to newly emerged phytoplankton (浮游生物). The microorganisms, which need iron to grow, draw CO₂ out of the air. Fertilizing the ocean with iron is a form of geoengineering, a set of technologies fascinating for their potential to meaningfully impact Earth’s systems, and controversial for the same reason. As the planet heats, geoengineering is employed to manipulate it in novel ways, whether researchers mist the skies with sea salt to increase how much sunlight clouds reflect or invent machines to suck greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere. Engineering home-grown plankton sounds like a less dramatic approach. But the field is so new that scientists don’t yet know whether geoengineering with microorganisms would really be a gentler form of climate intervention. Microbes, after all, play enormously subsequent roles in the world around us and within us. For the best chance of keeping Earth liveable, scientists need to understand exactly how the microscopic creatures might be useful, and perhaps even preferable to the more sci-fi approaches to cooling off the world. One favored approach centers on methane, a greenhouse gas accounting for 30% of the rise in global temperature. Mary Lidstrom, a professor, is working on genetically modifying bacteria that naturally consume methane, so that the microbes pull even more gas from the air. The bacteria would live inside facilities known as bioreactors. They could be positioned near known methane sources — landfills and wetlands — to minimize the amount of methane that makes it into the air. Scaling up any kind of climate engineering is tricky. Significantly slowing warming caused by methane would require about 300,000 bioreactors to be active for 20 years. And the downstream effects are difficult to predict, let alone contain. For example, the iron put into the Pacific Ocean could have consequences for other regions of the world’s seas. Also, there’s nearly as much uncertainty about intended effects. Scientists don’t know for sure how effective these concepts will prove to be. The 1993 ship expeditions, for example, didn’t stick around very long; the journeys were expensive, and scientists couldn’t remain at sea to determine what exactly was happening in the depths. Carbon stolen out of the atmosphere should remain buried for at least a century for maximum impact Yet it’s entirely possible that if the phytoplankton doesn’t sink to deep enough waters, it just gets eaten by the organisms in the surface ocean, and that CO₂ just returns to the atmosphere. The hotter the planet gets, the more attractive geoengineering will likely seem. Short of large-scale behavioral changes globally, we do seem to be committing ourselves to an engineered solution on our current routes. We might have to decide, sooner than we think, which levers we need to pull, large or small. 1.What can we learn about geoengineering? A. Ocean iron-fertilization is on the horizon. B. Sunlight-reflection method is cost-effective. C. Methane-eating bacteria are being improved. D. Gas-sucking machine is a theoretical concept. 2.The iron-fertilization experiment may achieve its intended effects if ________. A. the target microbes survive B. carbon is stored separately C. the phytoplankton grows faster D. more deep-sea organisms are tested 3.What might be the best title for the passage? A. How Will Geoengineering Better Earth’s Systems? B. How to Cool the World Without Blocking the Sun? C. How to Steal Carbon with Sci-fi Approaches? D. How Can the Engineered Solution Delivery? 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地球工程这一技术，包括其向海洋施铁以促进浮游生物生长吸收二氧化碳、改造细菌消耗甲烷等方法，同时也探讨了其潜在的不确定性和风险。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“One favored approach centers on methane, a greenhouse gas accounting for 30% of the rise in global temperature. Mary Lidstrom, a professor, is working on genetically modifying bacteria that naturally consume methane, so that the microbes pull even more gas from the air.(一种备受青睐的方法是利用甲烷。甲烷是一种导致全球气温上升的温室气体，约占全球气温升高幅度的30%。玛丽·利德斯托姆是一位教授，她正在研究通过基因改造能够自然吸收甲烷的细菌，以便这些微生物能从空气中吸收更多的甲烷)”可知，关于地球工程，有科学家正在研究如何基因改造消耗甲烷的细菌，即改进食用甲烷的细菌。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Carbon stolen out of the atmosphere should remain buried for at least a century for maximum impact Yet it’s entirely possible that if the phytoplankton doesn’t sink to deep enough waters, it just gets eaten by the organisms in the surface ocean, and that CO₂ just returns to the atmosphere.(从大气中“窃取”来的碳至少需要埋藏一个世纪才能发挥最大效用。然而，如果浮游植物没有沉入足够深的水域，它可能会被表层海洋中的生物吞食，从而导致二氧化碳重新回到大气中)”可推知，如果碳被单独储存起来，即不被表层海洋中的生物吃掉而回到大气中，那么向海洋施铁以促进浮游生物生长的实验就可能达到其预期效果。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段中“Fertilizing the ocean with iron is a form of geoengineering, a set of technologies fascinating for their potential to meaningfully impact Earth’s systems, and controversial for the same reason.(向海洋中投放铁元素是一种被称为“地球工程”的技术手段，这类技术因其有可能对地球系统产生重大影响而备受瞩目，但同样也因其这一特性而引发争议)”可知，文章主要介绍了地球工程这一技术，包括向海洋施铁以促进浮游生物生长吸收二氧化碳、改造细菌消耗甲烷等方法，同时也探讨了其潜在的不确定性和风险。故A选项“地球工程将如何改善地球系统？”是文章内容的概括，最适合作文章标题。故选A项。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京顺义·期中）Final exams are around the corner - but that won’t stop some teenagers putting in the least effort. This may be because their brains aren’t developed enough to properly assess how high the stakes (利害关系) are, and adapt their behaviour accordingly. Catherine Insel, at Harvard University, and her team asked adolescents between the ages of 13 and 20 to play a game while monitoring their brains. In some rounds of the game, participants could earn 20 cents for a correct response, while an incorrect one would cost them 10 cents. But in rounds with higher stakes, correct responses were worth a dollar, and wrong answers lost the participants 50 cents. The team found that while the older volunteers performed better in the high stakes rounds, the younger ones didn’t - their performance didn’t change in line with whether the stakes were low or high. And the older the volunteers were, the more improved their performance was. When the team looked at the brain activity of the volunteers, they found that their ability to improve their performance was linked to how developed their brains were. A region in the brain, which continues to develop until we are at least 25 years old, seemed to be particularly important. The findings explain why some teenagers are so unconcerned when it comes to hazardous behaviors. They are much likely to drive dangerously, for instance, especially when one of their friends is nearby. Insel thinks schools should reconsider the way they test performance in teenagers. “This study suggests it’s not a good idea to evaluate school performance in a single final exam”, she says. A better idea would be to use a variety of smaller tests, conducted throughout the year. It’s not all bad news for teens, though. Teenagers put the same amount of effort into tasks that aren’t “important”, and start to prefer hobbies to school. It could be a good thing, allowing teenagers to learn complex social skills, for example. 1.Why did the researchers set different bets in the game? A. To meet the needs of different participants. B. To create the varied risk levels of the game. C. To better monitor participants’ brains. D. To teach how to make money. 2.What does the underlined word “hazardous” probably mean? A. Addictive. B. Abusive. C. Risky. D. Specific. 3.What should be kept in mind while assessing students’ performance? A. Examination is not a good means of evaluating students. B. The items in exams should not be too difficult. C. It should not be judged by only one exam. D. Exam-focused education should not be adopted. 4.What is Insel’s attitude to teenagers’ putting effort into “unimportant” tasks? A. Doubtful. B. Negative. C. Unclear. D. Favorable. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了青少年因大脑发育未完全，难以评估风险，在高利害关系下表现不佳，建议学校调整考核方式。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“The team found that while the older volunteers performed better in the high stakes rounds, the younger ones didn’t - their performance didn’t change in line with whether the stakes were low or high. (研究小组发现，虽然年龄较大的志愿者在高风险回合中表现更好，但年龄较小的志愿者没有——他们的表现并没有随着风险的高低而改变。)”可知，研究的结果发现“年纪稍大的参与者在高风险回合中表现更好”。由此可推知，研究人员设置不同赌注的目的是为了使游戏的冒险程度不同。故选B。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词后面的举例“They are much likely to drive dangerously, for instance (例如，他们更有可能危险驾驶)”可知，一些青少年对危险行为如此漠不关心。由此可知，划线词hazardous与C项Risky“危险的”意义相近。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““This study suggests it’s not a good idea to evaluate school performance in a single final exam”, she says. A better idea would be to use a variety of smaller tests, conducted throughout the year. (“这项研究表明，在一次期末考试中评估学校成绩不是一个好主意”，她说。更好的办法是全年进行各种较小的测试。)”可知，不能只通过一次考试来判断学校的成绩。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“It’s not all bad news for teens, though. Teenagers put the same amount of effort into tasks that aren’t “important”, and start to prefer hobbies to school. It could be a good thing, allowing teenagers to learn complex social skills, for example. (不过，这对青少年来说并不都是坏消息。青少年将同样的精力投入到不“重要”的任务中，并开始喜欢业余爱好而不是上学。这可能是一件好事，比如让青少年学习复杂的社交技能。)”可知，作者认为青少年花时间做一些不重要的事情可能也是一件好事，让他们可以学到复杂的社交技巧。由此推知，作者的态度是“赞同的”。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·北京第八十中学-11月·期中）Most kids spent their summer holidays playing video-games, watching TV and sleeping in.Parents can follow the steps below, and your kids can break their summertime tech habits and adapt to a school-friendly schedule in two weeks. Shift bedtime There’s nothing more important to kicking off the school year successfully than getting sufficient sleep. Two weeks before school begins, schedule bedtime back by about 20 minutes a night to stop kids staying up late or sleeping in. Instead of a long, fun bathtime, switch to a quick shower. Keep all digital devices out of their bedrooms and buy them alarm clocks. Set screen goals Having intentional goals for screen use can help kids change their tech habits. You might decide to make screen time a reward rather than a right. Set limits on digital activities such as no videogames until they complete homework. Don’t jump to no apps but consider using apps that control the length of time kids can use a device. Establish zones in your house where electronics simply are not allowed. Besides, get your kids involved in activities that don’t need a screen. Make a schedule A summer spent without routine can make jumping back into the structure of school difficult for kids. Setting a schedule for the last two weeks of summer can work. Ms. Rawson, founder of the Screen Time Clinic, suggests creating blocks of time that mirror those of the school day,arranging 30 to 50 minutes for an activity, depending on the kid’s age, along with a set lunchtime. Kids should have a say in deciding how to fill the day’s time blocks. The activities can involve anything but screens. 1.Before the new school year begins, kids can shift bedtime by . A. taking a long bath B. sleeping in a lot C. using phones as alarm clocks D. moving to bed earlier 2.According to the passage, what should parents do to adjust kids’ screen time? A. Manage homework time with apps. B. Forbid them from using electronics. C. Reserve areas for screen-free activities. D. Remove apps from their digital devices. 3.A school-friendly schedule should A. reflect individual needs of kids B. copy the exact school timetables C. start from the beginning of holidays D. combine study with digital entertainment 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章提出了一些建议，帮助孩子们在两周内改掉他们的暑假科技习惯，适应学校的课程表。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Two weeks before school begins, schedule bedtime back by about 20 minutes a night to stop kids staying up late or sleeping in.(开学前两周，每晚把就寝时间提前20分钟，防止孩子熬夜或睡过头。)”可知，在新学年开始之前，孩子们可以通过提前睡觉来改变睡觉时间。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Establish zones in your house where electronics simply are not allowed.(在家里设置一些不允许使用电子产品的区域。)”可知，家长应预留无屏幕活动区域，调整孩子的屏幕时间。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Ms. Rawson, founder of the Screen Time Clinic, suggests creating blocks of time that mirror those of the school day, arranging 30 to 50 minutes for an activity, depending on the kid’s age, along with a set lunchtime. Kids should have a say in deciding how to fill the day’s time blocks.(屏幕时间诊所(Screen Time Clinic)的创始人罗森建议，根据孩子的年龄安排30到50分钟的活动时间，并在午餐时间安排好。孩子们应该对如何安排一天的时间有发言权。)”可知，对学校的课程表应该能够反映孩子们的个人需求。故选A。 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高二上·北京师范大学燕化附属中学·期中）Social media is one of the fastest-growing industries in today’s world. A study conducted by the US think tank (智囊团) Pew Research Center showed that 92 percent of teenagers go online daily. The wide spread of social media has changed nearly all parts of teenagers’ lives. Changing relationships High school student Elly Cooper from Illinois said social media often reduces face-to-face communication. “It makes in-person relationships harder because people give attention to their phones instead of their boyfriends or girlfriends,” Cooper said. There’s also a greater possibility of things getting lost in translation over social media. “If half of your relationship is over social media, you don’t really know how the other person is reacting,” Sienna Schulte, a junior student from Illinois, said. Yet, some people believe social media has made it easier to start relationships with anyone from anywhere. Beth Kaplan from Illinois met her long-distance friend through social media. He currently lives in Scotland, but they’re still able to frequently communicate with one another. “I can feel close to someone that I’m talking to via (通过) FaceTime,” Kaplan said. Wanting to be “liked” The rise of social media has changed the way teenagers see themselves. The 19-year-old Essena O’Neill announced on the social networking service Instagram that she was quitting social media because it made her obsessed (痴迷) with appearing perfect online. Negative comments also can do great damage to a teenager’s self-esteem (自尊). In particular, anonymous (匿名的) social media apps such as Yik Yak may provide opportunities for cyber bullying (网络欺凌). The app allows users within 5 miles (8 km) to create and add comments to everything. Teenagers who get negative comments on these sites can’t help but feel hurt. Opening new doors However, Armin Korsos, a student from Illinois, takes advantage of the comments he receives over social media to improve his videos on the social networking site Youtube. “Social media can help people show themselves and their talents to the world in a way that was never possible before,” Korsos said. But Korsos recognizes that social media has become a distraction (让人分心的事). “Social media, though it helps people connect with their friends and stay updated, is not all necessary.” 1.What is the article mainly about? A. The major problems with social media. B. The effect of social media on teenagers. C. How teenagers benefit from social media. D. Why social media appeals so much to teenagers. 2.How does social media change relationships, according to the article? A. It pushes people to meet their friends more often offline. B. It encourages people to pay more attention to those around them. C. It enables users to understand accurately what others are talking about online. D. It allows people to keep in touch with their friends who live far away more easily. 3.Which statement about the use of social media would Armin Korsos probably agree with? A. The use of social media taught him to turn negative comments into motivations. B. Social media can easily become an addiction (着迷), despite its benefits. C. Social media is mostly a distraction to teenagers, so it is unnecessary for it to exist. D. If used well, social media can create opportunities for teenagers to develop themselves. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要结合一些青少年自己的经历和想法，从改变关系、想要被“喜欢”和开启新的可能性三个方面讨论了社交媒体对青少年生活的影响。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“The wide spread of social media has changed nearly all parts of teenagers’ lives. (社交媒体的广泛传播几乎改变了青少年生活的方方面面)”和三个小标题“Changing relationships (改变关系)”、“Wanting to be “liked” (想要被“喜欢”)”、“Opening new doors (开启新的可能性)”可知，文章主要从社会关系、心理需求、新的可能性三个方面讨论了社交媒体对青少年生活的影响。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据Changing relationships下第五段中“Yet, some people believe social media has made it easier to start relationships with anyone from anywhere. (然而，一些人认为，社交媒体使人们更容易与任何地方的任何人建立关系)”可知，社交媒体让人们更容易与远方的朋友保持联系。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据Opening new doors下第一段“However, Armin Korsos, a student from Illinois, takes advantage of the comments he receives over social media to improve his videos on the social networking site Youtube. (然而，来自伊利诺伊州的学生Armin Korsos利用社交媒体上收到的评论来改进他在社交网站Youtube上的视频)”和第二段““Social media can help people show themselves and their talents to the world in a way that was never possible before,” Korsos said. (Korsos说：“社交媒体可以帮助人们以一种前所未有的方式向世界展示自己和自己的才能。”)”可知，Armin Korsos利用社交媒体来改进自己的工作，觉得它可以帮助人们展示自己和自己的才能。由此推知，他会赞同“如果使用得当，社交媒体可以为青少年创造发展自我的机会”的观点。故选D项。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京汇文中学教育集团-度·期中）In a new study, researchers have unveiled interesting findings that link the consumption of refined carbohydrates-such as sugary snacks and highly processed foods-with changes in facial attractiveness. They found that individuals who consumed a high glycemic (血糖的) load breakfast were rated as less attractive than those who consumed a low one. 104 participants were asked to attend the study early in the morning on an empty stomach. Upon arrival, they were assigned to consume one of two types of breakfasts having the same caloric values: one high in refined carbohydrates and the other low. About two hours later, they were photographed under standardized conditions to ensure consistency in lighting, background, and positioning. A separate group of raters, who were carefully selected to minimize cultural bias (偏见), assessed the facial photographs, making judgments on overall attractiveness. To evaluate long-term dietary habits, the participants completed detailed dietary questionnaires concerning their consumption during breakfast, afternoon snacks, and between-meal snacks on the day before the study. This information was used to calculate the glycemic load and energy intake for these meals, providing a comprehensive picture of their usual refined carbohydrate consumption. The researchers found that participants who consumed a breakfast rich in refined carbohydrates were less attractive than those who consumed a low-glycemic breakfast. This effect was observed for both male and female participants. The researchers proposed that this could be related to the physiological effects of low blood sugar, such as changes in skin blood flow and colour, which occur following the consumption of high-glycemic foods. When examining long-term consumption of refined carbohydrates through glycemic load measures, the researchers found that a higher energy intake at breakfast was associated with increased attractiveness for both men and women, suggesting that foods high in fats and proteins, which do not lead to rapid glycemic responses, might contribute positively to perceived attractiveness. However, the effects of refined carbohydrate consumption on attractiveness varied depending on the specific meal and the gender of the participants. For example, while high energy intake at breakfast increased attractiveness across both genders, the glycemic load of afternoon snacks had opposite effects for men and women. Men with a higher glycemic load during their afternoon snack were perceived as more attractive, but for women, a lower glycemic load in this meal was associated with increased attractiveness. While the study includes some limitations, the findings serve as a strong reminder of the far-reaching impact of dietary choices. Further research is needed to understand the broader social implications of diet, which could provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between diet, biology, and social behaviour. 1.What are Paragraph 2 and 3 mainly about? A. The research purpose. B. The research methods. C. The research proposal. D. The research background. 2.What can we learn about the research findings? A. Sharp glycemic reactions might reduce attractiveness. B. Low blood sugar could impact attractiveness positively. C. Men were less affected by refined carbohydrate consumption. D. High energy intake at meals had inconsistent effects on women. 3.What is the purpose of the research? A. To explain a food preference. B. To illustrate a biological process. C. To present a dietary phenomenon. D. To explore a complex association. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项研究发现，摄入精制碳水化合物如甜食和高度加工食品会影响面部吸引力。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Upon arrival, they were assigned to consume one of two types of breakfasts having the same caloric values: one high in refined carbohydrates and the other low.”（到达目的地后，他们被分配食用两种热量相同的早餐中的一种：一种是高精制碳水化合物早餐，另一种是低精制碳水化合物早餐。）以及第三段中“To evaluate long-term dietary habits, the participants completed detailed dietary questionnaires concerning their consumption during breakfast, afternoon snacks, and between-meal snacks on the day before the study.”（为了评估长期饮食习惯，参与者填写了详细的饮食调查问卷，内容涉及研究前一天早餐、下午点心和两餐之间点心的食用情况。）可知第二段和第三段主要说的是研究方法。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“the researchers found that a higher energy intake at breakfast was associated with increased attractiveness for both men and women, suggesting that foods high in fats and proteins, which do not lead to rapid glycemic responses, might contribute positively to perceived attractiveness(研究人员发现早餐时摄入更多的能量与男性和女性的吸引力增加有关，这表明富含脂肪和蛋白质的食物，不会导致快速的血糖反应，可能对感知吸引力有积极的贡献)”可知，富含脂肪和蛋白质的食物，不会导致快速的血糖反应，可能对感知吸引力有积极的贡献，由此推知剧烈的血糖反应可能会降低吸引力。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“In a new study, researchers have unveiled interesting findings that link the consumption of refined carbohydrates-such as sugary snacks and highly processed foods-with changes in facial attractiveness. ”（在一项新的研究中，研究人员公布了一项有趣的发现，即精制碳水化合物的摄入与面部吸引力的变化有关。）可知，这个研究的目的是为了探索精制碳水化合物的摄入与面部吸引力的变化之间复杂的关联。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·北京陈经纶中学·期中）In industry and medicine, robots routinely build, break down and inspect things; they also assist in surgery and pharmacies. Neither they nor “social” robots-which are designed to engage with people and to establish an emotional connection-behave like The Jetsons’ maid, Rosie, or other beloved robots of fiction. Even so, expect social robots to become more complicated and popular in the next few years. Like most robots, social robots use artificial intelligence (AI) to decide how to act on information received through cameras and other sensors. The ability to respond in ways that seem lifelike has been informed by research into such issues as how perceptions (认知) form, what constitutes social and emotional intelligence, and how people understand others’ thoughts and feelings. Advances in AI have enabled designers to translate such psychological and neuroscientific (神经学的) insights into algorithms (演算) that allow robots to recognize voices, faces and emotions; interpret speech and gestures; respond appropriately to complex verbal and nonverbal cues; make eye contact; speak conversationally; and adapt to people’s needs by learning from feedback, rewards and criticisms. In consequence, social robots are filling an ever expanding variety of roles. A 47-inch humanoid called Pepper (from SoftBank Robotics), for instance, recognizes faces and basic human emotions and engages in conversations via a touch screen in its “chest.” About 15,000 Peppers worldwide perform such services as hotel check-ins, airport customer service, shopping assistance and fast-food checkout. Social robots have particular appeal for assisting the world’s growing elderly population. Japan’s PARO Therapeutic (治疗的) Robot, which looks like a lovely seal (海豹), is meant to stimulate and reduce stress for those with Alzheimer’s disease and other patients. Mabu (Catalia Health) engages patients, particularly the elderly, reminding them to take walks and medication. Social robots are also gaining popularity with consumers as toys. Early attempts to incorporate social behavior in toys, such as Hasbro’s Baby Alive and Sony’s AIBO robotic dog, had limited success. But both are resurging, and the most recent version of AIBO has complicated voice and gesture recognition, can be taught tricks and develops new behaviors based on previous interactions. Worldwide sales of consumer robots reached an estimated 19 billion by the end of 2025. This trend may seem surprising given that multiple well-funded consumer robot companies, such as Jibo and Anki, have failed. But a wave of robots is lining up to take the place of defunct robots, including BUDDY (Blue Frog Robotics), a big-eyed mobile device that plays games in addition to acting as a personal assistant and providing home automation and security. 1.Paragraph 2 mainly tells us ________. A. what the features of social robots are B. what promotes social robots’ engagement with people C. how algorithms are improved to adapt to people’s needs D. how psychological and neuroscientific insights are translated 2.According to Paragraph 3, social robots ________. A. have a wide range of applications B. have the ability to deal with emergencies C. have a tendency to take the place of humans D. have successfully gained psychological insight 3.What can we learn from the passage? A. Social robots are designed as personal assistants. B. Robots in industry and medicine need improvement. C. Consumer robots have been successful all these years. D. Social robots are popular due to great interactive abilities. 4.What is the purpose of the passage? A. To predict the prospect of social robots. B. To introduce the advances of social robots. C. To report the application of AI in social robots. D. To show the influence of social robots on our life. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D　4. B 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了“社交”机器人旨在与人互动，建立情感联系。预计社交机器人在未来几年将变得更加复杂和流行。文章说明了促进了社交机器人与人的互动的原因，以及如今社交机器人有广泛的应用情况以及未来的发展趋势。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Advances in AI have enabled designers to translate such psychological and neuroscientific insights into algorithms that allow robots to recognize voices, faces and emotions; interpret speech and gestures; respond appropriately to complex verbal and nonverbal cues; make eye contact; speak conversationally; and adapt to people’s needs by learning from feedback, rewards and criticisms.(人工智能的发展使设计者能够将这些心理和神经科学的见解转化为算法，使机器人能够识别声音、面孔和情感；解释语言和手势；对复杂的语言和非语言线索做出适当的反应；进行眼神接触；进行交谈；通过从反馈，奖励和批评中学习适应人们的需要。)”由此可知，第二段主要告诉我们是什么促进了社交机器人与人的互动。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“In consequence, social robots are filling an ever expanding variety of roles.(因此，社交机器人正在扮演越来越多的角色。)”结合后文列举了Pepper机器人为人们提供酒店入住、机场客户服务、购物协助和快餐结账等服务，社交机器人在帮助全球日益增长的老年人口方面具有特别的吸引力，以及社交机器人作为玩具也越来越受消费者的欢迎。由此可知，社交机器人有广泛的应用。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Neither they nor “social” robots-which are designed to engage with people and to establish an emotional connection-behave like The Jetsons’ maid, Rosie, or other beloved robots of fiction. Even so, expect social robots to become more complicated and popular in the next few years.(它们和“社交”机器人都不像《杰森一家》里的女佣、Rosie或小说中其他受人喜爱的机器人那样行事。“社交”机器人旨在与人互动，建立情感联系。即便如此，预计社交机器人在未来几年将变得更加复杂和流行。)”由此可知，社交机器人因其强大的互动能力而广受欢迎。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Even so, expect social robots to become more complicated and popular in the next few years.(即便如此，预计社交机器人在未来几年将变得更加复杂和流行。)”结合文章主要说明了“社交”机器人旨在与人互动，建立情感联系。预计社交机器人在未来几年将变得更加复杂和流行。文章说明了促进了社交机器人与人的互动的原因，以及如今社交机器人有广泛的应用情况以及未来的发展趋势。由此可推知，这篇文章的目的是介绍社交机器人的发展。故选B。 【点睛】写作意图推理判断题。作者一般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和理论依据，客观地使读者信服某种想法和观点。这种题型要求我们不仅要理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作手法进行归纳、总结和分析的能力。推测作者的写作意图时，不同体裁的文章有不同的写作目的。故事类记叙文的写作目的通常是娱乐读者（to entertain）；广告类应用文的写作目的是推销产品或服务人们（to persuade）；议论文的写作目的是阐述论点（to argue）；科普文化类说明文的写作目的是介绍知识，帮助大家广闻博见（to inform）。如第四小题，根据第一段中“Even so, expect social robots to become more complicated and popular in the next few years.(即便如此，预计社交机器人在未来几年将变得更加复杂和流行。)”结合文章主要说明了“社交”机器人旨在与人互动，建立情感联系。预计社交机器人在未来几年将变得更加复杂和流行。文章说明了促进了社交机器人与人的互动的原因，以及如今社交机器人有广泛的应用情况以及未来的发展趋势。由此可推知，这篇文章的目的是介绍社交机器人的发展。故选B。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·北京顺义·期中）The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don’t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams (欺诈). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions” (解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing is actually real. That’s because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation (处理) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use. At this year’s I/O Conference, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human-sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection. These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches (数据泄露) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller’s, tricking you into “confirming” your address, mother’s name, and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually. We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by, or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications — using a apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity. Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out. 1.Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammers can . A. spread information widely B. damage databases easily C. start campaigns rapidly D. aim at targets precisely 2.What does the passage imply? A. Honesty is the best policy. B. Technologies can be double-edged. C. There are more solutions than problems. D. Credibility holds the key to development. 3.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了随着语音处理和自动化技术的发展，自动语音电话欺诈将变得更加危险，并探讨了应对措施。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches (数据泄露) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people.(自动语音呼叫之所以令人头疼，与其说是因为数量庞大，不如说是因为精准度高。十年来，个人信息数据泄露事件频发，导致诈骗者能够轻易获取你母亲的名字等更多信息。掌握这些信息后，他们便能开展有针对性的欺诈活动)”可知，利用新技术，骗子可以精确地瞄准目标。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中“That’s because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation (处理) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use.(这是因为，一系列强大的语音处理和自动化技术即将普及，任何人都可以使用)”第三段中“These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse.(这些发展可能会使我们目前自动语音电话的问题更加严重)”以及最后一段中“Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out.(信誉很难赢得，但很容易失去，而且问题只会越来越难解决)”可知，科技既带来了便利，也带来了问题，即科技是一把双刃剑。故选B。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing is actually real.(在不久的将来，你看到的屏幕上的号码将不只是受到质疑。很快你也会质疑你听到的声音是否真实)”以及第三段中“These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse.(这些发展可能会使我们目前自动语音电话的问题更加严重)”可知，本文主要讲述了自动语音电话欺诈将变得更加危险。由此可知，“Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous(为何自动语音电话即将变得更加危险)”适合作本文最佳标题。故选C。 Passage 4 （25-26高二上·北京第三十五中学·期中）Many children’s hospitals already have storytelling programmes that aim to cheer up patients. But new research suggests that storytelling also has physiological benefits. “Until now, the positive evidence for storytelling was based on ‘common sense’ that interacting with the child may distract, entertain and reduce psychological suffering,” said Dr Jorge Moll, of D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Brazil. “But there was a lack of a solid scientific basis.” “During storytelling, something happens that we call ‘narrative transportation’. The child, through fantasy, can experience sensations and thoughts that transport him or her to another world, a place that is different from the hospital room, and is, therefore, far from the unpleasant conditions of hospitalization,” says Guilherme Brockington. The team, based at IDOR and the Federal University of ABC, Brazil, studied 81 children between the ages of two and seven, all of whom were in the intensive care unit (ICU) at a hospital in São Paulo. A group of 41 children each had a session with a storyteller, lasting 25 to 30 minutes. A control group of 40 children each had the same amount of time with the same professionals, but they told riddles instead. Before and after the sessions, the team took saliva samples from each child and assessed their pain level. The saliva samples allowed the researchers to measure levels of the hormone cortisol, which is related to stress, and the hormone oxytocin, which plays a role in empathy. Both groups of children benefited from the sessions: they all had less cortisol and more oxytocin in their saliva, suggesting they were less stressed, and they reported less pain and discomfort. However, the results were twice as strong for the storytelling group as the control group. At the end of the sessions, the children also took part in a word-association exercise including words like ‘hospital’, ‘nurse’ and ‘doctor’. The team said that children from the control group said “this is the bad woman who comes to give me an injection” in response to the pictures of a doctor or a nurse, while the storytelling group said “this is the woman who comes to cure me”. “I consider this study to be one of the most important I have participated in, due to its potential direct impact on practices in the hospital environment, aiming at the relief of human suffering. We intend to support volunteering devoted to the noble activity of storytelling, now with more solid scientific evidence,” said Moll. 1.According to the passage, “narrative transportation” indicates children _______. A. feel that they are placed into the world of a story B. fire up their imagination and expand their horizons C. have more empathy with the characters in the stories D. experience the unpleasant conditions of hospitalization 2.In Para.3, the author mainly tells the readers about _______. A. the application of the research B. the purpose of the research C. the limitation of the research D. the process of the research 3.How does the author present the findings of the research? A. By making comparisons. B. By giving definitions. C. By presenting examples. D. By analyzing cause and effect. 4.Which of the following may be the response from the storytelling group? A. A hospital is the place where I go when I’m very sick. B. A hospital is the place where I get an injection in my arm. C. A hospital is the place where I am taken care of to feel better. D. A hospital is the place where I’ll have to take some medicine. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。主要说明了许多儿童医院已经有了讲故事的节目，旨在让病人开心起来。但新的研究表明，讲故事也有生理上的好处。文章介绍了研究开展的过程、发现以及人们对此的看法。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段的“During storytelling,something happens that we call 'narrative transportation'.The child, through fantasy,can experience sensations and thoughts that transport him or her to another world, a place that is different from the hospital room,and is, therefore,far from the unpleasant conditions of hospitalization.(在讲故事的过程中,发生了一些我们称之为“叙事运输”的事情。通过幻想,孩子可以体验将他或她带到另一个世界的感觉和想法,一个不同于病房的地方,因此远离不愉快的住院条件。)”可知, “narrative transportation”指的是孩子在听故事的过程中, 远离了不愉快的住院经历,进入到故事的世界,故选A。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段“The team, based at IDOR and the Federal University of ABC, Brazil, studied 81 children between the ages of two and seven, all of whom were in the intensive care unit (ICU) at a hospital in São Paulo. A group of 41 children each had a session with a storyteller, lasting 25 to 30 minutes. A control group of 40 children each had the same amount of time with the same professionals, but they told riddles instead. Before and after the sessions, the team took saliva samples from each child and assessed their pain level. The saliva samples allowed the researchers to measure levels of the hormone cortisol, which is related to stress, and the hormone oxytocin, which plays a role in empathy.(该研究小组位于巴西IDOR和巴西ABC联邦大学，研究了81名年龄在2到7岁之间的儿童，他们都在São Paulo的一家医院的重症监护病房。一组有41名儿童，每个人都有一个讲故事的人，持续25到30分钟。对照组的40个孩子和同样的专业人士在一起的时间是一样的，但他们说的是谜语。 在测试前后，研究小组从每个孩子身上提取了唾液样本，并评估了他们的疼痛程度。唾液样本使研究人员能够测量与压力有关的皮质醇激素和催产素激素的水平，催产素在移情作用中发挥作用)”可知，第三段主要说明了研究的过程。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“However, the results were twice as strong for the storytelling group as the control group. At the end of the sessions, the children also took part in a word-association exercise including words like ‘hospital’, ‘nurse’ and ‘doctor’. The team said that children from the control group said “this is the bad woman who comes to give me an injection” in response to the pictures of a doctor or a nurse, while the storytelling group said “this is the woman who comes to cure me”.(然而，讲故事组的结果是对照组的两倍。在课程结束时，孩子们还参加了单词联想练习，包括“医院”、“护士”和“医生”等单词。研究小组表示，对照组的孩子看到医生或护士的照片后会说“这是来给我打针的坏女人”，而讲故事组的孩子则说“这是来给我治病的女人”)”可推知，作者通过比较展示研究结果。故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“The team said that children from the control group said “this is the bad woman who comes to give me an injection” in response to the pictures of a doctor or a nurse, while the storytelling group said “this is the woman who comes to cure me”.(研究小组表示，对照组的孩子看到医生或护士的照片后会说“这是来给我打针的坏女人”，而讲故事组的孩子则说“这是来给我治病的女人”)”可推知，“医院是我被照顾的地方，让我感觉更好”可能是来自讲故事小组的反应。故选C。 Passage 5 （25-26高二上·北京第三十五中学·期中）The Land Under the Sea Ten thousand years ago, as the last ice age ended, sea levels around the world were far lower than they are today. Much of the land under both the North Sea to the east of Britain and the English Channel which now separates France and Britain was part of a huge region of forests and grassy plains. Then the climate gradually became warmer and the water trapped in large masses of ice was released. Now the development of advanced sonar (声呐) technology, known as bathymetry, is making it possible to study this flooded landscape in extraordinary detail. A special echo (回声) sounder is fixed to the bottom of a survey ship and it makes wide sweeps across the seabed. While previous technology has only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry can now use computers, satellite-positioning equipment and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps. For the first time, an ancient riverbed jumps out of the three-dimensional image. The site of pre-historic settlements can now be pinpointed. According to expert Linda Andrews, this technological development is of huge significance. “We now have the ability to map the seabed as accurately as we can map dry land,” she says. Once bathymetric techniques have identified sites where people might have built their homes and villages, divers can be sent down to investigate further. Robot submarines (潜艇) can also be used, and researchers hope they will find stone tools and wood from houses as proof of human activity. The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years and much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe. It remains to be seen how far this new awareness is taken on board, however. In fact, the use of bathymetry will not be limited to the study of lost landscapes and ancient settlements. It will also be vital in finding ships that have been destroyed in accidents. In addition, commercial applications are a real possibility. Aggregates (骨材) for the construction industry are becoming increasingly expensive, and bathymetry can be used to identify suitable sites for digging for this material. Mapping the seabed will also identify places where rare plants and shellfish are living. Digging at such sites should be prevented, either to work for a profit or to make deeper waterways for massive container ships. 1.How does bathymetry work? A. It has an echo sounder placed on the seabed. B. It makes use of a number of different devices. C. It produces two-dimensional images of the sea floor. D. It bases its calculations on the location of construction sites. 2.What does the underlined word “pinpointed” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Occupied. B. Adjusted. C. Rebuilt. D. Discovered. 3.The author believes a better understanding of the settlements on the seabed may ________. A. attract investment in the research under the sea B. inspire people to take an interest in modern technology C. adapt the attitudes of the British to their country’s history D. receive confirmation of rebuilding ancient man-made objects 4.We can learn that the use of bathymetry will help to ________. A. identify new species of plants and animals B. provide the precise location of sunken ships C. evaluate the cost of seeking certain resources D. promote the development of deeper waterways 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. C　4. B 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。文章对先进的声呐技术，也就是水深测量技术的发展和用途进行了详细介绍。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“While previous technology has only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry can now use computers, satellite-positioning equipment and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps.”（虽然以前的技术只能生成二维图像，但水深测量技术现在可以使用计算机、卫星定位设备和特殊软件来绘制精确而详细的地图。）可知，水深测量技术使用了许多不同的设备来工作。故选B。 (2)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第二段倒第二句“For the first time, an ancient riverbed jumps out of the three-dimensional image.”（第一次，一个古老的河床从三维图像中跳出来。）可知，史前定居点现在能够被发现了。所以pinpoint的意思是“发现”，与discover同义。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段第三句“The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings”（许多英国人认为他们的国家是一个天然岛屿王国的想法将受到调查结果的挑战）可知，作者相信，对海底定居点的更好理解可能会改变英国人对本国历史的态度。故选C。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“It will also be vital in finding ships that have been destroyed in accidents. ”（它对于寻找在事故中被摧毁的船只也至关重要。）可知，使用水深测量将有助于提供沉船的精确位置。故选B。 Passage 6 （25-26高二上·北京怀柔·期中）Hybrid cars (混合动力车) are cars that run on petrol and electricity. They have a small standard petrol engine and a battery electric motor to provide electric power. There are some differences between different models of hybrid cars, but the general principle is that the car runs on petrol, and the electric motor kicks in when additional power is required, for example, when going uphill or accelerating. In some hybrid cars the petrol engine turns itself off when not needed, for example when the car has stopped at traffic light, keeping only the electric engine running. Conventional cars have large engines to deal with driving uphill and accelerating. Hybrid cars have much smaller petrol engines, improved by electric motors when needed, so they use less petrol. Another way that fuel consumption is cut by a system of “regenerative (再生的) braking”. The electric motor is used to slow down the car, rather than conventional brakes. The energy produced by slowing the car is changed into electrical power, which is automatically stored in the battery. In effect, the battery recharges when you brake. In conventional cars the energy produced when braking is wasted. In 1928 Ferdinand Porsche built an experimental hybrid car. The first mass-produced hybrid car, the Toyota Prius, came out in Japan at the end of 1997. However, hybrid cars. became available in the USA. only in 1999.As they use less fuel, hybrid cars are cheaper to run. There are also many voices in place to encourage people to buy them. In some countries, hybrid car owners pay a lower rate of tax, and don’t have to pay on certain roads. In some cities, hybrid cars are allowed to park for free. 1.Hybrid cars consume less energy than conventional cars because hybrid cars ________. A. have large engines to deal with accelerating B. have conventional brakes to slow down the car C. have electric power to assist when needed D. have no energy consumption when stopping 2.What is NOT the reason why hybrid cars use less energy? A. Smaller petrol engines B. Scientific design C. Traditional brakes D. Energy storage 3.From the last paragraph we can learn that Hybrid cars ________. A. were first available in the USA B. will gain more popularity C. free their owners from tax D. are free to park anywhere in the city 4.The main purpose of this text is to ________. A. show how hybrid cars slow down B. encourage people to buy hybrid cars C. inform people of a kind of energy-saving cars D. explain why hybrid cars use less energy 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了混合动力车的概念、工作原理、节省燃油的方式以及它们的历史和发展。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“There are some differences between different models of hybrid cars, but the general principle is that the car runs on petrol, and the electric motor kicks in when additional power is required, for example, when going uphill or accelerating.(不同型号的混合动力汽车之间存在一些差异，但总的原理是汽车以汽油为动力，当需要额外动力时，例如上坡或加速时，电动机就会启动。)”可知，混合动力车之所以比传统汽车更节能，是因为它们配备了小型汽油发动机和电池电动马达，当需要额外动力时，例如上坡或加速时，电动马达会介入提供帮助。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The electric motor is used to slow down the car, rather than conventional brakes. The energy produced by slowing the car is changed into electrical power, which is automatically stored in the battery. In effect, the battery recharges when you brake. In conventional cars the energy produced when braking is wasted.(电动马达用来使汽车减速，而不是传统的刹车。汽车减速产生的能量转化为电能，自动储存在电池中。实际上，当你刹车时电池就会充电。在传统汽车中，刹车时产生的能量被浪费了。)”可知，实际上，混合动力车使用使用电动马达来减速，而不是传统刹车，从而将减速产生的能量转化为电能并存储在电池中即混合动力车使用更少的能源并不是因为它们有传统刹车。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“There are also many voices in place to encourage people to buy them. In some countries, hybrid car owners pay a lower rate of tax, and don’t have to pay on certain roads. In some cities, hybrid cars are allowed to park for free.(也有很多声音鼓励人们购买它们。在一些国家，混合动力汽车的车主缴纳的税率较低，而且在某些道路上不需要缴税。在一些城市，混合动力汽车可以免费停车。)”可知，混合动力车因其节能特性和政策支持，将获得更多的普及。例如，在一些国家，混合动力车车主可以享受更低的税率，甚至在某些道路上不需要支付费用，以及在一些城市中可以免费停车。由此推断混合动力车将会越来越受欢迎。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文，本文的主要介绍混合动力车这种节能汽车，包括它们的工作原理、节能方式以及它们的历史和发展，以及一些国家对混合动力车的支持政策。故文章的目的是告诉人们一种节能汽车。故选C。 Passage 7 （25-26高二上·北京昌平·期中）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t. Still, sometimes our intuitions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprised researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of vanishing lakes in the Arctic region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not vanishing. As climate change warms the Arctic region, melting surface snow and ice and thawing (解冻) permafrost (冻土), there should be more surface water. Existing lakes should be growing. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking lakes, that is, lakes are becoming smaller, but lakes that have completely disappeared. A paper published this year m Nature Climate Change, based on satellite imagery, found widespread lake loss across the Arctic over the past 20 years. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost thawed, lakes would at first expand because of the increased meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers projected, progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic enough that lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century or more sooner than they were predicted to. What is causing this to happen? Basically, the ground is becoming more permeable (可渗透的). We talk about “solid ground,” but its particles of rock, mineral and organic matter actually have spaces between them. In permafrost, the spaces are filled with solid ice, so liquid water cannot readily pass through them. But when the permafrost thaws, water can flow downward. Why did scientists miss this? One reason is that most climate models assume that permafrost thaw is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests that rainfall is now contributing greatly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the models incorporated such processes. This is a good example of why — no matter how advanced our models are—we will still need to continue making direct observations of the natural world. The Arctic lakes provide crucial freshwater for critical habitats for a wide range of plants and animal life. The loss of wet areas that accompany these lakes can also lead to an increase in wildfires, which only serves to melt more permafrost. The permafrost thaw will lead to the release of some greenhouse gases, which will accelerate global warming. There is, of course, a clear path to saving Arctic lakes: stop the carbon pollution that is driving global climate change. 1.What does the underlined word “vanishing” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Disappearing. B. Existing. C. Growing. D. Flowing. 2.What is causing the lake loss to occur sooner than predicted in the Arctic? A. The permafrost thaw as a result of the progressive warming. B. The rapid evaporation of lake water due to the warming air. C. The release of greenhouse gases as a result of the permafrost thaw. D. The downward flow of surface water in lakes resulting from permafrost thaw. 3.Scientists failed to make the correct prediction about the Arctic lakes because ______ A. they didn’t employ advanced enough models B. they didn’t anticipate the effect of the rainfall C. they didn’t make use of the climate models properly D. they didn’t make their predictions based on sufficient data 4.What would be the best title for this passage? A. The Effects of the Lake Loss B. The Measures against the Lake Loss C. The Puzzle of the Disappearing Lakes D. The Phenomenon of Permafrost Thaw 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章首先指出研究有时会证实我们或多或少已经知道的事情，但有时我们的直觉是错误的，科学发现会让我们惊讶。接着以北极地区湖泊消失为例，详细介绍了该现象、发生原因、科学家预测失误的原因以及该现象的影响，最后提出了解决之道。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段“You might think these lakes would be expanding, not vanishing.(你可能会认为这些湖泊会扩大，而不是……)”可知，前后语境相反，说明认为这些湖泊会扩大，而不是消失，故划线词意思是“消失”，与disappearing意思相近。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Basically, the ground is becoming more permeable (可渗透的). We talk about “solid ground,” but its particles of rock, mineral and organic matter actually have spaces between them. In permafrost, the spaces are filled with solid ice, so liquid water cannot readily pass through them. But when the permafrost thaws, water can flow downward.(基本上，地面变得更具渗透性。我们谈论的是“固体地面”，但它的岩石、矿物和有机物颗粒之间实际上是有空间的。在永久冻土中，这些空间充满了固体冰，所以液态水不能轻易通过。但当永久冻土融化时，水可以向下流动)”可知，永久冻土融化导致的湖泊地表水向下流动导致北极地区的湖泊流失比预测的要早。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Why did scientists miss this? One reason is that most climate models assume that permafrost thaw is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests that rainfall is now contributing greatly to permafrost loss.(为什么科学家们忽略了这一点？其中一个原因是，大多数气候模型都假定永久冻土融化仅仅是由变暖的空气驱动的。新的证据表明，现在降雨对永久冻土的损失起着很大的作用)”可知，科学家们未能对北极湖泊做出正确的预测，因为他们没有预料到降雨的影响。故选B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t. Still, sometimes our intuitions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprised researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of vanishing lakes in the Arctic region.(研究有时会用数据证明我们或多或少已经知道的东西。运动对你有好处，而污染的空气对你没有好处。尽管如此，有时我们的直觉是不正确的，科学发现让研究人员和我们其他人都感到惊讶。最近的一个例子是北极地区湖泊消失的现象)”结合文章首先指出研究有时会证实我们或多或少已经知道的事情，但有时我们的直觉是错误的，科学发现会让我们惊讶。接着以北极地区湖泊消失为例，详细介绍了该现象、发生原因、科学家预测失误的原因以及该现象的影响，最后提出了解决之道。可知，C选项“消失的湖泊之谜”最符合文章标题。故选C。 主题语境04 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京第五中学·期中）We’ve all felt the tap to the soul you get from driving by your old high school or hearing a tune you once danced to. But why is that feeling so universal? Nostalgia, a combination of the Greek words nostos (homecoming) and algos (pain), was a special type of homesickness associated with soldiers fighting far-off wars. Seventeenth-century physicians worried such thoughts put health at risk. In the 19th century, doctors believed it could cause irregu$ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京第五中学·期中）The start-up that attracted the largest investment in the history of cybersecurity, of more than half a billion dollars, has a simple goal: a passwordless future. Despite the spread of password management software that can generate and remember complicated strings of random characters, some of the most common passwords are still “12345”, “password” and “iloveyou”. As a result, more than 80 percent of hacks involve these kinds of passwords; and passwords remain the most sought-after data by hackers, above other personal or sensitive information. In many cases, individuals are tricked into handing over password details by phishing emails and other social engineering techniques. Hackers have sought to break into apps and steal entire password databases as well. Passwords are also under attack from new technology, such as automated programs that can rapidly try to guess them, or can try stolen passwords on multiple online accounts. Since the need to replace the easily forgotten and highly hackable strings of letters and numbers that we use to access everyday life has become even more urgent, the race to replace the password is under way, with biometric-based (基于生物识别的) security emerging as one of the most sought-after solutions. According to Tieo, a union of more than 250 companies, which promotes a standard system of passwordless authentication (身份验证), the vast majority of consumer services will offer passwordless login systems in the next couple of years. “If done correctly and safely, biometrics are really helping us move to a passwordless future in a rapid manner,” said Andrew Jenkinson, CEO of Tieo. But there are still risks associated with the use of biometric authentication. Unlike passwords, biometrics cannot be changed. This means such data must be closely guarded for privacy purposes and to prevent spoofing—hackers trying to trick cameras or sensors with photos, or masks of their victim. “Biometric authentication and passwordless authentication has its own attack surface,” said Paul Smith, director of security research at CyberPek. His team revealed that it had found a design problem which would allow potential attackers to bypass facial recognition login by injecting a spoofed photo of a user’s face into the process. The biggest obstacle standing in the way of the start-ups hoping to kill the password is how to change years of habit. Eric Brown, founder of TAK Cyber, a cyber research and advisory company, argued that while sensitive applications may rapidly shift from passwords, other websites have less motivation to update their systems. “You’ll never get rid of them,” he said. “We’re never going to get to the post-password era.” 1.What is the third paragraph mainly about? A. Why passwords are the most sought-after data. B. Why passwords are difficult to secure. C. How passwords have caused us trouble. D. How passwords are stolen by phishing emails. 2.What is Eric Brown’s attitude towards a passwordless future? A. Indifferent. B. Passionate. C. Objective D. Pessimistic. 3.Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Biometric authentication: password security solution! B. Start-ups race to welcome a passwordless future. C. Killing the password: a cure or a fantasy? D. The argument to end passwords has begun. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·北京第十一中学顺义学校·期中）Throughout history, several economists have contributed greatly to the field of economics and changed society. Adam Smith (1723-1790) Adam Smith is best known for An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which is one of the earliest and the most famous works on industry and commerce. Smith's arguments against mercantilism (重商主义) and in favor of free trade were a challenge to much of the protectionism that was influential in the mid-18th century. Today, he's often called" the father of modern economics". In a globalized world, imagine how much slower life would be, had free, open trade not been encouraged. David Ricardo (1772-1823) Ricardo joined his father to work on the London Stock Exchange at the age of 14 and quickly became successful. After reading Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations, he took an interest in economics. Ricardo is best known for the belief that nations should specialize for the greater good. He also carried forward the argument against protectionism, and showed that landlords seizing wealth at the expense of laborers was not beneficial for society. Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) Marshall is credited with attempting to apply mathematics to economics to turn economics into more of a science than a philosophy. Despite his emphasis on math, Marshall spared no effort to make his work accessible to regular people; his Economics of Industry became widely used in England as a curriculum. He also spent almost 10 years working on the more scientific Principles of Economics, which proved to be his most important work. John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) The six-foot-six Brit accepted a lectureship at Cambridge that was personally funded by Alfred Marshall, whose supply and demand curves were the basis for much of Keynes' work. He is particularly remembered for advocating government monetary policy to reduce the negative effects of economic depressions and booms. His influential work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, advocated government intervention to promote consumption and investing. It also pushed to relieve the global Great Depression that was spreading at the time. 1.What did Adam Smith and David Ricardo have in common? A. Being opposed to protectionism. B. Working on the London Stock Exchange. C. Specializing in the study of mercantilism. D. Becoming successful at a young age. 2.How was Alfred Marshall different from the other economists? A. He focused on practical applications. B. He designed a university curriculum. C. He wrote many works on economics. D. He made economics more scientific. 3.What is John Maynard Keynes most famous for? A. Developing supply and demand curves. B. Facilitating the relief of economic depressions. C. Designing government monetary policy. D. Restricting consumption and investment. 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·北京铁路第二中学·期中）Cheerleading Is a Sport A sport, according to the Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Advisors, is a “physical activity against another team, governed by rules under which a winner is declared, and the primary purpose of the competition is a comparison of the relative skills of the participants.” Because cheerleading follows these guidelines, it is a sport. Cheerleading includes lots of physical activity. Like gymnasts, cheerleaders must learn to do a lot of movements, such as jumping, twisting and so on. It is not rare to see cheerleaders “flying” high up into the sky and falling to be caught by the “bases” in different positions that require strength and cooperation. Just as basketball and football have rules for competitive play, so does cheerleading. The performance has to be completed in less than three minutes and 15 seconds and the cheerleaders are required to stay within a certain area. A cheerleader’s goal is to be the best. Just like gymnasts, they are awarded points for difficulty, technique, and creativity. Cheerleading is a team sport, so the performance is also awarded according to the cooperation and synchronization. That is to say, the girls need to act like one person. Otherwise, first place is out of reach. According to the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, cheerleading is the number one cause of serious sports injuries to women, which is partly because they do not wear protective equipment. However, the main reason is that cheerleading is not yet recognized as a sport by many schools, the proper equipment is not provided to ensure safety. Instead, the girls use whatever space is available. More recognition of cheerleading as a sport would decrease the number of injuries. So why do many Americans think cheerleading is not a sport? It cannot be because cheerleaders do not use balls or other objects. Wrestling, swimming, track, skating and boxing are recognized sports that do not use balls. Hopefully, cheerleading will become as well-known a sport as football and basketball, and even appear in the Olympics since cheerleaders are just as athletic and physically fit as those involved in the more accepted sports. 1.What is NOT the standard for sport according to the Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Advisors? A. Physical movement is required. B. The number of participants is limited. C. The aim of a sport is to beat another team. D. A winner is finally decided after the competition. 2.The underlined word “synchronization” in Paragraph 4 probably means _________. A. being creative in designing the movements B. presenting a challenging performance C. doing the movement at the same time D. setting a practical competitive goal 3.Which is the main reason for more injuries to women in cheerleading according to the author? A. Physical activities. B. Strong competition. C. Carelessness. D. Less recognition. 4.What is the purpose of the author to write the passage? A. To introduce the sport of cheerleading. B. To discuss the standards of cheerleading. C. To invite people to take part in cheerleading. D. To suggest improving cheerleading equipment. 主题语境03 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高二上·北京铁路第二中学·期中） Teens who have good, supportive relationships with their teachers enjoy better health as adults, according to a research. “This research suggests that improving students’ relationships with teachers could have important, positive and long-lasting effects beyond just academic success,” said Jinho Kim, the author of the study. “It could also bring about important health benefits in the long run.” Previous research has suggested that teens’ social relationships might be linked to health outcomes in adulthood — perhaps because poor relationships can lead to chronic stress which can raise a person’s risk of health problems over the lifespan, according to Kim. However, it is not clear whether the link between teen relationships and lifetime health is certainly cause and effect — it could be that other factors, such as different family backgrounds, might contribute to both relationship problems in adolescence and poor health in adulthood. Also, most research has focused on teens relationships with their peers, rather than on their relationships with teachers. To explore those questions further, Kim analyzed data on nearly 20,000 participants from the Add Health study, a national study that followed participants for 13 years, from seventh grade into early adulthood. The participants included more than 3,400 pairs of brothers and sisters. As teens, participants answered questions, like “How often have you had trouble getting along with other students?” “How much do you agree that friends care about you?” “How often have you had trouble getting along with your teachers?” and “How much do you agree that teachers care about you?” As adults, participants were asked about their physical and mental health. Researchers also took measures of physical health, such as blood pressure and BMI. Kim found that, as expected, participants who had reported better relationships with both their peers and teachers in middle school and high school also reported better physical and mental health in their mid-20s. However, when he controlled for family background by looking at pairs of brothers and sisters, only the link between good teacher relationships and adult health remained significant. The results suggest that teacher relationships are even more important than previously realized and that schools should invest in training teachers on how to build warm and supportive relationships with their students, according to Kim. 1.According to paragraph 3, we can know that _________. A. teen relationships with teachers were not studied before B. family background is the main factor in improving mental health C. teen relationship is not the only factor that affects the lifetime health D. relationship problems in adolescence can cause poor health in adulthood 2.What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. How the research was done. B. What questions were explored. C. How physical health was measured. D. What kind of participants were studied. 3.Which does Kim’s research show? A. Good adult health depends on teens’ good teachers. B. Good family background promises long-term adult health. C. Healthy peer relationships leads to students’ academic success. D. Positive student-teacher relationship helps students’ adult success. 4.Where does this text probably come from? A. A family survey. B. A personal blog. C. A term paper. D. A health magazine. 主题语境04 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·北京怀柔·期中）Teens who have good, supportive relationships with their teachers enjoy better health as adults, according to a research. “This research suggests that improving students’ relationships with teachers could have important, positive and long-lasting effects beyond just academic success,” said Jinho Kim, the author of the study. “It could also bring about important health benefits in the long run.” Previous research has suggested that teens’ social relationships might be linked to health outcomes in adulthood—perhaps because poor relationships can lead to chronic stress which can raise a person’s risk of health problems over the lifespan, according to Kim. However, it is not clear whether the link between teen relationships and lifetime health is certainly cause and effect—it could be that other factors, such as different family backgrounds, might contribute to both relationship problems in adolescence and poor health in adulthood. Also, most research has focused on teens relationships with their peers, rather than on their relationships with teachers. To explore those questions further, Kim analyzed data on nearly 20,000 participants from the Add Health study, a national study that followed participants for 13 years, from seventh grade into early adulthood. The participants included more than 3, 400 pairs of brothers and sisters. As teens, participants answered questions, like “How often have you had trouble getting along with other students?” “How much do you agree that friends care about you?” “How often have you had trouble getting along with your teachers?” and “How much do you agree that teachers care about you?” As adults, participants were asked about their physical and mental health. Researchers also took measures of physical health, such as blood pressure and BMI (体质指数). Kim found that, as expected, participants who had reported better relationships with both their peers and teachers in middle school and high school also reported better physical and mental health in their mid-20s. However, when he controlled for family background by looking at pairs of brothers and sisters, only the link between good teacher relationships and adult health remained significant. The results suggest that teacher relationships are even more important than previously realized and that schools should invest in training teachers on how to build warm and supportive relationships with their students, according to Kim. 1.According to paragraph 3, we can know that ________. A. teen relationships with teachers were not studied before. B. family background is the main factor in improving mental health. C. teen relationship is not the only factor that affects the lifetime health. D. relationship problems in adolescence can cause poor health in adulthood. 2.What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. How the research was done B. What questions were explored C. How physical health was measured D. What kind of participants were studied 3.According to Kim’s findings, we can infer that ________. A. Good adult health depends on teens’ good teachers. B. More attention should be paid to the students relationships with teachers. C. The importance of student-teacher relationships was fully realized before. D. Participants reported better relationships with their teachers and better health as adults. 4.Where does this text probably come from? A. A. family survey B. A medical report C. A term paper D. A health magazine 主题语境05 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高二上·北京顺义牛栏山第一中学·期中）We live in a world filled with distractions. Everywhere we look, we can find instant pleasures available for next-day delivery right to our homes. In a culture surrounded by messages saying that we can lose the discomfort right now, delayed gratification, which refers to the ability to wait for a long-term reward, is less attractive. But research shows it makes all the difference in achieving a more important and satisfying goal. Delayed gratification and instant gratification involve the timing and approach to achieving satisfaction or rewards. The former requires self-discipline and the ability to manage impulses, while the latter often involves giving in to immediate desires. An example of this could be when a young man chooses to resist the urge to splurge on luxury items and instead save money regularly and patiently to buy a house. The delayed gratification is the goal and satisfaction he would achieve from owning a dream home, rather than the instant delight of impulsive shopping. Delayed gratification has to do with one’s natural ability and environment and what one is taught. Learning to delay the impulse for immediate pleasure in favor of long-term satisfaction is a skill required for progressive and long-term growth. We can start by making small changes every day and staying consistent with those changes. Over time, these habits can accumulate and lead to big changes and results. Consistent reminders of why we want to reach our goals can also help. If we were all masters at delayed gratification, our environment would not be filled with “quick” solutions to everything under the sun. Our culture demands that successful humans rise above the constant distraction to self-motivate and delay personal gratification in favor of distant goals. However, a balance between our thirst for instant rewards and our desire to create longevity in our career, relationships, and health is difficult to achieve. Our entire lives require that we weigh the choices of “okay right now” vs. “bigger better later”. It takes a joint effort to override the environment to create our successful personal worlds. 1.What is delayed gratification? A. The ability to wait for a long-term reward. B. The desire to get instant pleasure. C. The skill to manage money wisely. D. The habit of making quick decisions. 2.How can delayed gratification help us? A. It helps us avoid all kinds of risks. B. It leads to more satisfying and important goals. C. It allows us to enjoy life without any effort. D. It makes us more popular among friends. 3.What is the main idea of the passage? A. Instant gratification is more beneficial than delayed gratification. B. Delayed gratification is key to achieving long-term success. C. People should always choose instant rewards over long-term goals. D. Success depends entirely on one’s natural ability. 主题语境06 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京顺义牛栏山第一中学·期中）Elephants and gorillas in the Republic of the Congo’s rainforests spend a lot of time hiding in the shadows — or so we thought. Using drone (无人机) surveys and AI processing, scientists have discovered an extensive network of mysterious open clearings among the trees. Animals like elephants, gorillas visit these muddy areas, called bais, in the languages of the Indigenous Ba’Aka, to search for vital nutrition and maintain their complex social networks. The numerous playgrounds are visible in satellite images, and AI analysis is helping researchers find them more effectively. The discovery began in 2021 when Sylvain Ngouma and Evan Hockridge came upon a massive clearing during fieldwork in Odzala-Kokoua National Park and found a trail (踪迹) of wet, pot-sized footprints leading through the woods to the open roundabout. Hockridge, who had thought bais were abnormal, says, “I had it backward. It kind of hit me when I was there. You can’t understand animal interactions without first understanding bais.” For the next three summers, the team investigated the clearings. They analyzed camera-trap images, confirming what local people had told them — that these natural clearings are crucial gathering grounds for some of the world’s most endangered mammals. The bais, they realized, are big melting pots, big playgrounds, for a collection of forest animals. During the initial surveys, the team followed elephant trails to move through the rainforest from bai to bai. This process led Hockridge to wonder about a network. Although previous studies documented animal behavior in selected bais, no one had counted them or had the means to map their distribution. The team partnered with African Parks, using drones to scan known sites. They trained an AI algorithm (算法) to identify bais in satellite imagery, revealing 2,176 clearings in one park — 10 times more than previously recorded. Bais are always near rivers or streams. Most are smaller than a city block, but few, at more than 100 acres, are bigger than some college campuses. “Bais are ultimately islands of resources, and animals produce these networks of trails to essentially navigate to and from a network of bais,” Hockridge says. The researchers’ map of bais, the first of its kind, is also a map of conservation priorities. “We find that a huge portion of the animal community depends on this unique ecosystem. These species don’t have alternative habitats other than bais,” Hockridge says. The study is also a step toward solving the ultimate mystery: How did bais form? Many ecologists have argued that a combination of hydrology (水文学) and animal landscaping is at play. But definitive proof remains elusive. Now, with a map in hand and camera traps still in place, the research team is tracking long-term changes, which have implications for the maintenance of these crucial animal habitats. “We have hypotheses (假说),” Andrew Davies, an ecologist in Harvard, says, “but the short answer is: we don’t know.” 1.For rainforest animals, bais are places for ________. A. fun and safety B. water and shelter C. food and connection D. shade and entertainment 2.What can we learn about Ngouma and Hockridge’s research? A. It discovered how bais formed. B. It was the first to map the network of bais. C. It analyzed images of bais provided by local people. D. It concluded bais were spots intended for endangered species. 3.What does the underlined word “elusive” in Paragraph 6 probably mean? A. Difficult to find. B. Simple to clarify. C. Possible to overestimate. D. Unlikely to question. 4.Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Conservation Priorities in Rainforests B. Hidden Playgrounds Revealed in Rainforests C. Secrets of Rainforest Animals’ Social Networks D. Modern Tools Adopted for Rainforest Exploration Passage 2 （25-26高二上·北京陈经纶中学·期中）Students applying to colleges that use the Common Application should hand in an essay of 650 words. That includes the essay title, notes, and any other text that you include in the essay. What Can You Accomplish in 650 Words? Even if you take advantage of the full length available to you, keep in mind that 650 words is not a long essay. It’s roughly the equivalent of a two-page, double-spaced essay. Most essays tend to be between three and eight paragraphs depending on the applicant’s writing style and essay strategy. As you plan your essay, you definitely want to keep the length requirement in mind. Many applicants attempt to do too much with their essays and then struggle to edit them down to 650 words. Realize the purpose of the personal statement is not to tell your life story or to give an exhaustive overview of all of your accomplishments. Let your list of extracurricular activities, academic record, letters of recommendation, and supplemental essays and materials show your range of accomplishments. The personal statement is not the place for long lists or catalogs of achievement. To write an engaging and effective 650 word or shorter essay, you need to have a sharp focus. Narrate a single event, or illuminate a single passion or talent. Allow enough space for self-reflection so that whatever your topic is you spend at least some time talking about its significance to you. Again, use the essay to narrate an engaging story. Make sure it highlights something you care about deeply, and be sure to provide a window into your interests or personality that isn’t already obvious from the rest of your application. A Final Word About Essay Length With the primary Common Application essay, you will need to come in at 650 words or fewer. However, you will find that most supplemental essays on the Common Application have different length guidelines, and colleges that don’t use the Common Application will have differing length requirements. No matter what the circumstances, make sure you follow the guidelines. If an essay should be 350 words, don’t write 370. Finally, keep in mind that what you say and how you say it is far more important than whether you have 550 words or 650 words. If you’ve said all you have to say in 500 words, don’t try to pad your essay to make it longer. Regardless of length, the best writing will tell a compelling story, provide insight to your character and interests, and are written with crisp and engaging prose. 1.According to the passage, what might be a right thing to do while writing an essay? A. To tell some interesting life stories. B. To list all the possible achievements. C. To show the range of accomplishments. D. To highlight the focus of one single event. 2.As for the essay length, the applicant ________. A. should follow the guidelines. B. can set his or her own limit accordingly C. should make sure it no less than 650 words D. can write more than 650 words when necessary 3.What is the purpose of the passage? A. To stress the importance of essay writing. B. To introduce methods of writing a good essay. C. To advertise a writing course for college students. D. To remind the applicants of the length of their essay. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·北京怀柔·期中）Teenagers who spend more than three hours a day on social media may have doubled the risk of mental health problems compared with those who avoid it, research suggests. The study of more than 6,000 children aged 12 to 15 found those who used social media more heavily were more likely to report situations such as sadness, anxiety and loneliness， as well as aggression(攻击性) and anti-social actions, than teenagers who did not use social media. The findings held true even when researchers took into account mental health problems experienced by young persons in the year before they were asked about social media use. The research, from a team at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Maryland, was published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry(精神病学). Some previous studies have suggested no connection between poorer mental health and screen time. Dr. Rina Dutta, senior medical lecturer at Kings College London, said, “A main strength of this study compared to previous research is that the researchers took into account mental health problems the young people already had a year before the measurement of social media use. This largely overcomes the ‘what came first -mental health problem or high social media use’ question.” The study looked at two types of actions that can show mental health problems: internalizing(内化行为) and externalizing(外化行为). Internalising can include social disconnection or difficulty dealing with anxiety or sadness. Externalising can include aggression or breaking instructions. The study found that the use of social media for at least three hours a day was connected with around twice the risk of mental health problems, compared with those who avoided it. Lead author Kira Riehm said, “Many present studies have found a connection between digital or social media use and the health of teens, but few look at this connection across time. We cannot say that social media causes mental health problems, but we do think that less time on social media may be better for the health of teens. The study found that fewer than 17 percent of teenagers did not use social media. Of those who did, 32 percent spent less than 30 minutes a day; 31 percent spent 30 minutes to three hours; 12 percent spent three to six hours and 8 percent spent more than six hours per day. Ms. Riehm said, “Social media has the ability to connect teenagers who may be excluded(排除在外) in their daily life. We need to find a better way to balance the benefits of social media with possible harmful health results.” 1.The research published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry aims to prove_________ A. the advantages and disadvantages of social media B. the mental health problems experienced by teenagers C. the connection between mental health and screen time D. the sadness, anxiety and loneliness caused by social media 2.Which of the following might be one of the intenalising actions? A. Aggression. B. Following instructions. C. Skillfully dealing with anxiety. D. Being afraid of talking to people. 3.What was Kira Riehm’s view on social media? A. It would play a balanced role. B. It might disconnect teenagers. C. It caused mental health problems. D. It might be better for the health of teens. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. Social media is capable of connecting teenagers. B. Teenagers have mental health problems before using social media. C. Social media connects to increased risk of mental health problems. D. Teenagers with less time on social media do better than those with more time. Passage 4 （25-26高二上·北京平谷中学·期中）Students’ comprehension of words in a foreign language improves if teachers pair each word with a gesture, researchers at the University of Illinois found. The aim of the study was to compare participants’ comprehension of vocabulary words in Chinese when they were taught new words paired with standard or arbitrary (任意的) gestures and without gestures. Standard gestures are representational and tend to be consistent across languages, such as those commonly used to represent drinking or talking on the telephone, said Kiel Christianson, an author of the study. Arbitrary gestures are meaningless motions that are made up by the speaker and bear no obvious connection to a particular word. The 30 student participants watched as the instructor introduced 18 new words, presenting them to the students in groups of six — six words each accompanied by arbitrary gestures, standard gestures and without gestures. Instructors and students repeated both the Chinese word and its English translation twice. After two instructional sessions, the students took a multiple-choice test, with the instructor presenting the words and associated gestures in random order and the students choosing the English translation of each word from a list of four words. When the vocabulary words were presented with standard or random gestures, students’ ability to recall the words’ meanings was 8.10 percent better than with words that were presented without gestures, the researchers found. They also found that gestures do not need to be obviously specific to facilitate learning. Christianson and his co-authors assumed that simply watching the instructor move their hands while presenting a word enabled students to create a motion-related image of that word in their mind. “Visualizing a gesture with each word creates multiple pathways into the meaning of new words and helps students remember them better,” Christianson said. However, the gestural advantage in learning declined when students were introduced to more than about 10 — 12 words at a time, the researchers found. “This suggests that instructors should introduce new vocabulary words in small batches (批),” Christianson said. “That’s a very practical application.” 1.What do we know about standard gestures? A. They have no obvious meaning. B. They are specific to particular cultures. C. They are made up by language experts. D. They share similar forms in various languages. 2.What were the students asked to do following the second instruction? A. Recall the meanings of the words. B. Pair the words with relevant gestures. C. Speak out the words based on gestures. D. Repeat the gestures the instructor used. 3.What is paragraph 6 mainly about? A. A suggestion for future studies. B. A major limitation of the study. C. An explanation of the research method. D. A possible reason for the study findings. 4.What principle would Christianson recommend while applying gesture learning? A. Limit input per session. B. Review in small batches. C. Practice makes perfect. D. Precise matching is key. 主题语境07 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·北京平谷中学·期中）In 1993, a ship sailed into the Pacific Ocean carrying nearly 1,000 pounds of iron, then dumped it all into the waves. The next morning, the water turned a little greenish due to newly emerged phytoplankton (浮游生物). The microorganisms, which need iron to grow, draw CO₂ out of the air. Fertilizing the ocean with iron is a form of geoengineering, a set of technologies fascinating for their potential to meaningfully impact Earth’s systems, and controversial for the same reason. As the planet heats, geoengineering is employed to manipulate it in novel ways, whether researchers mist the skies with sea salt to increase how much sunlight clouds reflect or invent machines to suck greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere. Engineering home-grown plankton sounds like a less dramatic approach. But the field is so new that scientists don’t yet know whether geoengineering with microorganisms would really be a gentler form of climate intervention. Microbes, after all, play enormously subsequent roles in the world around us and within us. For the best chance of keeping Earth liveable, scientists need to understand exactly how the microscopic creatures might be useful, and perhaps even preferable to the more sci-fi approaches to cooling off the world. One favored approach centers on methane, a greenhouse gas accounting for 30% of the rise in global temperature. Mary Lidstrom, a professor, is working on genetically modifying bacteria that naturally consume methane, so that the microbes pull even more gas from the air. The bacteria would live inside facilities known as bioreactors. They could be positioned near known methane sources — landfills and wetlands — to minimize the amount of methane that makes it into the air. Scaling up any kind of climate engineering is tricky. Significantly slowing warming caused by methane would require about 300,000 bioreactors to be active for 20 years. And the downstream effects are difficult to predict, let alone contain. For example, the iron put into the Pacific Ocean could have consequences for other regions of the world’s seas. Also, there’s nearly as much uncertainty about intended effects. Scientists don’t know for sure how effective these concepts will prove to be. The 1993 ship expeditions, for example, didn’t stick around very long; the journeys were expensive, and scientists couldn’t remain at sea to determine what exactly was happening in the depths. Carbon stolen out of the atmosphere should remain buried for at least a century for maximum impact Yet it’s entirely possible that if the phytoplankton doesn’t sink to deep enough waters, it just gets eaten by the organisms in the surface ocean, and that CO₂ just returns to the atmosphere. The hotter the planet gets, the more attractive geoengineering will likely seem. Short of large-scale behavioral changes globally, we do seem to be committing ourselves to an engineered solution on our current routes. We might have to decide, sooner than we think, which levers we need to pull, large or small. 1.What can we learn about geoengineering? A. Ocean iron-fertilization is on the horizon. B. Sunlight-reflection method is cost-effective. C. Methane-eating bacteria are being improved. D. Gas-sucking machine is a theoretical concept. 2.The iron-fertilization experiment may achieve its intended effects if ________. A. the target microbes survive B. carbon is stored separately C. the phytoplankton grows faster D. more deep-sea organisms are tested 3.What might be the best title for the passage? A. How Will Geoengineering Better Earth’s Systems? B. How to Cool the World Without Blocking the Sun? C. How to Steal Carbon with Sci-fi Approaches? D. How Can the Engineered Solution Delivery? 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京顺义·期中）Final exams are around the corner - but that won’t stop some teenagers putting in the least effort. This may be because their brains aren’t developed enough to properly assess how high the stakes (利害关系) are, and adapt their behaviour accordingly. Catherine Insel, at Harvard University, and her team asked adolescents between the ages of 13 and 20 to play a game while monitoring their brains. In some rounds of the game, participants could earn 20 cents for a correct response, while an incorrect one would cost them 10 cents. But in rounds with higher stakes, correct responses were worth a dollar, and wrong answers lost the participants 50 cents. The team found that while the older volunteers performed better in the high stakes rounds, the younger ones didn’t - their performance didn’t change in line with whether the stakes were low or high. And the older the volunteers were, the more improved their performance was. When the team looked at the brain activity of the volunteers, they found that their ability to improve their performance was linked to how developed their brains were. A region in the brain, which continues to develop until we are at least 25 years old, seemed to be particularly important. The findings explain why some teenagers are so unconcerned when it comes to hazardous behaviors. They are much likely to drive dangerously, for instance, especially when one of their friends is nearby. Insel thinks schools should reconsider the way they test performance in teenagers. “This study suggests it’s not a good idea to evaluate school performance in a single final exam”, she says. A better idea would be to use a variety of smaller tests, conducted throughout the year. It’s not all bad news for teens, though. Teenagers put the same amount of effort into tasks that aren’t “important”, and start to prefer hobbies to school. It could be a good thing, allowing teenagers to learn complex social skills, for example. 1.Why did the researchers set different bets in the game? A. To meet the needs of different participants. B. To create the varied risk levels of the game. C. To better monitor participants’ brains. D. To teach how to make money. 2.What does the underlined word “hazardous” probably mean? A. Addictive. B. Abusive. C. Risky. D. Specific. 3.What should be kept in mind while assessing students’ performance? A. Examination is not a good means of evaluating students. B. The items in exams should not be too difficult. C. It should not be judged by only one exam. D. Exam-focused education should not be adopted. 4.What is Insel’s attitude to teenagers’ putting effort into “unimportant” tasks? A. Doubtful. B. Negative. C. Unclear. D. Favorable. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·北京第八十中学-11月·期中）Most kids spent their summer holidays playing video-games, watching TV and sleeping in.Parents can follow the steps below, and your kids can break their summertime tech habits and adapt to a school-friendly schedule in two weeks. Shift bedtime There’s nothing more important to kicking off the school year successfully than getting sufficient sleep. Two weeks before school begins, schedule bedtime back by about 20 minutes a night to stop kids staying up late or sleeping in. Instead of a long, fun bathtime, switch to a quick shower. Keep all digital devices out of their bedrooms and buy them alarm clocks. Set screen goals Having intentional goals for screen use can help kids change their tech habits. You might decide to make screen time a reward rather than a right. Set limits on digital activities such as no videogames until they complete homework. Don’t jump to no apps but consider using apps that control the length of time kids can use a device. Establish zones in your house where electronics simply are not allowed. Besides, get your kids involved in activities that don’t need a screen. Make a schedule A summer spent without routine can make jumping back into the structure of school difficult for kids. Setting a schedule for the last two weeks of summer can work. Ms. Rawson, founder of the Screen Time Clinic, suggests creating blocks of time that mirror those of the school day,arranging 30 to 50 minutes for an activity, depending on the kid’s age, along with a set lunchtime. Kids should have a say in deciding how to fill the day’s time blocks. The activities can involve anything but screens. 1.Before the new school year begins, kids can shift bedtime by . A. taking a long bath B. sleeping in a lot C. using phones as alarm clocks D. moving to bed earlier 2.According to the passage, what should parents do to adjust kids’ screen time? A. Manage homework time with apps. B. Forbid them from using electronics. C. Reserve areas for screen-free activities. D. Remove apps from their digital devices. 3.A school-friendly schedule should A. reflect individual needs of kids B. copy the exact school timetables C. start from the beginning of holidays D. combine study with digital entertainment 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高二上·北京师范大学燕化附属中学·期中）Social media is one of the fastest-growing industries in today’s world. A study conducted by the US think tank (智囊团) Pew Research Center showed that 92 percent of teenagers go online daily. The wide spread of social media has changed nearly all parts of teenagers’ lives. Changing relationships High school student Elly Cooper from Illinois said social media often reduces face-to-face communication. “It makes in-person relationships harder because people give attention to their phones instead of their boyfriends or girlfriends,” Cooper said. There’s also a greater possibility of things getting lost in translation over social media. “If half of your relationship is over social media, you don’t really know how the other person is reacting,” Sienna Schulte, a junior student from Illinois, said. Yet, some people believe social media has made it easier to start relationships with anyone from anywhere. Beth Kaplan from Illinois met her long-distance friend through social media. He currently lives in Scotland, but they’re still able to frequently communicate with one another. “I can feel close to someone that I’m talking to via (通过) FaceTime,” Kaplan said. Wanting to be “liked” The rise of social media has changed the way teenagers see themselves. The 19-year-old Essena O’Neill announced on the social networking service Instagram that she was quitting social media because it made her obsessed (痴迷) with appearing perfect online. Negative comments also can do great damage to a teenager’s self-esteem (自尊). In particular, anonymous (匿名的) social media apps such as Yik Yak may provide opportunities for cyber bullying (网络欺凌). The app allows users within 5 miles (8 km) to create and add comments to everything. Teenagers who get negative comments on these sites can’t help but feel hurt. Opening new doors However, Armin Korsos, a student from Illinois, takes advantage of the comments he receives over social media to improve his videos on the social networking site Youtube. “Social media can help people show themselves and their talents to the world in a way that was never possible before,” Korsos said. But Korsos recognizes that social media has become a distraction (让人分心的事). “Social media, though it helps people connect with their friends and stay updated, is not all necessary.” 1.What is the article mainly about? A. The major problems with social media. B. The effect of social media on teenagers. C. How teenagers benefit from social media. D. Why social media appeals so much to teenagers. 2.How does social media change relationships, according to the article? A. It pushes people to meet their friends more often offline. B. It encourages people to pay more attention to those around them. C. It enables users to understand accurately what others are talking about online. D. It allows people to keep in touch with their friends who live far away more easily. 3.Which statement about the use of social media would Armin Korsos probably agree with? A. The use of social media taught him to turn negative comments into motivations. B. Social media can easily become an addiction (着迷), despite its benefits. C. Social media is mostly a distraction to teenagers, so it is unnecessary for it to exist. D. If used well, social media can create opportunities for teenagers to develop themselves. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京汇文中学教育集团-度·期中）In a new study, researchers have unveiled interesting findings that link the consumption of refined carbohydrates-such as sugary snacks and highly processed foods-with changes in facial attractiveness. They found that individuals who consumed a high glycemic (血糖的) load breakfast were rated as less attractive than those who consumed a low one. 104 participants were asked to attend the study early in the morning on an empty stomach. Upon arrival, they were assigned to consume one of two types of breakfasts having the same caloric values: one high in refined carbohydrates and the other low. About two hours later, they were photographed under standardized conditions to ensure consistency in lighting, background, and positioning. A separate group of raters, who were carefully selected to minimize cultural bias (偏见), assessed the facial photographs, making judgments on overall attractiveness. To evaluate long-term dietary habits, the participants completed detailed dietary questionnaires concerning their consumption during breakfast, afternoon snacks, and between-meal snacks on the day before the study. This information was used to calculate the glycemic load and energy intake for these meals, providing a comprehensive picture of their usual refined carbohydrate consumption. The researchers found that participants who consumed a breakfast rich in refined carbohydrates were less attractive than those who consumed a low-glycemic breakfast. This effect was observed for both male and female participants. The researchers proposed that this could be related to the physiological effects of low blood sugar, such as changes in skin blood flow and colour, which occur following the consumption of high-glycemic foods. When examining long-term consumption of refined carbohydrates through glycemic load measures, the researchers found that a higher energy intake at breakfast was associated with increased attractiveness for both men and women, suggesting that foods high in fats and proteins, which do not lead to rapid glycemic responses, might contribute positively to perceived attractiveness. However, the effects of refined carbohydrate consumption on attractiveness varied depending on the specific meal and the gender of the participants. For example, while high energy intake at breakfast increased attractiveness across both genders, the glycemic load of afternoon snacks had opposite effects for men and women. Men with a higher glycemic load during their afternoon snack were perceived as more attractive, but for women, a lower glycemic load in this meal was associated with increased attractiveness. While the study includes some limitations, the findings serve as a strong reminder of the far-reaching impact of dietary choices. Further research is needed to understand the broader social implications of diet, which could provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between diet, biology, and social behaviour. 1.What are Paragraph 2 and 3 mainly about? A. The research purpose. B. The research methods. C. The research proposal. D. The research background. 2.What can we learn about the research findings? A. Sharp glycemic reactions might reduce attractiveness. B. Low blood sugar could impact attractiveness positively. C. Men were less affected by refined carbohydrate consumption. D. High energy intake at meals had inconsistent effects on women. 3.What is the purpose of the research? A. To explain a food preference. B. To illustrate a biological process. C. To present a dietary phenomenon. D. To explore a complex association. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·北京陈经纶中学·期中）In industry and medicine, robots routinely build, break down and inspect things; they also assist in surgery and pharmacies. Neither they nor “social” robots-which are designed to engage with people and to establish an emotional connection-behave like The Jetsons’ maid, Rosie, or other beloved robots of fiction. Even so, expect social robots to become more complicated and popular in the next few years. Like most robots, social robots use artificial intelligence (AI) to decide how to act on information received through cameras and other sensors. The ability to respond in ways that seem lifelike has been informed by research into such issues as how perceptions (认知) form, what constitutes social and emotional intelligence, and how people understand others’ thoughts and feelings. Advances in AI have enabled designers to translate such psychological and neuroscientific (神经学的) insights into algorithms (演算) that allow robots to recognize voices, faces and emotions; interpret speech and gestures; respond appropriately to complex verbal and nonverbal cues; make eye contact; speak conversationally; and adapt to people’s needs by learning from feedback, rewards and criticisms. In consequence, social robots are filling an ever expanding variety of roles. A 47-inch humanoid called Pepper (from SoftBank Robotics), for instance, recognizes faces and basic human emotions and engages in conversations via a touch screen in its “chest.” About 15,000 Peppers worldwide perform such services as hotel check-ins, airport customer service, shopping assistance and fast-food checkout. Social robots have particular appeal for assisting the world’s growing elderly population. Japan’s PARO Therapeutic (治疗的) Robot, which looks like a lovely seal (海豹), is meant to stimulate and reduce stress for those with Alzheimer’s disease and other patients. Mabu (Catalia Health) engages patients, particularly the elderly, reminding them to take walks and medication. Social robots are also gaining popularity with consumers as toys. Early attempts to incorporate social behavior in toys, such as Hasbro’s Baby Alive and Sony’s AIBO robotic dog, had limited success. But both are resurging, and the most recent version of AIBO has complicated voice and gesture recognition, can be taught tricks and develops new behaviors based on previous interactions. Worldwide sales of consumer robots reached an estimated 19 billion by the end of 2025. This trend may seem surprising given that multiple well-funded consumer robot companies, such as Jibo and Anki, have failed. But a wave of robots is lining up to take the place of defunct robots, including BUDDY (Blue Frog Robotics), a big-eyed mobile device that plays games in addition to acting as a personal assistant and providing home automation and security. 1.Paragraph 2 mainly tells us ________. A. what the features of social robots are B. what promotes social robots’ engagement with people C. how algorithms are improved to adapt to people’s needs D. how psychological and neuroscientific insights are translated 2.According to Paragraph 3, social robots ________. A. have a wide range of applications B. have the ability to deal with emergencies C. have a tendency to take the place of humans D. have successfully gained psychological insight 3.What can we learn from the passage? A. Social robots are designed as personal assistants. B. Robots in industry and medicine need improvement. C. Consumer robots have been successful all these years. D. Social robots are popular due to great interactive abilities. 4.What is the purpose of the passage? A. To predict the prospect of social robots. B. To introduce the advances of social robots. C. To report the application of AI in social robots. D. To show the influence of social robots on our life. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·北京顺义·期中）The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don’t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams (欺诈). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions” (解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing is actually real. That’s because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation (处理) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use. At this year’s I/O Conference, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human-sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection. These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches (数据泄露) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller’s, tricking you into “confirming” your address, mother’s name, and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually. We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by, or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications — using a apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity. Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out. 1.Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammers can . A. spread information widely B. damage databases easily C. start campaigns rapidly D. aim at targets precisely 2.What does the passage imply? A. Honesty is the best policy. B. Technologies can be double-edged. C. There are more solutions than problems. D. Credibility holds the key to development. 3.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology Passage 4 （25-26高二上·北京第三十五中学·期中）Many children’s hospitals already have storytelling programmes that aim to cheer up patients. But new research suggests that storytelling also has physiological benefits. “Until now, the positive evidence for storytelling was based on ‘common sense’ that interacting with the child may distract, entertain and reduce psychological suffering,” said Dr Jorge Moll, of D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Brazil. “But there was a lack of a solid scientific basis.” “During storytelling, something happens that we call ‘narrative transportation’. The child, through fantasy, can experience sensations and thoughts that transport him or her to another world, a place that is different from the hospital room, and is, therefore, far from the unpleasant conditions of hospitalization,” says Guilherme Brockington. The team, based at IDOR and the Federal University of ABC, Brazil, studied 81 children between the ages of two and seven, all of whom were in the intensive care unit (ICU) at a hospital in São Paulo. A group of 41 children each had a session with a storyteller, lasting 25 to 30 minutes. A control group of 40 children each had the same amount of time with the same professionals, but they told riddles instead. Before and after the sessions, the team took saliva samples from each child and assessed their pain level. The saliva samples allowed the researchers to measure levels of the hormone cortisol, which is related to stress, and the hormone oxytocin, which plays a role in empathy. Both groups of children benefited from the sessions: they all had less cortisol and more oxytocin in their saliva, suggesting they were less stressed, and they reported less pain and discomfort. However, the results were twice as strong for the storytelling group as the control group. At the end of the sessions, the children also took part in a word-association exercise including words like ‘hospital’, ‘nurse’ and ‘doctor’. The team said that children from the control group said “this is the bad woman who comes to give me an injection” in response to the pictures of a doctor or a nurse, while the storytelling group said “this is the woman who comes to cure me”. “I consider this study to be one of the most important I have participated in, due to its potential direct impact on practices in the hospital environment, aiming at the relief of human suffering. We intend to support volunteering devoted to the noble activity of storytelling, now with more solid scientific evidence,” said Moll. 1.According to the passage, “narrative transportation” indicates children _______. A. feel that they are placed into the world of a story B. fire up their imagination and expand their horizons C. have more empathy with the characters in the stories D. experience the unpleasant conditions of hospitalization 2.In Para.3, the author mainly tells the readers about _______. A. the application of the research B. the purpose of the research C. the limitation of the research D. the process of the research 3.How does the author present the findings of the research? A. By making comparisons. B. By giving definitions. C. By presenting examples. D. By analyzing cause and effect. 4.Which of the following may be the response from the storytelling group? A. A hospital is the place where I go when I’m very sick. B. A hospital is the place where I get an injection in my arm. C. A hospital is the place where I am taken care of to feel better. D. A hospital is the place where I’ll have to take some medicine. Passage 5 （25-26高二上·北京第三十五中学·期中）The Land Under the Sea Ten thousand years ago, as the last ice age ended, sea levels around the world were far lower than they are today. Much of the land under both the North Sea to the east of Britain and the English Channel which now separates France and Britain was part of a huge region of forests and grassy plains. Then the climate gradually became warmer and the water trapped in large masses of ice was released. Now the development of advanced sonar (声呐) technology, known as bathymetry, is making it possible to study this flooded landscape in extraordinary detail. A special echo (回声) sounder is fixed to the bottom of a survey ship and it makes wide sweeps across the seabed. While previous technology has only been able to produce two-dimensional images, bathymetry can now use computers, satellite-positioning equipment and special software to create accurate and remarkably detailed maps. For the first time, an ancient riverbed jumps out of the three-dimensional image. The site of pre-historic settlements can now be pinpointed. According to expert Linda Andrews, this technological development is of huge significance. “We now have the ability to map the seabed as accurately as we can map dry land,” she says. Once bathymetric techniques have identified sites where people might have built their homes and villages, divers can be sent down to investigate further. Robot submarines (潜艇) can also be used, and researchers hope they will find stone tools and wood from houses as proof of human activity. The idea shared by many people in Britain of their country as a natural island kingdom will be challenged by the findings: Britain has been inhabited for about 500,000 years and much of this time it has been linked on and off to continental Europe. It remains to be seen how far this new awareness is taken on board, however. In fact, the use of bathymetry will not be limited to the study of lost landscapes and ancient settlements. It will also be vital in finding ships that have been destroyed in accidents. In addition, commercial applications are a real possibility. Aggregates (骨材) for the construction industry are becoming increasingly expensive, and bathymetry can be used to identify suitable sites for digging for this material. Mapping the seabed will also identify places where rare plants and shellfish are living. Digging at such sites should be prevented, either to work for a profit or to make deeper waterways for massive container ships. 1.How does bathymetry work? A. It has an echo sounder placed on the seabed. B. It makes use of a number of different devices. C. It produces two-dimensional images of the sea floor. D. It bases its calculations on the location of construction sites. 2.What does the underlined word “pinpointed” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Occupied. B. Adjusted. C. Rebuilt. D. Discovered. 3.The author believes a better understanding of the settlements on the seabed may ________. A. attract investment in the research under the sea B. inspire people to take an interest in modern technology C. adapt the attitudes of the British to their country’s history D. receive confirmation of rebuilding ancient man-made objects 4.We can learn that the use of bathymetry will help to ________. A. identify new species of plants and animals B. provide the precise location of sunken ships C. evaluate the cost of seeking certain resources D. promote the development of deeper waterways Passage 6 （25-26高二上·北京怀柔·期中）Hybrid cars (混合动力车) are cars that run on petrol and electricity. They have a small standard petrol engine and a battery electric motor to provide electric power. There are some differences between different models of hybrid cars, but the general principle is that the car runs on petrol, and the electric motor kicks in when additional power is required, for example, when going uphill or accelerating. In some hybrid cars the petrol engine turns itself off when not needed, for example when the car has stopped at traffic light, keeping only the electric engine running. Conventional cars have large engines to deal with driving uphill and accelerating. Hybrid cars have much smaller petrol engines, improved by electric motors when needed, so they use less petrol. Another way that fuel consumption is cut by a system of “regenerative (再生的) braking”. The electric motor is used to slow down the car, rather than conventional brakes. The energy produced by slowing the car is changed into electrical power, which is automatically stored in the battery. In effect, the battery recharges when you brake. In conventional cars the energy produced when braking is wasted. In 1928 Ferdinand Porsche built an experimental hybrid car. The first mass-produced hybrid car, the Toyota Prius, came out in Japan at the end of 1997. However, hybrid cars. became available in the USA. only in 1999.As they use less fuel, hybrid cars are cheaper to run. There are also many voices in place to encourage people to buy them. In some countries, hybrid car owners pay a lower rate of tax, and don’t have to pay on certain roads. In some cities, hybrid cars are allowed to park for free. 1.Hybrid cars consume less energy than conventional cars because hybrid cars ________. A. have large engines to deal with accelerating B. have conventional brakes to slow down the car C. have electric power to assist when needed D. have no energy consumption when stopping 2.What is NOT the reason why hybrid cars use less energy? A. Smaller petrol engines B. Scientific design C. Traditional brakes D. Energy storage 3.From the last paragraph we can learn that Hybrid cars ________. A. were first available in the USA B. will gain more popularity C. free their owners from tax D. are free to park anywhere in the city 4.The main purpose of this text is to ________. A. show how hybrid cars slow down B. encourage people to buy hybrid cars C. inform people of a kind of energy-saving cars D. explain why hybrid cars use less energy Passage 7 （25-26高二上·北京昌平·期中）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t. Still, sometimes our intuitions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprised researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of vanishing lakes in the Arctic region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not vanishing. As climate change warms the Arctic region, melting surface snow and ice and thawing (解冻) permafrost (冻土), there should be more surface water. Existing lakes should be growing. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking lakes, that is, lakes are becoming smaller, but lakes that have completely disappeared. A paper published this year m Nature Climate Change, based on satellite imagery, found widespread lake loss across the Arctic over the past 20 years. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost thawed, lakes would at first expand because of the increased meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers projected, progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic enough that lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century or more sooner than they were predicted to. What is causing this to happen? Basically, the ground is becoming more permeable (可渗透的). We talk about “solid ground,” but its particles of rock, mineral and organic matter actually have spaces between them. In permafrost, the spaces are filled with solid ice, so liquid water cannot readily pass through them. But when the permafrost thaws, water can flow downward. Why did scientists miss this? One reason is that most climate models assume that permafrost thaw is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests that rainfall is now contributing greatly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the models incorporated such processes. This is a good example of why — no matter how advanced our models are—we will still need to continue making direct observations of the natural world. The Arctic lakes provide crucial freshwater for critical habitats for a wide range of plants and animal life. The loss of wet areas that accompany these lakes can also lead to an increase in wildfires, which only serves to melt more permafrost. The permafrost thaw will lead to the release of some greenhouse gases, which will accelerate global warming. There is, of course, a clear path to saving Arctic lakes: stop the carbon pollution that is driving global climate change. 1.What does the underlined word “vanishing” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Disappearing. B. Existing. C. Growing. D. Flowing. 2.What is causing the lake loss to occur sooner than predicted in the Arctic? A. The permafrost thaw as a result of the progressive warming. B. The rapid evaporation of lake water due to the warming air. C. The release of greenhouse gases as a result of the permafrost thaw. D. The downward flow of surface water in lakes resulting from permafrost thaw. 3.Scientists failed to make the correct prediction about the Arctic lakes because ______ A. they didn’t employ advanced enough models B. they didn’t anticipate the effect of the rainfall C. they didn’t make use of the climate models properly D. they didn’t make their predictions based on sufficient data 4.What would be the best title for this passage? A. The Effects of the Lake Loss B. The Measures against the Lake Loss C. The Puzzle of the Disappearing Lakes D. The Phenomenon of Permafrost Thaw 主题语境04 人与自我-做人与做事 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京第五中学·期中）We’ve all felt the tap to the soul you get from driving by your old high school or hearing a tune you once danced to. But why is that feeling so universal? Nostalgia, a combination of the Greek words nostos (homecoming) and algos (pain), was a special type of homesickness associated with soldiers fighting far-off wars. Seventeenth-century physicians worried such thoughts put health at risk. In the 19th century, doctors believed it could cause irregular heartbeat, fever, and death. Our understanding of nostalgia has developed since then. “It’s a very mixed emotion,” says Frederick Barrett, a neuroscientist. That makes it hard to fit into existing theory, which typically categorizes emotions as either positive or negative. And triggers — the cars, music or smells — are extremely personal. Therefore, designing a standardized study is difficult. But we do know nostalgia has a marked effect on us: brain imaging studies show that those experiences have their own neural signature. Neuroscientists argued that the emotion is co-produced by the brain’s recall and reward systems. They found that nostalgic images use the memory-managing hippocampus (海马区) more than other sights, as people mine autobiographical (个人经历的) details deep in the past. This mental effort pays off: as the hippocampus activates, so does one of the brain’s reward centers. “That longing for the past might be a protective mechanism,” says Tim Wildschut, a professor. His work also suggests a more primitive purpose for the feeling: it developed to remind our ancient ancestors of pleasant physical feelings during periods of discomfort and pain. Recent research suggests the occasional look backwards can give us a boost in unnoticeable ways: by increasing self-respect and protecting against depression. Nostalgia’s apparent power to jump-start one’s memory also seems to improve recall ability in people with Alzheimer’s disease. New flavors of “reminiscence therapy” (回忆疗法) are emerging around the world. In 2018, the George G. Glenner Alzheimer’s Family Centers opened its first Town Square, an adult daycare facility designed to look like a small town in 1950s America. Though Town Square has yet to publish peer-reviewed data on the success of the program, clients say it has helped seniors access dusty memories and reconnect with loved ones. Scientists need a lot more information to adequately characterize this complex and bittersweet feeling. But while centuries of doctors considered nostalgia a deadly disease, we now know: it can help us make it through today. 1.What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A. What nostalgia means. B. Why nostalgia matters. C. How nostalgia works. D. When nostalgia emerges. 2.How might nostalgia benefit people? A. It helps us face unpleasant situations. B. It gives seniors a sense of security. C. It makes people’s mind sharp. D. It improves people’s instant memory. 3.Why does the author mention Town Square? A. To reveal a phenomenon of emotion. B. To demonstrate the use of a research C. To explore the advantage of a treatment. D. To interpret the concept of a therapy finding. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·北京第十五中学·期中）Holidays are really important. Many of us will have childhood memories of summer holidays where we were taken away from home to experience new environments and learn in different ways. But holidays are expensive and, for those on low wages or living on benefits, they are often unobtainable. Even the cheapest holidays require travel and other additional costs that are difficult for many families to meet. For working parents，the long summer break can be a very difficult problem for childcare. When an annual leave allowance amounts to only five weeks，there is a need to spread this across the year. Couples can find themselves taking leave in turn in order to care for children who are on holiday. For some，this makes even an affordable family holiday difficult. The schools that I visit in Nottingham are full of experienced staff committed to giving our children a caring and inspiring learning environment. The number of children receiving free school meals is quite large in Nottingham and many schools have breakfast clubs to make sure that children get a healthy start to the day. Most schools undertake programs of group or individual educational support. Schools also have an important role in safeguarding children’s welfare through the ongoing touch and support with their pupils. During the long summer holidays，much of this is missed. While teachers are holidaying in the UK, many of their pupils spend the whole six weeks on the street where they live. The lack of free school meals for six weeks can result in pressure on a family budget and an inability to afford the inspiring experiences that help children to continue their learning. In setting out its plans for a five-term year, Nottingham City Council (委员会）is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks, with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks, each followed by a two-week break. We believe this will give real “down time" for school staff and pupils alike but will be short enough not to cause a real break in learning. We acknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff, particularly whose own children are educated in other authorities. However, this must be weighed against the benefits for city children for whom we all have the greatest duty of care. 1.The passage is probably written by _____. A. an experienced teacher B. a working parent C. an inspired student D. a city council member 2.It is suggested in the passage that the summer break be reduced to _____. A. 2 weeks B. 4.5 weeks C. 5 weeks D. 6 weeks 3.The plans for a shorter summer holiday will help students _____. A. obtain the cheapest holidays without additional costs B. get a chance to spend six weeks a term with teachers in school C. benefit more from the caring and inspiring learning environment D. have more school days to receive free school meals 4.It can be inferred from the passage that _____. A. working parents can enjoy a five-week break to care for their children B. the suggested plans for a five-term school year can hardly be carried out C. the long summer holiday gives teachers and students real “ down time" D. some school staff will say “ No" to the plans for a shorter summer holiday Passage 3 （25-26高二上·北京第十五中学·期中）Having spring around makes you feel different after such a long winter journey. The power of sunshine brings us a lot of comfort, optimism, self-confidence and of course a smile. Imagine how great it will be if we are so positive all year round! Living like this is possible if you really think about it. In order to exist in such a state of happiness, we must have sunshine radiating from within ourselves, shining from our hearts, minds and souls. Actually, that's your choice, and if you think that way then your own life will reflect that attitude of yours! In order to make “sunshine” or rather “light” part of our being, it is so important that you watch your thoughts, your words and your actions so that you will accept what you really feel you'd like to create in your own life. Watch your thoughts and really become aware of how many negative thoughts pass through your mind about yourself and other people around you. Watch to see how often you gossip ( 说 闲 话 ) about other people, which is actually often attached with feelings of jealousy (妒忌) and insecurity(不安全感) about yourself. You are also supposed to take a close look at your “intention”. How many of you do something for another person without expecting to receive something in return? It might not even have to be a material or physical thing you expect; expecting to be recognized for what you have done is enough to create conditions on your intention. Think about it! Putting all of these together, it seems that most of us are creating monsters inside us just by simply talking, thinking and not putting our heart out with the right intention towards helping someone else. If you take all your negative attitudes in one hand and measure your need to feel “sunshine” in the other, you will see how both these elements really contradict each other. Be brave and break your patterns and your habits this spring, and by doing so, you will allow the true sunshine to take place by radiating out from your heart and into your life and the lives of the people around you! 1.You can have sunshine shining from your inside . A. by watching what you think, say and do B. by helping someone else C. by measuring what you need D. by changing your intention 2.According to the writer, you don't feel secure about yourself when you . A. expect to be recognized for what you've done B. take a close look at your intention C. gossip about other people D. become aware of your negative thoughts 3.What can be inferred from the passage? A. Breaking our patterns is the most important to get true sunshine. B. Expecting something in return for our help isn't the right intention. C. If we don't intend to help others, we create monsters inside us. D. Negative attitudes have little to do with happiness. 4.The passage is written mainly to . A. stress the importance of the positive lifestyle B. analyze the intentions and thoughts in our mind C. warn us about the bad effects of negative attitudes D. offer advice on having sunshine from our inside 主题语境05 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·北京中国人民大学附属中学~·期中）Since quitting can start feelings such as guilt and shame, we often do everything possible to avoid it. “We’re taught from our earliest days that if you quit something, it means you’re a failure,” says the psychologist Will Meek. He, however, suggests we view quitting differently. Quitting is like deciding to rearrange a room: you’ve grown comfortable with the status, and it can be hard to picture the end result or even see why change is necessary. And yet, there’s the upsetting feeling that you’re no longer entirely satisfied with your current circumstances, perhaps even that you’ve stopped making progress. While it’s not out of the question for feelings of regret to surface after a major refit, leaving a position, project or situation can reveal exciting possibilities, making you feel inspired and renewed. Quitting, often happens in situations where we’re unhappy, fearful or have determined we have no other choice, factors that can have ill effects on our health. Perhaps you find your work unfulfilling, or you’ve jumped into a new relationship before you’re ready - and, as a result, you’re operating under intense pressure. “If stress is enduring and not managed well, it can start to take a toll,” says Meek. According to the American Psychological Association, long-term, ongoing stress can increase the risk for high blood pressure and heart attack, so walking away from whatever is causing it can deliver significant physical and emotional health benefits. “We often see a reduction in the stress hormone cortisol (应激激素皮质醇), which can lower blood pressure and may even decrease the heart rate,” says Dr Alex Lickerman, a GP and expert on developing mental adaptability. Leaving situations that fail to bring you joy can leave you with sufficient time to explore where your heart is truly leading you. In a study that was published in 1999, then Harvard University professor Hermina Ibarra looked at how bankers tried different roles that required new skill sets - someone who spent a lot of time dealing with computers, for instance, was asked to take on personal interactions. Subjects (研究对象) were especially drawn to acting out a version of their future selves through ‘imitation strategies’ - an approach they compared to ‘trying on different clothes.’ Mark Franklin, the president of CareerCycles, suggests a similar approach as a way to figure out what your true desires might be in your post-quitting life and foresee your future self. “Pretend to be a certain kind of person, or go and meet others who are doing what you want to do,” he says. “Try it on, see how it feels and decide if it’s a good fit for you.” It may not feel like it at the time, but just moving on from a situation that’s not quite right can help you get back on track. 1.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that quitting may bring us feelings of being both ______. A. guilty and ashamed. B. stupid and enthusiastic. C. troubled and hopeful. D. inspired and determined. 2.The phrase “take a toll” (paragraph 3) can be best replaced by “______”. A. develop mental adaptability. B. bring about changes. C. keep up the pressure. D. have a bad effect. 3.An approach suggested by Mark Franklin similar to ‘trying on different clothes’ is for ______. A. helping people find what truly suits them in career. B. telling capable employees from inadequate ones. C. training employees to acquire different working skills. D. providing people with opportunities to have a role play. 4.It can be concluded from the passage that ______. A. quitting is a track that only the timid will choose to follow. B. personal interaction can be a must for reducing emotional pressure. C. mental adaptability can be improved by the stress hormone cortisol. D. knowing when to stop is wise and may make dreams happen. 主题语境06 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·北京昌平·期中）It is one of the biggest questions in environmental protection: Should we be sharing our landscapes with nature by restoring small woodlands and adopting small-size eco-friendly farming? Or should we instead be sparing large areas of land for nature — by creating more national parks and industrializing agriculture on existing farmland? The argument between ‘sparing’ and ‘sharing’ began decades ago. Leading today’s argument for the sparers is the researcher Beniamin Phalan, who believes that by producing more food per unit of farm area, more land would be available for wildlife. He looked at the relationship between crop yields and the number of bird and tree species in the forests in Africa and Asia, and found that biodiversity did best where intensified cropping left space for unfarmed habitats He concluded that “most species will have larger populations if food is produced on as small an area as possible, while sparing as large an area of nature as possible.” Game over? Not so fast. A leading supporter of wildlife-friendly farming, Claire Kremen of the University of California Berkeley, has come out fighting. She says that Phalan’s findings “don’t assess the long-term consequences of isolating (孤立) species in protected areas.” Her research shows that “even very large protected areas will lose species if they remain isolated over time.” So in the long run, sparing won’t spare more land for nature conservation or feed the world for ever. To avoid mass extinction and ecosystem breakdown, we must integrate biodiversity protection into the landscape we use. So, sparing or sharing? In fact, agricultural intensification won’t deliver more land for nature unless there are tough rules to protect land not yet farmed. In the 19th century, more efficient coal-powered engines did not reduce coal burning but massively increased it by kick-starting the industrial revolution. Following that example, the result of agricultural intensification will probably be more land to be farmed. Nature does not recognize the boundaries of national parks. Whether migrating elephants in Kenya or monarch butterflies in North America, much nature exists in human-made agricultural landscapes. Recent research suggests that simply reserving land will remove all threats to very few species — only 3 percent in fact. So the potential to share the land without giving up nature’s last wild places is much greater than once thought. Like what Kremen says, “We can spare 50 percent and share the rest.” 1.What will the sparers probably agree with? A. Relying on birds to get rid of pests. B. Protecting insects by organic farming. C. Erasing the boundaries of national parks. D. Enlarging the size of naturally growing forests. 2.Why does the author mention the coal-powered engines in Paragraph 4? A. To analyse the consequence of the industrial revolution. B. To remind us of the possible risk of intensified cropping. C. To present an example of failure in environmental protection. D. To compare agricultural intensification with wildlife-friendly farming. 3.What is mainly talked about in the passage? A. How to quiet the argument about eco-friendly farming. B. How to balance environmental protection and agriculture. C. How to tackle the challenge of preventing ecosystem breakdown. D. How to reduce environmental damage caused by mixed agriculture. 主题语境07 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京八一学校·期中）California Condor’s Shocking Recovery California condors are North America’s largest birds, with wind-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds. In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico. Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once. So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed birds died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%. Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ” 1.California condors attract researchers’ interest because they _________. A. are active at night B. had to be bred in the wild C. are found only in California D. almost died out in the 1980s 2.Researchers have found electrical lines are _________. A. blocking condors’ journey home B. big killers of California condors C. rest places for condors at night D. used to keep condors away 3.According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning _________. A. makes condors too nervous to fly B. has little effect on condors’ kidneys C. can hardly be gotten rid of from condors’ blood D. makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds 4.This passage shows that _________. A. the average survival time of condors is satisfactory B. Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineering C. the efforts to protect condors have brought good results D. researchers have found the final answers to the problem Passage 2 （25-26高二上·北京第八十中学-11月·期中） Researchers from the NeuroMind Institute have developed a new system that uses predator (捕食者) robots to chase (追逐) larval (幼体的) zebrafish in an open water. This innovative approach is helping scientists study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions. Larval zebrafish are a valuable tool for neuroscientists because their transparency enables easy study of the brain and behaviour. However, it’s been difficult for scientists to study learning in these developing vertebrates (脊椎动物) — an important part of understanding how the brain works. Previous research found young zebrafish could learn simple associations. But this type of learning happens slowly and often unreliably, and it was still unclear whether days-old zebrafish can learn fast enough to use their memory in natural situations, like recognizing and avoiding new predators. The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体), with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics. The researchers created the dynamics: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish; after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat. Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells. This was particularly surprising given the fact that a developing zebrafish larva contains just one percent or so of the neurons (神经元) in its adult form. The findings suggest that some essential learning abilities, like recognizing predators, emerge early in life and are critical for survival. Further brain imaging reveals that different regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain, a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula, another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn. It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats. 1.Why did the researchers develop a new system with larval zebrafish? A. To observe their hunting behaviours. B. To identify their simple associations. C. To examine their brain characteristics. D. To uncover their learning in natural settings. 2.What does the underlined word “dynamics” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Interaction. B. Function. C. Structure. D. Standard. 3.What can we learn about larval zebrafish? A. They can distinguish between robots and fish. B. They learn fast through a multi-regional brain network. C. They develop learning abilities when reaching adulthood. D. They can recognise predators with much neurons needed. 4.What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A. Explaining the robot design used in the experiment. B. Exploring danger processing in other species’ brains. C. Analysing the connection between learning and planning. D. Describing zebrafish behaviours in different surroundings. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·北京第八十中学-11月·期中）Americans clearly love their museums. One of the most famous, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met), saw a record 6.5 million visitors in 2015. But record attendance doesn’t necessarily translate into record revenue. Last month，the Met said it was trying to erase a USS10 million budget deficit. Meanwhile, one of its rivals，the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), was abundant in cash, but only about three million people stopped by in 2015. Why do some museums flourish while others flounder? My research leads me to believe there are three reasons: fashion, billionaires and demographics. First, underlying the Met’s financial challenges is the problem with the acquisitions policy. Recent directors of the Met did not add much to the museum’s modern collection. The argument was that museums such as the MoMA were already providing such works in their collections and that the acquisition of contemporary art by living artists was problematic and risky. However, given the fact that museum-goers increasingly favor contemporary art, the revenue of the Met will likely fall if it isn’t able to keep up with the tastes of the customers. And by the time it might recognize this, it’s already too late to do much about it because the costs to acquire the in-demand art is sky-high. This leads to a second critical issue-the changing distribution of income and its effects on museum finance and operation. We are living in a boom period for contemporary art. The number of auctions and art fairs has grown enormously to accommodate this growing market. In a world with about 1,800 billionaires, it only takes a relative few to drive high-end art prices to astronomical levels. Works by the German artist Gerhard Richter have generated $1.2 billion in sales in recent years. The soaring prices mean museums simply can’t keep up and must usually depend on donations to assemble the best works, or they’re priced out. Moreover, billionaires themselves are increasingly setting up their own private museums, further distancing the ability of public museums to get the good stuff. A third interrelated problem is that demographic issues have put pressure on the revenue side. Unemployment, early retirements and the aging of the population in the US have contributed to increased attendance at museums. You might think it’s a good thing, but more traffic means higher costs, and when those additional visitors don’t result in more revenue, profitability goes down. This is because of the longstanding movement toward making museums “free” by having individuals, government or businesses “sponsor” the cost. But when that support gets reduced by budget costs or another reason, museums must either cover the cost themselves or lose patrons by suddenly charging fees. There is evidence that attendance rises when economic growth slows, but that’s also when those “sponsors” are more likely to begin to disappear. Museums will certainly continue to exist and provide us with invaluable insights into our culture. But they must exist under economic principles, and it’d be wise for their administrators to consider the economies in their calculations. 1.According to the author, ________. A. MoMA saw a rise in donation due to its increased attendance B. the Met failed to respond to the artistic tastes of modern visitors C. the Met considered works of the living artists as questionable D. MoMA added to its modern collection despite the budget deficit 2.What can we infer from the passage? A. Billionaires control art auctions to price out public museums. B. The boom of modern art will lead visitors to private museums. C. The increase in visitors can hurt the profitability of museums. D. Economic slowdowns result in a weakened interest in museums. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards the future of museums in the US? A. Pessimistic. B. Doubtful. C. Cautious. D. Uncertain. 4.Which is the best title of the passage? A. How can Museums Boost Revenues? B. Should Museums Charge Entrance Fees? C. Will Museums Survive in a Fast-changing World? D. What Causes the Financial Challenges of Museums? Passage 2 （25-26高二上·北京怀柔·期中）“When I stopped in at our local tourism office in Montreal to ask where they would recommend visitors to go to smell, taste, and listen to the city, I just received blank stares. They only know about things to see, not about the city’s other sensory attractions, its soundmarks and smellmarks,” says Howes, the director of Sensory Studies, a growing field often referred to as “sensory urbanism”. Around the world, researchers like Howes are investigating how non-visual information defines the character of a city and affects its livability. Using methods ranging from low-tech sound walks to data collecting, wearables (clothing or glasses that contain computer technology), and virtual reality, they’re fighting what they see as a limiting visual preference in urban planning. “Just being able to close your eyes for 10 minutes gives you a totally different feeling about a place,” says Oguz Öner, an academic and musician. He has spent years organizing sound walks in Istanbul where participants describe what they hear at different spots with their eyes covered. His research has identified locations where a wave organ could be constructed to strengthen the sounds of the sea, something he was surprised to realize people could hardly hear, even along the waterfront. Although his findings have not been considered into local urban plans yet, this kind of individual feedback (反馈) about the sensory environment is already being put to use in Berlin, where quiet areas identified by citizens using a free mobile app have been included in the city’s latest noise action plan. The best way to determine how people react to different sensory environments is a subject of some debate within the field. Howes and his colleagues are using observation and interviews to develop a set of best practices for good sensory design in public spaces. Other researchers are going more high-tech, using wearables to track biological data like heart-rate variability to reveal different sensory experiences. As data collection about people’s sensory experiences becomes more widespread, many of these experts warn that concerns about privacy and surveillance (监视) need to be taken into account. Issues of fairness and inclusion also come into play when determining whose sensory experiences are factored into planning. “Sensory awareness is not independent or simply biological; whether we find something pleasant or not has been shaped culturally and socially,” says Monica Degen, an urban cultural sociologist at Brunel University London. Degen cites the example of a London neighborhood where inexpensive restaurants for local youth were replaced by trendy cafes. “It used to smell like fried chicken,” she says, but newer residents found that smell annoying rather than welcoming. “Now it smells like the popular Italian coffee, cappuccinos.” 1.The underlined phrase “blank stares” in Paragraph 1 implies that______. A. Montreal is lacking in visual appeal B. Montreal’s non-visual information is ignored C. the tourism officers object to sensory urbanism D. there are too many tourist attractions to recommend 2.What can we learn from the passage? A. Many methods are used to limit the visual preference. B. Potential concerns about collecting data can be relieved. C. People may fail to notice sound attractions even in better locations. D. Individual feedback restricts the development of sensory environment. 3.What can be inferred from the passage? A. People’s perceptions of their sensory surroundings are subjective. B. Sensory urbanism needs to f$