专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，江苏专用）高二英语上学期

专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·江苏海门中学·期中）The upcoming winter season offers a selection of the finest, quickest, toughest and most delightful running events across the UK for those seeking adventure or community spirit. ● Bah Humbug 10K, 1 December Do yourself a favour and bring towels and plastic bags with you, because every bit of gear you wear during this event is likely to be caked with mud by the end. Therefore, the organisers have done well to ensure there are changing rooms and showers available for all runners. racebest. com ● Winter Solstice Strider, 8 December Dig that head flashlight out of the messy drawer for this after-dark run or walk for a good cause. You have a 5K route, which winds through the forest at the St Ives Estate. The route is far from flat and will almost certainly be muddy in places, so make sure your batteries are well charged in case there are emergencies. sueryder. org ● The Christmas Charity Run, 21 December This event is run by a most environmentally conscious organiser in the country, and is therefore only open to local runners to reduce car travel. Another great feature is that £7. 50 of the £10 entry fee goes straight to a local charity that supports people with cancer, making this one of the most positive-impact events that you could possibly find. eventrac. co. uk ● Mapledurham 10& Half, 29 December Mapledurham events are always well organised and, with unpleasant weather likely, you'll have to deal with some mud on the various uphills and downhills on whichever of the 10K, 10-mile or half-marathon courses you choose. The organisers have prioritised finding a good route over precise measurements, so all three races have a rather loose relationship with their stated distance. mstevents. co. uk 1.Which website offers information for night run participants? A. sueryder. org B. racebest. com C. eventrac. co. uk D. mstevents. co. uk 2.What makes the Mapledurham events unique? A. Eco-friendly goals. B. Flexible race distances. C. Strong charity focus. D. Muddy running courses. 3.Which column of a magazine is the text probably from? A. Tech Trends. B. Athlete Profiles. C. News Insight. D. Race Guide. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国冬季即将举办的四场跑步赛事，包括赛事日期、特色、注意事项及官方网站，为跑步爱好者提供赛事参考。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据“Winter Solstice Strider, 8 December”部分中的“Dig that head flashlight out of the messy drawer for this after-dark run or walk for a good cause.(从乱糟糟的抽屉里找出头灯，参加这场夜间跑步或步行公益活动。)”可知，这场赛事是夜间举办的，其官方网站为sueryder. org。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据“Mapledurham 10& Half, 29 December”部分中的“The organisers have prioritised finding a good route over precise measurements, so all three races have a rather loose relationship with their stated distance.(组织者优先考虑找到一条好的路线，而不是精确测量，所以这三场比赛与它们所声明的距离之间的关系相当松散。)”可知，Mapledurham赛事的独特之处在于其灵活的比赛距离。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“The upcoming winter season offers a selection of the finest, quickest, toughest and most delightful running events across the UK for those seeking adventure or community spirit.(即将到来的冬季为那些寻求冒险或团队精神的人提供了英国各地最精彩、最快、最艰难、最令人愉快的跑步赛事。)”以及下文对四个跑步赛事的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了英国即将到来的冬季跑步赛事，包括赛事名称、日期、特点以及相关信息查询网址，因此这篇文章可能来自杂志的“赛事指南”专栏。故选D。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江苏海门中学·期中）If you’ve ever let unworn clothes fill your room just because they were expensive, or followed through on plans you hated because you’d already bought tickets, you’re familiar with the sunk cost effect. “The sunk cost effect is the general tendency for people to continue an action, or continue consuming or pursuing an option, if they’ve invested time or money or some resource in it,” says Christopher Olivola, the author of a paper on the topic published in the journal Psychological Science. “That effect is negative if it’s pushing you to do things that are making you unhappy or worse off.” Sticking with the plan, even when it no longer serves you, could be an attempt to correct cognitive dissonance (认知失调): the mental disconnect between paying for something and not getting the expected return on investment. It could also be an automatic reaction to regret. Or, Olivola says, it could be an attempt to convince others, and ourselves, that we’re not wasteful. You still feel the guilt of “wasting” money even when it’s not your own. In one experiment, Olivola asked participants to imagine that they felt full after eating a few bites of rich cake at a party. Participants were asked to imagine that they had bought the cake themselves, or that someone else had purchased it. They were then asked whether they’d finish the cake, despite feeling full. Regardless of who had bought the cake — friends, strangers or the participants themselves — people were far more likely to say they’d keep eating the expensive cake. Olivola says it’s not totally clear why we feel so pressured to honor others’ investments about as much as we honor our own, but people should try to overcome both versions of the sunk cost effect. “What’s done is done,” Olivola says. “There’s nothing you can do to regain money that’s lost — and pursuing something that makes you unhappy not only isn’t going to get your money back, but it’s also going to make you worse off. You’re just digging a deeper hole.” 1.What strategy does the author use to define the sunk cost effect? A. Explaining research findings. B. Comparing opposing opinions. C. Listing examples and quoting expert words. D. Presenting problems and introducing solutions. 2.Which is a reason people get caught in the sunk cost trap? A. To explore alternative options. B. To avoid making similar mistakes again. C. To make the most of the time and money spent. D. To overcome the conflict caused by past failed investments. 3.What does the cake experiment illustrate? A. We seem terrified of losing our possessions. B. We are guilty of pursuing material pleasures. C. We feel responsible for others’ wasted money. D. We ignore our inner thoughts to accommodate others. 4.What can we infer about the key to overcoming the sunk cost effect? A. List all sunk costs before our actions. B. Focus on the future benefits of giving up. C. Follow our heart when making decisions. D. Value mental health instead of physical gains. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. C　4. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了“沉没成本效应”并分析了原因。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ve ever let unworn clothes fill your room just because they were expensive, or followed through on plans you hated because you’d already bought tickets, you’re familiar with the sunk cost effect.(如果你曾经因为衣服价格昂贵而让未穿过的衣服一直堆放在房间里，或者因为已经买了票所以坚持去一个自己讨厌的活动，那你一定熟悉“沉没成本效应”)”和第二段中“The sunk cost effect is the general tendency for people to continue an action, or continue consuming or pursuing an option, if they’ve invested time or money or some resource in it,” says Christopher Olivola, the author of a paper on the topic published in the journal Psychological Science.(“沉没成本效应指的是，当人们在某项行动上投入了时间、金钱或某种资源后，往往会继续进行下去，或者继续消费或追求某个选项，”该研究的作者Christopher Olivola在《心理科学》杂志上发表的关于这一主题的论文中这样说道)”可知，作者先是列举衣服和门票的例子，然后通过引用专家的话来定义“沉没成本效应”，故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Sticking with the plan, even when it no longer serves you, could be an attempt to correct cognitive dissonance (认知失调): the mental disconnect between paying for something and not getting the expected return on investment.(继续坚持一个不再对你有利的计划，可能是为了纠正认知失调（即在花钱和没有获得预期投资回报之间产生的心理脱节）)”可知，人们可能会为了克服由过去失败的投资所引发的冲突被困于“沉没成本”的怪圈中，故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“You still feel the guilt of “wasting” money even when it’s not your own. In one experiment, Olivola asked participants to imagine that they felt full after eating a few bites of rich cake at a party. Participants were asked to imagine that they had bought the cake themselves, or that someone else had purchased it. They were then asked whether they’d finish the cake, despite feeling full. Regardless of who had bought the cake — friends, strangers or the participants themselves — people were far more likely to say they’d keep eating the expensive cake.(即便不是自己的钱，你也会因为“浪费”钱而感到内疚。在一项实验中，Olivola让参与者想象他们在参加聚会时吃了几口美味的蛋糕后就已经吃饱了。参与者被要求想象自己是购买了这块蛋糕，或者是由他人购买的。然后他们被问到，即便已经感到饱了，是否还会继续吃掉这块蛋糕。无论这块蛋糕是朋友购买的、陌生人购买的还是参与者自己购买的——人们都更倾向于表示会继续吃掉这块昂贵的蛋糕)”可知，首句指出“即使不是自己的钱，人们也会因为浪费而感到内疚”，接着用蛋糕的实验证实上述观点，即我们会为别人浪费掉的钱感到内疚，故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段““What’s done is done,” Olivola says. “There’s nothing you can do to regain money that’s lost — and pursuing something that makes you unhappy not only isn’t going to get your money back, but it’s also going to make you worse off. You’re just digging a deeper hole.”(“已经发生的事情就无法挽回了，”Olivola说，“你无法收回已经损失的钱——追求让你不开心的事情不仅无法让你的钱物两全，还会让你的情况变得更糟。你只是在越陷越深的泥潭里越陷越深。”)”可知，已经发生的事情是无法挽回的，继续做不开心的事情只会让情况变得更糟糕，由此推知克服“沉没成本效应”的关键是关注放弃所带来的未来收益，故选B。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江苏盐城一中·期中）When thinking of a robot, you might picture something with a lot of sensors, and stiff metal arms controlled by a computer. But scientists at the AMOLF institute in the Netherlands have come up with a robot that has no brain and no sensors. And yet this robot can “walk” by itself. And if dropped into water, it swims. How is this possible? The team behind the robot says the secret is in the science of how air moves. If you’ve seen a “tube dancer,” you’ve seen how this robot works. Tube dancers are tall, thin cloth tubes. High-pressure air fills the tube, making it stand. As it stands, air flows faster, dropping the pressure and causing a bend. The tube falls partway over. The bend slows the air, raising the pressure. The pumped air then pushes the bend up, making the dancer stand again. The magic happens to the robot because there are several tubes hooked up to the same air supply. When the air starts to flow, the tubes move in different ways. But very quickly, all of these “legs” start to move in exactly the same way, making the robot walk. The air pressure controls how fast the robot moves. There are several remarkable things about the robot. First, it can cover a distance equal to thirty of its body lengths in a second. That would be like the world’s fastest man, Usain Bolt, running the 100-meter race in seconds. It can also go over uneven ground. If it bumps into a wall, it automatically turns. Perhaps most surprising is the fact that if the robot is dropped into water, it begins moving in a new way that allows it to swim. So far, almost all of the robot’s skills are things that it just does automatically. The researchers hope to develop new ways to control the robot and perhaps give it more skills in the future. 1.What distinguishes the new robot from traditional ones? A. Its shape and adaptability. B. Its simplicity and automaticity. C. Its intelligence and sensitivity. D. Its appearance and controllability. 2.Why is the “tube dance” mentioned? A. To clarify the uniqueness of the robot. B. To predict the application of the robot. C. To introduce the structure of the robot. D. To illustrate the mechanism of the robot. 3.What determines the speed of the robot? A. The number of the tubes. B. The way the tubes move. C. The type of the air supply. D. The air pressure in the tube. 4.Which is a remarkable feature of the robot? A. It can fly like the fastest human. B. It can handle tough road conditions. C. It can detect barriers that block its way. D. It can keep its walking mode underwater. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. D　4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新型的没有大脑和传感器、可以自己行走、游泳的机器人，及其背后的科学原理。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“When thinking of a robot, you might picture something with a lot of sensors, and stiff metal arms controlled by a computer. But scientists at the AMOLF institute in the Netherlands have come up with a robot that has no brain and no sensors. And yet this robot can “walk” by itself. And if dropped into water, it swims.(当想到机器人时，你可能会想象一个装有许多传感器、由电脑控制着僵硬金属手臂的装置。但荷兰AMOLF研究所的科学家们发明了一种没有大脑也没有传感器的机器人。然而，这个机器人可以自己“行走”。如果把它放进水里，它还会游泳。)”可知，新型的机器人没有复杂的传感器和大脑，设计非常简洁，并且可以自己行走、游泳，自动完成这些任务，所以它的简单和自动化不同于传统机器人。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“The team behind the robot says the secret is in the science of how air moves. If you’ve seen a “tube dancer,” you’ve seen how this robot works.(研制这款机器人的团队表示，其秘诀在于空气流动的科学原理。如果你见过“充气舞者”，就明白它的工作原理了。)”可知，作者提到“tube dancer”是为了说明新款机器人的工作原理。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“The air pressure controls how fast the robot moves.(气压控制机器人移动的速度。)”可知，管子中的气压决定了机器人的速度。故选D。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“It can also go over uneven ground. If it bumps into a wall, it automatically turns.(它还可以在崎岖的地面上行走。如果撞到墙壁，它会自动转向。)”可知，该机器人能够应对恶劣的路况。故选B。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·江苏扬州中学联培部·期中）Like many people over the past years, I have found myself switching to audiobooks as my main means of reading literature. After days of looking at my laptop, I find it far more comfortable to “read with my ears” while my eyes are resting. My consumption of new books has doubled as a result — but a recent paper makes me wonder if this will come at the price of my comprehension. When we listen to text, it seems, we may engage in less thinking and rely more on instinct (直觉) to evaluate its content. The study comes from Boaz Keysar and Janet Geipel, both then at the University of Chicago, and it draws from a mental process model popularized in Daniel Kahneman’s best-selling book Thinking, Fast and Slow. According to this view of the mind, we have two ways of assessing information. System I is instinctive, relying on instinct and feeling. It is quick, but at the risk of misinformation and thinking mistake. System II is analytical: When it is engaged, we think our way through the materials step by step. It is more effortful but also more sensible. Geipel and Keysar investigated whether the sensory style — seeing or hearing — of the information would make a difference. They found that it did: When answering simple‑but‑misleading questions, participants were significantly more likely to make errors when the sentences were spoken out loud rather than written. The researchers repeated the experiment with a greater range of tasks, in more diverse populations. The results were the same: when listening rather than reading, people were more likely to depend on system I. A greater reliance on instinct could be a problem if we are consuming information that needs logical examination. If I am tackling a book about science I want to be sure I am fully engaged, not just nodding along the vague arguments. For this reason, I will return to reading non‑fiction with my eyes rather than my ears. But I won’t stop listening to novels. If I’m enjoying a story, I am quite happy to go with the flow of my emotions while my critical mind takes a break. 1.Why does the author prefer audiobooks? A. They provide better comprehension. B. They allow the eyes to have a break. C. They are cheaper than physical books. D. They are more popular among friends. 2.What does the study conducted by Geipel and Keysar aim to investigate? A. The popularity of audiobooks. B. The effects of visual processing. C. The roles of sensory styles in comprehension. D. The impact of reading on cognitive development. 3.What causes the author to return to reading non‑fiction with eyes? A. The need for logical analysis. B. An interest in critical thinking. C. A preference for visual learning. D. The intention to improve efficiency. 4.What is the author’s attitude towards audiobooks? A. Cautious. B. Favorable. C. Objective. D. Doubtful. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. C 【导语】文章讲述作者常使用有声书，借助一项心理学研究对比听读与目视阅读的思维差异，并区分不同书籍适用的阅读方式。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“After days of looking at my laptop, I find it far more comfortable to “read with my ears” while my eyes are resting.(在连续几天盯着笔记本电脑后，我发现用耳朵阅读、让眼睛休息要舒服得多)”可知，作者偏爱有声书是因为有声书能让眼睛休息。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Geipel and Keysar investigated whether the sensory style — seeing or hearing — of the information would make a difference.(盖佩尔与基萨尔研究信息的感官形式 —— 看或是听 —— 是否会产生不同效果)”可知，该研究旨在探究感官形式在信息理解中的作用。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“A greater reliance on instinct could be a problem if we are consuming information that needs logical examination. If I am tackling a book about science I want to be sure I am fully engaged, not just nodding along the vague arguments. For this reason, I will return to reading non‑fiction with my eyes rather than my ears. (如果我们接收需要逻辑审视的信息，过度依靠直觉会成为一个问题。如果我在读一本科学类书籍，我想要确保自己全身心投入，而非笼统认同模糊的论点。出于这个原因，我会重新用眼睛阅读纪实类作品，而不是靠耳朵听)”可知，纪实类读物需要逻辑分析，所以作者选择用眼睛看这类作品。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like many people over the past years, I have found myself switching to audiobooks as my main means of reading literature.(过去几年里，我和许多人一样，转而把有声书当作阅读文学作品的主要方式)”体现作者认可有声书的优势；再根据第四段中的“A greater reliance on instinct could be a problem if we are consuming information that needs logical examination.(如果我们接收需要逻辑审视的信息，过度依靠直觉会成为一个问题)”与“But I won’t stop listening to novels. If I’m enjoying a story, I am quite happy to go with the flow of my emotions while my critical mind takes a break.(但我不会停止听小说。如果我沉浸在故事里，我很乐意跟随情绪流动，让批判性思维休息片刻)”可知，作者既指出听读不利于逻辑思考的短板，又承认其适合小说阅读的长处，态度客观中立。 主题语境04 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江苏扬州中学联培部·期中）Climate change could have large impacts on food production across the world. Rising temperatures might boost crop production in cold regions but negatively impact production in warmer areas. Wheat and rice — which benefit from more CO2 in the atmosphere — could see growing output, while corn and sorghum (高粱) could see a decline with warmer temperatures. Farmers can adjust their practices to a warmer climate in four key ways: Farmers can change WHAT they plant. This could be an entirely different type of crop: corn instead of wheat. Or a different variety of a specific crop. FOUR KEY WAYS Farmers can change WHERE crops are planted. If temperatures rise in fall, crop production can shift north or southwards towards more suitable temperatures. Farmers can change HOW crops are managed. Giving crops the right amount of water, nutrition, and protection from insects and disease can help reduce some impacts of climate change. Farmers can change WHEN they plant. Farmers can plant earlier or later in the year, depending on when spring arrives. Adjusting planting dates requires no additional cost or work. A recent study by experts modeled three adaptation methods — changing WHAT, changing WHEN and changing both of them. The chart below shows their impact on the output of corn, rice, sorghum, soybean (大豆) and wheat. These three adaptation methods can already go some way to relieve climate pressures in some countries. But, of course, we don't only care about crop production at the global level. If farmers in particular regions — especially those that are most food-insecure — cannot adapt to climate change, this is still a major problem. So there is more we can do in the future. 1.What should farmers change if they are short of money and labour? A. WHAT. B. WHERE. C. HOW. D. WHEN. 2.Which crop may benefit most if farmers plant improved varieties? A. Rice. B. Corn. C. Sorghum. D. Wheat. 3.What should be done in the future? A. To adopt the three methods. B. To help the farmers in need. C. To focus on crop production. D. To move to colder regions. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，围绕气候变化下农民适应方案展开，介绍了调整种植时间、更换作物品种等适应方式的特点，并指出未来需重点帮助粮食不安全地区农民适应气候变化。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据表格中“Adjusting planting dates requires no additional cost or work.(调整种植日期不需要额外的成本或工作。)”可知，调整种植时间（WHEN）无需额外成本和人力，这种方式最适合资金和劳动力短缺的农民。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。结合图表可知，在“Changing WHAT only(仅更换作物品种)”的方案下，选项A对应的作物产量增幅最显著，说明这类作物从改良品种的适应方案中获益最为明显。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。文章最后一段指出“If farmers in particular regions — especially those that are most food-insecure — cannot adapt to climate change, this is still a major problem.(如果特定地区的农民（尤其是那些粮食供应最不稳定的地区农民）无法适应气候变化，那么这仍然是一个重大问题。)”，由此可推断，未来的重点应是帮助有需求的农民。故选B。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江苏海门中学·期中）Human language seems so much more complicated and organized than anything experienced by animals. Nevertheless, animals do indeed communicate complex ideas using precise, intentional language. Vervet monkeys (黑长尾猴), like many other species of primates (灵长目动物), give alarm calls when predators (捕食性动物) approach. These calls act as warnings to others in their group that a predator is about. The interesting part is that there are different calls for different predators. To demonstrate that these vervet calls mean what they thought they meant, primate researchers Robert Seyfarth and Dorothy Cheney performed experiments. They placed loudspeakers in the forest and waited for vervets to approach and then played the various warning calls that they had recorded. Sure enough, playing the eagle call made the vervets look up, playing the leopard call made them climb the nearest tree and head for a thin branch. Another interesting thing about vervets is that they can tell their own children by their cries. In the jungle, when a baby vervet cries, its mother looks in the direction of the scream. Meanwhile all of the other vervets also stop and look, but not toward the baby, toward the mother. Even other mothers that don’t have their babies nearby are not mistaken about which baby is crying. Also, it turns out that vervets have vocabulary for more than just predators and dangers. They also have vocabulary for social relationships such as “higher-ranking member,” “lower-ranking member,” and “competing group of vervets.” To date, we have not interpreted any other primate vocabulary as thoroughly as we have the vervets. It’s only because no one has yet done with any other species what Seyfarth and Cheney have done with vervets. However, you can be sure that, inspired by this success, primatologists are now doing exactly that with many other species. It won’t be long before we have a more complete vocabulary for many more of our primate cousins. 1.How did the researchers distinguish the vervets’ alarm calls? A. By marking their locations. B. By mixing up their predators. C. By observing their escape strategies. D. By comparing them with other species of primates. 2.What might happen if a baby vervet screams in the wild? A. Its mother would run to take care of it. B. Many female vervets would look at it. C. Vervet mothers would look around for their babies. D. Warning calls would be spread among vervet mothers. 3.What is expected of primate studies? A. More humans’ cousins will be identified. B. More cross-species competition will be shown. C. More will be known about their social structures. D. More species’ means of communication will be revealed. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. Humans and primates can communicate. B. Other primates use speech and vocabulary. C. Female primates identify each other’s babies. D. Primates use sounds to signal and react to danger. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. D　4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了黑长尾猴等灵长类动物使用语言和词汇进行复杂交流的情况。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“To demonstrate that these vervet calls mean what they thought they meant, primate researchers Robert Seyfarth and Dorothy Cheney performed experiments. They placed loudspeakers in the forest and waited for vervets to approach and then played the various warning calls that they had recorded. Sure enough, playing the eagle call made the vervets look up, playing the leopard call made them climb the nearest tree and head for a thin branch.(为了证明这些黑长尾猴的叫声就是他们所认为的意思，灵长类动物研究人员罗伯特·塞法思和多萝西·切尼进行了实验。他们在森林里放置了扬声器，等待黑长尾猴靠近，然后播放他们录下的各种警告叫声。果然，播放老鹰的叫声让黑长尾猴抬头看，播放豹子的叫声让它们爬上最近的树，朝着一根细树枝走去)”可知，研究人员通过观察黑长尾猴的逃跑策略来区分它们的警报声。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“In the jungle, when a baby vervet cries, its mother looks in the direction of the scream. Meanwhile all of the other vervets also stop and look, but not toward the baby, toward the mother. Even other mothers that don’t have their babies nearby are not mistaken about which baby is crying.(在丛林中，当一只小黑长尾猴啼哭时，它的母亲会朝着啼哭声传来的方向望去。与此同时，其他所有的黑长尾猴也会停下来张望，但它们看向的不是猴宝宝，而是猴宝宝的母亲。就连那些身边没有幼崽的母猴，也不会弄错是哪只猴宝宝在哭)”可知，当小黑长尾猴啼哭时，其他母猴会清楚辨认出对应的猴妈妈并看向她，与选项D表述相符。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“However, you can be sure that, inspired by this success, primatologists are now doing exactly that with many other species. It won’t be long before we have a more complete vocabulary for many more of our primate cousins.(然而，你可以确信，受这一成功的启发，灵长类动物学家现在正在对许多其他物种进行同样的研究。不久之后，我们将为更多灵长类近亲拥有更完整的词汇)”可知，灵长类动物研究有望揭示更多物种的交流方式。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Nevertheless, animals do indeed communicate complex ideas using precise, intentional language.(尽管如此，动物确实使用精确、有意的语言来交流复杂的思想)”以及最后一段“To date, we have not interpreted any other primate vocabulary as thoroughly as we have the vervets.(到目前为止，我们还没有像解读黑长尾猴的词汇那样彻底地解读过其他任何灵长类动物的词汇)”可知，第一段提出“动物确实能够借助精准且具有目的性的‘语言’传递复杂信息” 的观点，后文以黑长尾猴为例，介绍其针对捕食者的警报叫声、识别幼崽的叫声以及表达社会关系的“词汇”，全文核心是说明灵长类动物也有自己的“语言”和“词汇”。因此，选项B“Other primates use speech and vocabulary.(其他灵长类动物也会使用“语言”和“词汇”)”是本文的最佳标题。故选B。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江苏新海高级中学·期中）When people trust science, they can make better decisions and work together on big problems like climate change. But if people stop trusting science, it’s easier for false information to spread and harder to solve these problems. One way scientists are trying to build more trust is by being more open about themselves and their work. The idea of “open science” means sharing data, experimental methods and even unsuccessful results. Scientists are also being asked to reveal if they have any financial interests that might affect their work. However, as a philosopher of science and public policy, I argue that some forms of openness can actually reduce trust Scientists aren’t perfect because they are human beings. However, even when mostly correct, they can lose public trust due to mistakes. For example, in 2009, the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia in England was hacked, which led to the leak of thousands of climate scientists’ emails. This caused public concern over a cover-up of data that go against global warming. Numerous investigations found no misconduct and the scientists were doing normal research. However, the lack of context in the leaked data gave rise to conspiracy theories. Some also believe that good scientists never have conflicts of interest and that scientists who do are in the wrong. So you could argue that it’s OK for scientists to hide conflicts of interest to keep public trust. This is called a “noble lie”. However lying only works if no one finds out, and history shows that the truth usually comes out in the end. The idea of a noble lie is what I call a fake solution. It doesn’t really fix the problem. It just shows that people don’t understand enough about how science and scientists work. Scientists aren’t completely fair or neutral. Everyone has some level of personal opinion or outside pressure, which may affect their work. And science doesn’t prove things for sure. It makes the best guesses based on facts and data. Scientists know that they aren’t perfect, and neither is the practice of science. But they haven’t done a great job of explaining that to the public. If we want people to trust science as much as it should be trusted, we need to help them really understand how it works. 1.How does the author introduce the topic of the text? A. By defining a complex idea B. By challenging an assumption C. By comparing two viewpoints D. By presenting a real-life example 2.What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning the 2009 case? A. Climate change is often exaggerated. B. Research should be better protected. C. Partial openness can damage trust. D. Media reports can shape public opinion. 3.How does the author view the “noble lie”? A. As risky yet unavoidable B. As a moral but delicate act C. As wise but rarely successful D. As wrong in principle and effect 4.What is the author’s advice for scientists? A. Balance truth with public image B. Keep their personal views private C. Provide solid evidence for each claim D. Admit the limits of science clearly 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. D　4. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了信任科学对解决重大问题至关重要，科学家试图通过开放科学建立信任，但部分开放可能损信，“高尚的谎言”不可取，科学家应向公众坦诚科学的局限性以赢得真正信任。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“When people trust science, they can make better decisions and work together on big problems like climate change. But if people stop trusting science, it’s easier for false information to spread and harder to solve these problems. (当人们信任科学时，他们可以做出更好的决定，并在气候变化等重大问题上共同努力。但是，如果人们不再相信科学，虚假信息就更容易传播，这些问题就更难解决。)”可推知，作者是通过比较两种观点引入文章的话题。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, as a philosopher of science and public policy, I argue that some forms of openness can actually reduce trust Scientists aren’t perfect because they are human beings. However, even when mostly correct, they can lose public trust due to mistakes. For example, in 2009, the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia in England was hacked, which led to the leak of thousands of climate scientists’ emails. This caused public concern over a cover-up of data that go against global warming. (然而，作为一名科学和公共政策哲学家，我认为某些形式的开放实际上会减少信任科学家并不完美，因为他们是人类。然而，即使在大部分情况下是正确的，他们也会因为错误而失去公众的信任。例如，2009年，英国东安格利亚大学气候研究中心遭到黑客攻击，导致数千名气候科学家的电子邮件泄露。这引起了公众对掩盖与全球变暖相反的数据的担忧。)”可知，作者试图通过提到2009年的案例来说明某些形式的开放实际上会损害信任。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Some also believe that good scientists never have conflicts of interest and that scientists who do are in the wrong. So you could argue that it’s OK for scientists to hide conflicts of interest to keep public trust. This is called a “noble lie”. However lying only works if no one finds out, and history shows that the truth usually comes out in the end. The idea of a noble lie is what I call a fake solution. It doesn’t really fix the problem. (一些人还认为，优秀的科学家永远不会有利益冲突，有利益冲突的科学家是错的。所以你可以说，科学家为了保持公众的信任而隐藏利益冲突是可以的。这就是所谓的“高尚的谎言”。然而，谎言只有在没有人发现的情况下才有效，历史表明，真相通常最终会大白于天下。高尚的谎言就是我所说的假的解决方案。这并不能真正解决问题。)”可推知，作者认为“高尚的谎言”在原则上和效果上都是错误的。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Scientists know that they aren’t perfect, and neither is the practice of science. But they haven’t done a great job of explaining that to the public. If we want people to trust science as much as it should be trusted, we need to help them really understand how it works. (科学家们知道他们并不完美，科学实践也不完美。但他们并没有很好地向公众解释这一点。如果我们想让人们相信科学，我们需要帮助他们真正理解它是如何工作的。)”可知，作者对科学家的建议是明确地承认科学的局限性。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江苏苏州中学·期中）Imagine you’re out for an evening walk in a foreign city, looking to find a restaurant for dinner. If you’re like most people, you will look for the busiest restaurant with the most diners because you think its popularity is bound to indicate the quality of food and service. But is this true? In tourist areas, early diners have no meaningful clues as to which restaurant to choose, and may have picked just on a whim. Passers-by may have misinterpreted their restaurant choice as a well-informed decision and blindly followed their example. This could have resulted in a snowballing effect, whereby ever-increasing numbers of customers were attracted to the restaurant, creating a false impression of approval. Blindly copying other people’s choices or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd behavior (从众行为).” It is a frequent occurrence among humans as well as many other animals Herding can appear to make a lot of sense. Average judgments of large groups of people often outperform individual choices. Furthermore, following the crowd appears to offer protection and comfort — after all, there’s “safety in numbers”. Finally, following the herd reduces the effort needed to make a personal or unique decision; it is therefore an easy option. Herd behaviors, while common and easy to explain, hold significant dangers. Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which emerges when the judgments of individual group members are independently collected to produce an average opinion, herd behaviors typically rely on so-called “information cascades”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their choices without critically evaluating the underlying reasons. This frequently leads to the imitation of stupid behaviors. As a result, herding can have many undesirable outcomes, including negative influences on consumer choices, like in the restaurant example above. It appears there is no quick and easy fix to resist the lure of herd behavior. Instead, long-term attitude changes may be necessary, which could involve individuals adopting more critical approaches towards their peers’ opinions and questioning others’ behaviors as opposed to blindly following them. 1.The writer tends to think that a crowded restaurant in a tourist area ________. A. is sure to serve good food and drinks B. is usually the result of informed choices C. may give a false impression of its quality D. proves the concept of the “wisdom of crowds” 2.Why do people often follow the crowd? A. It gives them a sense of security. B. It outperforms average judgments. C. It allows for better decision-making. D. It helps protect their good reputation. 3.In the context of herd behavior, what does “information cascades” refer to? A. independently collecting individual opinions. B. Critically evaluating the reasons behind choices. C. Forming average judgments across large groups. D. adopting others’ beliefs or choices without evaluation. 4.What is the text mainly about? A. Why is it hard to make a good choice? B. Why shouldn’t you follow the crowd? C. What benefits can you get from herding? D. What factors will influence your decisions? 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要探讨了从众行为的表现、产生原因、潜在危险，并提出应理性对待从众行为的观点。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据原文第二段“This could have resulted in a snowballing effect, whereby ever-increasing numbers of customers were attracted to the restaurant, creating a false impression of approval.(这可能会产生滚雪球效应，越来越多的顾客被吸引到这家餐厅，从而营造出一种受欢迎的虚假印象。)” 可知，作者认为旅游区拥挤的餐厅可能会营造出关于其质量的虚假印象。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据原文第四段“Furthermore, following the crowd appears to offer protection and comfort — after all, there’s “safety in numbers”.(此外，从众似乎能带来保护和安慰 —— 毕竟，“人多势众”。)” 可知，人们从众是因为这能给他们带来安全感。故选A。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据原文第五段“Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which emerges when the judgments of individual group members are independently collected to produce an average opinion, herd behaviors typically rely on so-called “information cascades”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their choices without critically evaluating the underlying reasons.(与所谓的“群体智慧”不同 ——“群体智慧”是在独立收集群体成员的判断以得出平均意见时产生的 —— 从众行为通常依赖于所谓的“信息瀑布”，即人们接受他人的信念或模仿他人的选择，而不批判性地评估其背后的原因。)” 可知，“信息瀑布” 指的是不加评估地接受他人的信念或选择。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据原文第三段“Blindly copying other people’s choices or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd behavior .”(盲目地模仿别人的选择或随大流通常被称为“从众行为”。)”及第五段第 1 句 “Herd behaviors, while common and easy to explain, hold significant dangers.(从众行为虽然常见且易于解释，但却存在重大危险。)” 及全文内容，可知文章主要论述了从众行为的表现、产生原因、潜在危险，即为什么不应该从众。故选B。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·江苏苏州中学·期中）That dinosaurs ate the mammals that ran beneath their feet is not in doubt. Now, an extraordinary fossil newly described in Scientific Reports, unearthed by a team led by Gang Han at Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology in China, shows that sometimes the tables were turned. The fossil, which dated to about 125 million years ago during the Cretaceous period, was formed when a flow of boiling volcanic mud swallowed two animals seemingly locked in a life-and-death fight. The one on top is a mammal known as Repenomamus robustus. The animal below is a herbivorous species closely related to the Triceratops (三角恐龙). Animal interactions such as this are exceptionally rare in the fossil record. One possibility is that the mammal was eating something already dead rather than hunting live prey. These days, it is uncommon for small mammals to attack much larger animals. But it is not unheard of. And Dr. Han and his colleagues point out that those mammals which eat dead bodies typically leave tooth marks all over the bones of the animals. The dinosaur’s remains show no such marks. There is also a chance the fossil could be a fake. More and more convincing fakes have emerged, just as this one had raised similar doubts — though Dr. Han and his colleagues argue that the complexly connected nature of the skeletons makes that unlikely, too. Perhaps the fossil itself can speak for its own authenticity. The dinosaur in it is just 1.2 meters long, from nose to tail. The mammal is a bit under half a meter in length. With one paw firmly wrapping around one of its prey’s limbs, and another pulling on its jaw, the mammal is biting down on the dinosaur’s chest, and has torn out two of its ribs. Before they were interrupted, it seems that the mammal was winning. 1.Which is closest in meaning to underlined part “the tables were turned” in Para. 1? A. The fittest survives. B. The weak become hunters. C. Fortune favors the brave. D. Research findings can be wrong. 2.Why is the “tooth mark” mentioned in paragraph 3? A. To prove the fossil was fake. B. To show how intense the fight was. C. To illustrate the process of hunting. D. To suggest the dinosaur might be hunted alive. 3.Which supports the argument of Dr. Han and his colleagues? A. The enormous size of the fossil. B. The absence of opposing theory. C. The consistency of the assumptions. D. The interlocking structure of the fossil. 4.What is the purpose of the last paragraph? A. To offer a new discovery. B. To provide geological background. C. To back up the conclusion. D. To stress the need for more research. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. D　4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国科研团队发现的1.25亿年前的化石，该化石显示小型哺乳动物可能曾捕食恐龙，颠覆了“恐龙捕食哺乳动物”的传统认知。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第一段“That dinosaurs ate the mammals that ran beneath their feet is not in doubt.(恐龙吃跑在它们脚下的哺乳动物是毫无疑问的)”及第二段的“The fossil, which dated to about 125 million years ago during the Cretaceous period, was formed when a flow of boiling volcanic mud swallowed two animals seemingly locked in a life-and-death fight. The one on top is a mammal known as Repenomamus robustus. The animal below is a herbivorous species closely related to the Triceratops.(这块化石可追溯至约1.25亿年前的白垩纪时期，其形成源于一股滚烫的火山泥流吞噬了两只看似陷入殊死搏斗的动物。上方的那只动物是一种名为Repenomamus robustus的哺乳动物。下方的动物是一种草食性物种，与三角恐龙亲缘关系密切)”以及最后一段“Before they were interrupted, it seems that the mammal was winning.(在它们被（火山泥流）中断之前，似乎是这只哺乳动物占了上风)”可知，虽然恐龙吃哺乳动物是毫无疑问的，但最新发现的一个化石表明在一场生死搏斗中，哺乳动物占了上风。由此可知，有时情况会发生逆转，即公认的捕猎者反被猎捕，弱小的哺乳动物成为捕食者。因此划线部分意为“弱小的哺乳动物成为捕食者”。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“These days, it is uncommon for small mammals to attack much larger animals. But it is not unheard of. (如今，小型哺乳动物攻击大型动物已经不常见了。但这并非闻所未闻)”和下文“And Dr. Han and his colleagues point out that those mammals which eat dead bodies typically leave tooth marks all over the bones of the animals. The dinosaur’s remains show no such marks.(韩博士和他的同事们指出，那些吃尸体的哺乳动物通常会在骨头上留下牙印。恐龙的残骸上没有这样的痕迹)”可推知，提及“牙印”是为了通过“恐龙骨骼上无牙印”排除食腐可能，进而暗示恐龙可能是被活体捕食的。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“More and more convincing fakes have emerged, just as this one had raised similar doubts — though Dr. Han and his colleagues argue that the complexly connected nature of the skeletons makes that unlikely, too.(越来越多足以以假乱真的赝品不断出现，这件化石也曾引发过类似的质疑——不过韩博士及其同事认为，骨骼之间复杂的连接状态也使得这种（造假）可能性不大)” 可知，化石骨骼的连锁结构支持了他们的观点。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Now, an extraordinary fossil newly described in Scientific Reports, unearthed by a team led by Gang Han at Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology in China, shows that sometimes the tables were turned (现在，由中国海南科技职业大学的韩刚领导的研究小组在《科学报告》中发现了一种不同寻常的化石，它表明，有时情况会发生逆转)”以及最后一段“The dinosaur in it is just 1.2 meters long, from nose to tail. The mammal is a bit under half a meter in length. With one paw firmly wrapping around one of its prey’s limbs, and another pulling on its jaw, the mammal is biting down on the dinosaur’s chest, and has torn out two of its ribs. Before they were interrupted, it seems that the mammal was winning. (化石中的恐龙从头到尾仅1.2米长。那只哺乳动物的体长则略不足半米。它一只爪子紧紧缠住猎物的一条腿，另一只爪子拽着对方的下颌，正咬向恐龙的胸部，还扯断了两根肋骨。在它们被（火山泥流）中断之前，似乎是这只哺乳动物占了上风。)”可推知，最后一段对化石的描述是为了证明第一段提到的研究结论的正确性，即恐龙有时会被哺乳动物猎杀。故选C。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江苏扬州大学附中·期中）By examining tiny vessels (血管) inside a person’s eyes, doctors might one day be able to predict that person’s risk of early death, according to a new study. Past research had shown the retina (视网膜), light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye, as a possible indicator of a person’s biological age. The retina offers a unique, accessible “window” to evaluate underlying pathological (病理的) processes of some serious diseases that are associated with increased risks of death. In the new study, the researchers turned to a deep-learning technique that could predict a person’s risk of death by analyzing the biological age of the retina. Their deep-learning model, a type of machine learning and artificial intelligence that’s modeled to learn similar to a human brain, analyzed more than 80,000 images of fundus (眼底) — the internal back surface of the eye that includes the retina. They obtained the images from nearly 47.000 people between the ages of 40 and 69, stored in the UK Biobank. To figure out whether their model was accurate, they first analyzed more than 19,000 fundus images taken from more than 1,100 participants who were in relatively good health. The idea was that the retinal biological ages of these people should be fairly similar to their chronological age (实际年龄). The model was fairly accurate in predicting retinal ages, with an accuracy of within 3.5 years to chronological ages. They then used the model to assess the remaining nearly 36,000 participants’ fundus photos collected across a span of 11 years. They found that 51 percent of the participants had a “retinal age gap” — the difference between biological and chronological age of more than 3 years, 28 percent had a gap of more than 5 years and 4.5 percent had a gap of more than 10 years. In other words, these participants had “older” eyes compared to their chronological age. Those who had larger age gaps had a 49-67 percent higher risk of death from causes other than cardiovascular disease or cancer. With every one year increase in the age gap, the risk of death increased by 2 percent for any cause and 3 percent for causes other than cardiovascular disease and cancer. 1.What can we know about the retina? A. It causes serious diseases. B. It helps to analyze pathological processes. C. It can diagnose some serious diseases. D. It improves people’s physical health. 2.How do researchers know the retinal age? A. By examining the nerve tissue. B. By studying the human brain. C. By checking the eyesight. D. By analyzing fundus images. 3.What percentage of the participants had the largest retinal age gap? A. 3.5%. B. 4.5%. C. 28%. D. 51%. 4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. A new study is conducted on tiny vessels. B. Image technology is used to predict diseases. C. Retinal age gaps may reveal risks of death. D. A deep-learning on the retina is necessary. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. B　4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一项新的研究表明通过分析人眼中的微小血管，特别是视网膜的生物年龄，医生可能有一天能够预测一个人的早逝风险。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“The retina offers a unique, accessible “window” to evaluate underlying pathological processes of some serious diseases that are associated with increased risks of death.(视网膜提供了一个独特的、可接近的“窗口”，用于评估一些与死亡风险增加相关的严重疾病的潜在病理过程。)”可知，视网膜有助于分析病理过程。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Their deep-learning model, a type of machine learning and artificial intelligence that’s modeled to learn similar to a human brain, analyzed more than 80,000 images of fundus — the internal back surface of the eye that includes the retina.(他们的深度学习模型是一种机器学习和人工智能模型，其学习方式类似于人脑，分析了8万多张眼底图像——眼底是眼睛内部的后表面，包括视网膜。)”可知，研究人员通过分析眼底图像来知道视网膜的年龄。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“They found that 51 percent of the participants had a “retinal age gap” — the difference between biological and chronological age of more than 3 years, 28 percent had a gap of more than 5 years and 4.5 percent had a gap of more than 10 years.(他们发现，51%的参与者存在“视网膜年龄差距”——生物年龄和实际年龄之间的差距超过3年，28%的参与者差距超过5年，4.5%的参与者差距超过10年。)”可知，有4.5%的参与者视网膜年龄差距最大。故选B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。第一段提到“By examining tiny vessels inside a person’s eyes, doctors might one day be able to predict that person’s risk of early death, according to a new study.(根据一项新的研究，通过检查人眼中的微小血管，医生可能有一天能够预测一个人的早逝风险。)”以及文章内容可知，文章围绕这项研究展开，介绍了视网膜年龄差距与死亡风险之间的关系，由此可知，选项C“视网膜年龄差距可能揭示死亡风险”适合作为这篇文章的标题。故选C。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江苏天一中学·期中）Cold winters can be extra annoying for people who wear eyeglasses. Whenever they come indoors, their glasses practically always fog up, just like when warm air from a car’s heater hits a cold windscreen. When you enter a house from the extremely cold outdoors, the warm air around you cools. This causes some of the water vapor (水蒸气) in the air to turn into small drops of water. If you have glasses, nearby tiny water drops will attach to the glasses and fog them up, explains Alexander Henn, who developed a new coating made from tree waste. Henn dealt with the problem by using a renewable waste product — lignin (木质素), a combination made from smaller building blocks. Woody plants contain lots of lignin, which keeps them hard and strong. “Here in Finland, we have a lot of trees. Everyone knows that you can build with the wood, or you can make paper or cloth from it, but most of those processes don’t use a tree’s lignin, which ends up as a waste product,” Henn says. The researchers were working with lignin nanoparticles (纳米粒子) before starting thinking about fog. To make them, the scientists put mini-lignin pieces in a specially made liquid. When they poured that liquid into water, the lignin gathered together, forming tiny groups in the water. Each one was about 100 nanometers in size. Those tiny bits were hydrophilic, which means they love water. Coating glass with water-loving lignin bits would change how its surface interacts with water. The nanoparticles wanted to hold onto the water, which would make them spread out across the glass surface. If that water spreads out enough, the small water drops will form a continuous thin layer. Although the glasses are now wet, they might not be foggy. There was just one problem. “You could see the particles,” Henn says. So putting lignin bits on glass would make it look a bit dirty. This encouraged Henn to make the lignin particles 50 nanometers across so they would go unnoticed. “Lignin can do many different things, including being used as an incredible renewable resource. Besides, it can take in light in interesting ways,” he adds. 1.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. What troubles glasses wearers. B. How to keep your glasses clear. C. Why glasses turn foggy in winter. D. How water vapor becomes water drops. 2.What can be inferred from Henn’s words in paragraph 3? A. Lignin is a rare element in trees. B. Finland has created much wood waste. C. Trees in Finland are used unreasonably. D. Lignin’s role is often ignored in Finland. 3.How did lignin help rid glasses of fog? A. By dividing water drops into nanoparticles. B. By forming a thin layer of water on the glass. C. By stopping water vapor from becoming water. D. By taking in water and keeping the glasses dry. 4.What is Henn’s solution to the disadvantage of the lignin coating? A. Creating recyclable lignin. B. Making smaller lignin bits. C. Applying lignin in wider areas. D. Exploring ways to clean eyeglasses. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B　4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了冬天戴眼镜很容易起雾十分恼人，研究人员利用木质素这种可再生的废弃物，成功开发出一种纳米涂层，可以防止眼镜镜片起雾。这种涂层不仅环保，而且能够制成无色无味的纳米粒子，在不影响视觉的同时还能有效防雾。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段“When you enter a house from the extremely cold outdoors, the warm air around you cools. This causes some of the water vapor in the air to turn into small drops of water. If you have glasses, nearby tiny water drops will attach to the glasses and fog them up, explains Alexander Henn, who developed a new coating made from tree waste. (当你从极冷的室外进入一所房子时，你周围的热空气会变冷。这使得空气中的一些水蒸气变成了小水滴。Alexander Henn解释说，如果你有眼镜，附近的小水滴就会附着在眼镜上，使它们起雾。他开发了一种用树木废料制成的新涂层)”可知，本段主要解释了眼镜在冬天起雾的原因。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中Henn所说的话“Here in Finland, we have a lot of trees. Everyone knows that you can build with the wood, or you can make paper or cloth from it, but most of those processes don’t use a tree’s lignin, which ends up as a waste product (在芬兰，我们有很多树。每个人都知道你可以用木材来建造，或者你可以用它来造纸或布料，但大多数这些过程都不使用树木的木质素，它最终成为废物)”可知，芬兰人知道使用木材，但是都没有充分利用木质素。由此可推知，Henn认为在芬兰木质素的功能被大家所忽视。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Coating glass with water-loving lignin bits would change how its surface interacts with water. The nanoparticles wanted to hold onto the water, which would make them spread out across the glass surface. If that water spreads out enough, the small water drops will form a continuous thin layer. Although the glasses are now wet, they might not be foggy. (在玻璃表面涂上亲水木质素会改变其表面与水的相互作用。纳米粒子想要抓住水，这将使它们在玻璃表面扩散。如果水足够分散，小水滴就会形成连续的薄层。虽然眼镜现在是湿的，但它们可能不会有雾)”可知，木质素通过在眼镜上形成一层薄薄的水层来帮助眼镜除去雾。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Each one was about 100 nanometers in size. (每一个大约有100纳米大小)”和最后一段中“So putting lignin bits on glass would make it look a bit dirty. This encouraged Henn to make the lignin particles 50 nanometers across so they would go unnoticed. (所以把木质素放在眼镜上会让它看起来有点脏。这促使Henn将木质素颗粒制作成50纳米大小，这样它们就不会被注意到)”可知，对于木质素涂层的缺点，Henn的解决方案是制造更小的木质素颗粒。故选B项。 主题语境03 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·江苏扬州中学·期中）If you have ever driven coast to coast across the United States, chances are that you have passed beneath the flight of a fearless songbird, the cliff swallow (崖燕). Unlike most wildlife that retreat from human footprint, the cliff swallow has survived alongside it. Originally a bird of the western mountains, it has, over the past century, colonized the Great Plains, building its mud nests beneath bridges — wonders of natural engineering like our own. For nearly forty years, researcher Charles Brown has conducted annual surveys of hundreds of these nesting colonies in Nebraska, seeking to understand the dynamics of swallow society. He has found that in western Nebraska, most cliff swallows live within a stone’s throw of a road. This choice of habitat is, of course, exceptionally dangerous. When Brown began studying swallows in the 1980s, he often picked up dead swallows on the roads. In 2012, however, Brown suddenly found, though, there was virtually no roadkill to be found. He’d collected twenty dead birds in 1984, when the project began, and twenty more in 1985 and 1986. Then the trend line went downward: fifteen in 1989, thirteen in 1991, eight in 2002. By 2011 it had dropped to four. Brown thought: somehow swallows had become harder to kill. By measuring the birds’ wings, he saw that the swallows killed by cars usually had longer wings than the ones he caught alive. Brown knew what this meant: The traffic was weeding clumsier, long-winged swallows from the population and favoring the quicker, short-winged ones — Darwinian selection in action. “Long ago,” Brown said, “cliff swallows lived mostly apart from humans. Now, they are so much a part of our world that our roads and bridges have changed their very genes.” The cliff swallows became rare winners in a world of concrete and steel. But this success came with a cost — the loss of the long-winged swallows and a permanent change to the birds’ nature. They had been shaped, forever, by the road. 1.What does the underlined part “retreat from” in paragraph 1 mean? A. Avoids. B. Expands. C. Erases. D. Reduces. 2.How is paragraph 3 mainly developed? A. By providing data. B. By extending a definition. C. By giving examples. D. By making a classification. 3.What is paragraph 4 mainly talking about? A. Backgrounds of a study. B. Reasons for a phenomenon. C. Theories of natural selection. D. Assumptions about an experiment. 4.What did cliff swallows’ survival cost them? A. Their genes became abnormal. B. Their population declined sharply. C. They were edged out of Great Plains. D. Long-winged swallows were weeded out. 【答案】1. A　2. A　3. B　4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了崖燕在人类活动影响下的生存情况及其基因变化。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第一段中划线词所在句“Unlike most wildlife that retreat from human footprint, the cliff swallow has survived alongside it. (与大多数retreat from人类足迹的野生动物不同，崖燕一直与人类共存。)”可知，崖燕能与人类共存，而大多数野生动物则相反，会“躲避”人类活动痕迹。“retreats from”为“避开，远离”之意，与“Avoid”意思相近。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中“He’d collected twenty dead birds in 1984, when the project began, and twenty more in 1985 and 1986. Then the trend line went downward: fifteen in 1989, thirteen in 1991, eight in 2002. By 2011 it had dropped to four. (1984年项目开始时，他收集了20只死鸟，1985年和1986年又收集了20只。然后趋势线开始下降：1989年15只，1991年13只，2002年8只。到2011年，这一数字已经降至4只。)”可知，本段主要是通过提供数据来说明崖燕被车辆撞死的数量在逐年减少。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 段落大意题。根据第四段中“By measuring the birds’ wings, he saw that the swallows killed by cars usually had longer wings than the ones he caught alive. Brown knew what this meant: The traffic was weeding clumsier, long-winged swallows from the population and favoring the quicker, short-winged ones — Darwinian selection in action. (通过测量鸟的翅膀，他发现被车撞死的崖燕的翅膀通常比他活捉的崖燕的翅膀要长。布朗知道这意味着什么：交通正在从种群中淘汰那些笨拙的长翼崖燕，而青睐那些更快、短翼的崖燕——达尔文的选择正在起作用。)”可知，本段主要解释了为什么崖燕被车撞死的数量在减少，即交通对崖燕种群进行了自然选择，使得短翼崖燕更适应环境。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“But this success came with a cost — the loss of the long-winged swallows and a permanent change to the birds’ nature. (但这种成功是有代价的——长翼崖燕的消失和鸟类本性的永久改变。)”可知，崖燕的生存是以长翼崖燕的消失为代价的。故选D项。 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·江苏前黄高级中学·期中）Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 1.What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 2.What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 3.What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. C　4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章倒数第二段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。 【点睛】 主题语境02 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高二上·江苏扬州中学联培部·期中）Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. The ideals for most philosophical writing are precision, clarity, and the sort of conceptual analysis that leaves no hair un-split. There is nothing wrong with clarity, precision, and the like — but this isn’t the only way to do philosophy. Outside academic journals, abstract philosophical ideas are often expressed through literature, cinema, and song. There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story, and there are some great philosophical stories that delight and engage, rather than putting the reader to sleep. One of the great things about this is that, unlike formal philosophy, which tries to be very clear, stories don’t wear their meanings on their sleeve — they require interpretation, and often express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with. Consider what philosophers call the metaphysics (形而上学) of race — an area of philosophy that explorers the question of whether or not race is real. There are three main positions that you can take on these questions. You might think that a person’s race is written in their genes (a position known as “biological realism”). Or you might think of race as socially real, like days of the week or currencies (“social constructionism”). Finally, you might think that races are unreal — that they’re more like leprechauns (一种魔法精灵) than they are like Thursdays or dollars (“anti-realism”). A great example of a story with social constructionist taking on race is George Schuyler’s novel Black No More. In the book, a Black scientist named Crookman invents a procedure that makes Black people visually indistinguishable from Whites. Thousands of African Americans flock to Crookman’s Black No More clinics and pay him their hard-earned cash to undergo the procedure. White racists can no longer distinguish those people who are “really” White from those who merely appear to be White. In a final episode, Crookman discovers that new Whites are actually a whiter shade of pale than those who were born that way, which kicks off a trend of sunbathing to darken one’s skin-darkening it so as to look more While. Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with. 1.What does the author think of philosophical stories? A. The meaning behind is very obvious. B. They are extremely precise and formal. C. They often cause conflicts among readers. D. They are engaging and inspire critical thinking. 2.Which category might “Christmas” fall into according to paragraph 4? A. Social constructionism. B. Anti-realism. C. Biological realism. D. Literary realism. 3.What is Black No More in paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Racial issues caused by skin colors. B. A society view on race and self-image. C. Black people accepted by the white society. D. The origin of sun bathing among white people. 4.What is the best title of the text? A. Stories Made Easy B. Stories to Think with C. Positions in Philosophy D. Nature of Philosophical Writing 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. B　4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了哲学的抽象而复杂的理念往往是通过一个个有趣的小故事的形式体现的，它会启发读者思考。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story, and there are some great philosophical stories that delight and engage, rather than putting the reader to sleep.(没有什么能像一个好故事那样吸引人的注意力，有一些伟大的哲学故事会让读者感到愉悦和吸引人，而不是让读者昏昏欲睡)”以及第三段“One of the great things about this is that, unlike formal philosophy, which tries to be very clear, stories don’t wear their meanings on their sleeve — they require interpretation, and often express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with.(这其中最重要的一点是，与形式哲学不同的是，故事并不会把自己的意思挂在明面上——它们需要解释，而且常常表达出相互矛盾的观点，让读者纠结)”可知，哲学故事可以使读者有参与感和激发批判性思维。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“Consider what philosophers call the metaphysics (形而上学) of race — an area of philosophy that explorers the question of whether or not race is real. There are three main positions that you can take on these questions. You might think that a person’s race is written in their genes (a position known as “biological realism”). Or you might think of race as socially real, like days of the week or currencies (“social constructionism”). Finally, you might think that races are unreal — that they’re more like leprechauns (一种魔法精灵) than they are like Thursdays or dollars (“anti-realism”).(让我们来考虑一下哲学家所称之为种族的形而上学——这是探究种族是否真实的哲学问题。关于这个问题，你可能持有三个主要观点。你可能认为一个人的种族写在他们的基因中(被称为“生物现实主义”)。或者，你可能认为种族是社会上真实存在的，就像星期几或货币一样(“社会建构主义”)。最后，你可能认为种族是虚幻的——它们更像一种魔法精灵而不是星期四或美元(“反现实主义”))”可知，Christmas为一个节日，是社会的共有认知，应属于“社会建构主义”。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“A great example of a story with social constructionist taking on race is George Schuyler’s novel Black No More. In the book, a Black scientist named Crookman invents a procedure that makes Black people visually indistinguishable from Whites. Thousands of African Americans flock to Crookman’s Black No More clinics and pay him their hard-earned cash to undergo the procedure. White racists can no longer distinguish those people who are “really” White from those who merely appear to be White. In a final episode, Crookman discovers that new Whites are actually a whiter shade of pale than those who were born that way, which kicks off a trend of sunbathing to darken one’s skin-darkening it so as to look more While.(一个以社会建构主义观点来探讨种族问题的精彩例子是乔治·斯库勒的小说《不再是黑人》。在这本书中，一位名叫克鲁克曼的黑人科学家发明了一种让黑人在外貌上无法与白人区分的程序。成千上万的非洲裔美国人蜂拥而至克鲁克曼的“黑不再”诊所，并付出辛苦赚来的钱去接受手术。白人种族主义者再也无法区分那些“真正”的白人和那些只是表面上看起来像白人的人。在最后的一集中，克鲁克曼发现新的白人实际上比天生如此的白人更白，从而引发了一个晒太阳变黑肤色的潮流，以使自己看起来更白皙)”可知，白人种族主义者再也无法区分那些“真正”是白人的人和那些只是看起来像白人的人。在最后一集中，克鲁克曼发现新的白人实际上比那些生来是白人的人更白，这开启了日光浴使皮肤变黑的趋势——使其变黑，以便看起来不那么白。这段是关于种族和自我形象的社会观。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. The ideals for most philosophical writing are precision, clarity, and the sort of conceptual analysis that leaves no hair un-split.(哲学家以枯燥乏味的方式表达自己而臭名昭著。大多数哲学作品的理想是精确、清晰，以及那种不留痕迹的概念分析)”以及最后一段“Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with.(像这样富有哲理的故事给生活带来了更多的技术作品。它们是用来思考的故事)”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要介绍了哲学的抽象而复杂的理念往往是通过一个个有趣的小故事的形式体现的，它会启发读者思考，所以B项“Stories to Think with(可供思考的故事)”是本文最好的标题。故选B项。 主题语境03 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·江苏苏州实验中学·期中）When we think about invertebrates (无脊椎动物), most of us picture bees, worms, or perhaps even a jellyfish. But did you know that at least two-thirds of invertebrates work the night shift, meaning many are unlikely to be seen? They use phases of the moon and star light to learn about the world and make vital decisions. Many insects use the faint glow of the moon or stars to tell which way is up when flying in complete darkness. For centuries, artificial light has been a symbol of progress. Light has shaped human civilization. But while we celebrate its convenience, we often overlook the darker side of our obsession with illumination (照明): light pollution. It’s a disturber of ecosystems, with profound consequences for wildlife, human health and energy consumption. A 2021 study found that caterpillar (毛毛虫) populations were 52% lower in areas with street lights. The winter moth (飞蛾) is a small but essential species. In early spring its caterpillars provide a critical food source for blue tit (蓝山雀) chicks. But light pollution disorients (使迷惑方向) the adult moths, disturbs mating and affects egg-laying, leading to fewer caterpillars. With declining caterpillar numbers, blue tits struggle to feed their young. In one sense, light pollution is relatively easy to fix — we can simply not turn on the lights and allow the night to be lighted naturally by moonlight. Logically, this is mostly not feasible as lights are meant for the benefit of humans who are often unwilling to give them up. In the absence of turning off the lights there are other management approaches we can take to lessen their impact. We can limit their number, reduce their intensity and the time they are on. The extent to which invertebrates have responded to artificial light remains unspecified and it also remains unknown whether they can adapt to additional time changes. These changes likely affect individual fitness, so additional studies are needed to determine the selective pressure artificial light produces. An interdisciplinary (跨学科) approach is required to determine broader scale effects of artificial light on wildlife biodiversity and ecosystem health, and to determine relevant strategies. 1.What do we know about the majority of invertebrates? A. They use darkness to hide B. They are active at night. C. They are becoming extinct. D. They are intelligent creatures 2.What does the caterpillar example show in paragraph 3? A. The effect of light pollution on the food chain B. The importance of a balanced ecosystem C. The urgency of saving species through food D. The challenge in wildlife conservation 3.What does the underlined word “feasible” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Odd. B. motivating C. Crazy D. Workable. 4.What does the author think of potential management approaches? A. They are innovative B. They were easy to apply C. They prove to be effective D. They call for in-depth research 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D　4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了光污染对无脊椎动物及生态系统的影响，并探讨了应对措施与研究需求。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“But did you know that at least two-thirds of invertebrates work the night shift, meaning many are unlikely to be seen?(但你知道吗？至少三分之二的无脊椎动物在夜间活动，这意味着很多无脊椎动物平时很难被看到。)”可知，大多数无脊椎动物在夜间活动。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“A 2021 study found that caterpillar (毛毛虫) populations were 52% lower in areas with street lights. The winter moth (飞蛾) is a small but essential species. In early spring its caterpillars provide a critical food source for blue tit (蓝山雀) chicks. But light pollution disorients (使迷惑方向) the adult moths, disturbs mating and affects egg-laying, leading to fewer caterpillars. With declining caterpillar numbers, blue tits struggle to feed their young.(2021年的一项研究发现，有路灯的地区毛毛虫的数量减少了52%。冬蛾是一种小而重要的物种。在早春，它的毛毛虫为蓝山雀的幼鸟提供了重要的食物来源。但是光污染使成年飞蛾迷失方向，干扰交配，影响产卵，导致毛毛虫数量减少。随着毛毛虫数量的减少，蓝山雀很难喂养幼鸟。)”可知，第三段中的毛毛虫的例子表明光污染影响了食物链（从飞蛾到毛毛虫再到蓝山雀的幼鸟）。故选A。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第四段中“In one sense, light pollution is relatively easy to fix - we can simply not turn on the lights and allow the night to be lighted naturally by moonlight. Logically, this is mostly not feasible as lights are meant for the benefit of humans who are often unwilling to give them up.(从某种意义上说，光污染相对容易解决——我们可以简单地不开灯，让夜晚自然地被月光照亮。从逻辑上讲，这大多是不feasible，因为灯是为了人类的利益而设置的，而人类通常不愿意放弃它们。)”可知，不开灯从逻辑上讲，大多是不可行的，因为灯是为了人类的利益而设置的，人类通常不愿意放弃它们，所以feasible意为“可行的”。A. Odd古怪的；B. motivating激励的；C. Crazy疯狂的；D. Workable可行的。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The extent to which invertebrates have responded to artificial light remains unspecified and it also remains unknown whether they can adapt to additional time changes. These changes likely affect individual fitness, so additional studies are needed to determine the selective pressure artificial light produces. An interdisciplinary (跨学科) approach is required to determine broader scale effects of artificial light on wildlife biodiversity and ecosystem health, and to determine relevant strategies.(无脊椎动物对人工光的反应程度尚不明确，它们是否能适应更多的时间变化也尚不清楚。这些变化可能会影响个体的适应能力，因此需要进一步的研究来确定人工光产生的选择压力。需要采用跨学科的方法来确定人工光对野生生物多样性和生态系统健康的更广泛影响，并确定相关策略。)”可知，作者认为潜在的管理方法需要进一步的研究（来确定其效果和可行性）。故选D。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·江苏海门中学·期中）The upcoming winter season offers a selection of the finest, quickest, toughest and most delightful running events across the UK for those seeking adventure or community spirit. ● Bah Humbug 10K, 1 December Do yourself a favour and bring towels and plastic bags with you, because every bit of gear you wear during this event is likely to be caked with mud by the end. Therefore, the organisers have done well to ensure there are changing rooms and showers available for all runners. racebest. com ● Winter Solstice Strider, 8 December Dig that head flashlight out of the messy drawer for this after-dark run or walk for a good cause. You have a 5K route, which winds through the forest at the St Ives Estate. The route is far from flat and will almost certainly be muddy in places, so make sure your batteries are well charged in case there are emergencies. sueryder. org ● The Christmas Charity Run, 21 December This event is run by a most environmentally conscious organiser in the country, and is therefore only open to local runners to reduce car travel. Another great feature is that £7. 50 of the £10 entry fee goes straight to a local charity that supports people with cancer, making this one of the most positive-impact events that you could possibly find. eventrac. co. uk ● Mapledurham 10& Half, 29 December Mapledurham events are always well organised and, with unpleasant weather likely, you'll have to deal with some mud on the various uphills and downhills on whichever of the 10K, 10-mile or half-marathon courses you choose. The organisers have prioritised finding a good route over precise measurements, so all three races have a rather loose relationship with their stated distance. mstevents. co. uk 1.Which website offers information for night run participants? A. sueryder. org B. racebest. com C. eventrac. co. uk D. mstevents. co. uk 2.What makes the Mapledurham events unique? A. Eco-friendly goals. B. Flexible race distances. C. Strong charity focus. D. Muddy running courses. 3.Which column of a magazine is the text probably from? A. Tech Trends. B. Athlete Profiles. C. News Insight. D. Race Guide. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江苏海门中学·期中）If you’ve ever let unworn clothes fill your room just because they were expensive, or followed through on plans you hated because you’d already bought tickets, you’re familiar with the sunk cost effect. “The sunk cost effect is the general tendency for people to continue an action, or continue consuming or pursuing an option, if they’ve invested time or money or some resource in it,” says Christopher Olivola, the author of a paper on the topic published in the journal Psychological Science. “That effect is negative if it’s pushing you to do things that are making you unhappy or worse off.” Sticking with the plan, even when it no longer serves you, could be an attempt to correct cognitive dissonance (认知失调): the mental disconnect between paying for something and not getting the expected return on investment. It could also be an automatic reaction to regret. Or, Olivola says, it could be an attempt to convince others, and ourselves, that we’re not wasteful. You still feel the guilt of “wasting” money even when it’s not your own. In one experiment, Olivola asked participants to imagine that they felt full after eating a few bites of rich cake at a party. Participants were asked to imagine that they had bought the cake themselves, or that someone else had purchased it. They were then asked whether they’d finish the cake, despite feeling full. Regardless of who had bought the cake — friends, strangers or the participants themselves — people were far more likely to say they’d keep eating the expensive cake. Olivola says it’s not totally clear why we feel so pressured to honor others’ investments about as much as we honor our own, but people should try to overcome both versions of the sunk cost effect. “What’s done is done,” Olivola says. “There’s nothing you can do to regain money that’s lost — and pursuing something that makes you unhappy not only isn’t going to get your money back, but it’s also going to make you worse off. You’re just digging a deeper hole.” 1.What strategy does the author use to define the sunk cost effect? A. Explaining research findings. B. Comparing opposing opinions. C. Listing examples and quoting expert words. D. Presenting problems and introducing solutions. 2.Which is a reason people get caught in the sunk cost trap? A. To explore alternative options. B. To avoid making similar mistakes again. C. To make the most of the time and money spent. D. To overcome the conflict caused by past failed investments. 3.What does the cake experiment illustrate? A. We seem terrified of losing our possessions. B. We are guilty of pursuing material pleasures. C. We feel responsible for others’ wasted money. D. We ignore our inner thoughts to accommodate others. 4.What can we infer about the key to overcoming the sunk cost effect? A. List all sunk costs before our actions. B. Focus on the future benefits of giving up. C. Follow our heart when making decisions. D. Value mental health instead of physical gains. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江苏盐城一中·期中）When thinking of a robot, you might picture something with a lot of sensors, and stiff metal arms controlled by a computer. But scientists at the AMOLF institute in the Netherlands have come up with a robot that has no brain and no sensors. And yet this robot can “walk” by itself. And if dropped into water, it swims. How is this possible? The team behind the robot says the secret is in the science of how air moves. If you’ve seen a “tube dancer,” you’ve seen how this robot works. Tube dancers are tall, thin cloth tubes. High-pressure air fills the tube, making it stand. As it stands, air flows faster, dropping the pressure and causing a bend. The tube falls partway over. The bend slows the air, raising the pressure. The pumped air then pushes the bend up, making the dancer stand again. The magic happens to the robot because there are several tubes hooked up to the same air supply. When the air starts to flow, the tubes move in different ways. But very quickly, all of these “legs” start to move in exactly the same way, making the robot walk. The air pressure controls how fast the robot moves. There are several remarkable things about the robot. First, it can cover a distance equal to thirty of its body lengths in a second. That would be like the world’s fastest man, Usain Bolt, running the 100-meter race in seconds. It can also go over uneven ground. If it bumps into a wall, it automatically turns. Perhaps most surprising is the fact that if the robot is dropped into water, it begins moving in a new way that allows it to swim. So far, almost all of the robot’s skills are things that it just does automatically. The researchers hope to develop new ways to control the robot and perhaps give it more skills in the future. 1.What distinguishes the new robot from traditional ones? A. Its shape and adaptability. B. Its simplicity and automaticity. C. Its intelligence and sensitivity. D. Its appearance and controllability. 2.Why is the “tube dance” mentioned? A. To clarify the uniqueness of the robot. B. To predict the application of the robot. C. To introduce the structure of the robot. D. To illustrate the mechanism of the robot. 3.What determines the speed of the robot? A. The number of the tubes. B. The way the tubes move. C. The type of the air supply. D. The air pressure in the tube. 4.Which is a remarkable feature of the robot? A. It can fly like the fastest human. B. It can handle tough road conditions. C. It can detect barriers that block its way. D. It can keep its walking mode underwater. 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·江苏扬州中学联培部·期中）Like many people over the past years, I have found myself switching to audiobooks as my main means of reading literature. After days of looking at my laptop, I find it far more comfortable to “read with my ears” while my eyes are resting. My consumption of new books has doubled as a result — but a recent paper makes me wonder if this will come at the price of my comprehension. When we listen to text, it seems, we may engage in less thinking and rely more on instinct (直觉) to evaluate its content. The study comes from Boaz Keysar and Janet Geipel, both then at the University of Chicago, and it draws from a mental process model popularized in Daniel Kahneman’s best-selling book Thinking, Fast and Slow. According to this view of the mind, we have two ways of assessing information. System I is instinctive, relying on instinct and feeling. It is quick, but at the risk of misinformation and thinking mistake. System II is analytical: When it is engaged, we think our way through the materials step by step. It is more effortful but also more sensible. Geipel and Keysar investigated whether the sensory style — seeing or hearing — of the information would make a difference. They found that it did: When answering simple‑but‑misleading questions, participants were significantly more likely to make errors when the sentences were spoken out loud rather than written. The researchers repeated the experiment with a greater range of tasks, in more diverse populations. The results were the same: when listening rather than reading, people were more likely to depend on system I. A greater reliance on instinct could be a problem if we are consuming information that needs logical examination. If I am tackling a book about science I want to be sure I am fully engaged, not just nodding along the vague arguments. For this reason, I will return to reading non‑fiction with my eyes rather than my ears. But I won’t stop listening to novels. If I’m enjoying a story, I am quite happy to go with the flow of my emotions while my critical mind takes a break. 1.Why does the author prefer audiobooks? A. They provide better comprehension. B. They allow the eyes to have a break. C. They are cheaper than physical books. D. They are more popular among friends. 2.What does the study conducted by Geipel and Keysar aim to investigate? A. The popularity of audiobooks. B. The effects of visual processing. C. The roles of sensory styles in comprehension. D. The impact of reading on cognitive development. 3.What causes the author to return to reading non‑fiction with eyes? A. The need for logical analysis. B. An interest in critical thinking. C. A preference for visual learning. D. The intention to improve efficiency. 4.What is the author’s attitude towards audiobooks? A. Cautious. B. Favorable. C. Objective. D. Doubtful. 主题语境04 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江苏扬州中学联培部·期中）Climate change could have large impacts on food production across the world. Rising temperatures might boost crop production in cold regions but negatively impact production in warmer areas. Wheat and rice — which benefit from more CO2 in the atmosphere — could see growing output, while corn and sorghum (高粱) could see a decline with warmer temperatures. Farmers can adjust their practices to a warmer climate in four key ways: Farmers can change WHAT they plant. This could be an entirely different type of crop: corn instead of wheat. Or a different variety of a specific crop. FOUR KEY WAYS Farmers can change WHERE crops are planted. If temperatures rise in fall, crop production can shift north or southwards towards more suitable temperatures. Farmers can change HOW crops are managed. Giving crops the right amount of water, nutrition, and protection from insects and disease can help reduce some impacts of climate change. Farmers can change WHEN they plant. Farmers can plant earlier or later in the year, depending on when spring arrives. Adjusting planting dates requires no additional cost or work. A recent study by experts modeled three adaptation methods — changing WHAT, changing WHEN and changing both of them. The chart below shows their impact on the output of corn, rice, sorghum, soybean (大豆) and wheat. These three adaptation methods can already go some way to relieve climate pressures in some countries. But, of course, we don't only care about crop production at the global level. If farmers in particular regions — especially those that are most food-insecure — cannot adapt to climate change, this is still a major problem. So there is more we can do in the future. 1.What should farmers change if they are short of money and labour? A. WHAT. B. WHERE. C. HOW. D. WHEN. 2.Which crop may benefit most if farmers plant improved varieties? A. Rice. B. Corn. C. Sorghum. D. Wheat. 3.What should be done in the future? A. To adopt the three methods. B. To help the farmers in need. C. To focus on crop production. D. To move to colder regions. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江苏海门中学·期中）Human language seems so much more complicated and organized than anything experienced by animals. Nevertheless, animals do indeed communicate complex ideas using precise, intentional language. Vervet monkeys (黑长尾猴), like many other species of primates (灵长目动物), give alarm calls when predators (捕食性动物) approach. These calls act as warnings to others in their group that a predator is about. The interesting part is that there are different calls for different predators. To demonstrate that these vervet calls mean what they thought they meant, primate researchers Robert Seyfarth and Dorothy Cheney performed experiments. They placed loudspeakers in the forest and waited for vervets to approach and then played the various warning calls that they had recorded. Sure enough, playing the eagle call made the vervets look up, playing the leopard call made them climb the nearest tree and head for a thin branch. Another interesting thing about vervets is that they can tell their own children by their cries. In the jungle, when a baby vervet cries, its mother looks in the direction of the scream. Meanwhile all of the other vervets also stop and look, but not toward the baby, toward the mother. Even other mothers that don’t have their babies nearby are not mistaken about which baby is crying. Also, it turns out that vervets have vocabulary for more than just predators and dangers. They also have vocabulary for social relationships such as “higher-ranking member,” “lower-ranking member,” and “competing group of vervets.” To date, we have not interpreted any other primate vocabulary as thoroughly as we have the vervets. It’s only because no one has yet done with any other species what Seyfarth and Cheney have done with vervets. However, you can be sure that, inspired by this success, primatologists are now doing exactly that with many other species. It won’t be long before we have a more complete vocabulary for many more of our primate cousins. 1.How did the researchers distinguish the vervets’ alarm calls? A. By marking their locations. B. By mixing up their predators. C. By observing their escape strategies. D. By comparing them with other species of primates. 2.What might happen if a baby vervet screams in the wild? A. Its mother would run to take care of it. B. Many female vervets would look at it. C. Vervet mothers would look around for their babies. D. Warning calls would be spread among vervet mothers. 3.What is expected of primate studies? A. More humans’ cousins will be identified. B. More cross-species competition will be shown. C. More will be known about their social structures. D. More species’ means of communication will be revealed. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. Humans and primates can communicate. B. Other primates use speech and vocabulary. C. Female primates identify each other’s babies. D. Primates use sounds to signal and react to danger. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江苏新海高级中学·期中）When people trust science, they can make better decisions and work together on big problems like climate change. But if people stop trusting science, it’s easier for false information to spread and harder to solve these problems. One way scientists are trying to build more trust is by being more open about themselves and their work. The idea of “open science” means sharing data, experimental methods and even unsuccessful results. Scientists are also being asked to reveal if they have any financial interests that might affect their work. However, as a philosopher of science and public policy, I argue that some forms of openness can actually reduce trust Scientists aren’t perfect because they are human beings. However, even when mostly correct, they can lose public trust due to mistakes. For example, in 2009, the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia in England was hacked, which led to the leak of thousands of climate scientists’ emails. This caused public concern over a cover-up of data that go against global warming. Numerous investigations found no misconduct and the scientists were doing normal research. However, the lack of context in the leaked data gave rise to conspiracy theories. Some also believe that good scientists never have conflicts of interest and that scientists who do are in the wrong. So you could argue that it’s OK for scientists to hide conflicts of interest to keep public trust. This is called a “noble lie”. However lying only works if no one finds out, and history shows that the truth usually comes out in the end. The idea of a noble lie is what I call a fake solution. It doesn’t really fix the problem. It just shows that people don’t understand enough about how science and scientists work. Scientists aren’t completely fair or neutral. Everyone has some level of personal opinion or outside pressure, which may affect their work. And science doesn’t prove things for sure. It makes the best guesses based on facts and data. Scientists know that they aren’t perfect, and neither is the practice of science. But they haven’t done a great job of explaining that to the public. If we want people to trust science as much as it should be trusted, we need to help them really understand how it works. 1.How does the author introduce the topic of the text? A. By defining a complex idea B. By challenging an assumption C. By comparing two viewpoints D. By presenting a real-life example 2.What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning the 2009 case? A. Climate change is often exaggerated. B. Research should be better protected. C. Partial openness can damage trust. D. Media reports can shape public opinion. 3.How does the author view the “noble lie”? A. As risky yet unavoidable B. As a moral but delicate act C. As wise but rarely successful D. As wrong in principle and effect 4.What is the author’s advice for scientists? A. Balance truth with public image B. Keep their personal views private C. Provide solid evidence for each claim D. Admit the limits of science clearly Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江苏苏州中学·期中）Imagine you’re out for an evening walk in a foreign city, looking to find a restaurant for dinner. If you’re like most people, you will look for the busiest restaurant with the most diners because you think its popularity is bound to indicate the quality of food and service. But is this true? In tourist areas, early diners have no meaningful clues as to which restaurant to choose, and may have picked just on a whim. Passers-by may have misinterpreted their restaurant choice as a well-informed decision and blindly followed their example. This could have resulted in a snowballing effect, whereby ever-increasing numbers of customers were attracted to the restaurant, creating a false impression of approval. Blindly copying other people’s choices or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd behavior (从众行为).” It is a frequent occurrence among humans as well as many other animals Herding can appear to make a lot of sense. Average judgments of large groups of people often outperform individual choices. Furthermore, following the crowd appears to offer protection and comfort — after all, there’s “safety in numbers”. Finally, following the herd reduces the effort needed to make a personal or unique decision; it is therefore an easy option. Herd behaviors, while common and easy to explain, hold significant dangers. Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which emerges when the judgments of individual group members are independently collected to produce an average opinion, herd behaviors typically rely on so-called “information cascades”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their choices without critically evaluating the underlying reasons. This frequently leads to the imitation of stupid behaviors. As a result, herding can have many undesirable outcomes, including negative influences on consumer choices, like in the restaurant example above. It appears there is no quick and easy fix to resist the lure of herd behavior. Instead, long-term attitude changes may be necessary, which could involve individuals adopting more critical approaches towards their peers’ opinions and questioning others’ behaviors as opposed to blindly following them. 1.The writer tends to think that a crowded restaurant in a tourist area ________. A. is sure to serve good food and drinks B. is usually the result of informed choices C. may give a false impression of its quality D. proves the concept of the “wisdom of crowds” 2.Why do people often follow the crowd? A. It gives them a sense of security. B. It outperforms average judgments. C. It allows for better decision-making. D. It helps protect their good reputation. 3.In the context of herd behavior, what does “information cascades” refer to? A. independently collecting individual opinions. B. Critically evaluating the reasons behind choices. C. Forming average judgments across large groups. D. adopting others’ beliefs or choices without evaluation. 4.What is the text mainly about? A. Why is it hard to make a good choice? B. Why shouldn’t you follow the crowd? C. What benefits can you get from herding? D. What factors will influence your decisions? Passage 3 （25-26高二上·江苏苏州中学·期中）That dinosaurs ate the mammals that ran beneath their feet is not in doubt. Now, an extraordinary fossil newly described in Scientific Reports, unearthed by a team led by Gang Han at Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology in China, shows that sometimes the tables were turned. The fossil, which dated to about 125 million years ago during the Cretaceous period, was formed when a flow of boiling volcanic mud swallowed two animals seemingly locked in a life-and-death fight. The one on top is a mammal known as Repenomamus robustus. The animal below is a herbivorous species closely related to the Triceratops (三角恐龙). Animal interactions such as this are exceptionally rare in the fossil record. One possibility is that the mammal was eating something already dead rather than hunting live prey. These days, it is uncommon for small mammals to attack much larger animals. But it is not unheard of. And Dr. Han and his colleagues point out that those mammals which eat dead bodies typically leave tooth marks all over the bones of the animals. The dinosaur’s remains show no such marks. There is also a chance the fossil could be a fake. More and more convincing fakes have emerged, just as this one had raised similar doubts — though Dr. Han and his colleagues argue that the complexly connected nature of the skeletons makes that unlikely, too. Perhaps the fossil itself can speak for its own authenticity. The dinosaur in it is just 1.2 meters long, from nose to tail. The mammal is a bit under half a meter in length. With one paw firmly wrapping around one of its prey’s limbs, and another pulling on its jaw, the mammal is biting down on the dinosaur’s chest, and has torn out two of its ribs. Before they were interrupted, it seems that the mammal was winning. 1.Which is closest in meaning to underlined part “the tables were turned” in Para. 1? A. The fittest survives. B. The weak become hunters. C. Fortune favors the brave. D. Research findings can be wrong. 2.Why is the “tooth mark” mentioned in paragraph 3? A. To prove the fossil was fake. B. To show how intense the fight was. C. To illustrate the process of hunting. D. To suggest the dinosaur might be hunted alive. 3.Which supports the argument of Dr. Han and his colleagues? A. The enormous size of the fossil. B. The absence of opposing theory. C. The consistency of the assumptions. D. The interlocking structure of the fossil. 4.What is the purpose of the last paragraph? A. To offer a new discovery. B. To provide geological background. C. To back up the conclusion. D. To stress the need for more research. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江苏扬州大学附中·期中）By examining tiny vessels (血管) inside a person’s eyes, doctors might one day be able to predict that person’s risk of early death, according to a new study. Past research had shown the retina (视网膜), light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye, as a possible indicator of a person’s biological age. The retina offers a unique, accessible “window” to evaluate underlying pathological (病理的) processes of some serious diseases that are associated with increased risks of death. In the new study, the researchers turned to a deep-learning technique that could predict a person’s risk of death by analyzing the biological age of the retina. Their deep-learning model, a type of machine learning and artificial intelligence that’s modeled to learn similar to a human brain, analyzed more than 80,000 images of fundus (眼底) — the internal back surface of the eye that includes the retina. They obtained the images from nearly 47.000 people between the ages of 40 and 69, stored in the UK Biobank. To figure out whether their model was accurate, they first analyzed more than 19,000 fundus images taken from more than 1,100 participants who were in relatively good health. The idea was that the retinal biological ages of these people should be fairly similar to their chronological age (实际年龄). The model was fairly accurate in predicting retinal ages, with an accuracy of within 3.5 years to chronological ages. They then used the model to assess the remaining nearly 36,000 participants’ fundus photos collected across a span of 11 years. They found that 51 percent of the participants had a “retinal age gap” — the difference between biological and chronological age of more than 3 years, 28 percent had a gap of more than 5 years and 4.5 percent had a gap of more than 10 years. In other words, these participants had “older” eyes compared to their chronological age. Those who had larger age gaps had a 49-67 percent higher risk of death from causes other than cardiovascular disease or cancer. With every one year increase in the age gap, the risk of death increased by 2 percent for any cause and 3 percent for causes other than cardiovascular disease and cancer. 1.What can we know about the retina? A. It causes serious diseases. B. It helps to analyze pathological processes. C. It can diagnose some serious diseases. D. It improves people’s physical health. 2.How do researchers know the retinal age? A. By examining the nerve tissue. B. By studying the human brain. C. By checking the eyesight. D. By analyzing fundus images. 3.What percentage of the participants had the largest retinal age gap? A. 3.5%. B. 4.5%. C. 28%. D. 51%. 4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. A new study is conducted on tiny vessels. B. Image technology is used to predict diseases. C. Retinal age gaps may reveal risks of death. D. A deep-learning on the retina is necessary. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江苏天一中学·期中）Cold winters can be extra annoying for people who wear eyeglasses. Whenever they come indoors, their glasses practically always fog up, just like when warm air from a car’s heater hits a cold windscreen. When you enter a house from the extremely cold outdoors, the warm air around you cools. This causes some of the water vapor (水蒸气) in the air to turn into small drops of water. If you have glasses, nearby tiny water drops will attach to the glasses and fog them up, explains Alexander Henn, who developed a new coating made from tree waste. Henn dealt with the problem by using a renewable waste product — lignin (木质素), a combination made from smaller building blocks. Woody plants contain lots of lignin, which keeps them hard and strong. “Here in Finland, we have a lot of trees. Everyone knows that you can build with the wood, or you can make paper or cloth from it, but most of those processes don’t use a tree’s lignin, which ends up as a waste product,” Henn says. The researchers were working with lignin nanoparticles (纳米粒子) before starting thinking about fog. To make them, the scientists put mini-lignin pieces in a specially made liquid. When they poured that liquid into water, the lignin gathered together, forming tiny groups in the water. Each one was about 100 nanometers in size. Those tiny bits were hydrophilic, which means they love water. Coating glass with water-loving lignin bits would change how its surface interacts with water. The nanoparticles wanted to hold onto the water, which would make them spread out across the glass surface. If that water spreads out enough, the small water drops will form a continuous thin layer. Although the glasses are now wet, they might not be foggy. There was just one problem. “You could see the particles,” Henn says. So putting lignin bits on glass would make it look a bit dirty. This encouraged Henn to make the lignin particles 50 nanometers across so they would go unnoticed. “Lignin can do many different things, including being used as an incredible renewable resource. Besides, it can take in light in interesting ways,” he adds. 1.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. What troubles glasses wearers. B. How to keep your glasses clear. C. Why glasses turn foggy in winter. D. How water vapor becomes water drops. 2.What can be inferred from Henn’s words in paragraph 3? A. Lignin is a rare element in trees. B. Finland has created much wood waste. C. Trees in Finland are used unreasonably. D. Lignin’s role is often ignored in Finland. 3.How did lignin help rid glasses of fog? A. By dividing water drops into nanoparticles. B. By forming a thin layer of water on the glass. C. By stopping water vapor from becoming water. D. By taking in water and keeping the glasses dry. 4.What is Henn’s solution to the disadvantage of the lignin coating? A. Creating recyclable lignin. B. Making smaller lignin bits. C. Applying lignin in wider areas. D. Exploring ways to clean eyeglasses. 主题语境03 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·江苏扬州中学·期中）If you have ever driven coast to coast across the United States, chances are that you have passed beneath the flight of a fearless songbird, the cliff swallow (崖燕). Unlike most wildlife that retreat from human footprint, the cliff swallow has survived alongside it. Originally a bird of the western mountains, it has, over the past century, colonized the Great Plains, building its mud nests beneath bridges — wonders of natural engineering like our own. For nearly forty years, researcher Charles Brown has conducted annual surveys of hundreds of these nesting colonies in Nebraska, seeking to understand the dynamics of swallow society. He has found that in western Nebraska, most cliff swallows live within a stone’s throw of a road. This choice of habitat is, of course, exceptionally dangerous. When Brown began studying swallows in the 1980s, he often picked up dead swallows on the roads. In 2012, however, Brown suddenly found, though, there was virtually no roadkill to be found. He’d collected twenty dead birds in 1984, when the project began, and twenty more in 1985 and 1986. Then the trend line went downward: fifteen in 1989, thirteen in 1991, eight in 2002. By 2011 it had dropped to four. Brown thought: somehow swallows had become harder to kill. By measuring the birds’ wings, he saw that the swallows killed by cars usually had longer wings than the ones he caught alive. Brown knew what this meant: The traffic was weeding clumsier, long-winged swallows from the population and favoring the quicker, short-winged ones — Darwinian selection in action. “Long ago,” Brown said, “cliff swallows lived mostly apart from humans. Now, they are so much a part of our world that our roads and bridges have changed their very genes.” The cliff swallows became rare winners in a world of concrete and steel. But this success came with a cost — the loss of the long-winged swallows and a permanent change to the birds’ nature. They had been shaped, forever, by the road. 1.What does the underlined part “retreat from” in paragraph 1 mean? A. Avoids. B. Expands. C. Erases. D. Reduces. 2.How is paragraph 3 mainly developed? A. By providing data. B. By extending a definition. C. By giving examples. D. By making a classification. 3.What is paragraph 4 mainly talking about? A. Backgrounds of a study. B. Reasons for a phenomenon. C. Theories of natural selection. D. Assumptions about an experiment. 4.What did cliff swallows’ survival cost them? A. Their genes became abnormal. B. Their population declined sharply. C. They were edged out of Great Plains. D. Long-winged swallows were weeded out. 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·江苏前黄高级中学·期中）Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 1.What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 2.What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 3.What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 主题语境02 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高二上·江苏扬州中学联培部·期中）Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. The ideals for most philosophical writing are precision, clarity, and the sort of conceptual analysis that leaves no hair un-split. There is nothing wrong with clarity, precision, and the like — but this isn’t the only way to do philosophy. Outside academic journals, abstract philosophical ideas are often expressed through literature, cinema, and song. There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story, and there are some great philosophical stories that delight and engage, rather than putting the reader to sleep. One of the great things about this is that, unlike formal philosophy, which tries to be very clear, stories don’t wear their meanings on their sleeve — they require interpretation, and often express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with. Consider what philosophers call the metaphysics (形而上学) of race — an area of philosophy that explorers the question of whether or not race is real. There are three main positions that you can take on these questions. You might think that a person’s race is written in their genes (a position known as “biological realism”). Or you might think of race as socially real, like days of the week or currencies (“social constructionism”). Finally, you might think that races are unreal — that they’re more like leprechauns (一种魔法精灵) than they are like Thursdays or dollars (“anti-realism”). A great example of a story with social constructionist taking on race is George Schuyler’s novel Black No More. In the book, a Black scientist named Crookman invents a procedure that makes Black people visually indistinguishable from Whites. Thousands of African Americans flock to Crookman’s Black No More clinics and pay him their hard-earned cash to undergo the procedure. White racists can no longer distinguish those people who are “really” White from those who merely appear to be White. In a final episode, Crookman discovers that new Whites are actually a whiter shade of pale than those who were born that way, which kicks off a trend of sunbathing to darken one’s skin-darkening it so as to look more While. Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with. 1.What does the author think of philosophical stories? A. The meaning behind is very obvious. B. They are extremely precise and formal. C. They often cause conflicts among readers. D. They are engaging and inspire critical thinking. 2.Which category might “Christmas” fall into according to paragraph 4? A. Social constructionism. B. Anti-realism. C. Biological realism. D. Literary realism. 3.What is Black No More in paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Racial issues caused by skin colors. B. A society view on race and self-image. C. Black people accepted by the white society. D. The origin of sun bathing among white people. 4.What is the best title of the text? A. Stories Made Easy B. Stories to Think with C. Positions in Philosophy D. Nature of Philosophical Writing 主题语境03 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·江苏苏州实验中学·期中）When we think about invertebrates (无脊椎动物), most of us picture bees, worms, or perhaps even a jellyfish. But did you know that at least two-thirds of invertebrates work the night shift, meaning many are unlikely to be seen? They use phases of the moon and star light to learn about the world and make vital decisions. Many insects use the faint glow of the moon or stars to tell which way is up when flying in complete darkness. For centuries, artificial light has been a symbol of progress. Light has shaped human civilization. But while we celebrate its convenience, we often overlook the darker side of our obsession with illumination (照明): light pollution. It’s a disturber of ecosystems, with profound consequences for wildlife, human health and energy consumption. A 2021 study found that caterpillar (毛毛虫) populations were 52% lower in areas with street lights. The winter moth (飞蛾) is a small but essential species. In early spring its caterpillars provide a critical food source for blue tit (蓝山雀) chicks. But light pollution disorients (使迷惑方向) the adult moths, disturbs mating and affects egg-laying, leading to fewer caterpillars. With declining caterpillar numbers, blue tits struggle to feed their young. In one sense, light pollution is relatively easy to fix — we can simply not turn on the lights and allow the night to be lighted naturally by moonlight. Logically, this is mostly not feasible as lights are meant for the benefit of humans who are often unwilling to give them up. In the absence of turning off the lights there are other management approaches we can take to lessen their impact. We can limit their number, reduce their intensity and the time they are on. The extent to which invertebrates have responded to artificial light remains unspecified and it also remains unknown whether they can adapt to additional time changes. These changes likely affect individual fitness, so additional studies are needed to determine the selective pressure artificial light produces. An interdisciplinary (跨学科) approach is required to determine broader scale effects of artificial light on wildlife biodiversity and ecosystem health, and to determine relevant strategies. 1.What do we know about the majority of invertebrates? A. They use darkness to hide B. They are active at night. C. They are becoming extinct. D. They are intelligent creatures 2.What does the caterpillar example show in paragraph 3? A. The effect of light pollution on the food chain B. The importance of a balanced ecosystem C. The urgency of saving species through food D. The challenge in wildlife conservation 3.What does the underlined word “feasible” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Odd. B. motivating C. Crazy D. Workable. 4.What does the author think of potential management approaches? A. They are innovative B. They were easy to apply C. They prove to be effective D. They call for in-depth research / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. D 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. C　4. B Passage 2 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. D　4. B 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. C 主题语境04 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. B Passage 2 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. D　4. B 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. D　4. D Passage 2 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. B Passage 3 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. D　4. C 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. B　4. C Passage 2 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B　4. B 主题语境03 人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1. A　2. A　3. B　4. D 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. C　4. A 主题语境02 人与自我-做人与做事 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. B　4. B 主题语境03 人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D　4. D / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $