专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，北京专用）高一英语上学期

函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题02阅读理解（说明文） 基础必练 主题语境01人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.B3.D Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.C3.B4.D 主题语境02人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 【答案】1.D2.B3.D 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1.D2.A3.C 主题语境04人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.A3.C Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.B3.D Passage 3 【答案】1.B2.C3.D 主题语境05人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1.B2.C3.D 1/3 学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 进阶提升) 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.B3.D4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.A3.B4.A Passage 3 【答案】1.B2.D3.A4.C 主题语境02人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1.A2.A3.C4.B 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.B3.B4.C Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.B3.D4.B Passage 3 【答案】1.B2.A3.D Passage 4 【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.C Passage 5 【答案】1.A2.C3.D4.B Passage 6 【答案】1.B2.B3.C 主题语境04人与自我-生活与学习 213 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.D3.B Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.A 主题语境05人与自然-灾害防范 【答案】1.D2.A3.C4.B 拓展培优 主题语境01人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.B3.C Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.A Passage 3 【答案】1.B2.D3.B4.C Passage 4 【答案】1.D2.A3.B 主题语境02人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1.B2.C3.A4.D 主题语境03人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1.D2.A3.B4.B 3/3 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （25-25高一·牛栏山一中·期中）“CUT!” barks the director, and chaos erupts at a film studio in Los Angeles. Actors rush off to change their costumes, while crew members hurry to arrange new stage items. It is only the second day of filming and they have already packed in a week’s worth of cliffhangers (悬念). Filming a micro-drama, the latest new-media format to emerge from China, is just as fast-paced as watching one. “It’s soaps on steroids (激素),” a screenwriter explains. Micro-dramas are mini soap operas designed for the smartphone generation. Episodes are filmed in a vertical format and last just over a minute each. The acting tends to be overly dramatic, the storylines often crazy, with titles like “The Ordinary Student’s Sudden Royal Heritage”. But the bite-sized stories are perfect for China’s many young working professionals: long trips to and from work and tiring schedules leave little time for binge-watching box-sets on the sofa. A single micro-drama can cost over $10 to watch, with the first few episodes free of charge and the rest behind a paywall. Yet viewers have been willing to pay good money for it. This has fueled domestic enthusiasm: larger film companies are stepping in to expand production, while more traditional streaming platforms are setting up their own micro-drama channels. Now many apps are spreading the love, delivering micro-dramas to new audiences outside China. They don’t just translate Chinese series but also create original content with foreign actors, writers and directors. However, due to cultural differences, overseas actors sometimes struggle to understand why Chinese producers insist on sticking to cheesy tropes (俗气的桥段) and over-the-top acting. Nevertheless, micro-drama apps have reached a total of nearly 55 million downloads and $170 million in receipts overseas, according to iiMedia Research, a data provider. These vertical shorts don’t seem like a flash in the pan. Sometimes less really is more. 1.What is a feature of micro-dramas’ filming according to the text? A. It adopts a high-tech style. B. It requires significant funds. C. It is a highly efficient process. D. It involves numerous instructions. 2.Why are micro-dramas ideal for China’s many young workforce? A. They are insightful to watch. B. They fit well with their busy schedules. C. They provide free episodes to viewers. D. They mirror the lives of young people. 3.What is the best title for the text? A. Soap Operas Develop Quickly in Digital Era B. Chinese Film Industry Sees a New Transformation C. Micro-Dramas Bring More Opportunities to the World D. China’s Micro-Dramas Will Enjoy Long-Term Success 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。介绍了源自中国的微短剧这一新媒体形式的制作特点、受众定位，以及其在国内外的发展与传播情况。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“It is only the second day of filming and they have already packed in a week’s worth of cliffhangers (悬念). Filming a micro-drama, the latest new-media format to emerge from China, is just as fast-paced as watching one. (这才是拍摄的第二天，他们却已经密集安排了足以支撑一周剧情的悬念桥段。作为中国涌现的最新新媒体形式，微短剧的拍摄节奏，丝毫不亚于观看时的紧凑感)”可知，微短剧拍摄节奏快、效率高。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“But the bite-sized stories are perfect for China’s many young working professionals: long trips to and from work and tiring schedules leave little time for binge-watching box-sets on the sofa. (但对于中国许多年轻的职场人士来说，这些短小精悍的故事再合适不过了：上下班的长途旅行和疲惫的日程安排使他们没有时间在沙发上狂刷电视剧)”可知，微短剧时长短，契合年轻职场人士忙碌的日程。故选B。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。本文围绕中国微短剧的高效制作、适配职场人士的受众特点、国内外传播趋势展开，此外，最后一段“These vertical shorts don’t seem like a flash in the pan. Sometimes less really is more. (这些竖屏短剧似乎并非昙花一现。有时候，少即是多)”强调了微短剧的持续发展潜力，D选项“China’s Micro-Dramas Will Enjoy Long-Term Success (中国微短剧将长盛不衰)”贴合文章要义，是文章的最佳标题。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·北京第八十中学-11月·期中）Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a large building, but usually these buildings are not designed with the comfort of a king in mind. When it comes to structures that are both beautiful and defensive, the European castle is a big success. Castles were originally built in England by the Normans in 1066. They built towers and walls to secure the land they had taken. These castles provided the Normans with a quiet and safe place. They also served as bases of operation for attacks. In this way castles served both defensive and offensive roles. Besides, castles served as offices for governors. Those that were socially beneath the governor would come to report affairs and express their respect. They would address problems, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities in castles. So castles served as social centers as well. The first castles were made from earth and wood, and they were likely to suffer from attacks by fire. Then wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these towers and walls. However, attackers could throw flaming objects into castles through the windows or burn the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access. During the Middle Ages, attacks increased in regularity, so castle defenses were updated. Arrow-slits were added. They were small holes in the castle, which allowed defenders to fire without being hurt. Towers were built from which defenders could provide fire on both sides. The towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. A lot of rings of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers went past one wall, they would be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. All of these increased the defense of castles. The end of castles can be attributed to gunpowder. During the 15th century, artillery, a kind of large guns, became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly made the role of castles less effective. Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year who wish to experience the situations of ancient times. 1.What was the original function of castles according to the passage? A. They served as tourist attractions. B. They were built for use in emergencies. C. They marked religious ceremonies. D. They were important social centers. 2.The reason why wooden castles were replaced by stone castles was that ________. A. stone castles cost less money B. wooden castles were uncomfortable C. stone castles offered better defense D. wooden castles took a long time to build 3.Which of the following showed an improvement in castle defenses? A. Castles were totally separated by stones. B. Windows and entrances were moved to the higher floor. C. Rings of walls were built to defend the towers. D. Arrow-slits were made in large quantities. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. To describe the process of building castles in different materials B. To explain why palaces are less defensive than castles C. To discuss the impact of gunpowder on the construction of castles D. To introduce a history of castles and its rise and fall 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了欧洲城堡的历史及其兴衰。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Castles were originally built in England by the Normans in 1066. They built towers and walls to secure the land they had taken. These castles provided the Normans with a quiet and safe place. They also served as bases of operation for attacks. In this way castles served both defensive and offensive roles. Besides, castles served as offices for governors. Those that were socially beneath the governor would come to report affairs and express their respect. They would address problems, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities in castles. So castles served as social centers as well. (城堡最初是由诺曼人于1066年在英格兰建造的。他们修建了塔楼和城墙，以保卫他们夺取的土地。这些城堡为诺曼人提供了一个安静且安全的地方。它们还充当了进攻行动的基地。通过这种方式，城堡既起到了防御作用，也起到了进攻作用。此外，城堡还充当了统治者的办公场所。那些社会地位低于统治者的人会前来汇报事务并表达敬意。他们会在城堡里解决问题、处理事务、举办宴会和享受庆典。因此，城堡也充当了社交中心)”可知，城堡最初的功能包括防御、进攻基地、行政办公场所，同时也是重要的社交中心。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The first castles were made from earth and wood, and they were likely to suffer from attacks by fire. Then wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these towers and walls. (最早的城堡是用泥土和木头建造的，它们很容易遭到火攻。后来，木制城堡逐渐被石头城堡取代，这大大增强了这些塔楼和城墙的坚固程度)”可知，木制城堡被石制城堡取代的原因是石制城堡提供了更好的防御。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, attackers could throw flaming objects into castles through the windows or burn the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access. (然而，攻击者可以通过窗户向城堡内投掷燃烧物，或者烧毁木门。这导致将窗户和入口从底层移到一楼，使其更难进入)”可知，将窗户和入口移到更高楼层，是为了抵御攻击者通过这些部位入侵，是城堡防御的改进。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章依次介绍了城堡的起源、原始功能、材料演变、防御设施升级以及衰落原因，核心是“To introduce a history of castles and its rise and fall (介绍城堡的历史及其兴衰)”。故选D项。 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高一上·北京怀柔·期中）Have you ever met someone new and felt a little nervous about how they feel about you? If you have, you are not the only one. When we meet someone new, we often think we like them more than they like us back. This gap(差异) between how much we like others and think others like us is called a liking gap. The first study that discovered the liking gap was done with adults. Researchers invited college students to a research laboratory where they chatted with another person they did not know. Afterwards, they were asked separately how much they liked this other person and how much they thought the other person liked them back. Most students said they liked the other person, but thought the other person liked them less. Even more surprising was that the liking gap stuck around even after the people got to know each other. They also tested groups of children from 4 to 11 years old and found even children experience this liking gap, but it only starts around age 5. At this age, the liking gap is still small. it gets bigger as children get older, probably because they start to better understand that what they do influences what others think of them. Why do we have a liking gap? One idea comes from the research on children. At the age of 5,children also start to worry about their reputation (名誉) ,which causes them to think about things like ” Do they want to be my friends? Do they want to hang out with me?“ Another idea is that when we are talking to other people, we have to think so much about what we do and say that we forget to pay attention to how others are reacting to us. We are therefore often not sure about how the things we do or say make other people feel. So, if you sometimes feel that others like you less than you like them back, there is no reason to panic. in fact, the other person likely enjoys hanging out with you just as much as you do, or perhaps even more! 1.What does the underlined phrase “stuck around” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Closed. B. Appeared. C. Narrowed. D. Existed. 2.When do people start experiencing a liking gap? A. At the age of 4. B. Around the age of 5. C. From the age of 11. D. After becoming adults. 3.We have a liking gap probably because__________. A. we are likely to panic. B. we focus on our social skills. C. we avoid chatting with strangers. D. we take little notice of others’ reactions. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍“喜欢差距”这一现象，包括其定义、相关研究结果及产生原因。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“Most students said they liked the other person, but thought the other person liked them less. Even more surprising was that the liking gap stuck around even after the people got to know each other.(大多数学生说他们喜欢对方，但认为对方没那么喜欢自己。更令人惊讶的是，即使在人们相互了解之后，这种喜欢差距仍然stuck around。)”可知，即使在人们相互了解之后，差距还是存在。“stuck around”意为“存在”，与“Existed”同义。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They also tested groups of children from 4 to 11 years old and found even children experience this liking gap, but it only starts around age 5.(他们还测试了4到11岁的几组儿童，发现即使是儿童也会经历这种喜欢差距，但这种差距大约从5岁开始出现。)”可知，人们大约从5岁开始经历喜欢差距。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Another idea is that when we are talking to other people, we have to think so much about what we do and say that we forget to pay attention to how others are reacting to us.(另一种观点是，当我们与他人交谈时，我们会过多地思考自己的言行，以至于忘记关注他人对我们的反应。)”可知，产生喜欢差距可能是因为我们很少注意他人的反应。故选D项。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高一上·北京汇文中学·期中）We rely on our memory not only for sharing stories with friends or learning from our past experiences, but we also use it for crucial things like creating a sense of personal identity. Yet evidence shows that our memory isn’t as consistent as we’d like to believe. There are countless reasons why tiny mistakes might happen each time we recall past events, ranging from what we believe is true or wish were true, to what someone else told us about the past event, or what we want that person to think. And whenever these mistakes happen, they can have long-term effects on how we’ll recall that memory in the future. Take storytelling for example. When we describe our memories to other people, we might ask ourselves whether it’s vital to get the facts straight, or whether we only want to make the listener laugh. And we might change the story’s details depending on the listener’s attitudes. It isn’t only the message that changes, but sometimes it’s also the memory itself. This is known as the “audience-tuning effect”, showing us how our memories can change automatically over time, as a product of how, when, and why we access them. In fact, sometimes simply the act of rehearsing(复述) a memory can be exactly what makes it susceptible(易受影响的)to change. This is known as “retrieval-enhanced suggestibility”. In a typical study of this effect, participants watched a short film, then took a memory test a few days later. But during the days between watching the film and taking the final test, two other things happened. First, half of the participants took a practice memory test. Second, all of the participants were given a description of the film to read, which contained some false details. Participants who took a practice memory test shortly before reading the false information were more likely to reproduce this false information in the final memory test. Why might this be? One theory is that rehearsing our memories of past events can temporarily make those memories malleable. In other words, retrieving(找回)a memory might be a bit like taking ice-cream out of the freezer and leaving it in direct sunlight for a while. By the time our memory goes back into the freezer, it might have naturally become a little misshapen, especially if someone has influenced it purposely in the meantime. These findings lead us to wonder how much our most treasured memories have changed since the very first time we remembered them. Remembering is an act of storytelling, after all. And our memories are only ever as reliable as the most recent story we told ourselves. 1.According to the “audience-tuning effect”, our memories can ________. A. change our personal identity B. correct mistakes on their own C. determine our attitudes to others D. be affected by how we handle them 2.What can we infer from the study of “retrieval-enhanced suggestibility”? A. Practice can make imperfect. B. Storytelling brings back memories. C. Rehearsing contributes to better memories. D. Memory abilities vary from person to person. 3.What does the underlined word “malleable” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Acceptable. B. Valuable. C. Changeable. D. Controllable. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. C 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。通过实验研究证明反复的回忆会使记忆发生改变。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“This is known as the “audience-tuning effect”, showing us how our memories can change automatically over time, as a product of how, when, and why we access them.(这就是所谓的“观众调谐效应”，它向我们展示了我们的记忆是如何随着时间的推移而自动变化的，这是我们如何、何时以及为什么读取记忆的结果)”可知，我们处理记忆的方式会影响我们的记忆。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句“In fact, sometimes simply the act of rehearsing(复述)a memory can be exactly what makes it susceptible(易受影响的)to change. (事实上，有时仅仅是复述记忆的行为就能使记忆容易改变。)”结合本段中的实验结果可知，复述记忆次数多的受试者更容易改变记忆。由此可推知，经常回忆并不会完美的重现记忆。故选A。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段最后两句“By the time our memory goes back into the freezer, it might have naturally become a little misshapen, especially if someone has influenced it purposely in the meantime.(当我们的记忆回到冰库时，它可能会自然而然地变得有点畸形，特别是如果有人同时有意的影响它)”可知，这里将记忆与取出冰箱的冰激凌作类比，冰激凌会融化变形，记忆也一样会发生改变。由此可推知，划线词malleable与changeable同义，表示“可变的”。故选C。 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·北京第十四中学·期中）Are you looking for some club suitable for you in the senior high school？Here are some introductions of popular clubs. Speech Club Do you enjoy talking？Do you think you can be a future lawyer？Try out for the school’s speech team. Not only will you meet people and make new friends, you’ll also get to practice public speaking, a valuable, important tool that you will use at every stage of your life. By researching, talking about, and debating hot-button political, social, cultural, and environment topics, you will also become more aware and up-to-date on current events. Band Club Are you in a band in junior high？If so, you probably remember always hanging around with your musical buddies（同伴）. If you haven’t joined one of these three high school clubs yet, you should！The beauty of these three classes is that they’re not merely fine arts electives（选修的）, they’re also clubs！Most high school bands give performances, and even go on trips to Disneyland. Not sure？Did I mention that studies show that students with music education tend to receive higher grades？You read it right. Red Cross Club If you are interested in the medical field or planning to take a combined M.D. program, perhaps you should consider joining your school’s American Red Cross Club. As part of the high school club working with the local Red Cross chapter, you can become a lifeguard, learn how to perform CPR, or become a trained instructor who teaches others. Language Clubs Are you a native Spanish, French, or German speaker？Or maybe you just really like the foreign language class！Either way, you should consider joining your school’s language clubs and lean a new language during your past time. Spanish, French and German clubs put on several charity and cultural events through-out the academic（学术）year. You could be helping others in need, and making new friends all at the same time！ 1.Which club suits you best if you dream of becoming a lawyer？ A. Speech Club. B. Band Club. C. Red Cross Club. D. Language Clubs. 2.What is special about Band Club？ A. It improves students’ grades. B. It helps students to make friends. C. It enables students to be lifeguards. D. It makes students’ speaking ability better. 3.What do Red Cross Club and Language Clubs have in common？ A. They both can give you a trip to Disneyland. B. They make you a man of many gifts and languages. C. They enable you to give a hand to people in need. D. They can help you to be a person with first aid knowledge. 【答案】1. A　2. A　3. C 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一些受高中欢迎的俱乐部。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Do you enjoy talking? Do you think you can be a future lawyer? Try out for the school’s speech team.（你喜欢谈话吗？你认为你将来能成为律师吗？参加学校的演讲队吧。）”可知，Speech Club适合想要做律师的学生，故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Did I mention that studies show that students with music education tend to receive higher grades? You read it right.（我有没有提到研究表明受过音乐教育的学生往往会获得更高的分数？你没看错。）”可知，音乐教育能够提高学生的分数是Band Club的特别之处，故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“As part of the high school club working with the local Red Cross chapter,you can become a lifeguard, learn how to perform CPR，or become a trained instructor who teaches others.（作为与当地红十字会一道工作的高中俱乐部的一部分，你可以成为一名救生员，学习如何进行CPR，或者成为一名训练有素的讲师来教别人。）”和第五段中“You could be helping others in need, and making new friends all at the same time!（你可以帮助有需要的人，同时结交新朋友）”可知，两个倶乐部都让你能帮助需要帮助的人。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·北京第十七中·期中）E-Cooking Games Thanks for visiting E-Cooking Games! We offer many different types of free online food games for kids. You can find games where you can bake your own cakes, make your own hot dogs, pies and a lot more. You will also find more than just food games. You will find games where you can play makeup games, car games, adventure games and more. All of the games on our website can be played for free. We are constantly adding new games, so you should keep checking back daily. We take pride in all of the cooking games and other food games we add to our-website and make sure that we have games that will interest everyone, either boys or girls who enjoy baking up delicious treats. Here on our website, we have great online games with many different recipes (食谱) that any little baker will love. These games will keep you playing for hours at a time. You can click each game to get a brief description. You can also sort the games by using the menu on the left side of the page. The menu has the games sorted by categories (种类) and from there you can choose the free cooking game you want to play, or if you don’t want to play a cooking game, you can choose another type of game. If you are looking for games that will let you decorate your own cakes, we have those for you. If you are feeling a bit competitive and want to race, we can help you with that also. Do you want to cook sushi? Well, let us get you started with that. We have many free cooking games you can play. Get something to drink, kick back and get in that kitchen and cook some food! 1.The passage is likely to appear in ________. A. a travel guide B. a web page C. a science magazine D. a story book 2.We can learn from the passage that ________. A. kids can only play food games B. kids are not charged for the games C. the games are designed for girls D. the games are only related to Chinese traditional food 3.The purpose of this passage is to ________. A. present some new products B. teach some cooking lessons C. invite readers to taste some dishes D. introduce some interesting games 【答案】1. B　2. B　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一些有趣的适合孩子玩的网络游戏，并介绍了游戏的特点和好处。提供许多不同类型的食物免费在线游戏，孩子们玩这个游戏是不花钱的，游戏不断创新，吸引很多孩子，让孩子获得更多的乐趣和体验。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Thanks for visiting E-Cooking Games! We offer many different types of free online food games for kids. You can find games where you can bake your own cakes, make your own hot dogs, pies and a lot more.(感谢您访问“电子烹饪游戏”网站！我们为孩子们提供了多种免费的在线烹饪游戏。您可以找到一些游戏，在这些游戏中您可以自己制作蛋糕、热狗、馅饼等等)”可知，这篇文章可能会出现在网页上。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“All of the games on our website can be played for free.(我们网站上的所有游戏都可以免费玩)”可知，孩子们玩这个游戏是不花钱的。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“You will also find more than just food games. You will find games where you can play makeup games, car games, adventure games and more.(你还会发现的不仅仅是食物相关的游戏。你还能找到各种各样的游戏，比如化妆游戏、赛车游戏、冒险游戏等等)”可知，文章的目的是介绍一些有趣的游戏。故选D。 Passage 3 （25-26高一上·北京工业大学附属中学·期中）Get To Know This Sweet and Spiky Fruit What Are Rambutans? The rambutan is a tropical fruit native to Malaysia, now grown throughout South East Asia as well as Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Central America. A cousin of the more well-known lychee, both fruits are members of the soapberry family. Rambutans have brownish-pink shells (壳) that are covered in hair-like bristles—in fact, the name rambutan comes from “rambut”, the Malay word for “hair”. The inner white fruit of the rambutan is juicy and sweet. Some say that the rambutan tastes like a sweet green grape. How to Eat Rambutans Rambutans are most often enjoyed fresh but also sometimes cooked, used to make rambutan jam. Because of their hard shells, they transport well and are ideal for packed lunches and picnics. They are easily added to cold dishes like fruit salads. Rambutan Nutrition and Benefits Rambutans are rich in vitamin C which helps strengthen the immune system and support brain health. Therefore, rambutans make a healthy sweet snack any time of day. Rambutans are low in calories and also rich in fiber (纤维). Where to Buy Rambutans Fresh rambutans from abroad can be found in supermarkets nationwide. You can also find rambutans in Chinese and South East Asian markets, both fresh and canned. Though they can be found year round, look for fresh rambutans when they are most plentiful in August and September. When choosing rambutans, pick those that are dark reddish-brown in color. Very pale, light colored rambutans may not be ready to eat. __________ While you don’t have to immediately put rambutans in a fridge, they will last longer if you do so. To avoid loss of freshness, wrap rambutans in paper and then in a breathable plastic bag. 1.Which are rambutans? A. B. C. D. 2.Why is the rambutan considered a healthy snack? A. The inner white fruit is juicy and sweet. B. It can be enjoyed fresh or cooked. C. It has a lot of vitamin C. D. It has zero calories. 3.Which is the best heading for the last paragraph? A. When to Save Rambutans B. Where to Keep Rambutans C. Why to Wrap Rambutans D. How to Store Rambutans 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了红毛丹这种水果的一些情况。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“Rambutans have brownish-pink shells (壳) that are covered in hair-like bristles—in fact, the name rambutan comes from “rambut”, the Malay word for “hair”. The inner white fruit of the rambutan is juicy and sweet.(红毛丹有棕红色的外壳，上面覆盖着像头发一样的刚毛——事实上，红毛丹的名字来自“rambut”，马来语的意思是“头发”。红毛丹里面白色的果实多汁又甜)”可知，图片B最符合红毛丹的外表，故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Rambutans are rich in vitamin C which helps strengthen the immune system and support brain health.(红毛丹富含维生素C，有助于增强免疫系统，支持大脑健康)”可知，红毛丹被认为是一种健康的零食是因为它含有大量的维生素C。故选C。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“While you don’t have to immediately put rambutans in a fridge, they will last longer if you do so. To avoid loss of freshness, wrap rambutans in paper and then in a breathable plastic bag.(虽然你不必马上把红毛丹放进冰箱，但如果你这样做的话，红毛丹会保存得更久。为了避免失去新鲜感，用纸包好红毛丹，然后用透气的塑料袋包好)”可知，最后一段主要关于如何储存红毛丹。故选D。 主题语境05 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高一上·北京怀柔·期中）You may have seen a talking parrot (鹦鹉) on a TV show, in a movie, or even in someone’s home. The parrot can learn to copy sounds that people make. Parrots are not only animals that can copy the sounds they hear. Dolphins, bats, and some monkeys also copy sounds. Now we can add elephants to this list. Dr. Poole is a zoologist. She studies the sounds of elephants. While she was in Kenya, she would hear strange noises after sunset made by Mlaika — a 10-year-old female African elephant living near a highway. Dr. Poole says, “I could not tell the difference between Mlaika’s call and the distant truck noise.” She and other scientists studied Mlaika’s sounds. It turned out that Mlaika was copying the sounds of the trucks driving by. “Mlaika was not the only copycat elephant that copies the sounds they hear,” Dr. Poole says. Calimero is a 23-year-old male African elephant. He spent 18 years with two female Asian elephants. Asian elephants make chirping sounds to talk with one another. African elephants usually do not make chirping sounds. But Calimero now does. He is copying his Asian elephant friends. A few other mammals, such as bats, dolphins, and humans, have learned to copy sounds around them. Many of them seem to copy the sounds of their friends to create a special connection! Dr. Poole says that elephants, too, need to stay connected with their family and friends. She says, “They make sounds to communicate with each other. When they are separated, they use sounds to keep in contact.” Parrots, dolphins, humans, and elephants show that copying sounds is one way that animals and people make new friends and keep old ones. 1.What did Dr. Poole find out about Mlaika? A. She liked living in a zoo. B. She copied truck sounds. C. She hated strange noises. D. She was separated from her family. 2.Calimero learned to make chirping sounds from ________. A. talking parrots B. research scientists C. Asian elephants D. trucks on the highway 3.According to the passage, animals copy sounds to __________. A. make themselves different B. improve their hunting skills C. give performances in shows D. communicate with each other 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍大象会像鹦鹉、海豚等动物一样模仿声音，且动物模仿声音是为了与同类交流、维系联系。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It turned out that Mlaika was copying the sounds of the trucks driving by.(结果证明，姆莱卡正在模仿驶过卡车的声音)”可知，普尔博士发现姆莱卡会模仿卡车的声音。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“He spent 18 years with two female Asian elephants. Asian elephants make chirping sounds to talk with one another. African elephants usually do not make chirping sounds. But Calimero now does. He is copying his Asian elephant friends.(他和两头雌性亚洲象一起生活了18年。亚洲象会发出唧唧声来相互交流。非洲象通常不会发出唧唧声。但卡利梅罗现在会了。他在模仿他的亚洲象朋友)”可知，卡利梅罗是从亚洲象那里学会发出唧唧声的。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“A few other mammals, such as bats, dolphins, and humans, have learned to copy sounds around them. (其他一些哺乳动物，如蝙蝠、海豚和人类，已经学会了模仿周围的声音)”以及“They make sounds to communicate with each other. When they are separated, they use sounds to keep in contact.(它们通过发出声音来相互交流。当它们分开时，会用声音保持联系)”可知，动物模仿声音是为了与彼此交流。故选D。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·北京第十四中·期中）If you’re tired of your phone, you’re not alone. People receive between around 60 and 80 daily notifications (通知) on average, and some of us may get as many as 200. These seemingly endless dings and buzzes can really affect our wellbeing. Research has linked them to depression and anxiety, and they may even cause problems associated with ADHD (多动症). These outcomes may result from the fact that frequent phone interruptions increase our cognitive load (认知负荷), or the amount of information processed by the working memory. We only have so much mental capacity, and the extra effort it takes to switch between tasks can make us tired, less focused and disrupt (扰乱) emotional regulation. Additionally, in this state, we even experience a less accurate perception of time—we feel time is passing faster than in reality, which would eventually lead us to overlook results and cause hurried decisions, for example, buying a pricey dress without thinking it through. With the fact that cell phone notifications can mess with our brains, scientists have sought out ways to counteract these effects. One possible solution: Scheduling notifications into batches (批次) that arrive at certain times of the day with the help of certain apps. For example, you could choose to keep things quiet except for at 7 am, noon and 5 pm to go with waking up, taking a lunch break and heading home from school. In a 2019 study, researchers assigned 237 participants (参与者) into three groups, including those who received all their notifications three times a day, hourly, or none at all. The three-times-a-day group said they felt more productive, attentive, in a better mood and in greater control of their phones than the other two groups, while the notification-free group experienced more anxiety and fear of missing out. Besides, some researchers have argued that more personalized user design is possible. Developers should pay attention to how people interact with their devices. With the help of a machine learning model, our phone can automatically learn from our past behavior what types of notification we want to receive first, such as messages from relatives. Thus, certain notifications can be delivered at suitable times. This highly individualized method could be beneficial, but more individuality means more phone monitoring, which introduces yet another problem: In the struggle to free ourselves from tech addiction, it isn’t clear whether more monitoring is the solution, or just adding more fuel to the fire. 1.What is the possible result of frequent phone notifications? A. The working memory processes less information. B. Time passes faster than what we are usually used to. C. We tend to have distraction and emotional disruptions. D. We weigh the possible results before making decisions. 2.What do we know about the 2019 study? A. The study lasted three years. B. The comparative method was used. C. The none-at-all group felt more productive. D. Participants were addicted to their mobile phones. 3.What can we learn from the passage? A. Depression and anxiety lead us to rely on our phones. B. Adding extra phone monitoring can free us from tech addiction. C. The fewer phone notifications received, the better we control our phones. D. Personalized user design helps phones decide what notifications come first. 4.What is the purpose of writing this passage? A. To warn us against the phone overuse. B. To draw our attention to the problems of ADHD. C. To stress the importance of controlling our phones. D. To discuss ways to handle frequent phone notifications. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. D　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。介绍了电话通知过多给人体造成了不良影响，并探讨了产生的原因和解决措施。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段第一二句“These outcomes may result from the fact that frequent phone interruptions increase our cognitive load (认知负荷), or the amount of information processed by the working memory. We only have so much mental capacity, and the extra effort it takes to switch between tasks can make us tired, less focused and disrupt (扰乱) emotional regulation. (这些结果可能是由于频繁的电话中断增加了我们的认知负荷，或由工作记忆处理的信息量。我们只有这么多的脑力，在不同任务之间转换所需的额外努力会使我们感到疲惫、注意力不集中，并且扰乱情绪调节。)”可知，频繁的电话通知会增加工作记忆需要处理的信息量，因此脑力有限的我们会感到疲惫、注意力不集中，并且扰乱情绪调节。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第二句“In a 2019 study, researchers assigned 237 participants (参与者) into three groups, including those who received all their notifications three times a day, hourly, or none at all. (在2019年的一项研究中，研究人员将237名参与者分为三组，包括那些一天三次收到通知、每小时收到通知或根本没有收到通知的人。)”可知，参与者被分为三组，即对比分析法在这个研究中被使用。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Besides, some researchers have argued that more personalized user design is possible. Developers should pay attention to how people interact with their devices. With the help of a machine learning model, our phone can automatically learn from our past behavior what types of notification we want to receive first, such as messages from relatives. Thus, certain notifications can be delivered at suitable times. (此外，一些研究人员认为，更个性化的用户设计是可能的。开发人员应该注意人们如何与他们的设备互动。在机器学习模型的帮助下，我们的手机可以自动从我们过去的行为中了解我们希望首先收到什么类型的通知，例如来自亲戚的消息。因此，可以在适当的时间发送某些通知。)”可知，一些研究人员的观点表明个性化的用户设计可能能够帮助手机设定什么样的通知先发送。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“People receive between around 60 and 80 daily notifications (通知) on average, and some of us may get as many as 200. (平均而言，人们每天收到大约60到80条通知，我们中的一些人可能会得到200条之多。)”可知，本文第一段指出手机通知过多这一问题现状；根据第二段第一句“These outcomes may result from the fact that frequent phone interruptions increase our cognitive load (认知负荷), or the amount of information processed by the working memory. (这些结果可能是由于频繁的电话中断增加了我们的认知负荷, 或由工作记忆处理的信息量。)”可知，第二段探讨这一问题出现的原因；根据第三段第一句“With the fact that cell phone notifications can mess with our brains, scientists have sought out ways to counteract these effects. (由于手机通知会干扰我们的大脑，科学家们已经找到了抵消这些影响的方法。)”可知，后三段则探讨解决这一问题的办法，即解决问题的办法才是本文的重中之重，即写作目的。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·北京第一六一中学·期中）Showrooming One of the biggest challenges facing brick-and-mortar retailers (实体零售店) in recent years has been the “showrooming” . Driven by the desire to get the best prices, many shoppers are now visiting brick-and-mortar stores to personally check on products that interest them, only to leave and then buy the items online. The new trend is forcing retailers to find out new ways to keep consumers from leaving their store for cheaper prices online. Recent research found that 40 percent of U.S. shoppers have showroomed previously, with big-box retailers suffering the most. Specifically, the study shows that Best Buy, Walmart and Target are the most likely brick-and-mortar stores to have shoppers test out a product in-store and then purchase it online later, while Amazon is benefiting most from the practice, with nearly 60 percent of shoppers using the online retail giant (巨人) most often to make their showrooming purchases. Smartphones have pushed showrooming into the front. Shoppers no longer have to wait until they get home to see if they can find a cheaper price for the products they’re considering buying. With smartphones, consumers can now compare virtual prices, at both other brick-and-mortar stores and online ones while still inside a retail store. If they can find what they’re seeking for less online, the majority will be seeking the first exit. A recent study showed that 45 percent of customers shopping at brick-and-mortar stores walk out and buy their purchase online for a discount of as little as 2.5 percent. This puts pressure on retailers to provide both an in-store experience worth staying for and an online presence that can attract shoppers who are showrooming in other businesses. To cut down on showrooming, many retailers are adopting new methods to keep shoppers in their stores. Among the steps they’re taking are price-matching guarantees that allow shoppers to pay a discounted price if they find it cheaper online. This ensures that even a showrooming shopper can make the purchase in the store—regardless of whether they find the cheaper price online. Another popular method to fight against showrooming is to give shoppers the ability to buy something online and pick it up at the store. This reduces shipping costs and gets customers in the store, where they may be encouraged to make an additional purchase. It is also important for businesses to take into consideration what makes shoppers purchase something in-store rather than online, and meet those needs. Research has found that more than 8 in 10 Americans consider being able to take the goods home immediately and the ability to touch and feel them—the most important aspects when deciding to purchase in a store rather than online. 1.According to the passage, a showrooming shopper tends to ______. A. pay for everything online B. have better bargaining skills C. rush to buy things in a store D. purchase online for a lower price 2.What contributes to the growing popularity of showrooming? A. The wide use of smartphones． B. The competition between big stores. C. The advertisement by online retail giants. D. The decline of the brick-and-mortar stores. 3.The underlined words “seeking the first exit” in Paragraph 3 probably mean ______. A. searching for lower prices B. leaving as soon as possible C. locating the first exit quickly D. making a purchase on the spot 4.The last three paragraphs mainly talk about ways of ______. A. increasing sales at stores B. preventing purchase online C. satisfying customers’ needs D. advising shoppers to buy more 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. B　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述近年来，实体店面临的最大挑战之一是消费者在实体店体验产品之后，却在网上购买产品。针对这种“展示厅”现象，许多零售商开始实施新的策略，以提高销量。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段的中的“Driven by the desire to get the best prices, many shoppers are now visiting brick-and-mortar stores to personally check on products that interest them, only to leave and then buy the items online. (在获得最优惠价格的愿望的推动下，许多购物者现在去实体店亲自查看他们感兴趣的产品，然后离开，然后在网上购买。)”可知这个群体的消费者一般都是先从实体店里看过试过想购买的商品，然后再通过在网络上搜索这些商品，通过网络购买，故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Smartphones have pushed showrooming into the front. (智能手机将展示厅推到了前沿。)”可知，智能手机的广泛使用导致了“展示厅”越来越受欢迎。故选A。 (3)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据划线词后文“A recent study showed that 45 percent of customers shopping at brick-and-mortar stores walk out and buy their purchase online for a discount of as little as 2.5 percent. (最近的一项研究表明，在实体店购物的顾客中，有45%的人会直接走出去，然后以最低2.5%的折扣在网上购买。)”可知，后文的例子表明，如果人们发现他们寻找的东西在网络上的价格更加便宜，大多数人就会尽快离开。故seeking the first exit的意思是“尽可能快地离开”，故选B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据倒数第三段“To cut down on showrooming, many retailers are adopting new methods to keep shoppers in their stores. (为了减少“展示厅”现象，许多零售商正在采用新方法来留住顾客。)”，倒数第二段“Another popular method to fight against showrooming is to give shoppers the ability to buy something online and pick it up at the store. (另一种对抗“展示厅”的流行方法是让购物者能够在网上购买商品，然后到实体店取货。)”和最后一段“It is also important for businesses to take into consideration what makes shoppers purchase something in-store rather than online, and meet those needs. (同样重要的是，企业要考虑到是什么让消费者在实体店而不是网上购买商品，并满足这些需求。)”可知，这三段都是在提供如何让实体店挽回顾客的一些方法与措施。故选A Passage 3 （25-26高一上·北京第一六一中学·期中）More People Are Leaving the Rat Race for the Simple Life Time is more precious than money for an increasing number of people who are choosing to live more with less—and liking it. Kay and Charles Giddens, two lawyers, sold their home to start a B&B hotel. Four years later, the couple dishes out banana pancake breakfast, cleans toilets and serves homemade chocolate chip cookies to guests in a B&B hotel surrounded by trees on a hill known for colorful sunsets. “Do I miss the freeways? Do I miss the traffic? Do I miss the stress? No,” says Ms. Giddens, “This is a phenomenon that’s fairly widespread. A lot of people are reevaluating their lives and figuring out what they want to do. If their base is being damaged, what’s the payoff?” Simple living ranges from cutting down on weeknight activities to sharing housing, living closer to work, avoiding shopping malls, borrowing books from the library instead of buying them, and taking a cut in pay to work at a more pleasurable job. Vicki Robin, a writer, lives on a budget equal to a fifth of what she used to make. “You become conscious about where your money is going and how valuable it is,” Ms. Robin says, “You tend not to use things up. You cook at home rather than eat out…” Janet Luhrs, a lawyer, quit her job after giving birth and leaving her daughter with a nanny for two weeks. “It was not the way I wanted to raise my kids,” she says, “Simplicity is not just about saving money; it’s about me sitting down every night with my kids to a candlelit dinner with classical music.” Mrs. Luhrs now edits a magazine, Simple Living, which publishes tips on how to buy recycled furniture and shoes, organize potluck dinners instead of expensive receptions, and generally how to consume less. “It’s not about poverty,” Mrs. Luhrs explains, “It’s about conscious living and creating the life you want. The less stuff you buy, the less money goes out of the door, and the less money you have to earn.” 1.Kay and Charles Giddens sold their home to ______. A. pay off the debt B. start a private hotel C. cut down expenses D. buy living necessities 2.Simple living includes ______. A. building a home library B. living in the countryside C. enjoying a colorful night life D. sharing housing with others 3.It can be learned from the passage that now Janet Luhrs ______. A. spends more time with her kids B. has an interest in classical music C. works as a reporter of a magazine D. helps people buy recycled clothes 4.How does the author develop the passage? A. By using figures. B. By asking questions. C. By giving examples. D. By making comparisons. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. A　4. C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。越来越多的人摆脱激烈竞争的环境回归简单的生活。他们重新审视生活的价值，希望过上一种自己喜欢的生活。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的sold their home to start a B&B hotel可知，他们把房子卖掉是为了经营自己的酒店，故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的Simple living ranges from cutting down on weeknight activities to sharing housing可知，D选项sharing housing with others包含了simple living的内容，故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第六段中的It was not the way I wanted to raise my kids,” she says, “Simplicity is not just about saving money可知，Janet Luhrs不工作是因为想把更多的时间花在跟她的小孩子一起，故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。纵观全文，不难看出文章是用了几个人物的例子，如Kay and Charles Giddens夫妇，作家Vicki Robin等，来讲述Simple living的概念的，故选C。 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高一上·北京工业大学附属中学·期中）Sportsmanship is the cornerstone of competitive sports, representing the principles of fair play, respect and honesty. It goes beyond winning and losing, emphasizing the importance of moral behavior, respecting each other, and fellowship. At the heart of sportsmanship lies the concept of fair play. It fosters (培养) a culture of rule-following, fair judgment, and equal opportunities for all participants. Fair play encourages athletes to compete with integrity, showing honesty and accepting the outcomes gracefully. It fosters an environment where cheating, unsportsmanlike and rude behavior are discouraged. By upholding fair play, athletes develop a sense of morality (道德) and a strong character that extends beyond the field of sports. Sportsmanship also includes respect and empathy (共情), creating an environment that encourages understanding and camaraderie. Athletes show respect for opponents, officials, and teammates, recognizing their contributions and valuing their abilities. They appreciate the various backgrounds, skills and perspectives that athletes from different teams bring to the game. Through respect and empathy, sportsmanship bridges gaps, promotes inclusivity and fosters a sense of unity among athletes and fans alike. Sportsmanship is shown by athletes who act as role models, inspiring others with their conduct on and off the field. When athletes display sportsmanship, they send a powerful message to young fans, teaching them the importance of fair play, respect and moral behavior. This positive influence extends to society as a whole, where sportsmanship can shape attitudes, values and behaviors beyond the field of sports. By upholding the principles of sportsmanship, athletes contribute to a healthier, more caring society. Sports organizations, coaches and educators play an important role in promoting sportsmanship. They should foster an environment that encourages fair play, respect and honesty. Emphasizing sportsmanship in training programs and competitions helps athletes develop a strong moral compass,empowering them to make moral choices both in sports and in life. Furthermore, fans and audience should also welcome sportsmanship, creating a positive atmosphere that encourages fair competition and respect for all participants. Sportsmanship is the bedrock of competitive sports, emphasizing the values of fair play and respect. It improves the sporting experience, fosters unity and shapes athletes into responsible and caring individuals. By promoting sportsmanship, we can create a sporting culture where victories are celebrated but fairness, respect and the spirit of the game take center stage. 1.What does the underlined word “camaraderie” mean in Paragraph 3? A. Friendship. B. Leadership. C. Contribution. D. Competition. 2.What are Paragraphs 2 and 3 mainly about? A. How sportsmanship is understood. B. Why sportsmanship is stressed. C. When sportsmanship is shaped. D. Where sportsmanship is treasured. 3.What can be learned from Paragraph 5? A. Athletes should be trained to make moral choices. B. Audience could influence athletes’ performance in sports. C. Promoting sportsmanship requires everyone’s contribution. D. Officials should take a lead in creating a positive atmosphere. 4.What is the best title for this passage? A. Sportsmanship:Advantages of Doing Sports B. Sportsmanship:Spirit of Fair Play and Respect C. Showing Sportsmanship:Qualities of a Good Player D. Teaching Sportsmanship:Values of Honesty and Courage 【答案】1. A　2. A　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了体育精神的内涵，它代表着公平竞争、尊重和诚实的原则。它超越了输赢，强调了道德行为、相互尊重和友谊的重要性。 (1)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据文章第三段“Athletes show respect for opponents, officials, and teammates, recognizing their contributions and valuing their abilities. They appreciate the various backgrounds, skills and perspectives that athletes from different teams bring to the game. (运动员尊重对手、官员和队友，认可他们的贡献并重视他们的能力。他们欣赏来自不同团队的运动员为比赛带来的各种背景、技能和视角)”可知，运动精神使运动员们互相尊重，互相欣赏，这些志同道合的人可以互相理解，并增进友谊，故划线词所在句的意思应为“体育精神还包括尊重和同理心，能够创造一个鼓励理解和友谊的环境”，故划线词与Friendship“友谊”意思相近。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“At the heart of sportsmanship lies the concept of fair play.(体育精神的核心是公平竞赛的概念)”和第三段“Sportsmanship also includes respect and empathy, creating an environment that encourages understanding and camaraderie.(体育精神还包括尊重和同理心，创造一个鼓励理解和友谊的环境)”可知，这两段主要关于人们如何理解运动精神。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Sports organizations, coaches and educators play an important role in promoting sportsmanship.(体育组织、教练和教育工作者在促进体育精神方面发挥着重要作用)”及“Furthermore, fans and audience should also welcome sportsmanship, creating a positive atmosphere that encourages fair competition and respect for all participants.(此外，球迷和观众也应该欢迎体育精神，营造一种鼓励公平竞争和尊重所有参与者的积极氛围)”可知，提倡体育精神需要每个人的贡献。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Sportsmanship is the cornerstone of competitive sports, representing the principles of fair play,respect and honesty. It goes beyond winning and losing, emphasizing the importance of moral behavior,respecting each other, and fellowship.(体育精神是竞技体育的基石，代表着公平竞争、尊重和诚实的原则。它超越了输赢，强调了道德行为、相互尊重和友谊的重要性)”可知，文章主要介绍的是体育精神的内涵，故B项“体育精神：公平竞争和尊重的精神”适合作为文章的标题。故选B项。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-25高一·牛栏山一中·期中）As restaurants more and more use technology for placing food orders, a new University of South Florida (USF) study has shown that digital ordering platforms greatly affect consumer behavior. “While digital ordering can make things more convenient and efficient, many consumers will choose unhealthier food and spend more,” said Dipayan Biswas, a professor of marketing at the Muma College of Business. “Our research points out the importance of understanding how digital devices influence our decision-making.” Through six studies at restaurants and two in a USF School of Marketing and Innovation lab, Biswas and his graduate students studied the effect of ordering from a digital menu vs. a physical menu. The team looked at more than 23,000 orders from different restaurants, including an independently owned Mexican food restaurant and a major global dining chain with 1,000 locations across 23 countries. The study found 61% of digital orders, including those made for delivery, were unhealthy — more than 3% higher than non-digital orders. The team also found that digital menus have a bigger impact on what consumers order for dinner, since they tend to be more tired and depend more on technology later in the day. Therefore, digital ordering technologies may have less influence on consumers during breakfast and lunch. “Digital ordering modes lead to a more automatic decision-making process with less mental effort,” Biswas said. “This is because digital tools encourage people to rely less on their thinking ability and more on automatic processes.” This phenomenon is known as the “Google Effect”. The reduced mental effort in digital contexts can result in more automatic decision-making, leading to more indulgent (放纵的) food choices. According to Biswas, restaurant managers could use this research to adjust their offerings. “Restaurant managers who want to promote healthier options may benefit from offering non-digital ordering modes or some may be interested in promoting indulgent items during dinner hours through digital ordering to increase sales,” Biswas said. 1.What is the purpose of Biswas’s research on digital ordering? A. To stress the technological advance. B. To encourage healthy eating habits. C. To reveal its position in the market. D. To examine its impact on food selection. 2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about concerning the study? A. Its background. B. Its methods. C. Its significance. D. Its findings. 3.What effect might digital ordering have on consumers? A. More food consumption. B. Reduced mental effort. C. Healthier food choices. D. Enhanced dining experiences. 4.What does Biswas suggest restaurant managers do to promote healthier eating habits? A. Complete menus with nutritional information. B. Expand the range of healthy foods. C. Employ traditional ordering modes. D. Raise the prices of unhealthy items. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍南佛罗里达大学的研究，探讨数字点餐平台对消费者点餐选择、消费行为的影响及相关建议。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“a new University of South Florida (USF) study has shown that digital ordering platforms greatly affect consumer behavior.(南佛罗里达大学的一项新研究表明，数字点餐平台极大地影响了消费者行为。)”和第二段中的“Our research points out the importance of understanding how digital devices influence our decision-making.(我们的研究指出了理解数字设备如何影响我们决策的重要性。)”可知，Biswas的研究目的是探究数字点餐对消费者食物选择（决策行为的一部分）的影响。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“Through six studies at restaurants and two in a USF School of Marketing and Innovation lab, Biswas and his graduate students studied the effect of ordering from a digital menu vs. a physical menu. The team looked at more than 23,000 orders from different restaurants, including an independently owned Mexican food restaurant and a major global dining chain with 1,000 locations across 23 countries.(通过在餐厅开展的六项研究以及在南佛罗里达大学营销与创新学院实验室进行的两项研究，比斯瓦斯（Biswas）和他的研究生们探究了数字菜单点餐与实体菜单点餐的效果差异。该团队分析了来自不同餐厅的 23000 多份订单，包括一家独立经营的墨西哥风味餐厅，以及一家在 23 个国家拥有 1000 家门店的全球大型餐饮连锁品牌。)”可知，该段主要介绍了研究的实施方式，即研究方法。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Digital ordering modes lead to a more automatic decision-making process with less mental effort.(数字点餐模式导致更自动化的决策过程，需要更少的脑力消耗。)”可知，数字点餐会让消费者减少脑力消耗。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Restaurant managers who want to promote healthier options may benefit from offering non-digital ordering modes or some may be interested in promoting indulgent items during dinner hours through digital ordering to increase sales,” Biswas said.(比斯瓦斯（Biswas）表示：“想要推广更健康餐品选择的餐厅经理，或许能从提供非数字点餐模式中获益；而有些经理可能会有意在晚餐时段通过数字点餐推广高热量放纵型餐品，以提升销售额。”)”可知，Biswas建议餐厅经理采用传统（非数字）点餐模式来促进健康饮食习惯。故选C项。 Passage 2 （高一上·北京第五十五中学·期中）Have you ever wished you could be better organized or more sociable? Perhaps you’re a constant worrier, and you’d prefer to be a little more carefree? Actually at least 2/3 of people would like to change some elements of their personality. In the past, such desires appeared to be fruitless. One’s personality was thought to be formed in childhood and to remain fixed throughout his entire life. Recent research from psychology professor Nathan Hudson and his colleagues, however, challenges this expectation of a fixed personality. With the right psychological strategies and enough effort, they say, many people can successfully shape their desired personality. Their interventions (干预) typically involve recommending regular activities that reflect the personality traits(特征) people wish to adopt. Introverts who wish to be more outgoing, for example, might have the goal of introducing themselves to a stranger once a week, or making small talk with the cashier in the supermarket. Someone who wishes to be more organized and disciplined might be asked to carefully double-check an email before sending it, or to write a to-do list before going to bed. While these tasks may seem insignificant, the aim is for the thinking patterns and behaviors they produce to become habitual. And the evidence so far suggests it works remarkably well. In one 15-week trial of 400 people, participants accepted an average of two challenges each week. After they completed those tasks, their traits shifted in the desired direction, according to a personality questionnaire (调查问卷). The unexpected personality change should be good news for anyone who wishes they were a bit more sociable, organized, or happy-go-lucky. Another potential benefit is that awareness of this research could help improve mental health. People always believe negative feelings are just part of who they are, and there is little they can do to change them. But what if educating people about their potential for personality change could place them on a more positive track? To test this idea, Harvard professor of psychology, John Weisz, and his partner selected a group of 100 teenagers who had previously shown signs of anxiety or depression. They took a computerized course that explained the science of brain plasticity(可塑性), and were then given worksheets to strengthen what they had learned. When Weisz checked in on the teens’ mental health nine months later, the students reported a significant decrease in their anxiety and depression compared with those who had instead taken part in a course on “emotional expression”. Whether you are struggling with serious issues or simply want to polish off your rougher edges, remember that character is within your own hands and you have the power to become what you want to be. 1.According to the passage, an old belief about personality is that ________. A. most people are satisfied with their personality B. sociable or organized people are more popular C. childhood has nothing to do with personality D. people can’t change their personality traits 2.In Nathan Hudson’s research, participants ________. A. became more aware of their mental health B. formed new thinking patterns and behaviors C. reported their completed tasks in the questionnaire D. were advised to work as cashiers in the supermarket 3.John Weisz’s study is mentioned to ________ Hudson’s research. A. question the result of B. make a comparison with C. explain the method used in D. show an additional benefit of 4.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A. Mental Issues: More than Meets the Eye B. Personality: It Is Not Set in Stone C. Your Personality Shapes Your Future D. A Great Cure for Mental Problems 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，该研究表明通过正确的心理策略和足够的努力，许多人可以成功地塑造他们想要的个性。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In the past, such desires appeared to be fruitless. One’s personality was thought to be formed in childhood and to remain fixed throughout his entire life.(在过去，这样的愿望似乎是徒劳的。一个人的个性被认为是在童年时期形成的，并在他的一生中保持不变。)”可知，关于个性，过去人们总是认为那是在童年时期形成的，并保持不变。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“While these tasks may seem insignificant, the aim is for the thinking patterns and behaviors they produce to become habitual. And the evidence so far suggests it works remarkably well. In one 15-week trial of 400 people, participants accepted an average of two challenges each week. After they completed those tasks, their traits shifted in the desired direction, according to a personality questionnaire (调查问卷).(虽然这些任务看起来微不足道，但目标是让他们产生的思维模式和行为成为习惯。迄今为止的证据表明，它的效果非常好。在一项有400人参加的为期15周的试验中，参与者平均每周接受两次挑战。根据一份性格调查问卷显示，在他们完成这些任务后，他们的性格会朝着预期的方向转变。)”可知，在Nathan的研究中，参与者形成了新的思维模式和行为。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第六段“But what if educating people about their potential for personality change could place them on a more positive track? To test this idea, Harvard professor of psychology, John Weisz, and his partner selected a group of 100 teenagers who had previously shown signs of anxiety or depression.(但是，如果教育人们人格改变的潜力可以让他们走上更积极的道路呢？为了验证这一观点，哈佛大学心理学教授John Weisz和他的搭档选择了一组100名青少年，他们之前都有焦虑或抑郁的迹象。)”以及文章第七段“When Weisz checked in on the teens’ mental health nine months later, the students reported a significant decrease in their anxiety and depression compared with those who had instead taken part in a course on “emotional expression”.(当Weisz在9个月后检查这些青少年的心理健康时，与那些参加“情绪表达”课程的学生相比，这些学生的焦虑和抑郁明显减少。)”可知，John Weisz的研究显示了Hudson研究的另一个好处，也就是可以改善心理健康。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Recent research from psychology professor Nathan Hudson and his colleagues, however, challenges this expectation of a fixed personality. With the right psychological strategies and enough effort, they say, many people can successfully shape their desired personality.(然而，心理学教授Nathan Hudson和他的同事最近的研究挑战了这种固定性格的预期。他们说，通过正确的心理策略和足够的努力，许多人可以成功地塑造他们想要的个性。)”以及文章最后一段“Whether you are struggling with serious issues or simply want to polish off your rougher edges, remember that character is within your own hands and you have the power to become what you want to be.(无论你是在与严肃的问题作斗争，还是只是想擦亮自己的锋芒，记住，性格掌握在你自己手中，你有能力成为你想成为的人。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是个性并不是一成不变的，我们可以通过正确的心理策略和足够的努力成功地塑造我们想要的个性。故选B。 Passage 3 （25-26高一上·北京第十七中·期中）Learning to Run An article published in the scientific journal Nature discusses an important aspect of human evolution (进化). According to Bramble and Lieberman, Professors at the University of Utah, humans have a number of features that make them surprisingly good runners. “We are confident that running was important in the origin of the human body form,” says Bramble. Traditional thinking has been that humans are poor runners compared to such animals as horses. However, this is only true if we consider running at high speed, especially over short distances. Even an athlete can hardly run as quickly as a horse does, and can only keep up a top speed for 15 seconds or so. But when it comes to long-distance running, humans will do astonishingly well. They can keep a steady pace for many kilometres, and their speed is at least at the same level with that of horses. Bramble and Lieberman examined 26 parts of human bodies. One of the most interesting of these is the nuchal ligament (韧带). When we run, it is this ligament that prevents our head from moving back and forth or from side to side. Therefore, we are able to run with steady heads, held high. Then there are Achilles tendons (跟腱) at the backs of our legs, forming the mechanical links between the muscles to the bones. They act like strong strings and help to push us forward when we run. Besides, we have low, wide shoulders, a development which allows us to run more effectively. Add to this our light forearms, which swing in co-operation with the movement of our legs to assist balance, and one begins to appreciate the point that Bramble and Lieberman are trying to make. But what advantage is gained from being good long-distance runners? One theory is that this ability may have permitted early humans to get food more effectively. Some scientists guess that early humans may have run after animals for great distances to make them tired before killing them. Running would also have shown another advantage: early humans might have eaten the meat left over from a kill by other large animals. They may have been warned of the existence of a freshly killed animal by vultures (秃鹰), and the faster they got to the scene of the kill, the better. “Research on the history of human ability of running has traditionally been controversial,” says Lieberman. “At the very least, I hope this theory will make many people have second thoughts about how humans learned to run and why we are built the way we are.” 1.In Paragraph 2, the author mainly tells us that ________. A. humans are poor runners compared to horses B. humans are good runners over long distances C. humans may run at high speed for a short time D. humans can keep the same speed when running 2.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that ________. A. tendons are a successful adaptation for running B. strong muscles and bones keep running effective C. the shape of shoulders affects the position of heads D. humans can run faster if they have longer forearms 3.What conclusion is drawn about early humans? A. They followed birds to avoid danger. B. They were unable to kill large animals. C. They developed their big brains for running. D. They evolved running due to the need for hunting. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨人类进化中擅长长跑的身体特征及该能力对早期人类生存的意义。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“However, this is only true if we consider running at high speed, especially over short distances. Even an athlete can hardly run as quickly as a horse does... But when it comes to long-distance running, humans will do astonishingly well. They can keep a steady pace for many kilometres, and their speed is at least at the same level with that of horses.(然而，这只在我们考虑高速奔跑时才成立，尤其是短距离奔跑。即使是运动员也几乎跑不过马……但说到长跑，人类的表现会惊人地好。他们能以稳定的速度跑很多公里，而且速度至少和马相当。)”可知，该段核心是对比人类与马的奔跑能力，强调人类在长跑方面的优势。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Then there are Achilles tendons (跟腱) at the backs of our legs, forming the mechanical links between the muscles to the bones. They act like strong strings and help to push us forward when we run.(此外，我们的腿后有跟腱，形成肌肉与骨骼之间的机械连接。它们就像结实的绳子，在我们奔跑时帮助推动我们前进。)”可知，跟腱是人类为适应奔跑进化出的有利特征。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“One theory is that this ability may have permitted early humans to get food more effectively. Some scientists guess that early humans may have run after animals for great distances to make them tired before killing them. Running would also have shown another advantage: early humans might have eaten the meat left over from a kill by other large animals... the faster they got to the scene of the kill, the better.(一种理论认为，这种能力可能让早期人类更有效地获取食物。一些科学家猜测，早期人类可能会长途追赶动物，使其疲惫后再杀死它们。奔跑还会带来另一个优势：早期人类可能会食用其他大型动物猎杀后剩下的肉……他们越快到达猎杀现场越好。)”可知，早期人类长跑能力的进化与狩猎获取食物的需求相关。故选D项。 Passage 4 （25-26高一上·北京第一六一中学·期中）For anyone still doubting the belief that our emotions impact our physical health, a new study from New Zealand should be able to settle the matter. It reports that the physical wounds of healthy seniors healed more quickly if they wrote about their most upsetting experiences. This confirms the results of a 2010 study, and extends those findings to cover older adults — a group that is likely to suffer wounds (such as from surgery), and one with less access to other ways of lowering stress (such as exercise). Reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, a research team led by the University of Auckland’s Elizabeth Broadbent made a study featuring 50 healthy adults ranging in age from 64 to 97. They were asked to write for 20 minutes per day for three days on end. Half were asked to write about the most upsetting experience in their life, describing their deepest thoughts, feelings, and emotions about the events, ideally not previously shared with others. The others were asked to write about their daily activities without mentioning emotions, opinions or beliefs. Two weeks after the third day of writing, all participants received a standard 4mm skin biopsy (皮下活体组织检查) on their inner arm. The very tiny wounds caused by the biopsy were photographed regularly over the following days to determine the rate at which they healed. On the 11th day after the biopsy, the wounds completely healed on 76.2 percent of those who had done the expressive writing. That was true of only 42.1 percent of those who had written about everyday activities. “The biological and psychological mechanisms (机体) behind this effect remain unclear,” the researchers wrote, noting that those who had done the expressive writing did not report lower stress levels or fewer depressive symptoms than the others in the control group. Even if they weren’t consciously aware of feeling more relaxed or positive, the expressive writing appeared to have caused some sort of bodily reaction — probably involving their immune (免疫的) systems — that hastened their recovery. 1.What was the difference between the two groups of participants in the study? A. When they wrote. B. Where they wrote. C. What they wrote about. D. How often they wrote. 2.According to the text, the experiment lasted_________. A. about three days B. about ten days C. about two weeks D. about a month 3.The underlined word “hastened” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to . A. speeded B. showed C. limited D. ruined 4.What would be the best title of the text? A. Sharing with others can reduce stress B. Skin biopsies are likely to cause wounds C. Expressive writing heals physical wounds D. Upsetting experiences impact our emotions 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. A　4. C 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。本文通过介绍一个科学实验告诉我们精神对身体健康有很大的影响，进一步证明了两者是相关联的观点。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Half were asked to write about the most upsetting experience in their life, describing their deepest thoughts, feelings, and emotions about the events, ideally not previously shared with others. The others were asked to write about their daily activities without mentioning emotions, opinions or beliefs.”可知，其中一半的人被要求写下他们生命中最难过的经历，描述他们内心最深处的想法、感受和对这些事件的情感，理想的情况是不要与他人分享。其他人被要求写下他们的日常活动，而不提及情绪、观点或信仰。可知参加测试的对象中有一半被要求写出他们最难受的经历，最深层的感受。另外一半被要求写出日常活动但是不要提到情绪方面的内容。由此可知，这两群人的要求是不一样的。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据三、五、六段中的“They were asked to write for 20 minutes per day for three consecutive (连续的) days.(他们被要求连续三天每天写作20分钟)”；“Two weeks after the third day of writing, all participants received a standard 4mm skin biopsy(皮下活体组织检查) on their inner arm.(在写作的第三天之后的两周，所有的参与者在他们的手臂内侧接受了一个标准的4mm皮肤活检)”；On the 11th day after the biopsy, the wounds completely healed on 76.2 percent of those who had done the expressive writing.(活检后的第11天，做过表达性书写的患者中，76.2%的人伤口完全愈合)可知，这项实验加起来大约是一个月的时间。故选D。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“On the 11th day after the biopsy, the wounds completely healed on 76.2 percent of those who had done the expressive writing. That was true of only 42.1 percent of those who had written about everyday activities.”可知，活检后的第11天，做过表达性书写的患者中，76.2%的人伤口完全愈合。在那些写日常活动的人中，只有42.1%的人是这样的。由此可知，被要求写出内心深层感受的人的伤口愈合得更快，这正可以说明精神对身体是有很大影响的。再根据划线词所在句“Even if they weren’t consciously aware of feeling more relaxed or positive, the expressive writing appeared to have caused some sort of bodily reaction — probably involving their immune (免疫的) systems — that hastened their recovery.”可知，即使他们没有意识到自己感觉更放松或更积极，表达性写作似乎已经引起了某种身体反应——可能涉及到他们的免疫系统——从而hastened他们的恢复。由此可知，在他们无意识的情况下，表达情绪的写作可以导致免疫系统的做出回应——加快伤口的恢复。由此推知，划线词与speeded“加速，加快”意义一致。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“For anyone still doubting the belief that our emotions impact our physical health, a new study from New Zealand should be able to settle the matter. It reports that the physical wounds of healthy seniors healed more quickly if they wrote about their most upsetting experiences.”可知，对于仍然怀疑情绪会影响身体健康的人来说，新西兰的一项新研究应该能解决这个问题。报告指出，如果健康老年人写下他们最痛苦的经历，他们身体上的伤口愈合得更快。由此可知，本文主要是关于表达内心感受的写作可以帮助老年人很快地愈合，故Expressive writing heals physical wounds(表达写作能够治愈身体伤痛)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。 Passage 5 （25-26高一上·北京第一零一中学·期中）Many of us may experience dinner-table debates. One common scene plays out as follows. You want to convince a friend or a family member of something you know they may disagree, and you share information and walk through your reasoning with them. Still, they reject your case. How do you react when your powers of persuasion fail? You might dismiss the person who doesn’t agree with your arguments as narrow-minded, foolish or otherwise out of touch with reality. The whole experience may feel like trying to guide someone on a journey when they refuse to follow. Psychologists have created a term, persuasion fatigue, to describe this form of frustration (懊恼). Persuasion fatigue may make it harder to successfully keep challenging conversations. Past research demonstrates that feeling frustrated can make you more resistant to changing your mind. It also shows that frustration may reduce your ability to recognize why your arguments don’t succeed. Persuasion fatigue also explains why, when debates break down, people tend to blame their conversational opponent. As Mark Twain once wrote, “In all matters of opinion, our opponents are insane (愚蠢的).” In past findings, people generally reported three times as many reasons why others’ faults led to failed debates rather than their own shortcomings. It is true that others are not always open to your ideas. Ending the discussion can therefore be the right thing to do. But in an overheated debate, your fatigue may lead you to misinterpret the situation and believe that your opponent is too stupid to see the truth. Fortunately, psychologists suggest some sound approaches to managing these situations and protecting your relationships. To reach your audience, it may be essential to express your message in terms of their values, not yours. Psychologists call this “moral reframing.” In fact, researches suggest that the simple act of acknowledging values of the people you’re talking to — telling them you understand where they’re coming from, even if you don’t agree—may lead them to lower their defenses and open up a little to new arguments. Your fatigue may be even worse by thinking or assuming that debate is a zero-sum struggle — that you win if, and only if, your opponent loses. But sometimes you’re better off seeing an argument as a cooperative effort to find the truth — less like angry neighbours fighting over their property line. The neighbours map land together by viewing it from multiple angles. Similarly, debates can help you triangulate a view between your opinion and the other person’s. The tendency to blame others for exhausting debates has real consequences. In our exhaustion, we may fail to see when our frustrations stem from a deep desire for connection. Recognizing persuasion fatigue—and how we contribute to it—may help us pass through heated debates without leaving those we love behind. 1.People may experience persuasion fatigue when they _________. A. try in vain to convince others B. misinterpret others’ reasoning C. adopt others’ views unwillingly D. try to persuade narrow-minded people 2.Which is the possible consequence of persuasion fatigue? A. One can’t stick to his point of view. B. One admits his limits and weaknesses. C. One can’t get to the root of failed debates. D. One feels incompetent for further arguments. 3.Why does the author quote Mark Twain in the passage? A. To stress the effect of changing others’ mind. B. To confirm the difficulty of winning an argument. C. To explain the reason for one’s ending an argument. D. To support the idea of one’s tendency to blame others. 4.Which is the recommended solution to managing persuasion fatigue? A. Seeing a debate as a zero-sum game. B. Making an effort for common ground. C. Shifting the topic to lower others’ defenses. D. Reframing points based on one’s own values. 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种现象——说服疲劳，分析了其产生的原因，并介绍了解决的方法。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“You want to convince a friend or a family member of something you know they may disagree, and you share information and walk through your reasoning with them. Still, they reject your case. How do you react when your powers of persuasion fail? You might dismiss the person who doesn’t agree with your arguments as narrow-minded, foolish or otherwise out of touch with reality. The whole experience may feel like trying to guide someone on a journey when they refuse to follow. Psychologists have created a term, persuasion fatigue, to describe this form of frustration(懊恼).(你想说服你的朋友或家人，你知道他们可能不同意，你分享信息，并与他们解释你的理由。尽管如此，他们还是拒绝了你的申请。当你的说服力失效时，你会作何反应？你可能会认为不同意你观点的人心胸狭窄、愚蠢或与现实脱节。整个经历可能就像在别人拒绝跟随的时候试图引导他们旅行。心理学家创造了一个术语，说服疲劳，来描述这种形式的懊恼。)”可知，说服疲劳指的是当你尽力说服对方，却发现一切努力都是徒劳的时候所产生的懊恼感。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Past research demonstrates that feeling frustrated can make you more resistant to changing your mind. It also shows that frustration may reduce your ability to recognize why your arguments don’t succeed.(过去的研究表明，感到沮丧会让你更不愿意改变主意。它还表明，沮丧可能会降低你认识到为什么你的论点不成功的能力。)”可知，这种沮丧感会让你不愿意改变主意，也会让你无法认清自己的说服不成功的真实的原因。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文中所引用的马克·吐温所说的话的前一句“Persuasion fatigue also explains why, when debates break down, people tend to blame their conversational opponent.(说服疲劳也解释了为什么当辩论破裂时，人们倾向于指责他们的对话对手。)”以及马克·吐温所说的话“In all matters of opinion, our opponents are insane(愚蠢的).(在所有的观点问题上，我们的对手都是愚蠢的)”可知，作者引用马克·吐温所说的话是为了论证自己的观点，也就是当辩论不成功时，人们倾向于指责自己的谈话对方。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“But sometimes you’re better off seeing an argument as a cooperative effort to find the truth—less like angry neighbours fighting over their property line. (但有时，你最好把争论看作是一种寻找真相的合作努力，而不是像愤怒的邻居为他们的财产线而争吵一样。)”可知，在处理说服疲劳时，我们可以把争论视作寻找共同点。故选B。 Passage 6 （25-26高一上·北京第八十中学-11月·期中）Earlier findings about sharks have shown that they could learn skills from each other. Recently, Vera Schluessel at the University of Bonn in Germany and her colleagues have done research on how well 12 bamboo sharks could recognize (认出) different numbers of objects. Each shark was put in a training pool with pictures of two different groups of geometric (几何图形的) shapes projected onto a wall The team then cycled through at least 40 objects of different shapes and shades to ensure the sharks weren’t simply picking up on the darkness of the objects or the area of wall they covered. Around half the sharks learned to reliably press their nose against the image with the most objects, after which they were rewarded with food. These sharks only seemed able to pick out the bigger group if it contained at least two more objects than the smaller one. This may be because the difference between six and seven fish or predators (捕食者) is unimportant in the wild, says Schluessel. The reason not all the sharks learned how to do the task could be that they, like all animals, have differences in intelligence (智力). Sharks join a growing number of animals that have been discovered to have similar skills at distinguishing quantities, including black bears, guppies and rhesus monkeys. In one experiment, dogs and wolves were able to reliably pick the larger of two groups. But dogs could only do so when one of the groups had far more objects. Some shark species are social learners and can perform a task in a tank more quickly if they watch another shark that has already been trained to do it. This challenges the image of sharks as mindless, solitary creatures. Just like humans, sharks learn from their own experiences and failures. And just as we do, sharks can learn from each other’s experiences too, says Catarina Vila Pouca at Macquarie University in Australia. “Being able to learn from others is enormously beneficial. Not only does it save time, but watching another shark’s success at feeding or failure to escape predators could be a matter of life or death.” Schluessel and her colleagues have also previously found that bamboo sharks have an advanced ability to recognize categories , such as snails or fish, enabling them to get a treat even if pictures look remarkably similar. This is similar to our ability to look at a goldfish and a salmon and know that they are the same type of thing, even though one is 30 times the size of the other. 1.What can we learn about the sharks in the recent research? A. They are trained to recognize the shapes. B. They are capable of telling more from less. C. They can identify objects due to the rewards. D. They are no better than dogs in telling numbers. 2.What does the underlined word “solitary” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Selfish. B. Lonely. C. Risky. D. Lazy. 3.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To show how sharks learn from each other. B. To explain how sharks and humans are alike. C. To prove that sharks are smarter than they look. D. To present the importance of numbers for sharks. 【答案】1. B　2. B　3. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究表明， The reason not all the sharks learned how to do the task could be that they, like all animals, have differences in intelligence ( 智力 ).鲨鱼有识别不同数量物体的能力。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Around half the sharks learned to reliably press their nose against the image with the most objects, after which they were rewarded with food. These sharks only seemed able to pick out the bigger group if it contained at least two more objects than the smaller one.(大约一半的鲨鱼学会了将鼻子可靠地贴在物体最多的图像上，之后它们就会得到食物奖励。较多图像这组比较小这组至少多两个图像时，这些鲨鱼似乎才能识别出较大的这组图像)”可知，鲨鱼能够区别出多和少。故选B。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“Some shark species are social learners and can perform a task in a tank more quickly if they watch another shark that has already been trained to do it. (一些鲨鱼物种是社会学习者，如果它们观察另一条已经接受过训练的鲨鱼，它们可以更快地在水箱中执行任务)”和下文“Just like humans, sharks learn from their own experiences and failures. (就像人类一样，鲨鱼从自己的经历和失败中学习)”可知，鲨鱼是社会学习者，并不是独居生物，它们是有意识的，会从别的已经接受过训练的鲨鱼身上学到一些东西。由此可推知，鲨鱼并不是无意识、孤独的生物，划线单词solitary意为“孤独的”，与B项“Lonely.(孤独的)”意思一样，故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Earlier findings about sharks have shown that they could learn skills from each other. Recently, Vera Schluessel at the University of Bonn in Germany and her colleagues have done research on how well 12 bamboo sharks could recognize (认出) different numbers of objects.(早期关于鲨鱼的研究结果表明，它们可以互相学习技能。最近，德国波恩大学的Vera Schluessel和她的同事对 12 只竹鲨识别不同数量物体的能力进行了研究。)”和第二段的“The reason not all the sharks learned how to do the task could be that they, like all animals, have differences in intelligence (智力).(并非所有的鲨鱼都学会了如何完成这项任务，可能是因为它们和所有动物一样，在智力上存在差异)”可知，本文主要介绍了研究表明，鲨鱼有识别不同数量物体的能力，鲨鱼是聪明的、社交复杂的动物，由此推知，文章的主要目的是证明鲨鱼比它们看起来要聪明。故选C。 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·北京大学附属中学·期中）Few people enjoy the depression that comes with winter in the world’s higher latitudes. In up to a tenth of the population, the long nights can trigger a type of depression known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Antidepressants (抗抑郁药) may help. But those often come with side effects. Many people prefer to treat the root cause by buying tools designed to emit (发出) bright light, in the hope of getting rid of the depression that causes SAD in the first place. Many doctors recommend them as a first-line treatment for the disorder. How well they actually work is tricky to test. In a drug trial, for instance, it is relatively straightforward to give some patients the real thing and others a placebo sugar pill. But running that sort of trial with light therapy (疗法) would mean preventing a large group of people from being exposed to anything resembling daylight for long periods of time. Even if you can find the volunteers, doing so is only really possible in big institutions such as hospitals and care homes. A few studies have been done along these lines. Most, though, have to make do with less rigorous control. With those warnings in mind, the evidence looks good. Last year, a review of 21 studies, led by Tu Zhe-Ming at the Jingzhou Mental Health Centre in China, concluded that light therapy does indeed seem to work. Another review was published in March by Michaela Bucuta, a psychologist at the Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, in Romania, and her colleagues, concluding that although people still feel the symptoms, between 60% and 90% of patients see “symptom remission” with daily use. As for which devices are the most effective, those that emit predominantly blue, green or white light all seem to have a similar impact. And intensity may be less important than the claims made in lamp advertising would have you believe. Nor do there seem to be many drawbacks. Although a few users report experiencing headaches, eye irritation and blurred vision, such complaints are rare. The benefits appear to be significant enough that a good deal of research has been done into whether light therapy can help patients with other, non-SAD forms of depression. Dr Bucuta’s review concluded that light therapy by itself can help with depression in 44% of cases. When it is combined with antidepressants, that number rises to 76%. All that makes for a cheerful thought as the autumnal nights draw in. For those who suffer from winter depression, the light at the end of the tunnel may shine out of a lamp. 1.According to the passage, what is a recommended first-line treatment for SAD? A. Taking antidepressant drugs. B. Receiving psychological treatment. C. Using devices that emit bright light. D. Moving to places with longer daylight. 2.What does the underlined word “remission” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. A resistance to the treatment. B. A sudden worsening of the condition. C. A complete recovery from the disease. D. A period when the symptoms get better. 3.What can we learn from the text? A. Conducting light therapy faces public disagreements. B. The effectiveness of light therapy is supported by evidence. C. Researchers are responsible for finding the root cause of SAD. D. People’s symptoms vary with the intensity and colors of the lamps. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了光照疗法对季节性情绪失调症（SAD，一种由冬季长夜引发的抑郁症）及其他类型抑郁症的疗效。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Many people prefer to treat the root cause by buying tools designed to emit bright light, in the hope of getting rid of the depression that causes SAD in the first place. Many doctors recommend them as a first-line treatment for the disorder.(许多人倾向于通过购买能够发出明亮光线的工具来治疗根本原因，希望从一开始就摆脱导致SAD的抑郁。许多医生建议将它们作为治疗这种疾病的一线方法。)”可知，SAD的一线治疗建议是使用能发出强光的设备。故选C。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第四段“With those warnings in mind, the evidence looks good. Last year a review of 21 studies, led by Tu Zhe-Ming at the Jingzhou Mental Health Centre in China, concluded that light therapy does indeed seem to work.(考虑到这些警示因素，现有证据仍颇为可观。去年，由中国荆州精神卫生中心的Tu Zhe-Ming牵头，对21项研究进行的一项综述得出结论：光照疗法确实似乎有效)”可知，光疗是有用的，因此划线词所在句子表示“60%至90%的患者在日常使用后“症状缓解””，remission的意思是“缓解”，和“A period when the symptoms get better(症状有所好转的时期)”意思相近。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The benefits appear to be significant enough that a good deal of research has been done into whether light therapy can help patients with other, non-SAD forms of depression. Dr Bucuta’s review concluded that light therapy by itself can help with depression in 44% of cases. When it is combined with antidepressants, that number rises to 76%.(光疗的好处似乎非常明显，因此人们已经进行了大量的研究，以确定光疗是否能帮助患有其他非SAD抑郁症的患者。Bucuta博士的综述得出结论，光疗法本身对44%的抑郁症患者有帮助。当它与抗抑郁药结合使用时，这个数字上升到76%。)”可知，光疗的有效性是有证据支持的。故选B。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·北京第三十五中学·期中）Chicken is America’s most popular meat. Many people assume chicken follows a simple rule-of-thumb: Pink chicken turned white means “done.” It’s similar to how we cook other meats. But is this true? To study how cooks at home follow safety recommendations, researchers filmed 75 households in five European countries. From a random but nonrepresentative sample, they also conducted an online survey of nearly 4,000 households in the same countries that say they cook chicken. Worried that chicken would dry out, most home cooks determined doneness by color and texture (口感) inside the meat, they found. Few bothered with thermometers (温度计), claiming they took too much time, were too complicated to use, didn’t fit in the chicken or weren’t necessary (although easy-to-use thermometers are inexpensive and widely available). In additional lab experiments, the scientists injected raw chicken breast with bacteria (细菌), which cause millions of sicknesses, thousands of hospitalizations and hundreds of deaths each year in the United States. They cooked the breasts until they reached core temperatures ranging from 122 to 158 Fahrenheit, and they discovered something surprising. At 158 degrees, but not lower, bacteria inside the chickens’ cores was reduced to safe levels, and when cut open its flesh appeared dull and fibrous, not shiny like raw chicken. But meat began changing from pink to white far below this, and most color change occurred below 131 degrees Fahrenheit. Sometimes, the chicken’s core would be safely cooked, but unsafe levels of bacteria still existed on surfaces that hadn’t touched the grill plate. So what are you supposed to do? Dr. Bruno Goussault, a scientist and chef, recommends buying and cooking breasts and legs separately. Bring the breast’s core to 165 degrees Fahrenheit, he said, and the leg to between 168.8 and 172.4 Fahrenheit. If you really want to safely measure temperature for a whole chicken, insert a pop-up thermometer into the thickest part of the leg before roasting it, Dr. Goussault suggests. By the time it pops, the breasts will have long cooked. They will likely be dry and far from his standards of culinary (烹饪的) perfection. But you’ll be sure to, as Dr. Goussault says in French, “dormir sur ses deux oreilles,” or, figuratively, “sleep peacefully.” 1.Why didn’t home cooks measure temperature with a thermometer? A. They could not afford it. B. It affected the taste of the meat. C. It was not available in supermarkets. D. They thought it was too much trouble. 2.In lab experiments, when the temperature reached 158 Fahrenheit, the meat . A. was free of bacteria B. still remained pink C. appeared to dry out D. was reduced in size 3.What can be learned from the last paragraph? A. The meat does not taste best when bacteria free. B. The leg becomes fully cooked before the breast. C. A whole chicken requires a higher temperature. D. The thermometer should be placed inside the breast. 4.What is the passage mainly about? A. Food safety. B. Simple lifestyle. C. Cooking skills. D. Kitchen equipment. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. A 【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章通过描述科学家所做的鸡胸和鸡腿的烹饪温度的测量实验，说明如何烹饪鸡肉才是安全的。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。由文章第二段Few bothered with thermometers (温度计), claiming they took too much time, were too complicated to use,didn’t fit in the chicken or weren’t necessary.很少有人为温度计费心，宣称他们花费了太多的时间，太复杂而不能使用，不适合鸡肉也没必要。可知，人们会觉得用温度计比较麻烦，与选项D内容相符，故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。由文章第三段At 158 degrees, but not lower, bacteria inside the chickens’ cores was reduced to safe levels, and when cut open its flesh appeared dull and fibrous, not shiny like raw chicken.在158度时，但不是更低，鸡核心的细菌降到了安全水平，当被切开时，鸡肉显得枯燥和纤维状，不像生鸡肉肉质那么光滑。可知，到了158度时，鸡肉会显得干燥和纤维状，与选项C内容相符，故选C项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。由最后一段Bring the breast’s core to 165 degrees Fahrenheit, he said, and the leg to between 168.8 and 172.4 Fahrenheit.鸡胸的核心温度要达到165度，他说，鸡腿的温度要达到168.8度和172.4度之间。和They will likely be dry and far from his standards of culinary (烹饪的) perfection.他们可能会干燥，而且与完美的烹饪标准也相去甚远。可知，鸡胸和鸡腿的安全烹饪温度分别为165度，168.8度和172.4度之间，这时细菌几乎被杀死了，所以食用是比较安全的，但此时口感和味道却不那么好了。与选项A内容相符，故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。由文章第一段To study how cooks at home follow safety recommendations, researchers filmed 75 households in five European countries.为了研究在家烹饪如何遵守安全的建议，研究者们在5个欧洲国家拍摄了75个家庭的烹饪情况。可知，文章讲述的是在家烹饪时的食品安全问题，与选项A内容相符，故选A项。 【点睛】主旨大意题是阅读理解的常见题型，做这类题时，一般会有如下思路：1.关注首段或是最后一段，这两个位置往往会有体现文章主旨的句子。2.如没有主旨句，要通读全文，自己概括出文章大意。例如小题4就依据第一个思路，由第一段To study how cooks at home follow safety recommendations, researchers filmed 75 households in five European countries. 为了研究在家烹饪如何遵守安全的建议，研究者们在5个欧洲国家拍摄了75个家庭的烹饪情况。再结合文章的描述，可知本文讲述的是在家烹饪时食品安全的问题，故选A项。 主题语境05 人与自然-灾害防范 （24-25高一上·北京第十四中学·期中）On December 26, 2004, hundreds of tourists relaxed on Sri Lanka’s Yala National Park’s beaches. But at mid-morning the park’s elephants began crying wildly and running away from the ocean and up a nearby hill. The puzzled keepers could tell the animals were worried about something but what? What the keepers did not know was that a 30-foot wall of water was headed straight toward them. This tsunami(海啸) had been caused by an earthquake more than 1, 000 miles away in the Indian Ocean. When the huge wave hit the coast, it caused severe damage. Many people died. The elephants, however, were not swept away by the water. They stood safely on the hill. Scientists have long suspected that animals sense natural disasters before humans do. People have told stories of dogs refusing to go outside and sharks swimming to deeper waters before a hurricane. After the 2004 tsunami, people said they saw tigers, monkeys, and water buffalo escaping to higher ground before the waters rushed in. Even in the hardest-hit areas of southern Asia, there were few animal deaths. It's unlikely that an animal’s so-called sixth sense comes from some magical power to see into the future. Experts believe that animals may be more sensitive than humans to changes in temperature and other environmental conditions that take place before a natural disaster. The elephants in Sri Lanka, for example, may have picked up vibrations from within the Earth, a sign that earthquake was coming. Because vibrations in the ground travel much faster than an ocean wave, the elephants may have felt the earthquake that caused the tsunami well before the tsunami itself came to the coast. A few scientists are calling for a system to track reports of strange behavior in people’s pets, hoping that these reports can serve as a warning system that a natural disaster is about to happen. But Marina Haynes, an animal behavior scientist at the Philadelphia Zoo, says, “It would be an unreliable way to predict disasters. It can be difficult to know what an animal is doing. Is the animal nervous because an earthquake is about to happen or is it frightened because there is an enemy nearby?” 1.What happened to the elephants in Yala National Park on December 26, 2004? A. They died in the natural disaster. B. They were disturbed by the tourists. C. They moved from the hill to the seaside. D. They behaved strangely before the tsunami. 2.The author supports his point of view in paragraph 3 mainly by _______. A. giving examples B. making comparisons C. telling interesting stories D. showing research findings 3.The underlined word vibrations in paragraph 4 means _______. A. changes in temperature B. a kind of chemical power C. continuous shaking movement D. serious environmental pollution 4.What may be Marina Haynes’ attitude towards the warning system in the last paragraph? A. Positive. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Supportive. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. C　4. B 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了长期以来，科学家们一直怀疑动物比人类更能感知自然灾害。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段But at mid-morning the park’s elephants began crying wildly and running away from the ocean and up a nearby hill.（但在上午10点左右，公园里的大象开始狂呼乱叫，从海里跑开，爬上附近的一座小山。）由此可知，2004年12月26日，亚拉国家公园的大象在海啸前表现得很奇怪，故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段People have told stories of dogs refusing to go outside and sharks swimming to deeper waters before a hurricane. After the 2004 tsunami, people said they saw tigers, monkeys, and water buffalo escaping to higher ground before the waters rushed in. Even in the hardest-hit areas of southern Asia, there were few animal deaths.（人们讲过这样的故事:狗不愿出门，鲨鱼在飓风前游到较深的水域。在2004年的海啸之后，人们说他们看到老虎、猴子和水牛在洪水涌入之前逃到地势较高的地方。即使在受灾最严重的南亚地区，也很少有动物死亡。）可推断出作者在第三段主要通过举例来支持自己的观点，故选A。 (3)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据下文内容Because vibrations in the ground travel much faster than an ocean wave, the elephants may have felt the earthquake that caused the tsunami well before the tsunami itself came to the coast.（由于地面的震动比海浪的传播速度快得多，大象可能早在海啸到达海岸之前就已经感受到引发海啸的地震。）由此可以推断出“vibrations”意思是连续晃动，故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段But Marina Haynes, an animal behavior scientist at the Philadelphia Zoo, says, “It would be an unreliable way to predict disasters. It can be difficult to know what an animal is doing. Is the animal nervous because an earthquake is about to happen or is it frightened because there is an enemy nearby?”（ 但是费城动物园的动物行为科学家Marina Haynes说:“这是一种不可靠的预测灾难的方法。很难知道动物在做什么。是因为地震即将发生而感到紧张，还是因为附近有敌人而感到害怕?”）由此推断出，Marina Haynes在最后一段对这种预警系统持怀疑态度。A. Positive.积极的； B. Doubtful.怀疑的；C. Hopeful. 怀有希望的；D. Supportive. 支持的。故选B。 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·北京第三十五中学·期中）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests. Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests. Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status. “This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ” It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ” Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help. 1.Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests? A. To assess their health status. B. To evaluate their work habits. C. To analyze their personality. D. To measure their mental ability. 2.How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4? A. By using an expert’s words. B. By making a comparison. C. By referring to another study. D. By introducing a concept. 3.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.(来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了1000多名75岁以上的退休老人，并通过一系列的测试对他们的记忆力和思维能力进行了评估。)”可知，科学家让志愿者做测试是为了测试他们的心智能力。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中Francisca Then说的话“This works just like physical exercise,( 这就像体育锻炼一样有效。)”及接下来进一步的解释“长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。第一段“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age(需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。)”是本文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持敏捷”适合作本文标题。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·北京北京理工大学附属中学~·期中）Success and Risk in Extreme Sports What is it that drives some to take extreme risks, while the rest of us hurry for the safety of the sidelines? Lester Keller, sports-psychology expert, says that not everyone has the mental makeup to do well in extreme sports. He notes that most of us hit a natural ceiling that limits our appetite for extreme risk in tricky conditions. But others have a much higher tolerance for risk. Keller points to a top ski racer. He told Keller that “the high element of risk makes you feel alive, tests what you are made of and how far you can take yourself”. He said he would get nervous on some of the courses, but that this would just make him fight more. Psychologists note that some people seem to have a strong desire for adrenaline (肾上腺素) rushes as a behavior seeking excited feelings. Like many extreme athletes, Emily Cook’s appetite for risk appeared at a young age. “I was a gymnast,” she said. “I was one of those kids who enjoyed and did well at anything where you were upside down.” As she started doing harder tricks, she was drawn to the challenge. “There are moments when you’re up there doing a new trick and it seems like an impossible thing. But overcoming that is just the coolest feeling in the world.” Shane Murphy, sports professor, has worked with groups climbing Everest. “To me, that just seems like the height of risk,” he said. “But to them it was the next step in an activity that they’ve prepared for years.” Murphy said the view of extreme athletes is different from our own. “We look at a risky situation and know that if we were in that situation we would be out of control. But from the athletes’ view, they have a lot of control, and there are many things that they do to minimize risk.” Another aspect of risk perception (认知) may be something referred to as “the flow”, a state in which many athletes become absorbed in the acts that focus the mind completely on the present. “Something that makes you try doing a tougher climb than usual, perhaps, is that your adrenaline flows and you become very concentrated on what you’re doing,” Murphy says. “After it’s over, there’s great excitement.” People of different skill levels experience the flow at different times. Some may always be driven to adventures that others consider extreme. “I can enjoy hitting a tennis ball around, because that’s my skill level,” Murphy says. “But others might need the challenge of Olympic competition.” 1.By using the term “natural ceiling” in Paragraph 2, Lester Keller points out that ______. A. extreme athletes must learn special skills B. extreme athletes have chances to take risks C. many people don’t want to do extreme sports D. many people can’t limit desire for extreme sports 2.What does Shane Murphy think about the mountain climbers he mentions? A. They put in lots of preparation for challenges. B. They are more fortunate than other sportspeople. C. They carry little risk when facing big challenges. D. They have special reasons that others can’t easily understand. 3.What main point is made in Paragraph 5? A. Extreme athletes use techniques other people don’t use. B. Non-athletes are probably wise not to try extreme sports. C. Most people lack the focus required to take bigger risks. D. A certain state of mind makes attempting an activity more likely. 4.We can learn from the passage that ______. A. risk-taking is something you either naturally do or avoid B. those who take risks are more likely to be successful in life C. extreme athletes are driven by a need to be better than others D. taking part in extreme sports is not as difficult as people think 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. A 【解析】 这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了极限运动的成功与风险。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。分析文章第二段第二句“He notes that most of us hit a natural ceiling that limits our appetite $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （25-25高一·牛栏山一中·期中）“CUT!” barks the director, and chaos erupts at a film studio in Los Angeles. Actors rush off to change their costumes, while crew members hurry to arrange new stage items. It is only the second day of filming and they have already packed in a week’s worth of cliffhangers (悬念). Filming a micro-drama, the latest new-media format to emerge from China, is just as fast-paced as watching one. “It’s soaps on steroids (激素),” a screenwriter explains. Micro-dramas are mini soap operas designed for the smartphone generation. Episodes are filmed in a vertical format and last just over a minute each. The acting tends to be overly dramatic, the storylines often crazy, with titles like “The Ordinary Student’s Sudden Royal Heritage”. But the bite-sized stories are perfect for China’s many young working professionals: long trips to and from work and tiring schedules leave little time for binge-watching box-sets on the sofa. A single micro-drama can cost over $10 to watch, with the first few episodes free of charge and the rest behind a paywall. Yet viewers have been willing to pay good money for it. This has fueled domestic enthusiasm: larger film companies are stepping in to expand production, while more traditional streaming platforms are setting up their own micro-drama channels. Now many apps are spreading the love, delivering micro-dramas to new audiences outside China. They don’t just translate Chinese series but also create original content with foreign actors, writers and directors. However, due to cultural differences, overseas actors sometimes struggle to understand why Chinese producers insist on sticking to cheesy tropes (俗气的桥段) and over-the-top acting. Nevertheless, micro-drama apps have reached a total of nearly 55 million downloads and $170 million in receipts overseas, according to iiMedia Research, a data provider. These vertical shorts don’t seem like a flash in the pan. Sometimes less really is more. 1.What is a feature of micro-dramas’ filming according to the text? A. It adopts a high-tech style. B. It requires significant funds. C. It is a highly efficient process. D. It involves numerous instructions. 2.Why are micro-dramas ideal for China’s many young workforce? A. They are insightful to watch. B. They fit well with their busy schedules. C. They provide free episodes to viewers. D. They mirror the lives of young people. 3.What is the best title for the text? A. Soap Operas Develop Quickly in Digital Era B. Chinese Film Industry Sees a New Transformation C. Micro-Dramas Bring More Opportunities to the World D. China’s Micro-Dramas Will Enjoy Long-Term Success Passage 2 （25-26高一上·北京第八十中学-11月·期中）Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a large building, but usually these buildings are not designed with the comfort of a king in mind. When it comes to structures that are both beautiful and defensive, the European castle is a big success. Castles were originally built in England by the Normans in 1066. They built towers and walls to secure the land they had taken. These castles provided the Normans with a quiet and safe place. They also served as bases of operation for attacks. In this way castles served both defensive and offensive roles. Besides, castles served as offices for governors. Those that were socially beneath the governor would come to report affairs and express their respect. They would address problems, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities in castles. So castles served as social centers as well. The first castles were made from earth and wood, and they were likely to suffer from attacks by fire. Then wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these towers and walls. However, attackers could throw flaming objects into castles through the windows or burn the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access. During the Middle Ages, attacks increased in regularity, so castle defenses were updated. Arrow-slits were added. They were small holes in the castle, which allowed defenders to fire without being hurt. Towers were built from which defenders could provide fire on both sides. The towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. A lot of rings of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers went past one wall, they would be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. All of these increased the defense of castles. The end of castles can be attributed to gunpowder. During the 15th century, artillery, a kind of large guns, became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly made the role of castles less effective. Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year who wish to experience the situations of ancient times. 1.What was the original function of castles according to the passage? A. They served as tourist attractions. B. They were built for use in emergencies. C. They marked religious ceremonies. D. They were important social centers. 2.The reason why wooden castles were replaced by stone castles was that ________. A. stone castles cost less money B. wooden castles were uncomfortable C. stone castles offered better defense D. wooden castles took a long time to build 3.Which of the following showed an improvement in castle defenses? A. Castles were totally separated by stones. B. Windows and entrances were moved to the higher floor. C. Rings of walls were built to defend the towers. D. Arrow-slits were made in large quantities. 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. To describe the process of building castles in different materials B. To explain why palaces are less defensive than castles C. To discuss the impact of gunpowder on the construction of castles D. To introduce a history of castles and its rise and fall 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高一上·北京怀柔·期中）Have you ever met someone new and felt a little nervous about how they feel about you? If you have, you are not the only one. When we meet someone new, we often think we like them more than they like us back. This gap(差异) between how much we like others and think others like us is called a liking gap. The first study that discovered the liking gap was done with adults. Researchers invited college students to a research laboratory where they chatted with another person they did not know. Afterwards, they were asked separately how much they liked this other person and how much they thought the other person liked them back. Most students said they liked the other person, but thought the other person liked them less. Even more surprising was that the liking gap stuck around even after the people got to know each other. They also tested groups of children from 4 to 11 years old and found even children experience this liking gap, but it only starts around age 5. At this age, the liking gap is still small. it gets bigger as children get older, probably because they start to better understand that what they do influences what others think of them. Why do we have a liking gap? One idea comes from the research on children. At the age of 5,children also start to worry about their reputation (名誉) ,which causes them to think about things like ” Do they want to be my friends? Do they want to hang out with me?“ Another idea is that when we are talking to other people, we have to think so much about what we do and say that we forget to pay attention to how others are reacting to us. We are therefore often not sure about how the things we do or say make other people feel. So, if you sometimes feel that others like you less than you like them back, there is no reason to panic. in fact, the other person likely enjoys hanging out with you just as much as you do, or perhaps even more! 1.What does the underlined phrase “stuck around” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Closed. B. Appeared. C. Narrowed. D. Existed. 2.When do people start experiencing a liking gap? A. At the age of 4. B. Around the age of 5. C. From the age of 11. D. After becoming adults. 3.We have a liking gap probably because__________. A. we are likely to panic. B. we focus on our social skills. C. we avoid chatting with strangers. D. we take little notice of others’ reactions. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高一上·北京汇文中学·期中）We rely on our memory not only for sharing stories with friends or learning from our past experiences, but we also use it for crucial things like creating a sense of personal identity. Yet evidence shows that our memory isn’t as consistent as we’d like to believe. There are countless reasons why tiny mistakes might happen each time we recall past events, ranging from what we believe is true or wish were true, to what someone else told us about the past event, or what we want that person to think. And whenever these mistakes happen, they can have long-term effects on how we’ll recall that memory in the future. Take storytelling for example. When we describe our memories to other people, we might ask ourselves whether it’s vital to get the facts straight, or whether we only want to make the listener laugh. And we might change the story’s details depending on the listener’s attitudes. It isn’t only the message that changes, but sometimes it’s also the memory itself. This is known as the “audience-tuning effect”, showing us how our memories can change automatically over time, as a product of how, when, and why we access them. In fact, sometimes simply the act of rehearsing(复述) a memory can be exactly what makes it susceptible(易受影响的)to change. This is known as “retrieval-enhanced suggestibility”. In a typical study of this effect, participants watched a short film, then took a memory test a few days later. But during the days between watching the film and taking the final test, two other things happened. First, half of the participants took a practice memory test. Second, all of the participants were given a description of the film to read, which contained some false details. Participants who took a practice memory test shortly before reading the false information were more likely to reproduce this false information in the final memory test. Why might this be? One theory is that rehearsing our memories of past events can temporarily make those memories malleable. In other words, retrieving(找回)a memory might be a bit like taking ice-cream out of the freezer and leaving it in direct sunlight for a while. By the time our memory goes back into the freezer, it might have naturally become a little misshapen, especially if someone has influenced it purposely in the meantime. These findings lead us to wonder how much our most treasured memories have changed since the very first time we remembered them. Remembering is an act of storytelling, after all. And our memories are only ever as reliable as the most recent story we told ourselves. 1.According to the “audience-tuning effect”, our memories can ________. A. change our personal identity B. correct mistakes on their own C. determine our attitudes to others D. be affected by how we handle them 2.What can we infer from the study of “retrieval-enhanced suggestibility”? A. Practice can make imperfect. B. Storytelling brings back memories. C. Rehearsing contributes to better memories. D. Memory abilities vary from person to person. 3.What does the underlined word “malleable” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Acceptable. B. Valuable. C. Changeable. D. Controllable. 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （24-25高一上·北京第十四中学·期中）Are you looking for some club suitable for you in the senior high school？Here are some introductions of popular clubs. Speech Club Do you enjoy talking？Do you think you can be a future lawyer？Try out for the school’s speech team. Not only will you meet people and make new friends, you’ll also get to practice public speaking, a valuable, important tool that you will use at every stage of your life. By researching, talking about, and debating hot-button political, social, cultural, and environment topics, you will also become more aware and up-to-date on current events. Band Club Are you in a band in junior high？If so, you probably remember always hanging around with your musical buddies（同伴）. If you haven’t joined one of these three high school clubs yet, you should！The beauty of these three classes is that they’re not merely fine arts electives（选修的）, they’re also clubs！Most high school bands give performances, and even go on trips to Disneyland. Not sure？Did I mention that studies show that students with music education tend to receive higher grades？You read it right. Red Cross Club If you are interested in the medical field or planning to take a combined M.D. program, perhaps you should consider joining your school’s American Red Cross Club. As part of the high school club working with the local Red Cross chapter, you can become a lifeguard, learn how to perform CPR, or become a trained instructor who teaches others. Language Clubs Are you a native Spanish, French, or German speaker？Or maybe you just really like the foreign language class！Either way, you should consider joining your school’s language clubs and lean a new language during your past time. Spanish, French and German clubs put on several charity and cultural events through-out the academic（学术）year. You could be helping others in need, and making new friends all at the same time！ 1.Which club suits you best if you dream of becoming a lawyer？ A. Speech Club. B. Band Club. C. Red Cross Club. D. Language Clubs. 2.What is special about Band Club？ A. It improves students’ grades. B. It helps students to make friends. C. It enables students to be lifeguards. D. It makes students’ speaking ability better. 3.What do Red Cross Club and Language Clubs have in common？ A. They both can give you a trip to Disneyland. B. They make you a man of many gifts and languages. C. They enable you to give a hand to people in need. D. They can help you to be a person with first aid knowledge. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·北京第十七中·期中）E-Cooking Games Thanks for visiting E-Cooking Games! We offer many different types of free online food games for kids. You can find games where you can bake your own cakes, make your own hot dogs, pies and a lot more. You will also find more than just food games. You will find games where you can play makeup games, car games, adventure games and more. All of the games on our website can be played for free. We are constantly adding new games, so you should keep checking back daily. We take pride in all of the cooking games and other food games we add to our-website and make sure that we have games that will interest everyone, either boys or girls who enjoy baking up delicious treats. Here on our website, we have great online games with many different recipes (食谱) that any little baker will love. These games will keep you playing for hours at a time. You can click each game to get a brief description. You can also sort the games by using the menu on the left side of the page. The menu has the games sorted by categories (种类) and from there you can choose the free cooking game you want to play, or if you don’t want to play a cooking game, you can choose another type of game. If you are looking for games that will let you decorate your own cakes, we have those for you. If you are feeling a bit competitive and want to race, we can help you with that also. Do you want to cook sushi? Well, let us get you started with that. We have many free cooking games you can play. Get something to drink, kick back and get in that kitchen and cook some food! 1.The passage is likely to appear in ________. A. a travel guide B. a web page C. a science magazine D. a story book 2.We can learn from the passage that ________. A. kids can only play food games B. kids are not charged for the games C. the games are designed for girls D. the games are only related to Chinese traditional food 3.The purpose of this passage is to ________. A. present some new products B. teach some cooking lessons C. invite readers to taste some dishes D. introduce some interesting games Passage 3 （25-26高一上·北京工业大学附属中学·期中）Get To Know This Sweet and Spiky Fruit What Are Rambutans? The rambutan is a tropical fruit native to Malaysia, now grown throughout South East Asia as well as Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Central America. A cousin of the more well-known lychee, both fruits are members of the soapberry family. Rambutans have brownish-pink shells (壳) that are covered in hair-like bristles—in fact, the name rambutan comes from “rambut”, the Malay word for “hair”. The inner white fruit of the rambutan is juicy and sweet. Some say that the rambutan tastes like a sweet green grape. How to Eat Rambutans Rambutans are most often enjoyed fresh but also sometimes cooked, used to make rambutan jam. Because of their hard shells, they transport well and are ideal for packed lunches and picnics. They are easily added to cold dishes like fruit salads. Rambutan Nutrition and Benefits Rambutans are rich in vitamin C which helps strengthen the immune system and support brain health. Therefore, rambutans make a healthy sweet snack any time of day. Rambutans are low in calories and also rich in fiber (纤维). Where to Buy Rambutans Fresh rambutans from abroad can be found in supermarkets nationwide. You can also find rambutans in Chinese and South East Asian markets, both fresh and canned. Though they can be found year round, look for fresh rambutans when they are most plentiful in August and September. When choosing rambutans, pick those that are dark reddish-brown in color. Very pale, light colored rambutans may not be ready to eat. __________ While you don’t have to immediately put rambutans in a fridge, they will last longer if you do so. To avoid loss of freshness, wrap rambutans in paper and then in a breathable plastic bag. 1.Which are rambutans? A. B. C. D. 2.Why is the rambutan considered a healthy snack? A. The inner white fruit is juicy and sweet. B. It can be enjoyed fresh or cooked. C. It has a lot of vitamin C. D. It has zero calories. 3.Which is the best heading for the last paragraph? A. When to Save Rambutans B. Where to Keep Rambutans C. Why to Wrap Rambutans D. How to Store Rambutans 主题语境05 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高一上·北京怀柔·期中）You may have seen a talking parrot (鹦鹉) on a TV show, in a movie, or even in someone’s home. The parrot can learn to copy sounds that people make. Parrots are not only animals that can copy the sounds they hear. Dolphins, bats, and some monkeys also copy sounds. Now we can add elephants to this list. Dr. Poole is a zoologist. She studies the sounds of elephants. While she was in Kenya, she would hear strange noises after sunset made by Mlaika — a 10-year-old female African elephant living near a highway. Dr. Poole says, “I could not tell the difference between Mlaika’s call and the distant truck noise.” She and other scientists studied Mlaika’s sounds. It turned out that Mlaika was copying the sounds of the trucks driving by. “Mlaika was not the only copycat elephant that copies the sounds they hear,” Dr. Poole says. Calimero is a 23-year-old male African elephant. He spent 18 years with two female Asian elephants. Asian elephants make chirping sounds to talk with one another. African elephants usually do not make chirping sounds. But Calimero now does. He is copying his Asian elephant friends. A few other mammals, such as bats, dolphins, and humans, have learned to copy sounds around them. Many of them seem to copy the sounds of their friends to create a special connection! Dr. Poole says that elephants, too, need to stay connected with their family and friends. She says, “They make sounds to communicate with each other. When they are separated, they use sounds to keep in contact.” Parrots, dolphins, humans, and elephants show that copying sounds is one way that animals and people make new friends and keep old ones. 1.What did Dr. Poole find out about Mlaika? A. She liked living in a zoo. B. She copied truck sounds. C. She hated strange noises. D. She was separated from her family. 2.Calimero learned to make chirping sounds from ________. A. talking parrots B. research scientists C. Asian elephants D. trucks on the highway 3.According to the passage, animals copy sounds to __________. A. make themselves different B. improve their hunting skills C. give performances in shows D. communicate with each other 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·北京第十四中·期中）If you’re tired of your phone, you’re not alone. People receive between around 60 and 80 daily notifications (通知) on average, and some of us may get as many as 200. These seemingly endless dings and buzzes can really affect our wellbeing. Research has linked them to depression and anxiety, and they may even cause problems associated with ADHD (多动症). These outcomes may result from the fact that frequent phone interruptions increase our cognitive load (认知负荷), or the amount of information processed by the working memory. We only have so much mental capacity, and the extra effort it takes to switch between tasks can make us tired, less focused and disrupt (扰乱) emotional regulation. Additionally, in this state, we even experience a less accurate perception of time—we feel time is passing faster than in reality, which would eventually lead us to overlook results and cause hurried decisions, for example, buying a pricey dress without thinking it through. With the fact that cell phone notifications can mess with our brains, scientists have sought out ways to counteract these effects. One possible solution: Scheduling notifications into batches (批次) that arrive at certain times of the day with the help of certain apps. For example, you could choose to keep things quiet except for at 7 am, noon and 5 pm to go with waking up, taking a lunch break and heading home from school. In a 2019 study, researchers assigned 237 participants (参与者) into three groups, including those who received all their notifications three times a day, hourly, or none at all. The three-times-a-day group said they felt more productive, attentive, in a better mood and in greater control of their phones than the other two groups, while the notification-free group experienced more anxiety and fear of missing out. Besides, some researchers have argued that more personalized user design is possible. Developers should pay attention to how people interact with their devices. With the help of a machine learning model, our phone can automatically learn from our past behavior what types of notification we want to receive first, such as messages from relatives. Thus, certain notifications can be delivered at suitable times. This highly individualized method could be beneficial, but more individuality means more phone monitoring, which introduces yet another problem: In the struggle to free ourselves from tech addiction, it isn’t clear whether more monitoring is the solution, or just adding more fuel to the fire. 1.What is the possible result of frequent phone notifications? A. The working memory processes less information. B. Time passes faster than what we are usually used to. C. We tend to have distraction and emotional disruptions. D. We weigh the possible results before making decisions. 2.What do we know about the 2019 study? A. The study lasted three years. B. The comparative method was used. C. The none-at-all group felt more productive. D. Participants were addicted to their mobile phones. 3.What can we learn from the passage? A. Depression and anxiety lead us to rely on our phones. B. Adding extra phone monitoring can free us from tech addiction. C. The fewer phone notifications received, the better we control our phones. D. Personalized user design helps phones decide what notifications come first. 4.What is the purpose of writing this passage? A. To warn us against the phone overuse. B. To draw our attention to the problems of ADHD. C. To stress the importance of controlling our phones. D. To discuss ways to handle frequent phone notifications. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·北京第一六一中学·期中）Showrooming One of the biggest challenges facing brick-and-mortar retailers (实体零售店) in recent years has been the “showrooming” . Driven by the desire to get the best prices, many shoppers are now visiting brick-and-mortar stores to personally check on products that interest them, only to leave and then buy the items online. The new trend is forcing retailers to find out new ways to keep consumers from leaving their store for cheaper prices online. Recent research found that 40 percent of U.S. shoppers have showroomed previously, with big-box retailers suffering the most. Specifically, the study shows that Best Buy, Walmart and Target are the most likely brick-and-mortar stores to have shoppers test out a product in-store and then purchase it online later, while Amazon is benefiting most from the practice, with nearly 60 percent of shoppers using the online retail giant (巨人) most often to make their showrooming purchases. Smartphones have pushed showrooming into the front. Shoppers no longer have to wait until they get home to see if they can find a cheaper price for the products they’re considering buying. With smartphones, consumers can now compare virtual prices, at both other brick-and-mortar stores and online ones while still inside a retail store. If they can find what they’re seeking for less online, the majority will be seeking the first exit. A recent study showed that 45 percent of customers shopping at brick-and-mortar stores walk out and buy their purchase online for a discount of as little as 2.5 percent. This puts pressure on retailers to provide both an in-store experience worth staying for and an online presence that can attract shoppers who are showrooming in other businesses. To cut down on showrooming, many retailers are adopting new methods to keep shoppers in their stores. Among the steps they’re taking are price-matching guarantees that allow shoppers to pay a discounted price if they find it cheaper online. This ensures that even a showrooming shopper can make the purchase in the store—regardless of whether they find the cheaper price online. Another popular method to fight against showrooming is to give shoppers the ability to buy something online and pick it up at the store. This reduces shipping costs and gets customers in the store, where they may be encouraged to make an additional purchase. It is also important for businesses to take into consideration what makes shoppers purchase something in-store rather than online, and meet those needs. Research has found that more than 8 in 10 Americans consider being able to take the goods home immediately and the ability to touch and feel them—the most important aspects when deciding to purchase in a store rather than online. 1.According to the passage, a showrooming shopper tends to ______. A. pay for everything online B. have better bargaining skills C. rush to buy things in a store D. purchase online for a lower price 2.What contributes to the growing popularity of showrooming? A. The wide use of smartphones． B. The competition between big stores. C. The advertisement by online retail giants. D. The decline of the brick-and-mortar stores. 3.The underlined words “seeking the first exit” in Paragraph 3 probably mean ______. A. searching for lower prices B. leaving as soon as possible C. locating the first exit quickly D. making a purchase on the spot 4.The last three paragraphs mainly talk about ways of ______. A. increasing sales at stores B. preventing purchase online C. satisfying customers’ needs D. advising shoppers to buy more Passage 3 （25-26高一上·北京第一六一中学·期中）More People Are Leaving the Rat Race for the Simple Life Time is more precious than money for an increasing number of people who are choosing to live more with less—and liking it. Kay and Charles Giddens, two lawyers, sold their home to start a B&B hotel. Four years later, the couple dishes out banana pancake breakfast, cleans toilets and serves homemade chocolate chip cookies to guests in a B&B hotel surrounded by trees on a hill known for colorful sunsets. “Do I miss the freeways? Do I miss the traffic? Do I miss the stress? No,” says Ms. Giddens, “This is a phenomenon that’s fairly widespread. A lot of people are reevaluating their lives and figuring out what they want to do. If their base is being damaged, what’s the payoff?” Simple living ranges from cutting down on weeknight activities to sharing housing, living closer to work, avoiding shopping malls, borrowing books from the library instead of buying them, and taking a cut in pay to work at a more pleasurable job. Vicki Robin, a writer, lives on a budget equal to a fifth of what she used to make. “You become conscious about where your money is going and how valuable it is,” Ms. Robin says, “You tend not to use things up. You cook at home rather than eat out…” Janet Luhrs, a lawyer, quit her job after giving birth and leaving her daughter with a nanny for two weeks. “It was not the way I wanted to raise my kids,” she says, “Simplicity is not just about saving money; it’s about me sitting down every night with my kids to a candlelit dinner with classical music.” Mrs. Luhrs now edits a magazine, Simple Living, which publishes tips on how to buy recycled furniture and shoes, organize potluck dinners instead of expensive receptions, and generally how to consume less. “It’s not about poverty,” Mrs. Luhrs explains, “It’s about conscious living and creating the life you want. The less stuff you buy, the less money goes out of the door, and the less money you have to earn.” 1.Kay and Charles Giddens sold their home to ______. A. pay off the debt B. start a private hotel C. cut down expenses D. buy living necessities 2.Simple living includes ______. A. building a home library B. living in the countryside C. enjoying a colorful night life D. sharing housing with others 3.It can be learned from the passage that now Janet Luhrs ______. A. spends more time with her kids B. has an interest in classical music C. works as a reporter of a magazine D. helps people buy recycled clothes 4.How does the author develop the passage? A. By using figures. B. By asking questions. C. By giving examples. D. By making comparisons. 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高一上·北京工业大学附属中学·期中）Sportsmanship is the cornerstone of competitive sports, representing the principles of fair play, respect and honesty. It goes beyond winning and losing, emphasizing the importance of moral behavior, respecting each other, and fellowship. At the heart of sportsmanship lies the concept of fair play. It fosters (培养) a culture of rule-following, fair judgment, and equal opportunities for all participants. Fair play encourages athletes to compete with integrity, showing honesty and accepting the outcomes gracefully. It fosters an environment where cheating, unsportsmanlike and rude behavior are discouraged. By upholding fair play, athletes develop a sense of morality (道德) and a strong character that extends beyond the field of sports. Sportsmanship also includes respect and empathy (共情), creating an environment that encourages understanding and camaraderie. Athletes show respect for opponents, officials, and teammates, recognizing their contributions and valuing their abilities. They appreciate the various backgrounds, skills and perspectives that athletes from different teams bring to the game. Through respect and empathy, sportsmanship bridges gaps, promotes inclusivity and fosters a sense of unity among athletes and fans alike. Sportsmanship is shown by athletes who act as role models, inspiring others with their conduct on and off the field. When athletes display sportsmanship, they send a powerful message to young fans, teaching them the importance of fair play, respect and moral behavior. This positive influence extends to society as a whole, where sportsmanship can shape attitudes, values and behaviors beyond the field of sports. By upholding the principles of sportsmanship, athletes contribute to a healthier, more caring society. Sports organizations, coaches and educators play an important role in promoting sportsmanship. They should foster an environment that encourages fair play, respect and honesty. Emphasizing sportsmanship in training programs and competitions helps athletes develop a strong moral compass,empowering them to make moral choices both in sports and in life. Furthermore, fans and audience should also welcome sportsmanship, creating a positive atmosphere that encourages fair competition and respect for all participants. Sportsmanship is the bedrock of competitive sports, emphasizing the values of fair play and respect. It improves the sporting experience, fosters unity and shapes athletes into responsible and caring individuals. By promoting sportsmanship, we can create a sporting culture where victories are celebrated but fairness, respect and the spirit of the game take center stage. 1.What does the underlined word “camaraderie” mean in Paragraph 3? A. Friendship. B. Leadership. C. Contribution. D. Competition. 2.What are Paragraphs 2 and 3 mainly about? A. How sportsmanship is understood. B. Why sportsmanship is stressed. C. When sportsmanship is shaped. D. Where sportsmanship is treasured. 3.What can be learned from Paragraph 5? A. Athletes should be trained to make moral choices. B. Audience could influence athletes’ performance in sports. C. Promoting sportsmanship requires everyone’s contribution. D. Officials should take a lead in creating a positive atmosphere. 4.What is the best title for this passage? A. Sportsmanship:Advantages of Doing Sports B. Sportsmanship:Spirit of Fair Play and Respect C. Showing Sportsmanship:Qualities of a Good Player D. Teaching Sportsmanship:Values of Honesty and Courage 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-25高一·牛栏山一中·期中）As restaurants more and more use technology for placing food orders, a new University of South Florida (USF) study has shown that digital ordering platforms greatly affect consumer behavior. “While digital ordering can make things more convenient and efficient, many consumers will choose unhealthier food and spend more,” said Dipayan Biswas, a professor of marketing at the Muma College of Business. “Our research points out the importance of understanding how digital devices influence our decision-making.” Through six studies at restaurants and two in a USF School of Marketing and Innovation lab, Biswas and his graduate students studied the effect of ordering from a digital menu vs. a physical menu. The team looked at more than 23,000 orders from different restaurants, including an independently owned Mexican food restaurant and a major global dining chain with 1,000 locations across 23 countries. The study found 61% of digital orders, including those made for delivery, were unhealthy — more than 3% higher than non-digital orders. The team also found that digital menus have a bigger impact on what consumers order for dinner, since they tend to be more tired and depend more on technology later in the day. Therefore, digital ordering technologies may have less influence on consumers during breakfast and lunch. “Digital ordering modes lead to a more automatic decision-making process with less mental effort,” Biswas said. “This is because digital tools encourage people to rely less on their thinking ability and more on automatic processes.” This phenomenon is known as the “Google Effect”. The reduced mental effort in digital contexts can result in more automatic decision-making, leading to more indulgent (放纵的) food choices. According to Biswas, restaurant managers could use this research to adjust their offerings. “Restaurant managers who want to promote healthier options may benefit from offering non-digital ordering modes or some may be interested in promoting indulgent items during dinner hours through digital ordering to increase sales,” Biswas said. 1.What is the purpose of Biswas’s research on digital ordering? A. To stress the technological advance. B. To encourage healthy eating habits. C. To reveal its position in the market. D. To examine its impact on food selection. 2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about concerning the study? A. Its background. B. Its methods. C. Its significance. D. Its findings. 3.What effect might digital ordering have on consumers? A. More food consumption. B. Reduced mental effort. C. Healthier food choices. D. Enhanced dining experiences. 4.What does Biswas suggest restaurant managers do to promote healthier eating habits? A. Complete menus with nutritional information. B. Expand the range of healthy foods. C. Employ traditional ordering modes. D. Raise the prices of unhealthy items. Passage 2 （高一上·北京第五十五中学·期中）Have you ever wished you could be better organized or more sociable? Perhaps you’re a constant worrier, and you’d prefer to be a little more carefree? Actually at least 2/3 of people would like to change some elements of their personality. In the past, such desires appeared to be fruitless. One’s personality was thought to be formed in childhood and to remain fixed throughout his entire life. Recent research from psychology professor Nathan Hudson and his colleagues, however, challenges this expectation of a fixed personality. With the right psychological strategies and enough effort, they say, many people can successfully shape their desired personality. Their interventions (干预) typically involve recommending regular activities that reflect the personality traits(特征) people wish to adopt. Introverts who wish to be more outgoing, for example, might have the goal of introducing themselves to a stranger once a week, or making small talk with the cashier in the supermarket. Someone who wishes to be more organized and disciplined might be asked to carefully double-check an email before sending it, or to write a to-do list before going to bed. While these tasks may seem insignificant, the aim is for the thinking patterns and behaviors they produce to become habitual. And the evidence so far suggests it works remarkably well. In one 15-week trial of 400 people, participants accepted an average of two challenges each week. After they completed those tasks, their traits shifted in the desired direction, according to a personality questionnaire (调查问卷). The unexpected personality change should be good news for anyone who wishes they were a bit more sociable, organized, or happy-go-lucky. Another potential benefit is that awareness of this research could help improve mental health. People always believe negative feelings are just part of who they are, and there is little they can do to change them. But what if educating people about their potential for personality change could place them on a more positive track? To test this idea, Harvard professor of psychology, John Weisz, and his partner selected a group of 100 teenagers who had previously shown signs of anxiety or depression. They took a computerized course that explained the science of brain plasticity(可塑性), and were then given worksheets to strengthen what they had learned. When Weisz checked in on the teens’ mental health nine months later, the students reported a significant decrease in their anxiety and depression compared with those who had instead taken part in a course on “emotional expression”. Whether you are struggling with serious issues or simply want to polish off your rougher edges, remember that character is within your own hands and you have the power to become what you want to be. 1.According to the passage, an old belief about personality is that ________. A. most people are satisfied with their personality B. sociable or organized people are more popular C. childhood has nothing to do with personality D. people can’t change their personality traits 2.In Nathan Hudson’s research, participants ________. A. became more aware of their mental health B. formed new thinking patterns and behaviors C. reported their completed tasks in the questionnaire D. were advised to work as cashiers in the supermarket 3.John Weisz’s study is mentioned to ________ Hudson’s research. A. question the result of B. make a comparison with C. explain the method used in D. show an additional benefit of 4.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A. Mental Issues: More than Meets the Eye B. Personality: It Is Not Set in Stone C. Your Personality Shapes Your Future D. A Great Cure for Mental Problems Passage 3 （25-26高一上·北京第十七中·期中）Learning to Run An article published in the scientific journal Nature discusses an important aspect of human evolution (进化). According to Bramble and Lieberman, Professors at the University of Utah, humans have a number of features that make them surprisingly good runners. “We are confident that running was important in the origin of the human body form,” says Bramble. Traditional thinking has been that humans are poor runners compared to such animals as horses. However, this is only true if we consider running at high speed, especially over short distances. Even an athlete can hardly run as quickly as a horse does, and can only keep up a top speed for 15 seconds or so. But when it comes to long-distance running, humans will do astonishingly well. They can keep a steady pace for many kilometres, and their speed is at least at the same level with that of horses. Bramble and Lieberman examined 26 parts of human bodies. One of the most interesting of these is the nuchal ligament (韧带). When we run, it is this ligament that prevents our head from moving back and forth or from side to side. Therefore, we are able to run with steady heads, held high. Then there are Achilles tendons (跟腱) at the backs of our legs, forming the mechanical links between the muscles to the bones. They act like strong strings and help to push us forward when we run. Besides, we have low, wide shoulders, a development which allows us to run more effectively. Add to this our light forearms, which swing in co-operation with the movement of our legs to assist balance, and one begins to appreciate the point that Bramble and Lieberman are trying to make. But what advantage is gained from being good long-distance runners? One theory is that this ability may have permitted early humans to get food more effectively. Some scientists guess that early humans may have run after animals for great distances to make them tired before killing them. Running would also have shown another advantage: early humans might have eaten the meat left over from a kill by other large animals. They may have been warned of the existence of a freshly killed animal by vultures (秃鹰), and the faster they got to the scene of the kill, the better. “Research on the history of human ability of running has traditionally been controversial,” says Lieberman. “At the very least, I hope this theory will make many people have second thoughts about how humans learned to run and why we are built the way we are.” 1.In Paragraph 2, the author mainly tells us that ________. A. humans are poor runners compared to horses B. humans are good runners over long distances C. humans may run at high speed for a short time D. humans can keep the same speed when running 2.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that ________. A. tendons are a successful adaptation for running B. strong muscles and bones keep running effective C. the shape of shoulders affects the position of heads D. humans can run faster if they have longer forearms 3.What conclusion is drawn about early humans? A. They followed birds to avoid danger. B. They were unable to kill large animals. C. They developed their big brains for running. D. They evolved running due to the need for hunting. Passage 4 （25-26高一上·北京第一六一中学·期中）For anyone still doubting the belief that our emotions impact our physical health, a new study from New Zealand should be able to settle the matter. It reports that the physical wounds of healthy seniors healed more quickly if they wrote about their most upsetting experiences. This confirms the results of a 2010 study, and extends those findings to cover older adults — a group that is likely to suffer wounds (such as from surgery), and one with less access to other ways of lowering stress (such as exercise). Reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, a research team led by the University of Auckland’s Elizabeth Broadbent made a study featuring 50 healthy adults ranging in age from 64 to 97. They were asked to write for 20 minutes per day for three days on end. Half were asked to write about the most upsetting experience in their life, describing their deepest thoughts, feelings, and emotions about the events, ideally not previously shared with others. The others were asked to write about their daily activities without mentioning emotions, opinions or beliefs. Two weeks after the third day of writing, all participants received a standard 4mm skin biopsy (皮下活体组织检查) on their inner arm. The very tiny wounds caused by the biopsy were photographed regularly over the following days to determine the rate at which they healed. On the 11th day after the biopsy, the wounds completely healed on 76.2 percent of those who had done the expressive writing. That was true of only 42.1 percent of those who had written about everyday activities. “The biological and psychological mechanisms (机体) behind this effect remain unclear,” the researchers wrote, noting that those who had done the expressive writing did not report lower stress levels or fewer depressive symptoms than the others in the control group. Even if they weren’t consciously aware of feeling more relaxed or positive, the expressive writing appeared to have caused some sort of bodily reaction — probably involving their immune (免疫的) systems — that hastened their recovery. 1.What was the difference between the two groups of participants in the study? A. When they wrote. B. Where they wrote. C. What they wrote about. D. How often they wrote. 2.According to the text, the experiment lasted_________. A. about three days B. about ten days C. about two weeks D. about a month 3.The underlined word “hastened” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to . A. speeded B. showed C. limited D. ruined 4.What would be the best title of the text? A. Sharing with others can reduce stress B. Skin biopsies are likely to cause wounds C. Expressive writing heals physical wounds D. Upsetting experiences impact our emotions Passage 5 （25-26高一上·北京第一零一中学·期中）Many of us may experience dinner-table debates. One common scene plays out as follows. You want to convince a friend or a family member of something you know they may disagree, and you share information and walk through your reasoning with them. Still, they reject your case. How do you react when your powers of persuasion fail? You might dismiss the person who doesn’t agree with your arguments as narrow-minded, foolish or otherwise out of touch with reality. The whole experience may feel like trying to guide someone on a journey when they refuse to follow. Psychologists have created a term, persuasion fatigue, to describe this form of frustration (懊恼). Persuasion fatigue may make it harder to successfully keep challenging conversations. Past research demonstrates that feeling frustrated can make you more resistant to changing your mind. It also shows that frustration may reduce your ability to recognize why your arguments don’t succeed. Persuasion fatigue also explains why, when debates break down, people tend to blame their conversational opponent. As Mark Twain once wrote, “In all matters of opinion, our opponents are insane (愚蠢的).” In past findings, people generally reported three times as many reasons why others’ faults led to failed debates rather than their own shortcomings. It is true that others are not always open to your ideas. Ending the discussion can therefore be the right thing to do. But in an overheated debate, your fatigue may lead you to misinterpret the situation and believe that your opponent is too stupid to see the truth. Fortunately, psychologists suggest some sound approaches to managing these situations and protecting your relationships. To reach your audience, it may be essential to express your message in terms of their values, not yours. Psychologists call this “moral reframing.” In fact, researches suggest that the simple act of acknowledging values of the people you’re talking to — telling them you understand where they’re coming from, even if you don’t agree—may lead them to lower their defenses and open up a little to new arguments. Your fatigue may be even worse by thinking or assuming that debate is a zero-sum struggle — that you win if, and only if, your opponent loses. But sometimes you’re better off seeing an argument as a cooperative effort to find the truth — less like angry neighbours fighting over their property line. The neighbours map land together by viewing it from multiple angles. Similarly, debates can help you triangulate a view between your opinion and the other person’s. The tendency to blame others for exhausting debates has real consequences. In our exhaustion, we may fail to see when our frustrations stem from a deep desire for connection. Recognizing persuasion fatigue—and how we contribute to it—may help us pass through heated debates without leaving those we love behind. 1.People may experience persuasion fatigue when they _________. A. try in vain to convince others B. misinterpret others’ reasoning C. adopt others’ views unwillingly D. try to persuade narrow-minded people 2.Which is the possible consequence of persuasion fatigue? A. One can’t stick to his point of view. B. One admits his limits and weaknesses. C. One can’t get to the root of failed debates. D. One feels incompetent for further arguments. 3.Why does the author quote Mark Twain in the passage? A. To stress the effect of changing others’ mind. B. To confirm the difficulty of winning an argument. C. To explain the reason for one’s ending an argument. D. To support the idea of one’s tendency to blame others. 4.Which is the recommended solution to managing persuasion fatigue? A. Seeing a debate as a zero-sum game. B. Making an effort for common ground. C. Shifting the topic to lower others’ defenses. D. Reframing points based on one’s own values. Passage 6 （25-26高一上·北京第八十中学-11月·期中）Earlier findings about sharks have shown that they could learn skills from each other. Recently, Vera Schluessel at the University of Bonn in Germany and her colleagues have done research on how well 12 bamboo sharks could recognize (认出) different numbers of objects. Each shark was put in a training pool with pictures of two different groups of geometric (几何图形的) shapes projected onto a wall The team then cycled through at least 40 objects of different shapes and shades to ensure the sharks weren’t simply picking up on the darkness of the objects or the area of wall they covered. Around half the sharks learned to reliably press their nose against the image with the most objects, after which they were rewarded with food. These sharks only seemed able to pick out the bigger group if it contained at least two more objects than the smaller one. This may be because the difference between six and seven fish or predators (捕食者) is unimportant in the wild, says Schluessel. The reason not all the sharks learned how to do the task could be that they, like all animals, have differences in intelligence (智力). Sharks join a growing number of animals that have been discovered to have similar skills at distinguishing quantities, including black bears, guppies and rhesus monkeys. In one experiment, dogs and wolves were able to reliably pick the larger of two groups. But dogs could only do so when one of the groups had far more objects. Some shark species are social learners and can perform a task in a tank more quickly if they watch another shark that has already been trained to do it. This challenges the image of sharks as mindless, solitary creatures. Just like humans, sharks learn from their own experiences and failures. And just as we do, sharks can learn from each other’s experiences too, says Catarina Vila Pouca at Macquarie University in Australia. “Being able to learn from others is enormously beneficial. Not only does it save time, but watching another shark’s success at feeding or failure to escape predators could be a matter of life or death.” Schluessel and her colleagues have also previously found that bamboo sharks have an advanced ability to recognize categories , such as snails or fish, enabling them to get a treat even if pictures look remarkably similar. This is similar to our ability to look at a goldfish and a salmon and know that they are the same type of thing, even though one is 30 times the size of the other. 1.What can we learn about the sharks in the recent research? A. They are trained to recognize the shapes. B. They are capable of telling more from less. C. They can identify objects due to the rewards. D. They are no better than dogs in telling numbers. 2.What does the underlined word “solitary” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Selfish. B. Lonely. C. Risky. D. Lazy. 3.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To show how sharks learn from each other. B. To explain how sharks and humans are alike. C. To prove that sharks are smarter than they look. D. To present the importance of numbers for sharks. 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·北京大学附属中学·期中）Few people enjoy the depression that comes with winter in the world’s higher latitudes. In up to a tenth of the population, the long nights can trigger a type of depression known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Antidepressants (抗抑郁药) may help. But those often come with side effects. Many people prefer to treat the root cause by buying tools designed to emit (发出) bright light, in the hope of getting rid of the depression that causes SAD in the first place. Many doctors recommend them as a first-line treatment for the disorder. How well they actually work is tricky to test. In a drug trial, for instance, it is relatively straightforward to give some patients the real thing and others a placebo sugar pill. But running that sort of trial with light therapy (疗法) would mean preventing a large group of people from being exposed to anything resembling daylight for long periods of time. Even if you can find the volunteers, doing so is only really possible in big institutions such as hospitals and care homes. A few studies have been done along these lines. Most, though, have to make do with less rigorous control. With those warnings in mind, the evidence looks good. Last year, a review of 21 studies, led by Tu Zhe-Ming at the Jingzhou Mental Health Centre in China, concluded that light therapy does indeed seem to work. Another review was published in March by Michaela Bucuta, a psychologist at the Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, in Romania, and her colleagues, concluding that although people still feel the symptoms, between 60% and 90% of patients see “symptom remission” with daily use. As for which devices are the most effective, those that emit predominantly blue, green or white light all seem to have a similar impact. And intensity may be less important than the claims made in lamp advertising would have you believe. Nor do there seem to be many drawbacks. Although a few users report experiencing headaches, eye irritation and blurred vision, such complaints are rare. The benefits appear to be significant enough that a good deal of research has been done into whether light therapy can help patients with other, non-SAD forms of depression. Dr Bucuta’s review concluded that light therapy by itself can help with depression in 44% of cases. When it is combined with antidepressants, that number rises to 76%. All that makes for a cheerful thought as the autumnal nights draw in. For those who suffer from winter depression, the light at the end of the tunnel may shine out of a lamp. 1.According to the passage, what is a recommended first-line treatment for SAD? A. Taking antidepressant drugs. B. Receiving psychological treatment. C. Using devices that emit bright light. D. Moving to places with longer daylight. 2.What does the underlined word “remission” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. A resistance to the treatment. B. A sudden worsening of the condition. C. A complete recovery from the disease. D. A period when the symptoms get better. 3.What can we learn from the text? A. Conducting light therapy faces public disagreements. B. The effectiveness of light therapy is supported by evidence. C. Researchers are responsible for finding the root cause of SAD. D. People’s symptoms vary with the intensity and colors of the lamps. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·北京第三十五中学·期中）Chicken is America’s most popular meat. Many people assume chicken follows a simple rule-of-thumb: Pink chicken turned white means “done.” It’s similar to how we cook other meats. But is this true? To study how cooks at home follow safety recommendations, researchers filmed 75 households in five European countries. From a random but nonrepresentative sample, they also conducted an online survey of nearly 4,000 households in the same countries that say they cook chicken. Worried that chicken would dry out, most home cooks determined doneness by color and texture (口感) inside the meat, they found. Few bothered with thermometers (温度计), claiming they took too much time, were too complicated to use, didn’t fit in the chicken or weren’t necessary (although easy-to-use thermometers are inexpensive and widely available). In additional lab experiments, the scientists injected raw chicken breast with bacteria (细菌), which cause millions of sicknesses, thousands of hospitalizations and hundreds of deaths each year in the United States. They cooked the breasts until they reached core temperatures ranging from 122 to 158 Fahrenheit, and they discovered something surprising. At 158 degrees, but not lower, bacteria inside the chickens’ cores was reduced to safe levels, and when cut open its flesh appeared dull and fibrous, not shiny like raw chicken. But meat began changing from pink to white far below this, and most color change occurred below 131 degrees Fahrenheit. Sometimes, the chicken’s core would be safely cooked, but unsafe levels of bacteria still existed on surfaces that hadn’t touched the grill plate. So what are you supposed to do? Dr. Bruno Goussault, a scientist and chef, recommends buying and cooking breasts and legs separately. Bring the breast’s core to 165 degrees Fahrenheit, he said, and the leg to between 168.8 and 172.4 Fahrenheit. If you really want to safely measure temperature for a whole chicken, insert a pop-up thermometer into the thickest part of the leg before roasting it, Dr. Goussault suggests. By the time it pops, the breasts will have long cooked. They will likely be dry and far from his standards of culinary (烹饪的) perfection. But you’ll be sure to, as Dr. Goussault says in French, “dormir sur ses deux oreilles,” or, figuratively, “sleep peacefully.” 1.Why didn’t home cooks measure temperature with a thermometer? A. They could not afford it. B. It affected the taste of the meat. C. It was not available in supermarkets. D. They thought it was too much trouble. 2.In lab experiments, when the temperature reached 158 Fahrenheit, the meat . A. was free of bacteria B. still remained pink C. appeared to dry out D. was reduced in size 3.What can be learned from the last paragraph? A. The meat does not taste best when bacteria free. B. The leg becomes fully cooked before the breast. C. A whole chicken requires a higher temperature. D. The thermometer should be placed inside the breast. 4.What is the passage mainly about? A. Food safety. B. Simple lifestyle. C. Cooking skills. D. Kitchen equipment. 主题语境05 人与自然-灾害防范 （24-25高一上·北京第十四中学·期中）On December 26, 2004, hundreds of tourists relaxed on Sri Lanka’s Yala National Park’s beaches. But at mid-morning the park’s elephants began crying wildly and running away from the ocean and up a nearby hill. The puzzled keepers could tell the animals were worried about something but what? What the keepers did not know was that a 30-foot wall of water was headed straight toward them. This tsunami(海啸) had been caused by an earthquake more than 1, 000 miles away in the Indian Ocean. When the huge wave hit the coast, it caused severe damage. Many people died. The elephants, however, were not swept away by the water. They stood safely on the hill. Scientists have long suspected that animals sense natural disasters before humans do. People have told stories of dogs refusing to go outside and sharks swimming to deeper waters before a hurricane. After the 2004 tsunami, people said they saw tigers, monkeys, and water buffalo escaping to higher ground before the waters rushed in. Even in the hardest-hit areas of southern Asia, there were few animal deaths. It's unlikely that an animal’s so-called sixth sense comes from some magical power to see into the future. Experts believe that animals may be more sensitive than humans to changes in temperature and other environmental conditions that take place before a natural disaster. The elephants in Sri Lanka, for example, may have picked up vibrations from within the Earth, a sign that earthquake was coming. Because vibrations in the ground travel much faster than an ocean wave, the elephants may have felt the earthquake that caused the tsunami well before the tsunami itself came to the coast. A few scientists are calling for a system to track reports of strange behavior in people’s pets, hoping that these reports can serve as a warning system that a natural disaster is about to happen. But Marina Haynes, an animal behavior scientist at the Philadelphia Zoo, says, “It would be an unreliable way to predict disasters. It can be difficult to know what an animal is doing. Is the animal nervous because an earthquake is about to happen or is it frightened because there is an enemy nearby?” 1.What happened to the elephants in Yala National Park on December 26, 2004? A. They died in the natural disaster. B. They were disturbed by the tourists. C. They moved from the hill to the seaside. D. They behaved strangely before the tsunami. 2.The author supports his point of view in paragraph 3 mainly by _______. A. giving examples B. making comparisons C. telling interesting stories D. showing research findings 3.The underlined word vibrations in paragraph 4 means _______. A. changes in temperature B. a kind of chemical power C. continuous shaking movement D. serious environmental pollution 4.What may be Marina Haynes’ attitude towards the warning system in the last paragraph? A. Positive. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Supportive. 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·北京第三十五中学·期中）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests. Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests. Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status. “This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ” It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ” Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help. 1.Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests? A. To assess their health status. B. To evaluate their work habits. C. To analyze their personality. D. To measure their mental ability. 2.How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4? A. By using an expert’s words. B. By making a comparison. C. By referring to another study. D. By introducing a concept. 3.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills B. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp D. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age Passage 2 （25-26高一上·北京北京理工大学附属中学~·期中）Success and Risk in Extreme Sports What is it that drives some to take extreme risks, while the rest of us hurry for the safety of the sidelines? Lester Keller, sports-psychology expert, says that not everyone has the mental makeup to do well in extreme sports. He notes that most of us hit a natural ceiling that limits our appetite for extreme risk in tricky conditions. But others have a much higher tolerance for risk. Keller points to a top ski racer. He told Keller that “the high element of risk makes you feel alive, tests what you are made of and how far you can take yourself”. He said he would get nervous on some of the courses, but that this would just make him fight more. Psychologists note that some people seem to have a strong desire for adrenaline (肾上腺素) rushes as a behavior seeking excited feelings. Like many extreme athletes, Emily Cook’s appetite for risk appeared at a young age. “I was a gymnast,” she said. “I was one of those kids who enjoyed and did well at anything where you were upside down.” As she started doing harder tricks, she was drawn to the challenge. “There are moments when you’re up there doing a new trick and it seems like an impossible thing. But overcoming that is just the coolest feeling in the world.” Shane Murphy, sports professor, has worked with groups climbing Everest. “To me, that just seems like the height of risk,” he said. “But to them it was the next step in an activity that they’ve prepared for years.” Murphy said the view of extreme athletes is different from our own. “We look at a risky situation and know that if we were in that situation we would be out of control. But from the athletes’ view, they have a lot of control, and there are many things that they do to minimize risk.” Another aspect of risk perception (认知) may be something referred to as “the flow”, a state in which many athletes become absorbed in the acts that focus the mind completely on the present. “Something that makes you try doing a tougher climb than usual, perhaps, is that your adrenaline flows and you become very concentrated on what you’re doing,” Murphy says. “After it’s over, there’s great excitement.” People of different skill levels experience the flow at different times. Some may always be driven to adventures that others consider extreme. “I can enjoy hitting a tennis ball around, because that’s my skill level,” Murphy says. “But others might need the challenge of Olympic competition.” 1.By using the term “natural ceiling” in Paragraph 2, Lester Keller points out that ______. A. extreme athletes must learn special skills B. extreme athletes have chances to take risks C. many people don’t want to do extreme sports D. many people can’t limit desire for extreme sports 2.What does Shane Murphy think about the mountain climbers he mentions? A. They put in lots of preparation for challenges. B. They are more fortunate than other sportspeople. C. They carry little risk when facing big challenges. D. They have special reasons that others can’t easily understand. 3.What main point is made in Paragraph 5? A. Extreme athletes use techniques other people don’t use. B. Non-athletes are probably wise not to try extreme sports. C. Most people lack the focus required to take bigger risks. D. A certain state of mind makes attempting an activity more likely. 4.We can learn from the passage that ______. A. risk-taking is something you either naturally do or avoid B. those who take risks are more likely to be successful in life C. extreme athletes are driven by a need to be better than others D. taking part in extreme sports is not as difficult as people think Passage 3 （25-26高一上·北京第九中学·期中）What kind of people can become scientists? When a group of researchers posed that question to ninth-and 10th-graders, almost every student gave such responses as “People who work hard” or “Anyone who seems interested in the field of science.” Many of these same students struggled to imagine themselves as scientists, citing concerns such as “I’m not good at science” and “Even if I work hard, I will not do well.” It’s easy for them to see a scientist’s work as arising from an inborn talent. But for high school students, learning more about some struggles of scientists can help students feel more motivated to learn science. Researchers at Teachers College, Columbia University and the University of Washington designed an intervention to change students’ beliefs that scientific achievement depends on ability rather than effort by exposing students to stories of how accomplished scientists struggled and overcame challenges in their scientific efforts. During the study, the students read one of three types of stories about Albert Einstein, Marie Curie and Michael Faraday. Intellectual(智力的)struggle stories: stories about how scientists “struggled intellectually,” such as making mistakes while addressing a scientific problem and learning from them. Life struggle stories: stories about how scientists struggled in their personal lives, such as not giving up in the face of poverty or lack of family support. Achievement stories: stories about how scientists made great discoveries, without any discussion of coexisting challenges. Researchers found that students who heard either type of “struggle stories” improved their science performance after-intervention, compared to students in the control group. The effect was especially pronounced for lower performing students, for whom exposure to struggling stories led to significantly better science-class performance than low-performing students who read achievement stories. In addition, students who read struggle stories reported feeling more personally connected to the scientists. By recognizing a scientist’s struggles and introducing the growth mindset he or she applied to accomplish great works, the students were able to empathize(共情)with the scientists during their own struggles. 1.Why do students fail to imagine themselves as scientists? A. They lack interest in science. B. They are short of confidence. C. They don’t have inborn talent. D. They have no ability to study science. 2.What’s the purpose of the intervention? A. To introduce some inspirational stories to students. B. To expose students to scientists’ great achievements. C. To ensure students will become scientists in the future. D. To clear students’ misunderstandings of scientific work. 3.The underlined word “pronounced” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to________. A. minimal B. noticeable C. doubtful D. long-lasting 4.What can we learn from the research? A. Science ability has nothing to do with efforts. B. Students are more motivated by achievement stories. C. Scientists’ struggle stories can influence readers’ beliefs. D. Low-performing students tend to feel connected to scientists. Passage 4 （24-25高一上·北京第一零一中学·期中） Across the globe, only 10 percent of the population are left-handed — and it has been that way for thousands of years. But when you look into the sports world, lefties exist in large numbers. Why? The answer lies in the relative balance between cooperation and competition in human society, says a new study published in Britain’s The Journal of the Royal Society Interface. The study by Professor Daniel Abrams and Mark Panaggio of applied science points out that for society to function efficiently hand-in-hand cooperation is key. And cooperation favors same-handedness — so we can share tools, for example, and more easily teach each other skills. On the other hand, competition favors the element of surprise. And this is why “left-handers have the advantage in any sport where there’s direct physical contest,” Abrams said. “They have the surprise advantage in that they practice more against the right-handers, but the right-handers don’t practice much against them.” It’s also the reason lefties haven’t been wiped out, evolutionarily speaking. “Left-handed people have always had this built-in advantage for this kind of competition,” Abrams said. Thus, so long as there’s competition in society, lefties will survive. Abrams and Panaggio created a computer model that correctly predicted the percentage of left-handed athletes in several sports. About half of major league baseball players and pro boxers are left-handers, while among PGA golfers the number of lefties is a mere 4 percent. “Golf is one of our go-to examples for the cooperative effect,” Abrams said. “Left-handers seem to be selected against in golf, and the reason for that is that golf has a cooperative aspect to it. Especially when people first begin playing golf they tend to borrow or rent clubs, and left-handed clubs are harder to find and they’re more expensive. So there’s a cooperative advantage in that people can share clubs when they’re all of the same handedness.” But it’s not just golf that can be challenging. Living as a left-handed minority in a world designed for the right-handed majority can be really dangerous. “Evidence from outside the sports world is that left-handers are more likely to be involved in accidents in various ways,” Abrams said. So when picking players for the office softball team, you want to choose as many lefties as you can to maximize your chance of winning — but don’t be surprised when they show up to the game injured. 1.In what sports are lefties favoured? A. Sports that surprise audience. B. Sports that value individual practice. C. Sports that require professional skills. D. Sports that involve physical competition. 2.Why are only 4% golfers left handers? A. Because golf has a high entry barrier. B. Because left handers get injured easily. C. Because golf takes up much time and energy. D. Because left handers find it hard to win in golf. 3.The main purpose of the passage is to ________. A. compare and educate B. explain and inform C. discuss and persuade D. examine and assess 主题语境02 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高一上·北京西城·期中）One evening, at home. You’re sitting comfortably on the sofa, watching your favorite Tv show. An ad comes up, showing a burger in its full glory and one person enjoying it. You think to yourself that your diet is about to take a bit. But we beg to differ. In a series of studies, we found advertisements showing people eating junk food prompted people on a diet to eat less. While this may seem counterintuitive (反直觉的), these findings are in line with previous research on mental imagery. Recent studies show merely imagining ourselves carrying out actions or experiencing emotions activates similar neural networks(神经网络)to those linked with their actual performance or experience. The images we are exposed to throughout our lives hold the power to shape our experiences to a remarkable degree. According to neuroimage studies, the mere sight of someone being hit by a hammer will fire up the neural networks in our brain that are associated with pain. As a result, these images will trigger (引发) emotions and behavior consistent with feelings of pain. Such effects also extend to food consumption. The field of consumption imagery refers to rich images of food consumption — for example, an ad showing the close-up of a pizza and someone eating it. Some studies have even indicated consumption imagery could cause people to wrongly recall having eaten the food on display. This is important because simply thinking that we have eaten something can make us feel full. We invited 132 dieting students at our lab to watch an ad. Half of them saw an M&M’s advertisement full of consumption imagery: sweets, colors, and a person eating them. The other half of the students saw an ad with two animated (动画的) M&M’s at a supermarket cash register, with no consumption imagery. We then gave each student a 70g cup of M&M’s and asked them to eat to their heart’s content. Among the students, those who saw the M&M’s advertisement containing consumption imagery ate fewer sweets than those who saw the ad without. In the next study, we tested whether we could use these findings to promote healthy eating. We designed four ads and each participant was randomly selected to view one of the four ads. People who viewed the ad requiring them to imagine themselves wolfing down the French fries indicated a desire to eat fewer chips than those who were exposed to the French fries ad without consumption imagery. Those who had imagined themselves eating an apple were more likely to succumb to the potato chips than those who had visualized themselves eating the French fries. These results go against the grain of current public practices that aim to promote healthy eating by relying on images of nutritious foods. However, our research indicates that healthy eating campaigns should include the consumption of unhealthy food. 1.Thinking that we have eaten something can make us feel full because ___________. A. the images hold the power to increase the sharpness of our senses B. it activates neural networks similar to those linked with actual eating C. the consumption imagery makes us recall having eaten the food on display D. it is in line with the previous research into how imagery affects eating habits 2.What conclusion can we draw from the experiment with M&M chocolates? A. Animated images in the advertisement may discourage consumption. B. The more inviting the food in the ad is, the more the viewers will eat. C. Advertisements with consumption imagery prompt viewers to eat less. D. Where we see the advertisement is more important than what we see in it. 3.The phrase “succumb to”(in paragraph 10)is closest in meaning to ___________. A. give way to B. be addicted to C. face up to D. be resistant to 4.Which of the following practices contributes to developing healthy eating habits? A. Wolfing down junk food. B. Imagining eating an apple a day. C. Saying no to grain. D. Watching others eating junk food. 主题语境03 人与自然-自然生态 （24-25高一上·北京第一零一中学·期中）A recent global study, which surveyed 10,000 young people from 10 countries, showed that nearly 60 percent of them were extremely worried about the future state of the planet. The report, which was published in The Lancet, also showed that nearly half of the respondents said that such distress affected them daily, and three quarters agreed with the statement that “the future is frightening.” This, along with many other studies, shows clearly that climate change is not just a threat to the environment that we inhabit. It also poses a very real threat to our emotional well-being. Psychologists have categorized these feelings of grief and worry about the current climate emergency, a common occurrence among youth today, under the label of “eco-anxiety”. Eco-anxiety doesn’t just affect young people. It also affects researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality depicted by their findings, and it affects the most economically marginalized (边缘化的) across the globe, who bear the damaging impacts of climate breakdown. In 2024, eco-anxiety will rise to become one of the leading causes of mental health problems. The reasons are obvious. Scientists estimate that the world is likely to breach safe limits of temperature rise above pre-industrial levels for the first time by 2027. In recent years, we’ve seen wildfires tear through Canada and Greece, and summer floods ruin regions in Pakistan that are home to nearly 33 million people. Studies have shown that those impacted by air pollution and rising temperatures are more likely to experience psychological distress. To make matters worse, facing climate crisis, our political class is not offering strong leadership. The COP28 conference in Dubai will be headed by an oil and gas company executive. In the UK, the government is backtracking on its green commitments. Fortunately, greater levels of eco-anxiety will also offer an avenue for resolving the climate crisis directly. According to Caroline Hickman, a researcher on eco-anxiety from the University of Bath, anyone experiencing eco-anxiety is displaying entirely natural and rational reactions to the climate crisis. This is why, in 2024, we will also see more people around the world join the fight for climate justice and seek jobs that prioritize environmental sustainability. Campaigners will put increased pressure on fossil fuel industries and the governments to rapidly abandon the usage of polluting coal, oil, and gas. It’s now clear that not only are these industries the main causes for the climate crisis, they are also responsible for the mental health crisis, which is starting to affect most of us. Eco-anxiety is not something we will defeat with therapy, but something we will tackle by taking action. 1.What can we learn from the passage? A. The cause of eco-anxiety is emotions existing in our mind. B. People in developed countries are more likely to suffer from eco-anxiety. C. Eco-anxiety is a new kind of psychological disease due to climate change. D. The author is disappointed about government behaviour towards climate crisis. 2.What does the underlined word “breach” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Break. B. Reach. C. Raise. D. Affect. 3.As for Caroline Hickman’s opinion on eco-anxiety, the author is . A. puzzled B. favourable C. suspicious D. unconcerned 4.What would be the best title for the passage? A. Who Is to Blame for Eco-anxiety? B. How Should You See Eco-anxiety? C. How Will Eco-anxiety Be Resolved? D. Why Do People Suffer from Eco-anxiety? / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $