专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，河南专用）高二英语上学期

**基本信息** 本试卷为高二上学期说明文阅读理解专题汇编，精选河南多所高中期中试题，涵盖人与社会、人与自然等六大主题语境，素材聚焦科技前沿（如AI辅助学习、植物机器人）、社会热点（收入与幸福、手机驾驶检测）及文化传承（《西游记》游戏），注重语言能力与思维品质的综合考查。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解（说明文）|44题|科技（混凝土电池、人工光合作用）、社会（收入与幸福、步数与健康）、文化（《西游记》跨文化）、自然（河流热浪、蝴蝶保护）|情境具时代性（如AI医疗机器人、环保政策）；问题分层（细节理解占40%，推理判断35%，主旨大意25%）；学科特色突出信息筛选与逻辑分析（如“幸福阈值”数据解读、FiloBot工作原理推断）|

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. D　4. C 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. A　4. B 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. C　4. A Passage 2 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. B 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D　4. C Passage 2 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. C 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. C　4. C 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. A Passage 2 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. B 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. A　4. D Passage 2 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. A　4. B 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. D　4. A Passage 2 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. A Passage 3 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. C　4. C 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 Passage 1 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. B　4. C Passage 2 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. D　4. B 主题语境06 人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. A　4. A 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. B 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. C　4. A 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. D　4. A 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1. A　2. A　3. C　4. C 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. D / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·河南阳市华龙区濮阳市第一高级中学·期中）Governments have been trying to improve students’ academic performances. But the awkward truth is that the commonly promoted approaches — increasing salaries for teachers, building more schools and reducing class sizes — are costly and do little or nothing for learning. However, there is a promising policy that comes from Malawi. This poor country has suffered from overcrowded classrooms, a lack of learning materials and a shortage of well-trained teachers. It’s not somewhere we might expect to find innovative solutions. Yet it is now adopting the so-called “technology-assisted learning” method that has shown hope in turning things around. Almost all around the globe, schools put all nine-year-olds in one grade, ten-year-olds in another, and so on. But many of the children in each class are either far behind or far ahead. Kids in Malawi are now spending one hour a day on adaptive software on a tablet. It first identifies where each child is at, and then teaches reading, writing and math at the kid’s exact level. Children have described the relief of not having to worry about being embarrassed about getting wrong answers in front of the class, or being forced to compete for time with their teachers. Researchers have been amazed by what the students have achieved. Extensive studies show that just one year of one hour each day can deliver an astonishing three years of normal learning. And the method is incredibly cheap, costing as little as $15 per pupil per year in Malawi, partly because using the tablet just one hour a day means it can be shared among many students. The experiment in Malawi shows how the entire poorer half of the world could improve learning for nearly half a billion primary school children. This approach could also be useful in rich countries, with early evidence from trials in the UK looking promising. As governments around the world are desperate for policies and approaches that could ensure that kids are better-equipped for the challenges of tomorrow, tablets to teach at each student’s own level may offer a powerful way forward. 1.What is the author’s attitude to the policy of increasing salaries for teachers? A. Dismissive. B. Favorable. C. Unclear. D. Unconcerned. 2.What has contributed the most to students’ performances in Malawi? A. Small class size. B. Personalized study. C. Huge investment. D. Well-trained teachers. 3.What does the author probably mean in paragraph 5? A. It is wise for the UK to learn from the poor countries. B. Wealthy and poor countries may face similar challenges. C. He is surprised that poor countries can offer good solutions. D. The technology-assisted learning method might be popularized. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. The Commonly Promoted Policies Do Very Little or Nothing for Learning. B. Governments Are Struggling to Improve Students’ Academic Performances. C. A Simple Innovation Has Made a Surprising Difference in Malawi’s Schools. D. Malawi Sets a Good Example of Letting Students Study at Their Own Pace. 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·河南周口商水县第一高中-11月·期中）When was the last time you thought about music, and what role does music play in your life? If you enjoy music every day, you are likely gaining many benefits. Music has a mathematical structure based on relationships between one note and the next. You may not be aware of it, but your brain has to do a lot of computing to make sense of it. So, not surprisingly, listening to music can improve learning, memory, and mental alertness (警觉性). It also boosts concentration and mindfulness, as listening, playing, or moving to music keeps you focused in the present moment and even puts you “in the zone” where you experience the happy state of “flow”. Research has shown that listening to music can reduce anxiety, blood pressure, and pain, and improve sleep quality, mood, well-being, and happiness. And especially when moving to music, your brain gets washed in beneficial “feel-good” hormones (激素). So music can potentially extend your life and enhance its quality. Music is a vital element of culture, and every culture has specific types of music created, produced, and enjoyed by its people. In the U. S. alone, there are dozens of popular types, including Afro-beat, bluegrass, classical, and country. All these types of music have different origins and are associated with different subcultures, but they can be enjoyed by anyone, leading to cross-cultural appreciation and communication. Musical traditions are also connected to cultural celebrations — think about the music you associate with birthdays, graduations, weddings, and so on. Your music preference in the moment can depend on how you want to feel. You likely pick specific types of music depending on whether you’re looking to relax or exercise, trying to be productive, or romantic. The right music can boost your mood and motivation to clean up, do homework, or work out. In contrast, you likely avoid music that makes you sad, or bored. 1.What is the function of the question in the beginning? A. To put forward a new concept. B. To offer some advice for readers. C. To get the information of your interest. D. To lead in the topic to be talked about. 2.Why can listening to music improve your ability to pay attention? A. It keeps you concentrated. B. It makes you do computing. C. It builds relations between notes. D. It draws your interest in new things. 3.The author mentions American music in paragraph 4 to show that ______. A. music connects different peoples B. the USA is a country with diverse cultures C. each type of music is enjoyed by unique people D. not all kinds of music are popular with people 4.What can you infer from the last paragraph? A. Music has little effect on people’s emotions. B. People choose music based on their desired emotions. C. All types of music make people feel energetic. D. Sad music is always avoided by people. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南郑州第一中学·期中）Concrete (混凝土) is the world’s most used material after water. Because it already surrounds us in the built environment, researchers have been exploring the idea of using concrete to store electricity — turning buildings into giant batteries. The idea has been gaining ground as we have come to increasingly rely on renewable energy from the wind and sun: rechargeable batteries are necessary when the wind dies down or darkness falls. Experimental concrete batteries have only managed to hold a small part of what a traditional battery does. But one team now reports that it has developed a rechargeable original model that could represent a more than 10 times increase in stored charge, compared with earlier attempts. A live-in concrete battery might sound unlikely. Still, “you can make a battery out of a potato,” notes Aimee Bynne. In a future where sustainability is key, she likes the idea of buildings that avoid waste by providing shelter and powering electronics. According to Emma, the study co-author, although the new design stores more than 10 times as much power as earlier attempts: 200 square meters of it “can provide about 8 percent of the daily electricity consumption of a typical U. S. home”, this is not enough to compete with today’s rechargeable devices. “We’re getting milliamps out of concrete batteries — we’re not getting amps (安培),” Bynne, a structural engineer at Technological University Dublin, says, “we’re getting hours rather than days of charge.” But she adds that “concrete batteries are completely in their childhood, compared to other battery designs”. The earliest batteries were large and heavy. Researchers experimented with new materials and designs for more than a century to develop today’s small devices. Bynne suggests concrete-based energy storage could undergo a similar evolution. “The whole idea is that we’re looking far into the future,” she says, “we’re playing the long game with it.” 1.Why have researchers been exploring the use of concrete? A. Because concrete is far lighter. B. Because concrete is widely present. C. Because concrete is much cheaper. D. Because concrete can be easily transported. 2.What does Bynne want to show by mentioning the potato? A. Only food-related materials can be made into batteries. B. Potato batteries are more efficient than concrete batteries. C. Potatoes are the most commonly-used material for batteries. D. Materials that seem ordinary can be used for battery-making. 3.What is the property of the new concrete battery? A. It can power a U. S. home for days. B. It produces large amps of electricity. C. It stores over 10 times more charge than before. D. It is as efficient as traditional batteries. 4.What does Bynne think of concrete batteries? A. They need more advancement. B. They require simple technology. C. They can beat modern batteries. D. They have a narrow application. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南天立教育·期中）Animal-like robots are popular. And yet, says Barbara Mazzolai, an Italian roboticist, the field of robotics is far less interested in exploring the other major category of living things — plants. She puts the unwillingness down to a misconception (误解) about the usefulness of plant behavior: that they are capable of neither motion nor perception (感知). “It’s not true at all,” she says. Dr. Mazzolai and her team recently created FiloBot, a robot based on climbing plants. Like the real thing. FiloBot is capable of growing, attaching to and wrapping itself around supports, and adapting itself to an environment in response to external stimuli. FiloBot imitates the behaviors of a climbing tree using sensors in its head which is also equipped with a layer of plastic and a heating element. By softening and extruding (挤压出) the plastic in a circular patter, it can 3D-print its own body at a rate of two to seven millimeters per minute. Depending on brightness and direction, it changes the heat that the plastic is exposed to — lower temperatures result in a lighter body that increases in size more quickly, while higher temperatures make it thicker and stronger and grow more slowly. The researchers found that these simple functionalities were enough to let FiloBot move through a complex and unseen environment, cross gaps and find things to attach to. The lack of heavy on-board computing hardware, they say, means that it moves easily and requires minimal monitoring, while its slow pace means that it doesn’t disturb things around it. They suppose that this makes it suitable for potential applications including environmental monitoring in hard-to-reach locations, or monitoring disaster sites where existing facilities is unstable. Dr. Mazzolai hopes that such projects will motivate other roboticists to draw inspiration from plants. The plant kingdom is a world, she says, with a completely different approach to the animal one. “And we can develop new technologies and artificial solutions, because it is so different.” 1.What leads to limited exploration of plant-like robots? A. The slow growth rate of plants. B. The lack of plant research capability. C. The misunderstanding of plant behavior. D. The difficulty of applying plant-like robots. 2.How does FiloBot grow? A. By pressing a motion sensor. B. By exposing itself to sunlight. C. By pushing out softened plastic. D. By controlling outside temperature. 3.What is the purpose of this text? A. To point out the value of robotics. B. To present a newly invented robot. C. To call for more research into robots. D. To correct a misconception about plants. 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南周口太康县第一高级中学-11月·期中）Chinese hit video game Black Myth: Wukong has taken the gaming world by storm, selling more than 10 million copies across all platforms in just three days after its release. The game is inspired by the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. In it, players take the role of the Destined One, setting off for adventures to collect six Relics that once belonged to Sun Wukong and challenge the Celestial Court. Drawing on a rich heritage of nearly 1,000 years of Chinese culture, the game’s storyline and characters have proven difficult to understand for many players from western countries. For instance, a player shared on social media that their lack of familiarity with Journey to the West led to them consistently missing hidden treasures, finally resulting in repeated failures during a boss fight in Chapter 2. Meanwhile, some players feel overwhelmed by names like Erlang Shen and Lingxuzi, which can be difficult to pronounce for those unfamiliar with Chinese phonetics. To bridge these cultural divides, one enthusiast wrote a 200-page outline detailing Sun Wukong’s abilities across all 100 chapters of Journey to the West. Many others immersed themselves in the epic by checking out forums, TV shows, anime, manga and online encyclopedias. Through this process, western players have not only refined their gaming skills but also developed a deeper appreciation for Sun Wukong and Journey to the West. “Although many people might compare Sun Wukong to Western superheroes, I believe they are different,” said Patrick from the US. “Sun Wukong has a carefree and independent nature, unlimited by the need to set a good example for others like Spider-Man, who by contrast follows principles like ‘with great power comes great responsibility’.” Journey to the West offers a comprehensive narrative that covers a very dangerous journey, numerous encounters and the exploration of various cultures, making it a rich source for diverse storytelling types and cultural backgrounds. Perhaps these are some of the key reasons why Journey to the West has been translated into over a dozen languages, with more than 60 versions available worldwide. 1.What is the Destined One in Paragraph 2? A. The nickname of Sun Wukong in the game. B. The fictional main character of this hit game. C. One of the adventures to collect the six Relics. D. One of the six Relics belonging to the Celestial Court. 2.What does the underlined word “bridge” in paragraph 4 most likely mean? A. Get rid of. B. Take control of. C. Keep track of D. Take advantage of. 3.What can be learned about the game from the passage? A. It has gradually gained popularity among players worldwide. B. Its original character Sun Wukong is similar to western superheroes. C. It has been translated into many languages with numerous versions available worldwide. D. It is rather challenging for western players due to their unfamiliarity with Chinese culture. 4.What does the text mainly talk about? A. A Chinese hit video game and its original novel Journey to the West. B. Reasons behind the success of Chinese video game Black Myth: Wukong. C. The cultural impact and western players’ reception of a Chinese hit video game. D. Challenges and benefits Black Myth: Wukong brings to the spread of Chinese culture. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南周口太康县第一高级中学-11月·期中）We all know that our body language can give off signals to those around us about how we’re truly feeling. Crossed arms or closed body language suggests that we are feeling defensive (防御的) and we didn’t really believe what we’re listening to. Walking here and there suggests that we’re bored. And poor eye contact can suggest that we’re lying. One major development in the field of body language that hit the headlines is the “power pose.” This is a theory put forward in 2011 by U.S. social psychologists Amy Cuddy, Dana Carney and Andy Yap. They proposed that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful. What the theory suggests is that the simple act of holding a powerful pose can have powerful impact. For example, sitting with your legs up on the desk and arms held behind your head can raise your androgen levels and lower your cortisol (皮质醇) levels. Androgen is the hormone that affects dominance (控制); cortisol is the stress hormone. The study assessed participants’ hormone levels before and after they held high-power and low-power poses. Just as a male gorilla beats his chest to tell his dominance, humans can use body language to enhance their confidence, increase feelings of power, and lower their stress levels. These findings build on several psychological studies suggesting that some aspects of body language can change your emotional state. For instance, someone nodding “yes” to you can make you easier to persuade, and when you smile, you can feel more positive. So, how can powerful poses help us in the workplace? Well, the study proposes that, simply by striking a powerful pose, you can better prepare yourself for difficult or stressful situations. Perhaps you’ve got a presentation that you’re nervous about giving, or a job interview coming up. Holding a power pose, even in private, can help you to approach these events in a confident and less-stressed way. In contrast, a weak pose with closed body language can make you perform poorly. 1.If one pretends to be strong, _________. A. he is hiding his scare B. he may need others’ help C. he is more likely to feel strong D. he may doubt what he is listening to 2.How will people feel if they have high cortisol? A. Confident. B. Stressed. C. Bored. D. Defensive. 3.Why are the examples mentioned in paragraph 4? A. To highlight the truth of the power pose. B. To show the body language of gorillas. C. To persuade people to be more positive. D. To explain the changes in body language. 4.What may be the writer’s suggestion for working? A. Keeping calm in difficult situations. B. Taking part in formal events actively. C. Using a powerful pose to help ourselves. D. Using more body language in job interviews. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·河南郑州外国语学校·期中）For decades, social scientists have debated the link between income and happiness. A 2025 cross-country study published in the Journal of Positive Psychology — involving 120,000 participants from 45 countries across North America, Europe, and Asia — offers new insights into this complex relationship, challenging some long-held assumptions. The research team, led by Dr. Elena Marquez from the University of Zurich, first analyzed the connection between “absolute income” (total annual earnings) and self-reported happiness scores (measured on a 10-point scale). They found that for individuals with annual incomes below 75,000, there was a strong positive correlation: each 10,000 increase in income was associated with a 0.8-point rise in happiness. However, above 75,000, the correlation weakened dramatically — an additional 10,000 only led to a 0.1-point increase. Dr. Marquez labeled this $75,000 figure the “happiness threshold”: beyond this point, more money did not significantly boost happiness. What surprised researchers even more was the impact of “relative income” (income compared to peers in the same social group, such as colleagues or neighbors). For participants earning above the 75,000 threshold, relative income became a key factor. Those who earned 20% more than their peers reported happiness scores 1.2 points higher than those who earned 20% less — even if both groups had annual incomes above 100,000. “It’s not just how much you have,” Dr. Marquez explained, “but how much you have compared to people around you. This ‘social comparison effect’ often overriding the influence of absolute income once basic needs are met.” The study also highlighted regional differences. In high-cost-of-living regions like New York or Tokyo, the happiness threshold was slightly higher — around 95,000 — due to increased expenses for housing and daily necessities. In contrast, in areas with lower living costs, such as parts of rural India or Vietnam, the threshold dropped to 50,000. Notably, the social comparison effect was more pronounced in individualistic cultures (e.g., the U.S., Germany) than in collectivist cultures (e.g., Japan, Thailand), where community well-being is often prioritized over personal income status. Critics of the study point out its limitations: it relied on self-reported happiness scores, which may be influenced by temporary mood swings, and it did not account for non-financial factors like health, family relationships, or work-life balance — all of which affect happiness. Dr. Marquez acknowledged these gaps but emphasized the study’s value: “Our findings help clarify when money matters for happiness and when it doesn’t. For policymakers, this means focusing on reducing poverty (to lift people above the threshold) rather than just boosting overall economic growth. For individuals, it’s a reminder that chasing more money beyond a certain point may not lead to greater fulfillment.” 1.What can we learn about the “happiness threshold” from the study? A. It is a fixed figure of $75,000 applicable to all regions. B. Below this threshold, more money has little impact on happiness. C. Above this threshold, relative income matters more than absolute income. D. It is determined solely by an individual’s annual absolute income. 2.Why did participants earning 120,000 report lower happiness than those earning 100,000 in the same social group? A. Their absolute income was still below the happiness threshold. B. They earned 20% less than their peers in the same group. C. The 20,000 increase pushed them beyond the happiness threshold. D. They lived in high-cost regions where the threshold was 95,000. 3.Which of the following is a limitation of the 2025 study? A. It ignored the influence of relative income on happiness. B. It only included participants from individualistic cultures. C. It failed to consider non-financial factors affecting happiness. D. It used an inaccurate 10-point scale to measure happiness. 4.What does Dr. Marquez suggest policymakers do based on the study’s findings? A. Focus on increasing the overall economic growth rate. B. Set a unified happiness threshold for all regions. C. Prioritize reducing poverty to help people exceed the threshold. D. Encourage people to compare their income with peers less frequently. 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南豫北民办高中·期中）Older women who walk a little over three kilometers each day might live longer than less active women of the same age, a new study suggests. Many Americans hoping to stay healthy set a daily goal of 10, 000 steps, or about eight kilometers. They often have this goal because they are wearing electronic devices which set that target, note researchers in the United States. Their findings appeared recently in the publication JAMA Internal Medicine. But it is not clear how much intensity(强度)or speed matter when counting the health benefits of every step, the researchers write. They add that 10,000 steps per day might not be the right goal for everyone. For the study, researchers observed 17,000 women, all in their early 70s. They asked the women to wear accelerometers for at least four days. Accelerometers are small devices that measure the number of steps and the intensity of movement. The researchers followed up with the women much later, around 4. 3 years later, on average. Since the beginning of the study, 504 women had died. Compared to women who took no more than 2, 718 steps daily, the women who took at least 4,363 steps per day were 41 percent less likely to die. “Even a modest amount of steps is associated with lower death rates, "said I-Min Lee, the lead writer of a report on the study. "The rate of stepping did not matter in these older women: it was the number of steps that mattered. The study had a few limitations. For example, the researchers only measured women’s movements once, at the start of the study period. It is possible that the women’s behaviors changed over time. Still, the results are "good news for older adults who may have difficulty walking at faster paces, "said Keith Diaz, a researcher at Columbia University. He was not involved in the study. “Any walking is better than nothing, " Diaz said by email. "With even small amounts of walking, your risk of death will be sharply reduced "For those who have difficulty walking, other research shows that any form of aerobic activity provides health benefits," he added. "Swimming, bicycling or any form of activity that is continuous in nature will provide health benefits. 1.What conclusion can we come to from the text? A. People who walk about 10,000 steps can live longer. B. 10,000 steps per day might be the right goal for people. C. The more steps one walks per day, the longer life he may live. D. The number of steps is important for a long life among older women. 2.How is paragraph 4 mainly developed? A. By giving examples. B. By comparison. C. By listing statistics. D. By explaining reasons. 3.What can be leaned from what Diaz said? A. People who walk fast will get more health benefits. B. If people have a habit of walking, the risk of death will be reduced. C. People with walking difficulty can not benefit from activities D. Activities such as swimming and bicycling are not as beneficial as walking. 4.Where is the text most likely from? A. A medical journal. B. A news report. C. A magazine about fashion. D. A traveler brochure. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南周口商水县第一高中-11月·期中）A roadside system that detects if a mobile phone is in use in a passing vehicle is being tested in the UK first. Despite being unable to tell whether the driver is using the phone, it is hoped that it will act as a warning to people who make calls behind the wheel. The technology picks up the phone signal in the vehicle and activates a roadside warning sign of a mobile phone with a red line through it. The system cannot tell the difference between a driver and a passenger on a bus, but to some degree it can warn drivers that they can be detected using their phones. Using a directional antenna (天线)，the detector picks up radio waves produced by a phone handset, and measures the signal strength and length of them. When a signal is detected of duration (持续时间) long enough and signal strength strong enough to set off the system, the detector activates the warning sign. The detector is able to distinguish Bluetooth connections or hands-free devices which, when picked up, will prevent the activation. While this new system is no replacement for a police officer catching someone in the act, it could be enough to make some drivers think twice- and that has to be a positive step forward. However, just as technology has enabled the problem of drivers using mobile phones illegally, it can also be a big part of the solution in getting people to stop. Statistics from the devices will be shared with Norfolk Police, the county council said. The council said that enabling the system to record specific number plates could be a "future development". Using a mobile phone at the wheel is one of the four road crimes which can have horrible consequences if it causes a deadly or serious car crash. Law enforcement (执行) technology has been falling behind for a decade and not made any easier by motor producers that encourage users to plug in their phones even before driving. 1.Why is the roadside system used according to Paragraph 1? A. To send out cellphone signals to drivers. B. To detect drivers' illegal use of cellphone. C. To monitor people's use of phones while driving. D. To warm people against using pones while driving. 2.How does the detector of the roadside system work? A. It measures the length of the phone. B. It warns drivers with a phone in hand. C. It picks up radio waves from handsets. D. It activates the vehicle's Bluetooth system. 3.What does the text suggest drivers do with the road warning sign? A. Swift to Bluetooth while driving. B. Have a close watch of road signs. C. Avoid being picked up by detectors. D. Stop using a hands-free mobile phone. 4.What will the county council probably do in the future? A. Share the devices with the police. B. Make the system more advanced. C. Replace the police with the new system. D. Take steps to settle road safety problems. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南郑州部分名校-11月·期中）A 14-year study of over 90, 000 adults presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress has revealed that “catch-up sleep” on weekends can reduce heart disease risk by up to 20%. The research, led by cardiovascular (心血管的) scientists from China’s Fuwai Hospital, tracked participants through the UK Biobank and found that those who got the most compensate (补偿的) weekend sleep were 19% less likely to develop heart disease compared to those who maintained consistent but insufficient sleep schedules. The protective effect was most dramatic for the 20% of participants classified as sleep-deprived— those getting fewer than seven hours nightly during weekdays. A separate NHANES study of 3, 400 Americans confirmed these findings, showing that weekend catch-up sleep duration of more than 2 hours was strongly associated with reduced cardiovascular disease prevalence when weekday sleep fell below six hours. But here’s what makes this discovery revolutionary: it directly challenges decades of sleep medicine orthodoxy (正统观念). While experts have long emphasized maintaining regular sleep to maintain circadian rhythms (昼夜节律), this research suggests that for individuals suffering from long-term lack of sleep, sleeping in on weekends may be more protective than maintaining a regular but insufficient sleep pattern. The study found specific reductions in stroke (中风) and coronary heart disease among weekend sleepers. Dr. Jim Liu from Ohio State University’s Wexner Medical Center explains the mechanism: “Insufficient sleep can increase the risk of developing hypertension, obesity, arrhythmias, and coronary artery disease. On the other hand, making up for lost sleep can reduce such risks.” The American Heart Association now considers sleep one of the core components of heart health, ranking it alongside diet, exercise, and smoking cessation. With one in three American adults reporting insufficient daily sleep, this research suggests that weekend recovery sleep might serve as a crucial cardiac safety net for millions of people who are always tired. 1.Which group can benefit most from weekend catch-up sleep? A. People who sleep 8 hours every night. B. People who sleep less than 7 hours on weekdays. C. People who maintain a regular sleep schedule. D. People who often feel sleepy on weekdays. 2.What does the underlined word “prevalence” in Paragraph 4 mean? A. Occurrence. B. Treatment. C. Prevention. D. Cure. 3.What is Jim Liu’s attitude towards the research results? A. Favourable. B. Doubtful. C. Negative. D. Unconcerned. 4.What is the main idea of the text? A. Americans need to sleep more on weekends. B. Long-term lack of sleep causes many diseases. C. Sleep medicine experts should change their advice. D. Weekend catch-up sleep can reduce heart disease risk. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南平顶山青桐鸣联考·期中）A research team from the University of Basel in Switzerland has developed a new molecule (分子) modeled on plant photosynthesis (光合作用). Under light, it stores two positive and two negative charges at the same time, aiming to change sunlight into carbon-neutral fuels (碳中和燃料) . Plants use sunlight to turn CO2 into energy — rich sugars through photosynthesis — a process that supports nearly all life. Animals and humans “burn” these carbohydrates (碳水化合物) for energy, giving off CO2 again to close the cycle. Researchers want to copy this natural process to make solar fuels. If burned, they would produce only as much CO2 as that was needed to produce the fuels. In the journal Nature Chemistry, Professor Oliver Wenger and his student Mathis Brändlin reported on a key step toward achieving artificial photosynthesis: to store four charges (two positive, two negative) under light. Keeping several charges is key for changing sunlight into chemical energy, as the charges can power reactions like breaking water down into a kind of gas (H2) and another kind of gas (O2). The molecule has five connected parts: two that let out electrons(becoming positive), two that take electrons(becoming negative), and a middle part that catches sunlight to start electron movement. In order to make the four charges, the researchers took a step-by-step approach using two flashes of light. The first flash of light hits the molecule and starts a reaction in which a positive charge and a negative charge are created. These charges travel outward to the opposite ends of the molecule. With the second flash of light, the same reaction occurs again, so that the molecule then contains two positive and two negative charges. Brändlin explains, “This step-by-step start lets us use much weaker light — we’re now close to sunlight strength.” Earlier research needed extremely strong laser (激光) light, which was far from artificial photosynthesis goals. He adds, “The molecule’s charges remain unchanged long enough for further reactions.” Wenger says, “We haven’t created a full system, but have found a key piece.” The new findings raise understanding of key electron movements, and he hopes, “This aids long-lasting energy development.” 1.What’s the function of the new molecule? A. To turn sunlight into fuels. B. To change the photosynthesis. C. To study plants’ life-supporting role. D. To store charges in dark conditions. 2.Which of the following can best describe the new findings? A. Average. B. Mixed. C. Alarming. D. Promising. 3.Why is it important to store more than one charge? A. It drives chemical reactions. B. It forms energy-rich molecules. C. It helps take in CO2 from the air. D. It connects the molecule’s five parts. 4.What can be learnt from the last paragraph? A. A full system is ready. B. Weaker light works now. C. Strong laser light is still needed. D. The charges become unbalanced quickly. 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南驻马店九师联盟联考·期中）During the days when her six-year-old son, Luca, was receiving treatment for leukemia — a type of cancer — Meagan Brazil-Sheehan and her son encountered Robin in the hallway of UMass Memorial Children’s Medical Center. “Luca, how are you?” Robin greeted in a childlike voice. “It’s been a while.” Although they had met only once before, Luca’s face lit up when Robin remembered him — a moment his mother described as “so special”. Robin is an AI-powered robot designed to offer emotional support in children’s hospitals and nursing homes. Standing four feet tall with a screen displaying cartoon-like features, it is programmed to behave like a young girl. Developed by Expper Technologies, Robin now operates in 30 healthcare facilities across the United States, helping address staffing shortages. Karen Khachikyan, the company’s CEO, explained that overworked medical staff often lack time to provide meaningful engagement, a gap Robin helps fill. While Robin is around 30% autonomous, a remote team of operators controls the rest of its functions under clinical supervision (监督). Each interaction — conducted in accordance with privacy laws — helps gather data that brings the robot closer to full autonomy. Khachikyan described Robin as an emotionally intelligent companion similar to WALL-E. At HealthBridge Children’s Hospital in California, Robin plays a teenager’s favorite song, wears funny glasses to make a child laugh, or plays simple games. According to staff, patients respond joyfully when Robin recalls their names and preferences. The robot mirrors emotions — laughing when a patient laughs or showing understanding during the patients’ difficult moments. In nursing homes, Robin assists dementia patients with memory games and breathing exercises, offering companionship similar to that of a grandchild with a grandparent. Robin’s development began when Khachikyan, who experienced loneliness growing up, dreamed of a robot companion. After the robot was tested in different fields, an investor suggested hospitals for young patients — an “aha moment” that led to a successful first project at a children’s hospital in Armenia and later at UCLA. Looking ahead, Expper Technologies aims to expand Robin’s capabilities, such as measuring patients’ vitals and assisting the elderly with daily tasks like changing clothes. However, Khachikyan emphasized that Robin is meant to support healthcare workers rather than replace them. 1.What can be concluded about Luca? A. He dislikes Robin’s voice. B. He feels happy to hear Robin’s greeting. C. He forgets Robin completely. D. He fears Robin’s appearance. 2.What does Robin do at HealthBridge Children’s Hospital? A. It organizes medical training. B. It handles the hospital’s financial affairs. C. It treats children with leukemia. D. It provides emotional interactions. 3.What can we learn about Robin from the text? A. It targeted doctors in hospitals. B. It failed before being tested in Armenia. C. It came after a patient’s suggestion. D. It was inspired by Khachikyan’s childhood. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. AI Robot Robin Aids Healthcare B. Staff Shortages in Hospitals C. Luca Fights Against Leukemia D. Robin’s Design by Expper Technologies Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南郑州第一中学·期中）The unfortunate thing about parenting books is that, in my experience, once you become a parent you are too time-poor and tired to read them. As a result, my bedside table is filled with parenting books of which I’ve read the first five pages a dozen times before passing out. If this sounds like you, the latest book by Melinda Wenner Moyer should be top of your list. Hello, Cruel World!: Science-based strategies for raising terrific kids in terrifying times is designed as a research-backed guide to help parents equip their children with the tools they need to succeed. The chapters of this book are short and readable, broken down into bite-sized sections, each giving you one piece of advice and the science to back it up. Moyer shows a lot of understanding and can help you take a kid’s-eye view on even their most annoying behaviors. How can we get children to be more open, fair-minded and willing to consider other viewpoints? One way is to encourage curiosity and uncertainty from a young age. Children, as we know, are like young scientists. “One of their most important jobs is to make sense of the world around them,” writes Moyer. This curiosity can often conflict with an adult’s desire to get things done. “When you ask your children to clean their room, then find them thirty minutes later studying an insect in the bathroom…it’s easy to dismiss their behavior as disobedience (不服从).” Their seemingly distracted (分心的) behavior is actually a natural part of their learning process. Parents should respond with empathy (同理心) and support rather than criticism. The book also addresses important issues like the impact of technology on children. Moyer challenges common misconceptions and provides practical advice on when and how to introduce mobile phones and social media to kids. Her insights help parents deal with these complex topics with a balanced and informed opinion. 1.Why do many parents fail to finish reading parenting books? A. They lack time and energy. B. They lose interest in reading. C. They find the books to be of poor quality. D. They prioritize practical tasks over reading. 2.What is the feature of Hello, Cruel World!? A. Theoretical. B. Science-backed. C. Complicated. D. Experience-based. 3.What should parents do when their children are studying an insect? A. Dismiss their behaviors. B. Correct their distraction. C. Encourage their curiosity. D. Ask them to follow instructions. 4.What is this text? A. A book review. B. A writing guide. C. A parenting paper. D. A science report. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·河南郑州十校联考·期中）Primary testing of a newly developed AI-enhanced blood test has shown promise in being able to accurately determine the potential of someone’s developing Parkinson’s disease (帕金森病) in the coming years. In research published last week, a team of scientists in Europe identified eight blood-based biomarkers that might alert doctors to a high potential for Parkinson’s disease development in a patient — up to seven years before symptoms appear. The test, while still in its early stages, offers hope for a disorder that has no cure and affects nearly nine million people worldwide. At present, the treatment for Parkinson’s disease tends to be reactive and focused on stopping symptoms from getting worse, which include shaking movements, slow movements, stiffness and a loss of balance, after a diagnosis (诊断) is made. “We need to get to people before they develop symptoms. It’s always better to do prevention rather than cure,” senior author Kevin Mills says. With this goal in mind, the team began their work by collecting blood samples from 99 people who have Parkinson’s disease and 36 people who don’t. Analyzing a select ion of 70 percent of these samples, a machine learning algorithm (算法) identified eight proteins that appeared in different concentrations in the blood of those with the disease. This pattern could provide a diagnosis with 100 percent accuracy, according to a statement from University College London. In a follow- up evaluation, the algorithm was given the remaining 30 percent of blood samples that it hadn’t been trained on — 30 from people currently with Parkinson’s disease and 11 from people without it. The tool aced the test, correctly diagnosing every patient. “This means that drug treatment could potentially be given at an earlier stage, which could possibly slow down disease progression or even prevent it from occurring,” Michael Bartl, the co-first author of the study, says. “We’ve seen significant progress in the development of exciting new tests for Parkinson’s disease in the last year alone,” Katherine Fletcher, research communications leader says. “We anticipate that these new tests will start being used within the next few years.” 1.What can the new blood test do for Parkinson’s disease? A. Relieve its symptoms. B. Predict its likelihood. C. Identify its initial causes. D. Determine its treatment plan. 2.What do we know about the current treatment for Parkinson’s disease? A. It is on symptom control. B. It is mainly preventive. C. It is effective in complete cure. D. It is mainly based on early diagnosis. 3.What does the underlined phrase “aced the test” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Needed a new test. B. Became a failed test. C. Performed well in the test. D. Showed weaknesses in the test. 4.What is Katherine Fletcher’s attitude to the new blood test for Parkinson’s disease? A. Contradictory. B. Skeptical. C. Optimistic. D. Tentative. 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南郑州部分名校-11月·期中）The model called Agua Prope, meaning clean water, was presented by a team of middle school students from Houston. At the future City Nationals in Washington DC, the students’ goal was to build a city with a clean and reliable water supply. Many members on the Houston team have roots in Karachi, Pakistan largest and most contaminated (被污染的) city, where water shortages and access to clean water are a constant problem. Karachi is quite underdeveloped now. Unlike in America, a lot of people are on the streets — they don’t have water to drink or they’re drinking contaminated water. It’s very hard to even like showers over the day. The government in Karachi says the city supplies only half of the water it needs daily. The consequences of Karachi’s water problems are heartbreaking. UNICEF reports every year 53 thousand children die of diarrhea (腹泻) caused by drinking contaminated water. Students on the Houston team say their model includes a stable system, which monitors supply and demand, storage, filtration (过滤), and diversion of conventional as well as flood waters across the Jacksonville landscape. The project Agua Prope is located in Jacksonville Florida, where the main problems are storm surges, hurricanes and floods. Actually a lot of problems caused by water shortage and pollution are going on internationally right now, especially in coastal cities. There, limited access to clean drinking water or drinking contaminated water may lead to developmental disorders and cancer-related issues. Agua Prope model won the People’s Choice Award based on voting by the general public, and the best futuristic city award. This model calls for technology so advanced that it will be decades before it can be put into effect. But the students say they hope one day within the next 50 years their vision of a clean water city will become a reality. 1.Why did the students choose to focus on water problems? A. Their teacher forced them to choose this topic. B. Water problems are rare in their hometown. C. Many of them come from a city with serious water shortages. D. They wanted to win an international science competition. 2.What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. The effects of contaminated water in Karachi. B. The seriousness of water problems in Karachi and Pakistan. C. The solutions to water problems in Karachi. D. The history of water supply in Pakistan. 3.What problems does Jacksonville face? A. Earthquakes and droughts. B. Floods and hurricanes. C. Volcanic eruptions and storms. D. Sandstorms and water shortages. 4.What can we infer about the Agua Prope model from the last paragraph? A. It is already being used in some cities. B. It will be built in Jacksonville first. C. It is not yet possible to build with current technology. D. It is too expensive for any city to afford. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南驻马店九师联盟联考·期中）A significant study analyzing nearly 1,500 river sites across the United States from 1980 to 2022 has revealed a concerning tendency: river heatwaves are intensifying at a rate two to four times faster than atmospheric heatwaves and lasting nearly twice as long. This discovery has far-reaching implications for aquatic (水生的) ecosystems and human communities alike. According to lead author Kayalvizhi Sadayappan, this quickening speed is likely a worldwide phenomenon. “This raises the risk of rivers experiencing both extreme heat and low water flows at the same time, creating conditions that can lower oxygen levels, stress aquatic life, and even cause widespread fish die-offs,” she explained. The research documented that at 82% of monitored sites, water temperatures went above 15℃ — the critical level where river creatures begin experiencing stress — for an average of 11.6 days per year. The most rapid warming occurred in the Rocky Mountains, Appalachian Mountains, and Northeastern US. The most severe heatwaves, with temperature rising up to 20℃, were concentrated in the Appalachian and Southern regions, while the Midwest showed the mildest temperature increases. Traditionally, rivers have been seen as cool places to escape extreme heat. However, this study fundamentally challenges that idea. As corresponding author Li Li explained, their work demonstrates for the first time that rivers are experiencing more rapid increases in the frequency, duration and intensity of heatwaves compared to the surrounding air. While rising atmospheric temperatures are the primary driver of this phenomenon, human activities are also significant contributors. The study found that agricultural irrigation (灌溉) can actually lessen river heatwaves by introducing cooler air and water. On the other hand, dams (大坝), especially large ones, have been found to worsen the problem, particularly by extending the time these heatwaves last. Beyond ecological consequences, rising river temperatures not only affect communities that depend on stable river conditions but also increase the costs of drinking water treatment. The researchers emphasize that their findings support developing effective strategies, including rebuilding riverside vegetation for shade, improving dam management, and reducing water extraction (抽取). This knowledge provides essential guidance for protecting vital freshwater resources in an increasingly warmer world. 1.What did the researchers mainly explore in the study? A. The costs of drinking water treatment. B. The locations of global rivers. C. The river heatwaves in the US over 40 years. D. The number of dead fish in rivers. 2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The stress on ocean creatures. B. Days with temperature above 20℃. C. River warming of different regions. D. Rivers where temperature goes over 15℃. 3.Why does the author mention dams? A. To prove them practical. B. To explain the role of heatwaves. C. To compare them with irrigation. D. To show humans’ harm to rivers. 4.What is the researchers’ advice in the last paragraph? A. Stop using water from rivers. B. Grow plants along river banks. C. Build more dams for water storage. D. Increase water extraction for farms. 主题语境06 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·河南实验中学·期中）Many children are introduced to animals through TV shows or movies. Shaun the Sheep, a popular cartoon series, features a variety of animals living at the Mossy Bottom Farm. Among them, naughty Shaun is the clever leader of his flock of sheep. Sheep in this series look a bit different from common ones because the TV show used the Valais Blacknose sheep the model. There are few animals that make people say “Aww!” in a high-toned voice as quickly as the Valais Blacknose sheep. As the cutest sheep in the world, these animals come from the Valais region in Switzerland. They are instantly recognizable thanks to their charming appearance. With spiral-shaped horns (螺旋形的角), they have soft, white wool, which contrasts with the black patches spread evenly over their faces and found on their ears, knees, and ankles. The Valais Blacknose sheep have a rich history deeply rooted in the Swiss Alps. They were originally raised in the 15th century for their highly valued wool. However, it was not until 1962 that they were officially recognized as a breed (品种). Their population once dwindled, but continuous efforts have been made to protect this unique breed. These efforts have been successful, and the Valais Blacknose sheep can now be found in various parts of the globe. Looking like a combination of a lamb and a teddy bear, the Valais Blacknose sheep has found its place in the hearts of many people. They are also raised as pets due to their adorable, gentle, and friendly nature, which makes them perfect companions. However, it’s important for owners to consider their needs, including suitable living environment, nutrition (营养), and space to wander. Whether as wool producers or beloved pets, the Valais Blacknose sheep have gained their fame in being helpful animals. 1.How is the topic introduced? A. By listing characters in a TV show. B. By describing the nature of an animal. C. By comparing leaders of different animals. D. By showing a character in a cartoon series. 2.What is mainly talked about concerning the Valais Blacknose sheep in paragraph 2? A. Its look. B. Its character. C. Its use. D. Its origin. 3.What does the underlined word “dwindled” mean in paragraph 3? A. Decreased gradually. B. Changed constantly. C. Increased rapidly. D. Remained stable. 4.What should owners take into consideration when raising the Valais Balcknose sheep? A. Sheep’s food needs. B. Sheep’s appearance. C. Owner-sheep interaction. D. Owner-sheep relationship. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·河南方城县第一高级中学-11月·期中）History is one of those subjects that could be endless if we had enough time. There has always been an understanding that we learn history to stop it from being repeated, in a sense learning from past mistakes. However, as we have discovered, this is not entirely true. With the invasive (入侵的) and violent events still in existence in many parts of the world, we can see that humanity has not learnt from its past. History shows itself to repeat and it is important to learn history to see these chaotic repetitions. History is not just about strife—wars, revolutions, and struggles—but it is also a political and philosophical topic. A man named Peter Turchin has spent many years investigating how we can use history to our own benefit. In 2003 Turchin published his book “historical dynamics”. The book demonstrates his workings in which he shows the secular (世俗的) state of France and Russia from their origins to the 18th century. Not long after his book was published Turchin founded cliodynamics. Cliodynamics works to show the underlying patterns we can observe in history and model them in a way to make scientific estimates of how the future may play out. His use of mathematics has allowed scientists to develop a greater understanding of how political settings may occur or how societies will grow. Of course, it is simply impossible for any historian to predict the future, but by using this “big data” approach, Turchin has allowed individuals to locate patterns and use critical thinking to help make judgments about what the future may hold. Turchin as well as many others have used history in an important way to help future generations. As time passes, the databases will improve, highlighting more patterns and similarities, unavoidably helping to make these predictions more reliable. Could this approach to using data be the future of history and would we as a society be able to show the repetitions in humanity? 1.What does the underlined word “strife” in paragraph 2 mean? A. reflection. B. Conclusion. C. Account. D. Conflict. 2.What can be inferred from Turchin’s research? A. It intends to reveal state origins. B. It jumps out of historical cycles. C. It confirms history’s mirror values. D. It shows maths history similarities. 3.How does Turhin’s approach benefit historians? A. By providing first-hand data. B. By helping predict future trends. C. By ensuring precise future predictions. D. By fueling insights into certain events. 4.What is the author’s attitude toward predicting the future? A. Favorable. B. Objective. C. Unconcerned. D. Opposed. 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高二上·河南郑州十校联考·期中）Picture this, you win two tickets to a sold-out concert and eagerly text to ask your friends if they’d like to join. There comes their response “Maybe.” Your mood immediately turns, for you need to wait for their decisions before you can figure out your plans for the concert. If you’ve experienced anything like the above anecdote, you’re not alone. People responding “maybe” to invitations is a common yet annoying aspect of social life. What goes on in people’s heads when they aren’t sure whether to accept an invitation? Social invitations can be a delicate dance. People often misread what someone extending an invitation wants to hear and overestimate an inviter’s likelihood of preferring a “maybe” over a “no.” Moreover, they fail to realize how much more disrespected people feel when they receive a “maybe” in response to their invitation. Naturally, we wanted to figure out why this awkward dynamic plays out. We found that it’s largely due to something called “motivated reasoning.” Motivated reasoning occurs when a person interprets information in a biased (有偏差的) way to suit their own wishes. In other words, invitees convince themselves that inviters want to hear “maybe” instead of “no” because a “maybe” is better for the invitees, allowing them to leave their options open. Besides, people tend to overestimate the negative consequences of saying “no” to invitations, thinking it will upset, anger and disappoint inviters. However, there were certain situations that made people more comfortable saying “no” to an invitation. When recipients of an invitation put themselves in the shoes of the person extending the invitation, they are more likely to realize that they’d probably prefer a definite answer. When the participants get invited to do something they didn’t want to do, they had no desire to keep their options open. The motivated reasoning then became irrelevant. While navigating social situations can be tricky, being direct and definite is sometimes best. It might reduce your options. But it’ll keep those who invite you from being left uncertain and maybe they’ll still think of you when the next concert comes to town. 1.Why is the concert anecdote mentioned at the beginning? A. To explain the background of the invitation. B. To stress the importance of quick replies. C. To encourage immediate decision- making. D. To introduce a common social situation. 2.What is the main reason for the response of “maybe” to an invitation? A. A biased interpretation of social cues. B. A desire for harmonious communication. C. An underestimation of refusal consequence. D. An understanding of the inviter’s expectation. 3.What is the author’s suggestion in the last paragraph? A. Keeping your options open for better plans. B. Accepting invitations to maintain friendships. C. Prioritizing clear response over open options. D. Thinking twice before refusing an invitation. 4.What is the best title for the passage? A. The Psychology behind “Maybe” B. The Hidden Consequence of “Maybe” C. “Maybe”: A Polite Escape from Conflict D. “Maybe”: A Perfect Solution to Invitations 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·河南郑州外国语学校·期中）An article published in Nature this week says that AI systems pose a further risk: that researchers envision such tools as possessed of superhuman abilities when it comes to objectivity, productivity and understanding complex concepts. Scientists planning to use AI “must evaluate these risks now; while AI applications are still immature, because they will be much more difficult to deal with if AI tools become deeply embedded in the research process”; write co-authors Lisa Messeri and Molly Crockett. In this article, Messeri and Crockett put together a picture of the ways in which scientists see AIsystems as enhancing human capabilities. In one ‘vision’, which they call AI as Oracle; researchers see AI tools as able to tirelessly read and digest scientific papers, and so survey the scientific literature more exhaustively than people can. In both Oracle and another vision, called AI as Arbiter, systems are perceived as evaluating scientific findings more objectively than do people, because they are less likely to select the literature to support a desired hypothesis or to show favouritism in peer review. In a third vision, AI as Quant, AI tools seem to go beyond the limits of the human mind in analyzing vast and complex data. In the fourth, AI as Surrogate, AI tools simulate (模拟) data that are too difficult or complex to obtain. Informed by anthropology (人类学) and cognitive science, Messeri and Crockett predict risks that arise from these visions. One is the illusion of explanatory depth, in which people relying on another person — or, in this case, an algorithm — for knowledge have a tendency to mistake that knowledge for their own and think their understanding is deeper than it actually is. Another risk is that research becomes skewed towards studying the kinds of thing that AI systems can test — the researchers call this the illusion of exploratory breadth (广度). For example, in social science, the vision of AI as Surrogate could encourage experiments involving human behaviors that can be simulated by an AI — and discourage those on behaviors that cannot, such as anything that requires physical presence. There’s also the illusion of objectivity, in which researchers see AI systems as representing all possible viewpoints or not having a viewpoint. In fact, these tools reflect only the viewpoints found in the data they have been trained on, and are known to adopt the biases found in those data.“There’s a risk that we forget that there are certain questions we just can’t answer about human beings using AItools,” says Crockett. The illusion of objectivity is particularly worrying given the benefits of including diverse viewpoints in research. If you’ re a scientist planning to use AI, you can reduce these dangers through a number of strategies. One is to map your proposed use to one of the visions, and consider which traps you are most likely to fall into. Another approach is to be deliberate about how you use AI. Applying AI tools to save time on something your team already has expertise in is less risky than using them to provide expertise you just don’t have, says Crockett. 1.According to Paragraph 2, which might scientists agree with? A. Human intelligence can’t be overshadowed in analyzing data. B. Studies with desired hypothesis are usually favored in peer review. C. AI can conduct a relatively thorough overview of the prior research. D. Prejudice has completely been excluded by AI tools in scientific evaluation. 2.What does the underlined word “skewed” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Declining. B. Partial. C. Dynamic. D. Irrelevant. 3.What can we learn from this passage? A. AI isn’t limited to the outlook and biases within its training data. B. Users counting on AI tend to underestimate their insight of a concept. C. Relying on AI to fill gaps in the team’s knowledge is much preferable. D. Instant actions must be taken to rate AI’s risks before it is fully integrated into research. 4.Which would be the best title for the passage? A. A Call for Considered Use of AI in Science B. The Unseen Biases of AI in Social Science C. AI’s Role in Enhancing Human Expertise D. How AI Is Shaping Scientific Discovery 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·河南郑州宇华实验学校-11月·期中）Since 2010, nearly every country has seen an increase in the number of cancer patients. The WHO reports one in six people will develop cancer in their lifetime. At least 10 million people will die from the disease every year. If the current trend continues, new cancer cases will rise by 60 percent by the year 2040. In low- and middle-income countries, they will rise by more than 80 percent. Andre Ilbawi, WHO’s technical officer in cancer control, says more people are dying from cancer in poorer countries. Controlling the disease does not have to cost a lot. The WHO report, he explained, shows that by investing in cancer services, governments can save 7 million lives by 2030. “And that is at the cost of 8.15 per person in upper middle-income countries. This is feasible,” Ilbawi said. WHO says cancer does not have to be a death sentence. Prevention works. There have been great improvements in research on cancer prevention and treatment. These measures are successfully keeping many people alive who otherwise would have died. Preventive policies can work in powerful ways to reduce not only cancer numbers and death rates, but also the social and economic inequality in cancer cases. An example of such a policy is one that reduces workers’ contact with cancer-causing materials. Other examples are measures to control tobacco use, vaccination against cancer-causing infectious agents and testing for early stages of cancer. In its report, WHO describes a series of measures proven to help in preventing new cancer cases. For example, it notes that tobacco-related diseases are responsible for 25 percent of cancer deaths. Deciding not to smoke, it says, can save billions of dollars and millions of lives. WHO adds that a vaccine against hepatitis B (乙肝) can prevent liver cancer. It notes another vaccine against HPV can nearly fight off cervical cancer (宫颈癌). 1.How does the author lead in the topic? A. By citing specific data. B. By making a comparison. C. By giving a vivid example. D. By clarifying a personal viewpoint. 2.What does the underlined word “feasible” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. Practicable. B. Valuable. C. incredible. D. Responsible. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards cancer prevention? A. Unclear. B. Unconcerned. C. Hopeful. D. Critical. 4.What can be the suitable title for the text? A. The Latest Report By The WHO. B. Prevention Is Better Than cure. C. Cancers Increasing But Not a Death Sentence. D. WHO: Cancer Poses a Great Threat To Humanity. 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·河南方城县第一高级中学-11月·期中）Butterflies are sensitive to environmental changes, meaning they are important indicators of ecosystem health, but they are in decline. New research suggests butterfly numbers can be boosted by making small changes to road verges (边缘). While most studies on road verges and butterflies have focused on temperate climates with natural plants in rural areas, new research from Nanyang Technological University (NTU) examined planted vegetation along major roads in big cities of Singapore. Researchers surveyed 101 road verges, each at least 30m long, located along major roads with speed limits between 50 km/h and 70 km/h, and planted with non-native bushes. They found verges with a mixture of different flowering plant species directly increased the total number of butterflies and butterfly species. “A greater diversity of flowering plants can offer a variety of nectar (花蜜) sources for butterflies. This can attract more species of butterflies, especially those that prefer a broad range of nectar from different flowers,” explains Associate Professor Eleanor Slade from NTU’s Asian School of the Environment. Selective thinning and less frequent cutting also benefited butterfly numbers and species diversity, with the verges seen as paths linking the insects to other green spaces. Slade says this could be because a greater variety of plant heights within road verges creates different micro-climatic conditions — variations in temperature, humidity (湿度) and light intensity - that appeal to different butterflies. More uniform plant heights created by frequently cutting verge plants can reduce the population of the butterflies and species richness and offer less protection. The study also showed busy roads negatively affect butterflies and butterfly species, particularly when traffic density (密度) is higher; this typically occurs when road speed limits are higher, and vehicles travel faster. Roads with more traffic also have greater vehicle pollution, which can affect both plants and butterflies. But the researchers say the benefits of road verges could cancel out these effects if traffic speeds are proper. They found that for roads with speed limits of up to 70 km/h, the bad effects of traffic on butterflies could be reduced by increasing the variety of flowering plants on road verges and allowing them to grow to varying heights. 1.What makes the study of NTU different from previous ones? A. It takes climate change into account. B. It analyzes butterfly behavior in the forest. C. It focuses on ecosystems along rural roadsides. D. It investigates grown plants in the urban area. 2.Why is Eleanor Slade mentioned in paragraph 3? A. To explain research methods. B. To propose strategies for improvement. C. To back the findings of the new study. D. To prove the city is more suitable for research. 3.How can traffic’s negative effects on butterflies be reduced? A. By frequently cutting verge plants. B. By planting diverse flowering species. C. By building barriers between roads and plants. D. By permitting plants to grow to a specific height. 4.What can we conclude from the passage? A. Increasing plant height alone is sufficient to protect butterflies from the negative effects of traffic. B. Traffic pollution is the primary factor causing the decline of butterfly populations in cities. C. Butterfly species in rural areas are less affected by road verges than those in urban areas. D. Proper management of road verges can help improve butterfly diversity despite urban traffic. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·河南阳市华龙区濮阳市第一高级中学·期中）Governments have been trying to improve students’ academic performances. But the awkward truth is that the commonly promoted approaches — increasing salaries for teachers, building more schools and reducing class sizes — are costly and do little or nothing for learning. However, there is a promising policy that comes from Malawi. This poor country has suffered from overcrowded classrooms, a lack of learning materials and a shortage of well-trained teachers. It’s not somewhere we might expect to find innovative solutions. Yet it is now adopting the so-called “technology-assisted learning” method that has shown hope in turning things around. Almost all around the globe, schools put all nine-year-olds in one grade, ten-year-olds in another, and so on. But many of the children in each class are either far behind or far ahead. Kids in Malawi are now spending one hour a day on adaptive software on a tablet. It first identifies where each child is at, and then teaches reading, writing and math at the kid’s exact level. Children have described the relief of not having to worry about being embarrassed about getting wrong answers in front of the class, or being forced to compete for time with their teachers. Researchers have been amazed by what the students have achieved. Extensive studies show that just one year of one hour each day can deliver an astonishing three years of normal learning. And the method is incredibly cheap, costing as little as $15 per pupil per year in Malawi, partly because using the tablet just one hour a day means it can be shared among many students. The experiment in Malawi shows how the entire poorer half of the world could improve learning for nearly half a billion primary school children. This approach could also be useful in rich countries, with early evidence from trials in the UK looking promising. As governments around the world are desperate for policies and approaches that could ensure that kids are better-equipped for the challenges of tomorrow, tablets to teach at each student’s own level may offer a powerful way forward. 1.What is the author’s attitude to the policy of increasing salaries for teachers? A. Dismissive. B. Favorable. C. Unclear. D. Unconcerned. 2.What has contributed the most to students’ performances in Malawi? A. Small class size. B. Personalized study. C. Huge investment. D. Well-trained teachers. 3.What does the author probably mean in paragraph 5? A. It is wise for the UK to learn from the poor countries. B. Wealthy and poor countries may face similar challenges. C. He is surprised that poor countries can offer good solutions. D. The technology-assisted learning method might be popularized. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. The Commonly Promoted Policies Do Very Little or Nothing for Learning. B. Governments Are Struggling to Improve Students’ Academic Performances. C. A Simple Innovation Has Made a Surprising Difference in Malawi’s Schools. D. Malawi Sets a Good Example of Letting Students Study at Their Own Pace. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了马拉维在改善学生学习成绩方面取得了显著成效，这主要得益于一种名为“技术辅助学习”的新方法。这种方法利用平板电脑上的自适应软件，根据每个学生的学习水平提供个性化的教学，不仅提高了学习效率，还极大地降低了成本。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“But the awkward truth is that the commonly promoted approaches — increasing salaries for teachers, building more schools and reducing class sizes — are costly and do little or nothing for learning.(但尴尬的事实是，普遍推广的方法——提高教师工资、建造更多学校和缩小班级规模——成本高昂，对学习几乎没有什么作用)”可推知，作者对提高教师工资的政策持不屑一顾的态度。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“But many of the children in each class are either far behind or far ahead. Kids in Malawi are now spending one hour a day on adaptive software on a tablet. It first identifies where each child is at, and then teaches reading, writing and math at the kid’s exact level.(但每个班上的许多孩子要么远远落后，要么远远领先。马拉维的孩子们现在每天花一个小时在平板电脑上的自适应软件上。它首先确定每个孩子的水平，然后根据孩子的确切水平教授阅读、写作和数学)”以及第四段中的“Extensive studies show that just one year of one hour each day can deliver an astonishing three years of normal learning.(广泛的研究表明，仅仅每天一小时的学习就能带来惊人的三年正常学习效果)”可知，个性化的学习对学生的成绩贡献最大。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“The experiment in Malawi shows how the entire poorer half of the world could improve learning for nearly half a billion primary school children. This approach could also be useful in rich countries, with early evidence from trials in the UK looking promising.(马拉维的实验表明，世界上较贫穷的一半国家如何能够改善近5亿小学生的学习。这种方法在富裕国家也可能有用，英国试验的早期证据看起来很有希望)”可推知，作者在第5段中的意思是技术辅助学习方法可能会普及。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段“However, there is a promising policy that comes from Malawi. This poor country has suffered from overcrowded classrooms, a lack of learning materials and a shortage of well-trained teachers. It’s not somewhere we might expect to find innovative solutions. Yet it is now adopting the so-called “technology-assisted learning” method that has shown hope in turning things around. (然而，来自马拉维的一项有前景的政策。这个贫穷的国家一直饱受教室过度拥挤、学习材料短缺和训练有素的教师短缺之苦。这不是我们期望找到创新解决方案的地方。然而，它现在正在采用所谓的“技术辅助学习”方法，这种方法已经显示出扭转局面的希望)”以及下文内容可知，本文主要介绍了马拉维在改善学生学习成绩方面取得了显著成效，这主要得益于一种名为“技术辅助学习”的新方法。由此可知，C选项“一个简单的创新在马拉维的学校里产生了惊人的影响”最符合文章标题。故选C项。 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·河南周口商水县第一高中-11月·期中）When was the last time you thought about music, and what role does music play in your life? If you enjoy music every day, you are likely gaining many benefits. Music has a mathematical structure based on relationships between one note and the next. You may not be aware of it, but your brain has to do a lot of computing to make sense of it. So, not surprisingly, listening to music can improve learning, memory, and mental alertness (警觉性). It also boosts concentration and mindfulness, as listening, playing, or moving to music keeps you focused in the present moment and even puts you “in the zone” where you experience the happy state of “flow”. Research has shown that listening to music can reduce anxiety, blood pressure, and pain, and improve sleep quality, mood, well-being, and happiness. And especially when moving to music, your brain gets washed in beneficial “feel-good” hormones (激素). So music can potentially extend your life and enhance its quality. Music is a vital element of culture, and every culture has specific types of music created, produced, and enjoyed by its people. In the U. S. alone, there are dozens of popular types, including Afro-beat, bluegrass, classical, and country. All these types of music have different origins and are associated with different subcultures, but they can be enjoyed by anyone, leading to cross-cultural appreciation and communication. Musical traditions are also connected to cultural celebrations — think about the music you associate with birthdays, graduations, weddings, and so on. Your music preference in the moment can depend on how you want to feel. You likely pick specific types of music depending on whether you’re looking to relax or exercise, trying to be productive, or romantic. The right music can boost your mood and motivation to clean up, do homework, or work out. In contrast, you likely avoid music that makes you sad, or bored. 1.What is the function of the question in the beginning? A. To put forward a new concept. B. To offer some advice for readers. C. To get the information of your interest. D. To lead in the topic to be talked about. 2.Why can listening to music improve your ability to pay attention? A. It keeps you concentrated. B. It makes you do computing. C. It builds relations between notes. D. It draws your interest in new things. 3.The author mentions American music in paragraph 4 to show that ______. A. music connects different peoples B. the USA is a country with diverse cultures C. each type of music is enjoyed by unique people D. not all kinds of music are popular with people 4.What can you infer from the last paragraph? A. Music has little effect on people’s emotions. B. People choose music based on their desired emotions. C. All types of music make people feel energetic. D. Sad music is always avoided by people. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。本文探讨了音乐在人们生活中的多重角色和益处，包括其对大脑功能的积极影响、文化的重要性以及根据个人情绪选择音乐的方式。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。文章第一段提出“When was the last time you thought about music, and what role does music play in your life?(你上一次想到音乐是什么时候，音乐在你的生活中扮演什么角色？)”，后文围绕音乐在生活中的作用展开，因此开头的问题是为了引出文章要讨论的话题。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“It also boosts concentration and mindfulness, as listening, playing, or moving to music keeps you focused in the present moment and even puts you “in the zone” where you experience the happy state of “flow”.(它还能提升专注力与觉察力，因为聆听、演奏音乐或随着音乐律动，能让你专注于当下，甚至让你进入“心流区”，在这个状态下，你会体验到“心流” 带来的愉悦感。)”可知，听音乐能提高注意力是因为它让你集中注意力。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“Music is a vital element of culture, and every culture has specific types of music created, produced, and enjoyed by its people.(音乐是文化的重要组成部分，每种文化都有其人民创造、制作和欣赏的特定类型的音乐。)”和“All these types of music have different origins and are associated with different subcultures, but they can be enjoyed by anyone, leading to cross-cultural appreciation and communication.(所有这些类型的音乐都有不同的起源，并与不同的亚文化相关联，但任何人都可以欣赏它们，从而导致跨文化的欣赏和交流。)”可知，作者提到美国音乐是为了表明音乐连接不同的人。故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Your music preference in the moment can depend on how you want to feel.(你此刻的音乐偏好可能取决于你想要的感觉。)”可知，人们根据自己的情绪选择音乐。故选B。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南郑州第一中学·期中）Concrete (混凝土) is the world’s most used material after water. Because it already surrounds us in the built environment, researchers have been exploring the idea of using concrete to store electricity — turning buildings into giant batteries. The idea has been gaining ground as we have come to increasingly rely on renewable energy from the wind and sun: rechargeable batteries are necessary when the wind dies down or darkness falls. Experimental concrete batteries have only managed to hold a small part of what a traditional battery does. But one team now reports that it has developed a rechargeable original model that could represent a more than 10 times increase in stored charge, compared with earlier attempts. A live-in concrete battery might sound unlikely. Still, “you can make a battery out of a potato,” notes Aimee Bynne. In a future where sustainability is key, she likes the idea of buildings that avoid waste by providing shelter and powering electronics. According to Emma, the study co-author, although the new design stores more than 10 times as much power as earlier attempts: 200 square meters of it “can provide about 8 percent of the daily electricity consumption of a typical U. S. home”, this is not enough to compete with today’s rechargeable devices. “We’re getting milliamps out of concrete batteries — we’re not getting amps (安培),” Bynne, a structural engineer at Technological University Dublin, says, “we’re getting hours rather than days of charge.” But she adds that “concrete batteries are completely in their childhood, compared to other battery designs”. The earliest batteries were large and heavy. Researchers experimented with new materials and designs for more than a century to develop today’s small devices. Bynne suggests concrete-based energy storage could undergo a similar evolution. “The whole idea is that we’re looking far into the future,” she says, “we’re playing the long game with it.” 1.Why have researchers been exploring the use of concrete? A. Because concrete is far lighter. B. Because concrete is widely present. C. Because concrete is much cheaper. D. Because concrete can be easily transported. 2.What does Bynne want to show by mentioning the potato? A. Only food-related materials can be made into batteries. B. Potato batteries are more efficient than concrete batteries. C. Potatoes are the most commonly-used material for batteries. D. Materials that seem ordinary can be used for battery-making. 3.What is the property of the new concrete battery? A. It can power a U. S. home for days. B. It produces large amps of electricity. C. It stores over 10 times more charge than before. D. It is as efficient as traditional batteries. 4.What does Bynne think of concrete batteries? A. They need more advancement. B. They require simple technology. C. They can beat modern batteries. D. They have a narrow application. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究人员探索利用混凝土储存电能的研究进展及前景。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Because it already surrounds us in the built environment, researchers have been exploring the idea of using concrete to store electricity — turning buildings into giant batteries.(因为混凝土已经在我们的建筑环境中随处可见，研究人员一直在探索利用混凝土储存电能的想法——将建筑物变成巨大的电池。)”可知，研究人员探索利用混凝土是因为混凝土在我们的建筑环境中随处可见，即混凝土广泛存在。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中“A live-in concrete battery might sound unlikely. Still, “you can make a battery out of a potato,” notes Aimee Bynne.(一个可以居住的混凝土电池听起来不太可能。不过，“你可以用土豆做一个电池，”Aimee Bynne指出。)”可知，Bynne提到土豆电池作类比是为了说明看似普通的材料也可以用来制造电池。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“But one team now reports that it has developed a rechargeable original model that could represent a more than 10 times increase in stored charge, compared with earlier attempts.(但现在有一个团队报告称，他们已经开发出一种可充电的原始模型，与之前的尝试相比，这种模型可以增加超过10倍的存储电量。)”可知，新型混凝土电池的存储电量比之前增加了10倍以上。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“But she adds that “concrete batteries are completely in their childhood, compared to other battery designs”.(但她补充说，“与其他电池设计相比，混凝土电池还完全处于起步阶段。”)”可知，Bynne认为混凝土电池还需要更多的发展。故选A。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南天立教育·期中）Animal-like robots are popular. And yet, says Barbara Mazzolai, an Italian roboticist, the field of robotics is far less interested in exploring the other major category of living things — plants. She puts the unwillingness down to a misconception (误解) about the usefulness of plant behavior: that they are capable of neither motion nor perception (感知). “It’s not true at all,” she says. Dr. Mazzolai and her team recently created FiloBot, a robot based on climbing plants. Like the real thing. FiloBot is capable of growing, attaching to and wrapping itself around supports, and adapting itself to an environment in response to external stimuli. FiloBot imitates the behaviors of a climbing tree using sensors in its head which is also equipped with a layer of plastic and a heating element. By softening and extruding (挤压出) the plastic in a circular patter, it can 3D-print its own body at a rate of two to seven millimeters per minute. Depending on brightness and direction, it changes the heat that the plastic is exposed to — lower temperatures result in a lighter body that increases in size more quickly, while higher temperatures make it thicker and stronger and grow more slowly. The researchers found that these simple functionalities were enough to let FiloBot move through a complex and unseen environment, cross gaps and find things to attach to. The lack of heavy on-board computing hardware, they say, means that it moves easily and requires minimal monitoring, while its slow pace means that it doesn’t disturb things around it. They suppose that this makes it suitable for potential applications including environmental monitoring in hard-to-reach locations, or monitoring disaster sites where existing facilities is unstable. Dr. Mazzolai hopes that such projects will motivate other roboticists to draw inspiration from plants. The plant kingdom is a world, she says, with a completely different approach to the animal one. “And we can develop new technologies and artificial solutions, because it is so different.” 1.What leads to limited exploration of plant-like robots? A. The slow growth rate of plants. B. The lack of plant research capability. C. The misunderstanding of plant behavior. D. The difficulty of applying plant-like robots. 2.How does FiloBot grow? A. By pressing a motion sensor. B. By exposing itself to sunlight. C. By pushing out softened plastic. D. By controlling outside temperature. 3.What is the purpose of this text? A. To point out the value of robotics. B. To present a newly invented robot. C. To call for more research into robots. D. To correct a misconception about plants. 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. B 【解析】【导语】 本文为一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了人们对于植物的误解，认为植物不能移动，不能感知外界，所以人们对于植物类机器人开发得很少。然而，意大利机器人学家芭芭拉·马佐莱认为植物可以感知外界，并以此为思路发明了机器人FiloBot，它可以在复杂的环境中移动，并监测周围环境，它的慢节奏移动也意味着它不会打扰周围的事物。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“And yet, says Barbara Mazzolai, an Italian roboticist, the field of robotics is far less interested in exploring the other major category of living things — plants. She puts the unwillingness down to a misconception (误解) about the usefulness of plant behavior: that they are capable of neither motion nor perception (感知). (然而，意大利机器人专家芭芭拉·马佐莱说，机器人领域对探索生物的另一个主要类别——植物——的兴趣要小得多。她把这种不情愿归结为对植物行为有用性的误解：它们既不能运动也不能感知。)”可知，是因为对植物行为的误解导致了人们不愿意去开发植物机器人。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“FiloBot imitates the behaviors of a climbing tree using sensors in its head which is also equipped with a layer of plastic and a heating element. By softening and extruding (挤压出) the plastic in a circular patter, it can 3D-print its own body at a rate of two to seven millimeters per minute. (FiloBot通过头部的传感器模仿爬树的行为，该传感器还配备了一层塑料和加热元件。通过将塑料软化并挤压成圆形，它可以以每分钟2到7毫米的速度3D打印自己的身体。)”可知，FiloBot通过塑料软化并挤压成为圆形，促进生长。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Dr. Mazzolai and her team recently created FiloBot, a robot based on climbing plants. Like the real thing. FiloBot is capable of growing, attaching to and wrapping itself around supports, and adapting itself to an environment in response to external stimuli. (马佐莱博士和她的团队最近创造了一种基于攀缘植物的机器人FiloBot。就像真的一样。FiloBot能够生长，附着在支撑物上，并将自己包裹在支撑物周围，并根据外部刺激使自己适应环境。)”以及全文内容可知，本文主要介绍一项新发明的机器人。故选B。 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南周口太康县第一高级中学-11月·期中）Chinese hit video game Black Myth: Wukong has taken the gaming world by storm, selling more than 10 million copies across all platforms in just three days after its release. The game is inspired by the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. In it, players take the role of the Destined One, setting off for adventures to collect six Relics that once belonged to Sun Wukong and challenge the Celestial Court. Drawing on a rich heritage of nearly 1,000 years of Chinese culture, the game’s storyline and characters have proven difficult to understand for many players from western countries. For instance, a player shared on social media that their lack of familiarity with Journey to the West led to them consistently missing hidden treasures, finally resulting in repeated failures during a boss fight in Chapter 2. Meanwhile, some players feel overwhelmed by names like Erlang Shen and Lingxuzi, which can be difficult to pronounce for those unfamiliar with Chinese phonetics. To bridge these cultural divides, one enthusiast wrote a 200-page outline detailing Sun Wukong’s abilities across all 100 chapters of Journey to the West. Many others immersed themselves in the epic by checking out forums, TV shows, anime, manga and online encyclopedias. Through this process, western players have not only refined their gaming skills but also developed a deeper appreciation for Sun Wukong and Journey to the West. “Although many people might compare Sun Wukong to Western superheroes, I believe they are different,” said Patrick from the US. “Sun Wukong has a carefree and independent nature, unlimited by the need to set a good example for others like Spider-Man, who by contrast follows principles like ‘with great power comes great responsibility’.” Journey to the West offers a comprehensive narrative that covers a very dangerous journey, numerous encounters and the exploration of various cultures, making it a rich source for diverse storytelling types and cultural backgrounds. Perhaps these are some of the key reasons why Journey to the West has been translated into over a dozen languages, with more than 60 versions available worldwide. 1.What is the Destined One in Paragraph 2? A. The nickname of Sun Wukong in the game. B. The fictional main character of this hit game. C. One of the adventures to collect the six Relics. D. One of the six Relics belonging to the Celestial Court. 2.What does the underlined word “bridge” in paragraph 4 most likely mean? A. Get rid of. B. Take control of. C. Keep track of D. Take advantage of. 3.What can be learned about the game from the passage? A. It has gradually gained popularity among players worldwide. B. Its original character Sun Wukong is similar to western superheroes. C. It has been translated into many languages with numerous versions available worldwide. D. It is rather challenging for western players due to their unfamiliarity with Chinese culture. 4.What does the text mainly talk about? A. A Chinese hit video game and its original novel Journey to the West. B. Reasons behind the success of Chinese video game Black Myth: Wukong. C. The cultural impact and western players’ reception of a Chinese hit video game. D. Challenges and benefits Black Myth: Wukong brings to the spread of Chinese culture. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国热门电子游戏《黑色神话：悟空》的文化影响以及西方玩家对这款游戏的接受程度。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“In it, players take the role of the Destined One, setting off for adventures to collect six Relics that once belonged to Sun Wukong and challenge the Celestial Court.(在这款游戏中，玩家将扮演“命中注定的人”，开始收集孙悟空的六件遗物，并向天庭发起挑战。)”可知，Destined One指的是游戏中玩家所扮演的角色。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第三段的内容“Drawing on a rich heritage of nearly 1,000 years of Chinese culture, the game’s storyline and characters have proven difficult to understand for many players from western countries. For instance, a player shared on social media that their lack of familiarity with Journey to the West led to them consistently missing hidden treasures, finally resulting in repeated failures during a boss fight in Chapter 2.Meanwhile, some players feel overwhelmed by names like Erlang Shen and Lingxuzi, which can be difficult to pronounce for those unfamiliar with Chinese phonetics.(这款游戏拥有近千年的中国文化遗产，但它的故事情节和角色对许多西方国家的玩家来说很难理解。例如，一名玩家在社交媒体上分享说，他们对《西游记》的不熟悉导致他们不断丢失隐藏的宝藏，最终导致他们在第二章的boss战中反复失败。与此同时，一些玩家对“二郎神”和“灵须子”这样的名字感到不知所措，对于不熟悉汉语语音的人来说，这些名字很难发音。)”可知，划线单词后面的these cultural divides指的是由于对中国文化的不熟悉导致西方玩家对故事情节和角色难理解；再由划线单词后面的“these cultural divides, one enthusiast wrote a 200-page outline detailing Sun Wukong’s abilities across all 100 chapters of Journey to the West”可知，一位爱好者写了一份200页的大纲，详细介绍了孙悟空在《西游记》中所有100章的能力，肯定是为了弥合第三段提到的文化差异，所以划线单词bridge的意义为“弥合，消除”，与get rid of意义一致。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段的内容“Drawing on a rich heritage of nearly 1,000 years of Chinese culture, the game’s storyline and characters have proven difficult to understand for many players from western countries. For instance, a player shared on social media that their lack of familiarity with Journey to the West led to them consistently missing hidden treasures, finally resulting in repeated failures during a boss fight in Chapter 2.Meanwhile, some players feel overwhelmed by names like Erlang Shen and Lingxuzi, which can be difficult to pronounce for those unfamiliar with Chinese phonetics.(这款游戏拥有近千年的中国文化遗产，但它的故事情节和角色对许多西方国家的玩家来说很难理解。例如，一名玩家在社交媒体上分享说，他们对《西游记》的不熟悉导致他们不断丢失隐藏的宝藏，最终导致他们在第二章的boss战中反复失败。与此同时，一些玩家对“二郎神”和“灵须子”这样的名字感到不知所措，对于不熟悉汉语语音的人来说，这些名字很难发音。)”可知，由于西方玩家对中国文化的不熟悉，这款游戏对他们来说相当具有挑战性。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了中国热门电子游戏《黑色神话：悟空》的文化影响以及西方玩家对这款游戏的接受程度。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南周口太康县第一高级中学-11月·期中）We all know that our body language can give off signals to those around us about how we’re truly feeling. Crossed arms or closed body language suggests that we are feeling defensive (防御的) and we didn’t really believe what we’re listening to. Walking here and there suggests that we’re bored. And poor eye contact can suggest that we’re lying. One major development in the field of body language that hit the headlines is the “power pose.” This is a theory put forward in 2011 by U.S. social psychologists Amy Cuddy, Dana Carney and Andy Yap. They proposed that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful. What the theory suggests is that the simple act of holding a powerful pose can have powerful impact. For example, sitting with your legs up on the desk and arms held behind your head can raise your androgen levels and lower your cortisol (皮质醇) levels. Androgen is the hormone that affects dominance (控制); cortisol is the stress hormone. The study assessed participants’ hormone levels before and after they held high-power and low-power poses. Just as a male gorilla beats his chest to tell his dominance, humans can use body language to enhance their confidence, increase feelings of power, and lower their stress levels. These findings build on several psychological studies suggesting that some aspects of body language can change your emotional state. For instance, someone nodding “yes” to you can make you easier to persuade, and when you smile, you can feel more positive. So, how can powerful poses help us in the workplace? Well, the study proposes that, simply by striking a powerful pose, you can better prepare yourself for difficult or stressful situations. Perhaps you’ve got a presentation that you’re nervous about giving, or a job interview coming up. Holding a power pose, even in private, can help you to approach these events in a confident and less-stressed way. In contrast, a weak pose with closed body language can make you perform poorly. 1.If one pretends to be strong, _________. A. he is hiding his scare B. he may need others’ help C. he is more likely to feel strong D. he may doubt what he is listening to 2.How will people feel if they have high cortisol? A. Confident. B. Stressed. C. Bored. D. Defensive. 3.Why are the examples mentioned in paragraph 4? A. To highlight the truth of the power pose. B. To show the body language of gorillas. C. To persuade people to be more positive. D. To explain the changes in body language. 4.What may be the writer’s suggestion for working? A. Keeping calm in difficult situations. B. Taking part in formal events actively. C. Using a powerful pose to help ourselves. D. Using more body language in job interviews. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国心理学家提出的理论，当你假装强大时，你更有可能真正感到强大，并举例证明及给出在工作场所使用强势姿势的建议。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“They proposed that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful. (他们提出，当你假装强大时，你更有可能真正感到强大)”可知，如果假装强大，可能就会感觉自己很强大，故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“What the theory suggests is that the simple act of holding a powerful pose can have powerful impact. For example, sitting with your legs up on the desk and arms held behind your head can raise your androgen levels and lower your cortisol (皮质醇) levels. Androgen is the hormone that affects dominance (控制); cortisol is the stress hormone. (这一理论表明，保持一个有力姿势的简单动作可以产生强大的影响。例如，把腿搭在桌子上，把胳膊放在脑后坐着可以提高你的雄激素水平，降低你的皮质醇水平。雄激素是影响支配地位的激素;皮质醇是压力荷尔蒙)”可知，如果皮质醇水平高，人们会感到有压力，故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“One major development in the field of body language that hit the headlines is the “power pose.” This is a theory put forward in 2011 by U.S. social psychologists Amy Cuddy, Dana Carney and Andy Yap. They proposed that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful. (肢体语言领域的一个重大发展成为头条新闻，那就是“强势姿势”。这是美国社会心理学家Amy Cuddy、Dana Carney和Andy Yap在2011年提出的一个理论。他们提出，当你假装强大时，你更有可能真正感到强大)”和第四段“Just as a male gorilla beats his chest to tell his dominance, humans can use body language to enhance their confidence, increase feelings of power, and lower their stress levels. (就像雄性大猩猩通过捶胸脯来表明自己的统治地位一样，人类也可以用肢体语言来增强自信，增强力量感，降低压力水平)”可推知，举例是为了强调强势姿势的真实性。故选A。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“So, how can powerful poses help us in the workplace? Well, the study proposes that, simply by striking a powerful pose, you can better prepare yourself for difficult or stressful situations. Perhaps you’ve got a presentation that you’re nervous about giving, or a job interview coming up. Holding a power pose, even in private, can help you to approach these events in a confident and less-stressed way. (那么，强大的姿势如何在工作场所帮助我们呢?这项研究表明，只要摆出一个有力的姿势，你就能更好地为困难或压力环境做好准备。也许你有一个演讲，你很紧张，或者一个工作面试即将到来。保持强势姿势，即使是在私下，也可以帮助你以自信和压力较小的方式处理这些事件。相反，一个虚弱的姿势和封闭的肢体语言会让你表现得很差)”可知，作者建议在工作中使用强势姿势来帮助我们自己。故选C。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·河南郑州外国语学校·期中）For decades, social scientists have debated the link between income and happiness. A 2025 cross-country study published in the Journal of Positive Psychology — involving 120,000 participants from 45 countries across North America, Europe, and Asia — offers new insights into this complex relationship, challenging some long-held assumptions. The research team, led by Dr. Elena Marquez from the University of Zurich, first analyzed the connection between “absolute income” (total annual earnings) and self-reported happiness scores (measured on a 10-point scale). They found that for individuals with annual incomes below 75,000, there was a strong positive correlation: each 10,000 increase in income was associated with a 0.8-point rise in happiness. However, above 75,000, the correlation weakened dramatically — an additional 10,000 only led to a 0.1-point increase. Dr. Marquez labeled this $75,000 figure the “happiness threshold”: beyond this point, more money did not significantly boost happiness. What surprised researchers even more was the impact of “relative income” (income compared to peers in the same social group, such as colleagues or neighbors). For participants earning above the 75,000 threshold, relative income became a key factor. Those who earned 20% more than their peers reported happiness scores 1.2 points higher than those who earned 20% less — even if both groups had annual incomes above 100,000. “It’s not just how much you have,” Dr. Marquez explained, “but how much you have compared to people around you. This ‘social comparison effect’ often overriding the influence of absolute income once basic needs are met.” The study also highlighted regional differences. In high-cost-of-living regions like New York or Tokyo, the happiness threshold was slightly higher — around 95,000 — due to increased expenses for housing and daily necessities. In contrast, in areas with lower living costs, such as parts of rural India or Vietnam, the threshold dropped to 50,000. Notably, the social comparison effect was more pronounced in individualistic cultures (e.g., the U.S., Germany) than in collectivist cultures (e.g., Japan, Thailand), where community well-being is often prioritized over personal income status. Critics of the study point out its limitations: it relied on self-reported happiness scores, which may be influenced by temporary mood swings, and it did not account for non-financial factors like health, family relationships, or work-life balance — all of which affect happiness. Dr. Marquez acknowledged these gaps but emphasized the study’s value: “Our findings help clarify when money matters for happiness and when it doesn’t. For policymakers, this means focusing on reducing poverty (to lift people above the threshold) rather than just boosting overall economic growth. For individuals, it’s a reminder that chasing more money beyond a certain point may not lead to greater fulfillment.” 1.What can we learn about the “happiness threshold” from the study? A. It is a fixed figure of $75,000 applicable to all regions. B. Below this threshold, more money has little impact on happiness. C. Above this threshold, relative income matters more than absolute income. D. It is determined solely by an individual’s annual absolute income. 2.Why did participants earning 120,000 report lower happiness than those earning 100,000 in the same social group? A. Their absolute income was still below the happiness threshold. B. They earned 20% less than their peers in the same group. C. The 20,000 increase pushed them beyond the happiness threshold. D. They lived in high-cost regions where the threshold was 95,000. 3.Which of the following is a limitation of the 2025 study? A. It ignored the influence of relative income on happiness. B. It only included participants from individualistic cultures. C. It failed to consider non-financial factors affecting happiness. D. It used an inaccurate 10-point scale to measure happiness. 4.What does Dr. Marquez suggest policymakers do based on the study’s findings? A. Focus on increasing the overall economic growth rate. B. Set a unified happiness threshold for all regions. C. Prioritize reducing poverty to help people exceed the threshold. D. Encourage people to compare their income with peers less frequently. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. C　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了2025年一项关于收入与幸福感关系的跨国研究，揭示了绝对收入的“幸福阈值”、相对收入的影响、地区差异及研究局限性，并给出了对政策制定者和个人的启示。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, above 75,000, the correlation weakened dramatically — an additional 10,000 only led to a 0.1-point increase. (然而，超过75,000时，这种相关性显著减弱 —— 额外的10,000仅导致0.1分的增长)”以及第三段中“For participants earning above the 75,000 threshold, relative income became a key factor. (对于收入超过75,000阈值的参与者而言，相对收入成了一个关键因素)”可知，超过幸福阈值后，相对收入比绝对收入更重要。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Those who earned 20% more than their peers reported happiness scores 1.2 points higher than those who earned 20% less — even if both groups had annual incomes above 100,000. (那些收入比同龄人高出20%的人，其幸福感得分比收入低20%的人高出1.2分 —— 即便这两组人的年收入都超过10万)”可知，在同一社会群体中，年收入12万美元者若比同龄人少赚20%，幸福感会低于年收入10万美元但比同龄人多赚20%的人。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Critics of the study point out its limitations: it relied on self-reported happiness scores, which may be influenced by temporary mood swings, and it did not account for non-financial factors like health, family relationships, or work-life balance — all of which affect happiness. (该研究的批评者指出了其局限性：它依赖于自我报告的幸福感评分，而这可能会受到暂时情绪波动的影响，并且它没有考虑到健康、家庭关系或工作与生活的平衡等非经济因素——所有这些因素都会影响幸福感)”可知，该研究的局限性之一是“未考虑影响幸福感的非经济因素”。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“For policymakers, this means focusing on reducing poverty (to lift people above the threshold) rather than just boosting overall economic growth. (对于政策制定者而言，这意味着要着重减少贫困（帮助人们跨越幸福阈值），而非仅仅推动整体经济增长。)”可知，Dr. Marquez建议政策制定者“优先减少贫困，帮助人们超过幸福阈值”。故选C项。 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南豫北民办高中·期中）Older women who walk a little over three kilometers each day might live longer than less active women of the same age, a new study suggests. Many Americans hoping to stay healthy set a daily goal of 10, 000 steps, or about eight kilometers. They often have this goal because they are wearing electronic devices which set that target, note researchers in the United States. Their findings appeared recently in the publication JAMA Internal Medicine. But it is not clear how much intensity(强度)or speed matter when counting the health benefits of every step, the researchers write. They add that 10,000 steps per day might not be the right goal for everyone. For the study, researchers observed 17,000 women, all in their early 70s. They asked the women to wear accelerometers for at least four days. Accelerometers are small devices that measure the number of steps and the intensity of movement. The researchers followed up with the women much later, around 4. 3 years later, on average. Since the beginning of the study, 504 women had died. Compared to women who took no more than 2, 718 steps daily, the women who took at least 4,363 steps per day were 41 percent less likely to die. “Even a modest amount of steps is associated with lower death rates, "said I-Min Lee, the lead writer of a report on the study. "The rate of stepping did not matter in these older women: it was the number of steps that mattered. The study had a few limitations. For example, the researchers only measured women’s movements once, at the start of the study period. It is possible that the women’s behaviors changed over time. Still, the results are "good news for older adults who may have difficulty walking at faster paces, "said Keith Diaz, a researcher at Columbia University. He was not involved in the study. “Any walking is better than nothing, " Diaz said by email. "With even small amounts of walking, your risk of death will be sharply reduced "For those who have difficulty walking, other research shows that any form of aerobic activity provides health benefits," he added. "Swimming, bicycling or any form of activity that is continuous in nature will provide health benefits. 1.What conclusion can we come to from the text? A. People who walk about 10,000 steps can live longer. B. 10,000 steps per day might be the right goal for people. C. The more steps one walks per day, the longer life he may live. D. The number of steps is important for a long life among older women. 2.How is paragraph 4 mainly developed? A. By giving examples. B. By comparison. C. By listing statistics. D. By explaining reasons. 3.What can be leaned from what Diaz said? A. People who walk fast will get more health benefits. B. If people have a habit of walking, the risk of death will be reduced. C. People with walking difficulty can not benefit from activities D. Activities such as swimming and bicycling are not as beneficial as walking. 4.Where is the text most likely from? A. A medical journal. B. A news report. C. A magazine about fashion. D. A traveler brochure. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. A 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过一个研究向大家说明了，对于老人，走了多少步很重要，每天走4363步的人比每天走不多于2718步的人死亡概率降低41%。虽然研究也存在一些缺陷，但是可以说明只要走路就是对身体有益的。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据全文，尤其第5段的内容“The rate of stepping did not matter in these older women: it was the number of steps that mattered.”可知，每天走的步数对身体健康很重要。并且第二段明确指出10000步这个目标不是适用于每个人的。所以选项AB都不正确。选项C（走的越多越长寿）描述太偏激，也不正确。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段内容看出，该段主要通过列举一系列数字来说明一项研究结果。A. By giving examples 举例；B. By comparison 对比；C. By listing statistics列数据；D. By explaining reasons 解释原因。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后两段，尤其最后一段Keith Diaz所说的话“Any walking is better than nothing”与“With even small amounts of walking, your risk of death will be sharply reduced”能看出，即使每天走的数量不多，也会极大地减少死亡风险，故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。文章是关于健康的一项研究报道，应出现在医学杂志上。A. medical journal医学杂志；B. A news report.新闻报道；C. A magazine about fashion.时尚杂志；D. A traveler brochure.旅行手册。故选A。 【点睛】文章来源的推断题在高中英语中常见。主要有根据文体和题材特点推断文章来源或根据文章内容和结构推断文章来源。例如如果文中出现日期、地点或通讯社名称，我们可以推知文章来自于报纸，如果文中出现网络用词（click 点击；online在线；web网络等）可以推知文章来自于网站，例如本篇文章中的第四题就属于推断文章来源题目，由文章涉及的话题（live longer，health，death）以及文章中科学研究的举例，可以推知这篇文章出自于医学杂志。这类题目同学们多积累这些词汇，特别是还要积累选项中的词汇（避免下次选项不认识），解题准确度会提升很多。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南周口商水县第一高中-11月·期中）A roadside system that detects if a mobile phone is in use in a passing vehicle is being tested in the UK first. Despite being unable to tell whether the driver is using the phone, it is hoped that it will act as a warning to people who make calls behind the wheel. The technology picks up the phone signal in the vehicle and activates a roadside warning sign of a mobile phone with a red line through it. The system cannot tell the difference between a driver and a passenger on a bus, but to some degree it can warn drivers that they can be detected using their phones. Using a directional antenna (天线)，the detector picks up radio waves produced by a phone handset, and measures the signal strength and length of them. When a signal is detected of duration (持续时间) long enough and signal strength strong enough to set off the system, the detector activates the warning sign. The detector is able to distinguish Bluetooth connections or hands-free devices which, when picked up, will prevent the activation. While this new system is no replacement for a police officer catching someone in the act, it could be enough to make some drivers think twice- and that has to be a positive step forward. However, just as technology has enabled the problem of drivers using mobile phones illegally, it can also be a big part of the solution in getting people to stop. Statistics from the devices will be shared with Norfolk Police, the county council said. The council said that enabling the system to record specific number plates could be a "future development". Using a mobile phone at the wheel is one of the four road crimes which can have horrible consequences if it causes a deadly or serious car crash. Law enforcement (执行) technology has been falling behind for a decade and not made any easier by motor producers that encourage users to plug in their phones even before driving. 1.Why is the roadside system used according to Paragraph 1? A. To send out cellphone signals to drivers. B. To detect drivers' illegal use of cellphone. C. To monitor people's use of phones while driving. D. To warm people against using pones while driving. 2.How does the detector of the roadside system work? A. It measures the length of the phone. B. It warns drivers with a phone in hand. C. It picks up radio waves from handsets. D. It activates the vehicle's Bluetooth system. 3.What does the text suggest drivers do with the road warning sign? A. Swift to Bluetooth while driving. B. Have a close watch of road signs. C. Avoid being picked up by detectors. D. Stop using a hands-free mobile phone. 4.What will the county council probably do in the future? A. Share the devices with the police. B. Make the system more advanced. C. Replace the police with the new system. D. Take steps to settle road safety problems. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. B 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国设置的路边检测系统，其目的在于对开车使用手机的那些司机进行提醒，虽然不能抓捕，但对他们是一个严重的警告。以此呼吁减少开车使用电话的现象。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Despite being unable to tell whether the driver is using the phone, it is hoped that it will act as a warning to people who make calls behind the wheel.(尽管无法判断司机是否在使用手机，但希望它能对开车打电话的人起到警告作用。)”可知，路边交通系统是警告人们不要开车使用手机。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The technology picks up the phone signal in the vehicle and activates a roadside warning sign of a mobile phone with a red line through it.(该技术获取车辆中的电话信号并激活路边产生红线警告标志。)”可知，路边系统的探测器通过接收手机的无线电波来工作的。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The detector is able to distinguish Bluetooth connections or hands-free devices which, when picked up, will prevent the activation.( 检测器能够区分蓝牙连接或免提设备，这些设备在拿起后会阻止激活。)”可知，司机驾驶时如果用手机，可以进行蓝牙连接或者免提设备。故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The council said that enabling the system to record specific number plates could be a "future development".(该委员会表示，允许系统记录特定车牌可能是“未来的发展”。)”可推断，郡议会将来可能会使设备更先进。故选B。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南郑州部分名校-11月·期中）A 14-year study of over 90, 000 adults presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress has revealed that “catch-up sleep” on weekends can reduce heart disease risk by up to 20%. The research, led by cardiovascular (心血管的) scientists from China’s Fuwai Hospital, tracked participants through the UK Biobank and found that those who got the most compensate (补偿的) weekend sleep were 19% less likely to develop heart disease compared to those who maintained consistent but insufficient sleep schedules. The protective effect was most dramatic for the 20% of participants classified as sleep-deprived— those getting fewer than seven hours nightly during weekdays. A separate NHANES study of 3, 400 Americans confirmed these findings, showing that weekend catch-up sleep duration of more than 2 hours was strongly associated with reduced cardiovascular disease prevalence when weekday sleep fell below six hours. But here’s what makes this discovery revolutionary: it directly challenges decades of sleep medicine orthodoxy (正统观念). While experts have long emphasized maintaining regular sleep to maintain circadian rhythms (昼夜节律), this research suggests that for individuals suffering from long-term lack of sleep, sleeping in on weekends may be more protective than maintaining a regular but insufficient sleep pattern. The study found specific reductions in stroke (中风) and coronary heart disease among weekend sleepers. Dr. Jim Liu from Ohio State University’s Wexner Medical Center explains the mechanism: “Insufficient sleep can increase the risk of developing hypertension, obesity, arrhythmias, and coronary artery disease. On the other hand, making up for lost sleep can reduce such risks.” The American Heart Association now considers sleep one of the core components of heart health, ranking it alongside diet, exercise, and smoking cessation. With one in three American adults reporting insufficient daily sleep, this research suggests that weekend recovery sleep might serve as a crucial cardiac safety net for millions of people who are always tired. 1.Which group can benefit most from weekend catch-up sleep? A. People who sleep 8 hours every night. B. People who sleep less than 7 hours on weekdays. C. People who maintain a regular sleep schedule. D. People who often feel sleepy on weekdays. 2.What does the underlined word “prevalence” in Paragraph 4 mean? A. Occurrence. B. Treatment. C. Prevention. D. Cure. 3.What is Jim Liu’s attitude towards the research results? A. Favourable. B. Doubtful. C. Negative. D. Unconcerned. 4.What is the main idea of the text? A. Americans need to sleep more on weekends. B. Long-term lack of sleep causes many diseases. C. Sleep medicine experts should change their advice. D. Weekend catch-up sleep can reduce heart disease risk. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。两项研究证实，周末补觉可降低心脏病等心血管疾病风险，对工作日睡眠不足者保护作用显著，为睡眠不足人群提供心脏健康保障。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“The protective effect was most dramatic for the 20% of participants classified as sleep-deprived—those getting fewer than seven hours nightly during weekdays. (这种保护作用在20%被归类为睡眠不足的参与者中最为显著 —— 这些人工作日每晚睡眠不足7小时。)”可知，工作日睡眠不足7小时的人从周末补觉中获益最多。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第四段“A separate NHANES study of 3,400 Americans confirmed these findings, showing that weekend catch-up sleep duration of more than 2 hours was strongly associated with reduced cardiovascular disease prevalence when weekday sleep fell below six hours. (另一项针对3400名美国人的NHANES研究证实了这些发现，表明当工作日睡眠不足6小时时，周末补觉超过2小时与心血管疾病患病prevalence的降低密切相关。)” 可知，“周末补觉超过2小时”与“reduced cardiovascular disease prevalence”存在“密切相关”的关系，结合前文“降低疾病风险”的核心观点，可推断“reduced prevalence”对应“疾病发生概率降低”。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第六段“Dr. Jim Liu from Ohio State University’s Wexner Medical Center explains the mechanism: “Insufficient sleep can increase the risk of developing hypertension, obesity, arrhythmias, and coronary artery disease. On the other hand, making up for lost sleep can reduce such risks.”(俄亥俄州立大学韦克斯纳医学中心的吉姆・刘博士解释了这一机制：“睡眠不足会增加患高血压、肥胖症、心律失常和冠心病的风险。另一方面，补觉可以降低这些风险。”)”可知，吉姆・刘博士通过解释补觉降低患病风险的机制，支持该研究结果，态度是赞同的。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A 14-year study of over 90,000 adults presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress has revealed that “catch-up sleep” on weekends can reduce heart disease risk by up to 20%.(一项为期14年、涉及9万多名成年人的研究在欧洲心脏病学会大会上公布，周末“补觉”可以将心脏病风险降低高达20%。)”及全文围绕该研究展开的验证、机制解释可知，文章核心是“周末补觉能降低心脏病风险”。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南平顶山青桐鸣联考·期中）A research team from the University of Basel in Switzerland has developed a new molecule (分子) modeled on plant photosynthesis (光合作用). Under light, it stores two positive and two negative charges at the same time, aiming to change sunlight into carbon-neutral fuels (碳中和燃料) . Plants use sunlight to turn CO2 into energy — rich sugars through photosynthesis — a process that supports nearly all life. Animals and humans “burn” these carbohydrates (碳水化合物) for energy, giving off CO2 again to close the cycle. Researchers want to copy this natural process to make solar fuels. If burned, they would produce only as much CO2 as that was needed to produce the fuels. In the journal Nature Chemistry, Professor Oliver Wenger and his student Mathis Brändlin reported on a key step toward achieving artificial photosynthesis: to store four charges (two positive, two negative) under light. Keeping several charges is key for changing sunlight into chemical energy, as the charges can power reactions like breaking water down into a kind of gas (H2) and another kind of gas (O2). The molecule has five connected parts: two that let out electrons(becoming positive), two that take electrons(becoming negative), and a middle part that catches sunlight to start electron movement. In order to make the four charges, the researchers took a step-by-step approach using two flashes of light. The first flash of light hits the molecule and starts a reaction in which a positive charge and a negative charge are created. These charges travel outward to the opposite ends of the molecule. With the second flash of light, the same reaction occurs again, so that the molecule then contains two positive and two negative charges. Brändlin explains, “This step-by-step start lets us use much weaker light — we’re now close to sunlight strength.” Earlier research needed extremely strong laser (激光) light, which was far from artificial photosynthesis goals. He adds, “The molecule’s charges remain unchanged long enough for further reactions.” Wenger says, “We haven’t created a full system, but have found a key piece.” The new findings raise understanding of key electron movements, and he hopes, “This aids long-lasting energy development.” 1.What’s the function of the new molecule? A. To turn sunlight into fuels. B. To change the photosynthesis. C. To study plants’ life-supporting role. D. To store charges in dark conditions. 2.Which of the following can best describe the new findings? A. Average. B. Mixed. C. Alarming. D. Promising. 3.Why is it important to store more than one charge? A. It drives chemical reactions. B. It forms energy-rich molecules. C. It helps take in CO2 from the air. D. It connects the molecule’s five parts. 4.What can be learnt from the last paragraph? A. A full system is ready. B. Weaker light works now. C. Strong laser light is still needed. D. The charges become unbalanced quickly. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了瑞士巴塞尔大学团队研发的模拟植物光合作用的新分子，及其储电和助力制造太阳能燃料的进展。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Under light, it stores two positive and two negative charges at the same time, aiming to change sunlight into carbon-neutral fuels (碳中和燃料). (在光照下，它同时储存两个正电荷和两个负电荷，旨在将阳光转化为碳中和燃料。)”可知，新分子的功能是将阳光转化为燃料。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Wenger says, “We haven’t created a full system, but have found a key piece.” The new findings raise understanding of key electron movements, and he hopes, “This aids long-lasting energy development.”(Wenger说：‘我们还没有创建一个完整的系统，但已经找到了一个关键部分。’新发现提高了对关键电子运动的理解，他希望：‘这有助于长期能源发展。’)”可知，研究团队认为这一发现虽然还未形成完整系统，但已经找到了关键部分，对长期能源发展有帮助，由此可推知，新发现是很有前途的。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Keeping several charges is key for changing sunlight into chemical energy, as the charges can power reactions like breaking water down into a kind of gas (H2) and another kind of gas (O2). (保持多个电荷是将阳光转化为化学能的关键，因为电荷可以为分解水为一种气体（H2）和另一种气体（O2）等反应提供动力。)”可知，储存多个电荷很重要是因为它能驱动化学反应。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Brändlin explains, “This step-by-step start lets us use much weaker light — we’re now close to sunlight strength.” (Brändlin解释说：‘这种逐步启动的方式让我们可以使用更弱的光——我们现在接近阳光的强度。’)”可知，从最后一段可以了解到较弱的光现在也能起作用了。故选B项。 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南驻马店九师联盟联考·期中）During the days when her six-year-old son, Luca, was receiving treatment for leukemia — a type of cancer — Meagan Brazil-Sheehan and her son encountered Robin in the hallway of UMass Memorial Children’s Medical Center. “Luca, how are you?” Robin greeted in a childlike voice. “It’s been a while.” Although they had met only once before, Luca’s face lit up when Robin remembered him — a moment his mother described as “so special”. Robin is an AI-powered robot designed to offer emotional support in children’s hospitals and nursing homes. Standing four feet tall with a screen displaying cartoon-like features, it is programmed to behave like a young girl. Developed by Expper Technologies, Robin now operates in 30 healthcare facilities across the United States, helping address staffing shortages. Karen Khachikyan, the company’s CEO, explained that overworked medical staff often lack time to provide meaningful engagement, a gap Robin helps fill. While Robin is around 30% autonomous, a remote team of operators controls the rest of its functions under clinical supervision (监督). Each interaction — conducted in accordance with privacy laws — helps gather data that brings the robot closer to full autonomy. Khachikyan described Robin as an emotionally intelligent companion similar to WALL-E. At HealthBridge Children’s Hospital in California, Robin plays a teenager’s favorite song, wears funny glasses to make a child laugh, or plays simple games. According to staff, patients respond joyfully when Robin recalls their names and preferences. The robot mirrors emotions — laughing when a patient laughs or showing understanding during the patients’ difficult moments. In nursing homes, Robin assists dementia patients with memory games and breathing exercises, offering companionship similar to that of a grandchild with a grandparent. Robin’s development began when Khachikyan, who experienced loneliness growing up, dreamed of a robot companion. After the robot was tested in different fields, an investor suggested hospitals for young patients — an “aha moment” that led to a successful first project at a children’s hospital in Armenia and later at UCLA. Looking ahead, Expper Technologies aims to expand Robin’s capabilities, such as measuring patients’ vitals and assisting the elderly with daily tasks like changing clothes. However, Khachikyan emphasized that Robin is meant to support healthcare workers rather than replace them. 1.What can be concluded about Luca? A. He dislikes Robin’s voice. B. He feels happy to hear Robin’s greeting. C. He forgets Robin completely. D. He fears Robin’s appearance. 2.What does Robin do at HealthBridge Children’s Hospital? A. It organizes medical training. B. It handles the hospital’s financial affairs. C. It treats children with leukemia. D. It provides emotional interactions. 3.What can we learn about Robin from the text? A. It targeted doctors in hospitals. B. It failed before being tested in Armenia. C. It came after a patient’s suggestion. D. It was inspired by Khachikyan’s childhood. 4.What is the best title for the text? A. AI Robot Robin Aids Healthcare B. Staff Shortages in Hospitals C. Luca Fights Against Leukemia D. Robin’s Design by Expper Technologies 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍Expper Technologies研发的AI机器人Robin，其在医院和养老院提供情感支持、辅助医疗等服务，旨在填补医护人员缺口，而非取代他们。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的““Luca, how are you?” Robin greeted in a childlike voice. “It’s been a while.” Although they had met only once before, Luca’s face lit up when Robin remembered him — a moment his mother described as “so special”. (“卢卡，你好吗？”Robin用孩子气的声音打招呼。“有一阵子没见了。”尽管他们以前只见过一次，但当Robin记得他时，卢卡的脸亮了起来——他的母亲称这一刻“非常特别”。)”可知，卢卡听到Robin的问候后面露喜色，说明他对此感到开心。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“At HealthBridge Children’s Hospital in California, Robin plays a teenager’s favorite song, wears funny glasses to make a child laugh, or plays simple games. According to staff, patients respond joyfully when Robin recalls their names and preferences. (在加利福尼亚州的健康桥儿童医院，Robin会播放青少年喜欢的歌曲，戴上滑稽的眼镜让孩子笑，或者玩简单的游戏。工作人员表示，当Robin回忆起病人的名字和喜好时，病人会开心地回应。)”可知，Robin在该医院通过播放歌曲、玩游戏、模仿情绪等方式与患者进行情感互动。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Robin’s development began when Khachikyan, who experienced loneliness growing up, dreamed of a robot companion.(Robin的研发始于哈奇基扬，他在成长过程中经历了孤独，梦想有一个机器人伙伴。)”可知，Robin的研发灵感来源于哈奇基扬的童年经历。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“Robin is an AI-powered robot designed to offer emotional support in children’s hospitals and nursing homes. Standing four feet tall with a screen displaying cartoon-like features, it is programmed to behave like a young girl. Developed by Expper Technologies, Robin now operates in 30 healthcare facilities across the United States, helping address staffing shortages. (Robin是一款人工智能驱动的机器人，旨在为儿童医院和养老院提供情感支持。它身高四英尺，配备一块显示卡通风格五官的屏幕，程序设定其行为举止如同一位小女孩。该机器人由埃克斯珀科技公司研发，目前已在美国 30 家医疗保健机构投入使用，助力缓解人员短缺问题。)”可知，文章围绕AI机器人Robin在医疗健康领域的辅助作用展开，包括提供情感支持、填补人员缺口等，因此“AI机器人Robin助力医疗健康”最能概括全文主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选A项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南郑州第一中学·期中）The unfortunate thing about parenting books is that, in my experience, once you become a parent you are too time-poor and tired to read them. As a result, my bedside table is filled with parenting books of which I’ve read the first five pages a dozen times before passing out. If this sounds like you, the latest book by Melinda Wenner Moyer should be top of your list. Hello, Cruel World!: Science-based strategies for raising terrific kids in terrifying times is designed as a research-backed guide to help parents equip their children with the tools they need to succeed. The chapters of this book are short and readable, broken down into bite-sized sections, each giving you one piece of advice and the science to back it up. Moyer shows a lot of understanding and can help you take a kid’s-eye view on even their most annoying behaviors. How can we get children to be more open, fair-minded and willing to consider other viewpoints? One way is to encourage curiosity and uncertainty from a young age. Children, as we know, are like young scientists. “One of their most important jobs is to make sense of the world around them,” writes Moyer. This curiosity can often conflict with an adult’s desire to get things done. “When you ask your children to clean their room, then find them thirty minutes later studying an insect in the bathroom…it’s easy to dismiss their behavior as disobedience (不服从).” Their seemingly distracted (分心的) behavior is actually a natural part of their learning process. Parents should respond with empathy (同理心) and support rather than criticism. The book also addresses important issues like the impact of technology on children. Moyer challenges common misconceptions and provides practical advice on when and how to introduce mobile phones and social media to kids. Her insights help parents deal with these complex topics with a balanced and informed opinion. 1.Why do many parents fail to finish reading parenting books? A. They lack time and energy. B. They lose interest in reading. C. They find the books to be of poor quality. D. They prioritize practical tasks over reading. 2.What is the feature of Hello, Cruel World!? A. Theoretical. B. Science-backed. C. Complicated. D. Experience-based. 3.What should parents do when their children are studying an insect? A. Dismiss their behaviors. B. Correct their distraction. C. Encourage their curiosity. D. Ask them to follow instructions. 4.What is this text? A. A book review. B. A writing guide. C. A parenting paper. D. A science report. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了Melinda Wenner Moyer的新书Hello, Cruel World!: Science-based strategies for raising terrific kids in terrifying times。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“The unfortunate thing about parenting books is that, in my experience, once you become a parent you are too time-poor and tired to read them.(关于育儿书籍的不幸之处在于，根据我的经验，一旦你成为了父母，你就会因为时间太紧、太累而无法阅读它们)”可知，许多父母没有读完育儿书籍是因为他们缺乏时间和精力。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Hello, Cruel World!: Science-based strategies for raising terrific kids in terrifying times is designed as a research-backed guide to help parents equip their children with the tools they need to succeed.(Hello, Cruel World!: Science-based strategies for raising terrific kids in terrifying times是一本以科学研究为支撑的育儿指南，旨在帮助父母为孩子提供成功所需的工具)”可知，Hello, Cruel World!这本书的特点是以科学研究为支撑，故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Parents should respond with empathy (同理心) and support rather than criticism.(父母应该用同理心和支持来回应，而不是批评)”可知，当孩子在研究昆虫时，父母应该鼓励他们的好奇心。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“If this sounds like you, the latest book by Melinda Wenner Moyer should be top of your list. Hello, Cruel World!: Science-based strategies for raising terrific kids in terrifying times is designed as a research-backed guide to help parents equip their children with the tools they need to succeed. The chapters of this book are short and readable, broken down into bite-sized sections, each giving you one piece of advice and the science to back it up. Moyer shows a lot of understanding and can help you take a kid’s-eye view on even their most annoying behaviors.(如果你也有同感，那么Melinda Wenner Moyer的新书应该成为你的首选。她的新书Hello, Cruel World!: Science-based strategies for raising terrific kids in terrifying times是一本以科学研究为支撑的育儿指南，旨在帮助父母为孩子提供成功所需的工具。这本书的章节简短易读，被拆分成一个个小版块，每个版块给出一条建议，并附上科学依据。莫耶非常善解人意，能让你从孩子的角度看待他们那些最令人恼火的行为)”可知，本文主要介绍了Melinda Wenner Moyer的新书Hello, Cruel World!: Science-based strategies for raising terrific kids in terrifying times，因此是一篇书评，故选A。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·河南郑州十校联考·期中）Primary testing of a newly developed AI-enhanced blood test has shown promise in being able to accurately determine the potential of someone’s developing Parkinson’s disease (帕金森病) in the coming years. In research published last week, a team of scientists in Europe identified eight blood-based biomarkers that might alert doctors to a high potential for Parkinson’s disease development in a patient — up to seven years before symptoms appear. The test, while still in its early stages, offers hope for a disorder that has no cure and affects nearly nine million people worldwide. At present, the treatment for Parkinson’s disease tends to be reactive and focused on stopping symptoms from getting worse, which include shaking movements, slow movements, stiffness and a loss of balance, after a diagnosis (诊断) is made. “We need to get to people before they develop symptoms. It’s always better to do prevention rather than cure,” senior author Kevin Mills says. With this goal in mind, the team began their work by collecting blood samples from 99 people who have Parkinson’s disease and 36 people who don’t. Analyzing a select ion of 70 percent of these samples, a machine learning algorithm (算法) identified eight proteins that appeared in different concentrations in the blood of those with the disease. This pattern could provide a diagnosis with 100 percent accuracy, according to a statement from University College London. In a follow- up evaluation, the algorithm was given the remaining 30 percent of blood samples that it hadn’t been trained on — 30 from people currently with Parkinson’s disease and 11 from people without it. The tool aced the test, correctly diagnosing every patient. “This means that drug treatment could potentially be given at an earlier stage, which could possibly slow down disease progression or even prevent it from occurring,” Michael Bartl, the co-first author of the study, says. “We’ve seen significant progress in the development of exciting new tests for Parkinson’s disease in the last year alone,” Katherine Fletcher, research communications leader says. “We anticipate that these new tests will start being used within the next few years.” 1.What can the new blood test do for Parkinson’s disease? A. Relieve its symptoms. B. Predict its likelihood. C. Identify its initial causes. D. Determine its treatment plan. 2.What do we know about the current treatment for Parkinson’s disease? A. It is on symptom control. B. It is mainly preventive. C. It is effective in complete cure. D. It is mainly based on early diagnosis. 3.What does the underlined phrase “aced the test” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Needed a new test. B. Became a failed test. C. Performed well in the test. D. Showed weaknesses in the test. 4.What is Katherine Fletcher’s attitude to the new blood test for Parkinson’s disease? A. Contradictory. B. Skeptical. C. Optimistic. D. Tentative. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. C　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新研发的人工智能增强版血液检测在预测帕金森病方面的潜力。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Primary testing of a newly developed AI- enhanced blood test has shown promise in being able to accurately determine the potential of someone’s developing Parkinson’s disease(帕金森病)in the coming years (一项新研发的人工智能增强版血液检测的初步测试显示，它有望在未来几年内准确确定某人患帕金森病的可能性)”可知，新的血液测试可以预测某人患帕金森病的可能性。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“At present, the treatment for Parkinson’s disease tends to be reactive and focused on stopping symptoms from getting worse, which include shaking movements, slow movements, stiffness and a loss of balance, after a diagnosis(诊断)is made. (目前，帕金森病的治疗往往是反应性的，重点是在诊断后阻止症状恶化，包括颤抖、动作缓慢、僵硬和失去平衡)”可知，目前治疗帕金森病的方法是控制症状。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据画线部分的下文“correctly diagnosing every patient (正确诊断每一个病人)”可知，该工具能够对病人做出正确诊断，因此画线部分意为“在诊断测试中表现良好”。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Katherine Fletcher所说的话“We’ve seen significant progress in the development of exciting new tests for Parkinson’s disease in the last year alone,” (仅去年一年，我们就看到了在帕金森病激动人心的新测试开发方面取得的重大进展)”和“We anticipate that these new tests will start being used within the next few years. (我们预计，这些新的测试将在未来几年内开始使用)”可知，Katherine Fletcher提到该测试取得了重大进展，很快可以投入使用。因此，她认为新测试很有前景。故选C项。 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·河南郑州部分名校-11月·期中）The model called Agua Prope, meaning clean water, was presented by a team of middle school students from Houston. At the future City Nationals in Washington DC, the students’ goal was to build a city with a clean and reliable water supply. Many members on the Houston team have roots in Karachi, Pakistan largest and most contaminated (被污染的) city, where water shortages and access to clean water are a constant problem. Karachi is quite underdeveloped now. Unlike in America, a lot of people are on the streets — they don’t have water to drink or they’re drinking contaminated water. It’s very hard to even like showers over the day. The government in Karachi says the city supplies only half of the water it needs daily. The consequences of Karachi’s water problems are heartbreaking. UNICEF reports every year 53 thousand children die of diarrhea (腹泻) caused by drinking contaminated water. Students on the Houston team say their model includes a stable system, which monitors supply and demand, storage, filtration (过滤), and diversion of conventional as well as flood waters across the Jacksonville landscape. The project Agua Prope is located in Jacksonville Florida, where the main problems are storm surges, hurricanes and floods. Actually a lot of problems caused by water shortage and pollution are going on internationally right now, especially in coastal cities. There, limited access to clean drinking water or drinking contaminated water may lead to developmental disorders and cancer-related issues. Agua Prope model won the People’s Choice Award based on voting by the general public, and the best futuristic city award. This model calls for technology so advanced that it will be decades before it can be put into effect. But the students say they hope one day within the next 50 years their vision of a clean water city will become a reality. 1.Why did the students choose to focus on water problems? A. Their teacher forced them to choose this topic. B. Water problems are rare in their hometown. C. Many of them come from a city with serious water shortages. D. They wanted to win an international science competition. 2.What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. The effects of contaminated water in Karachi. B. The seriousness of water problems in Karachi and Pakistan. C. The solutions to water problems in Karachi. D. The history of water supply in Pakistan. 3.What problems does Jacksonville face? A. Earthquakes and droughts. B. Floods and hurricanes. C. Volcanic eruptions and storms. D. Sandstorms and water shortages. 4.What can we infer about the Agua Prope model from the last paragraph? A. It is already being used in some cities. B. It will be built in Jacksonville first. C. It is not yet possible to build with current technology. D. It is too expensive for any city to afford. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了休斯顿中学生团队设计的“Agua Prope”净水城市模型，该模型旨在解决水资源短缺和污染问题。还描述了卡拉奇市严重的水问题及其危害，并说明了该模型的技术特点及面临的挑战，表达了学生对建设净水城市的愿景。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Many members on the Houston team have roots in Karachi, Pakistan largest and most contaminated (被污染的) city, where water shortages and access to clean water are a constant problem. (休斯顿队的许多成员都来自巴基斯坦最大且污染最严重的城市卡拉奇，在那里，水资源短缺和获取清洁水是一个持续存在的问题。)”可知，学生们选择关注水问题是因为他们中的许多人来自一个水资源严重短缺的城市。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段中的“Karachi is quite underdeveloped now. Unlike in America, a lot of people are on the streets — they don’t have water to drink or they’re drinking contaminated water. It’s very hard to even like showers over the day. The government in Karachi says the city supplies only half of the water it needs daily. The consequences of Karachi’s water problems are heartbreaking. UNICEF reports every year 53 thousand children die of diarrhea (腹泻) caused by drinking contaminated water. (卡拉奇现在相当落后。与美国不同，很多人都在街上——他们没有水喝，或者喝的是被污染的水。甚至在白天洗澡都很难。卡拉奇政府表示，该市每天的供水量仅为所需水量的一半。卡拉奇水问题的后果令人心碎。联合国儿童基金会报告称，每年有5.3万名儿童死于饮用受污染水引起的腹泻。)”可知，第二段主要讲述了卡拉奇和巴基斯坦水问题的严重性。B选项“The seriousness of water problems in Karachi and Pakistan.(卡拉奇及巴基斯坦的水资源问题的严重性。)”概括本段主要内容，符合题意。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“The project Agua Prope is located in Jacksonville Florida, where the main problems are storm surges, hurricanes and floods. (Agua Prope项目位于佛罗里达州的杰克逊维尔，那里的主要问题是风暴潮、飓风和洪水。)”可知，杰克逊维尔面临的问题是洪水和飓风。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“This model calls for technology so advanced that it will be decades before it can be put into effect. But the students say they hope one day within the next 50 years their vision of a clean water city will become a reality. (这种模式需要非常先进的技术，要几十年后才能付诸实施。但学生们表示，他们希望在未来50年内，他们的清洁水城市愿景能够成为现实。)”可知，模式需要非常先进的技术，要几十年后才能付诸实施，以目前的技术还无法建立Agua Prope模型。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·河南驻马店九师联盟联考·期中）A significant study analyzing nearly 1,500 river sites across the United States from 1980 to 2022 has revealed a concerning tendency: river heatwaves are intensifying at a rate two to four times faster than atmospheric heatwaves and lasting nearly twice as long. This discovery has far-reaching implications for aquatic (水生的) ecosystems and human communities alike. According to lead author Kayalvizhi Sadayappan, this quickening speed is likely a worldwide phenomenon. “This raises the risk of rivers experiencing both extreme heat and low water flows at the same time, creating conditions that can lower oxygen levels, stress aquatic life, and even cause widespread fish die-offs,” she explained. The research documented that at 82% of monitored sites, water temperatures went above 15℃ — the critical level where river creatures begin experiencing stress — for an average of 11.6 days per year. The most rapid warming occurred in the Rocky Mountains, Appalachian Mountains, and Northeastern US. The most severe heatwaves, with temperature rising up to 20℃, were concentrated in the Appalachian and Southern regions, while the Midwest showed the mildest temperature increases. Traditionally, rivers have been seen as cool places to escape extreme heat. However, this study fundamentally challenges that idea. As corresponding author Li Li explained, their work demonstrates for the first time that rivers are experiencing more rapid increases in the frequency, duration and intensity of heatwaves compared to the surrounding air. While rising atmospheric temperatures are the primary driver of this phenomenon, human activities are also significant contributors. The study found that agricultural irrigation (灌溉) can actually lessen river heatwaves by introducing cooler air and water. On the other hand, dams (大坝), especially large ones, have been found to worsen the problem, particularly by extending the time these heatwaves last. Beyond ecological consequences, rising river temperatures not only affect communities that depend on stable river conditions but also increase the costs of drinking water treatment. The researchers emphasize that their findings support developing effective strategies, including rebuilding riverside vegetation for shade, improving dam management, and reducing water extraction (抽取). This knowledge provides essential guidance for protecting vital freshwater resources in an increasingly warmer world. 1.What did the researchers mainly explore in the study? A. The costs of drinking water treatment. B. The locations of global rivers. C. The river heatwaves in the US over 40 years. D. The number of dead fish in rivers. 2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The stress on ocean creatures. B. Days with temperature above 20℃. C. River warming of different regions. D. Rivers where temperature goes over 15℃. 3.Why does the author mention dams? A. To prove them practical. B. To explain the role of heatwaves. C. To compare them with irrigation. D. To show humans’ harm to rivers. 4.What is the researchers’ advice in the last paragraph? A. Stop using water from rivers. B. Grow plants along river banks. C. Build more dams for water storage. D. Increase water extraction for farms. 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项关于美国河流热浪的研究，揭示了其加剧的速度、影响及应对建议。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“A significant study analyzing nearly 1,500 river sites across the United States from 1980 to 2022 has revealed a concerning tendency: river heatwaves are intensifying at a rate two to four times faster than atmospheric heatwaves and lasting nearly twice as long.(一项对1980年至2022年美国近1500个河流地点进行的重要研究揭示了一个令人担忧的趋势：河流热浪的加剧速度是大气热浪的两到四倍，持续时间几乎是大气热浪的两倍)”可知，研究人员主要研究了40多年来美国的河流热浪。故选C。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段“The research documented that at 82% of monitored sites, water temperatures went above 15℃ — the critical level where river creatures begin experiencing stress — for an average of 11.6 days per year. The most rapid warming occurred in the Rocky Mountains, Appalachian Mountains, and Northeastern US. The most severe heatwaves, with temperature rising up to 20℃, were concentrated in the Appalachian and Southern regions, while the Midwest showed the mildest temperature increases.(研究记录显示，在82%的监测地点，水温超过15℃——这是河流生物开始承受压力的临界水平——平均每年有11.6天。升温最快的地区是落基山脉、阿巴拉契亚山脉和美国东北部。最严重的热浪，水温升至20℃，集中在阿巴拉契亚和南部地区，而中西部地区水温上升幅度最小)”可知，第三段主要介绍了不同地区的河流升温情况。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“While rising atmospheric temperatures are the primary driver of this phenomenon, human activities are also significant contributors. The study found that agricultural irrigation (灌溉) can actually lessen river heatwaves by introducing cooler air and water. On the other hand, dams (大坝), especially large ones, have been found to worsen the problem, particularly by extending the time these heatwaves last.(虽然气温上升是这一现象的主要驱动因素，但人类活动也是重要的影响因素。研究发现，农业灌溉实际上可以通过引入较冷的空气和水来减轻河流热浪。另一方面，大坝，尤其是大型大坝，被发现会加剧这一问题，特别是会延长这些热浪的持续时间)”可推知，作者提到大坝是为了说明人类活动对河流的危害。故选D。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The researchers emphasize that their findings support developing effective strategies, including rebuilding riverside vegetation for shade, improving dam management, and reducing water extraction (抽取).(研究人员强调，他们的发现支持制定有效的策略，包括重建河边植被以遮荫，改善大坝管理，减少水资源开采)”可知，研究人员建议种植植物来遮荫，即在河岸种植植物。故选B。 主题语境06 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·河南实验中学·期中）Many children are introduced to animals through TV shows or movies. Shaun the Sheep, a popular cartoon series, features a variety of animals living at the Mossy Bottom Farm. Among them, naughty Shaun is the clever leader of his flock of sheep. Sheep in this series look a bit different from common ones because the TV show used the Valais Blacknose sheep the model. There are few animals that make people say “Aww!” in a high-toned voice as quickly as the Valais Blacknose sheep. As the cutest sheep in the world, these animals come from the Valais region in Switzerland. They are instantly recognizable thanks to their charming appearance. With spiral-shaped horns (螺旋形的角), they have soft, white wool, which contrasts with the black patches spread evenly over their faces and found on their ears, knees, and ankles. The Valais Blacknose sheep have a rich history deeply rooted in the Swiss Alps. They were originally raised in the 15th century for their highly valued wool. However, it was not until 1962 that they were officially recognized as a breed (品种). Their population once dwindled, but continuous efforts have been made to protect this unique breed. These efforts have been successful, and the Valais Blacknose sheep can now be found in various parts of the globe. Looking like a combination of a lamb and a teddy bear, the Valais Blacknose sheep has found its place in the hearts of many people. They are also raised as pets due to their adorable, gentle, and friendly nature, which makes them perfect companions. However, it’s important for owners to consider their needs, including suitable living environment, nutrition (营养), and space to wander. Whether as wool producers or beloved pets, the Valais Blacknose sheep have gained their fame in being helpful animals. 1.How is the topic introduced? A. By listing characters in a TV show. B. By describing the nature of an animal. C. By comparing leaders of different animals. D. By showing a character in a cartoon series. 2.What is mainly talked about concerning the Valais Blacknose sheep in paragraph 2? A. Its look. B. Its character. C. Its use. D. Its origin. 3.What does the underlined word “dwindled” mean in paragraph 3? A. Decreased gradually. B. Changed constantly. C. Increased rapidly. D. Remained stable. 4.What should owners take into consideration when raising the Valais Balcknose sheep? A. Sheep’s food needs. B. Sheep’s appearance. C. Owner-sheep interaction. D. Owner-sheep relationship. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. A　4. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了瓦莱黑鼻羊这种动物的一些特点和价值。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Shaun the Sheep, a popular cartoon series, features a variety of animals living at the Mossy Bottom Farm. Among them, naughty Shaun is the clever leader of his flock of sheep. Sheep in this series look a bit different from common ones because the TV show used the Valais Blacknose sheep the model.(Shaun the Sheep是一部很受欢迎的卡通片，讲述了生活在苔藓底农场的各种动物。其中，顽皮的Shaun是他羊群中聪明的领导者。这个系列中的羊看起来有点不同于普通的羊，因为电视节目使用了瓦莱黑鼻羊的模型)”可知，第一段提到动画片Shaun the Shee中的瓦莱黑鼻羊，下文介绍了这种动物的一些特点和价值，故第一段是通过展示卡通系列中的一个角色来引入话题的，故选D。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段中“They are instantly recognizable thanks to their charming appearance. With spiral-shaped horns (螺旋形的角), they have soft, white wool, which contrasts with the black patches spread evenly over their faces and found on their ears, knees, and ankles.(它们有螺旋状的角，柔软的白色羊毛，与均匀分布在脸上、耳朵、膝盖和脚踝上的黑色斑块形成鲜明对比)”可知，第二段主要谈论了瓦莱黑鼻羊的外貌，故选A。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“but continuous efforts have been made to protect this unique breed. These efforts have been successful, and the Valais Blacknose sheep can now be found in various parts of the globe.(但人们一直在努力保护这个独特的品种。这些努力取得了成功，瓦莱黑鼻羊现在可以在全球各地找到)”可知，由于保护瓦莱黑鼻羊的一些努力，现在它们在可以在全球各地找到，推知划线词所在句意为“它们的数量一度减少”，dwindled意为“减少”，故选A。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。最后一段中“However, it’s important for owners to consider their needs, including suitable living environment, nutrition (营养), and space to wander.(然而，对于主人来说，考虑他们的需求是很重要的，包括合适的生活环境、营养和漫步的空间)”提到主人应该考虑到羊的营养，即主人应该考虑羊的食物需求。故选A。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·河南方城县第一高级中学-11月·期中）History is one of those subjects that could be endless if we had enough time. There has always been an understanding that we learn history to stop it from being repeated, in a sense learning from past mistakes. However, as we have discovered, this is not entirely true. With the invasive (入侵的) and violent events still in existence in many parts of the world, we can see that humanity has not learnt from its past. History shows itself to repeat and it is important to learn history to see these chaotic repetitions. History is not just about strife—wars, revolutions, and struggles—but it is also a political and philosophical topic. A man named Peter Turchin has spent many years investigating how we can use history to our own benefit. In 2003 Turchin published his book “historical dynamics”. The book demonstrates his workings in which he shows the secular (世俗的) state of France and Russia from their origins to the 18th century. Not long after his book was published Turchin founded cliodynamics. Cliodynamics works to show the underlying patterns we can observe in history and model them in a way to make scientific estimates of how the future may play out. His use of mathematics has allowed scientists to develop a greater understanding of how political settings may occur or how societies will grow. Of course, it is simply impossible for any historian to predict the future, but by using this “big data” approach, Turchin has allowed individuals to locate patterns and use critical thinking to help make judgments about what the future may hold. Turchin as well as many others have used history in an important way to help future generations. As time passes, the databases will improve, highlighting more patterns and similarities, unavoidably helping to make these predictions more reliable. Could this approach to using data be the future of history and would we as a society be able to show the repetitions in humanity? 1.What does the underlined word “strife” in paragraph 2 mean? A. reflection. B. Conclusion. C. Account. D. Conflict. 2.What can be inferred from Turchin’s research? A. It intends to reveal state origins. B. It jumps out of historical cycles. C. It confirms history’s mirror values. D. It shows maths history similarities. 3.How does Turhin’s approach benefit historians? A. By providing first-hand data. B. By helping predict future trends. C. By ensuring precise future predictions. D. By fueling insights into certain events. 4.What is the author’s attitude toward predicting the future? A. Favorable. B. Objective. C. Unconcerned. D. Opposed. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍学习历史的意义、彼得·图尔钦的研究及历史大数据方法对未来的意义。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“History is not just about strife—wars, revolutions, and struggles—but it is also a political and philosophical topic.(历史不仅仅与strife有关——战争、革命和斗争——它还是一个政治和哲学话题。)”可知，破折号后“wars（战争）、revolutions（革命）、struggles（斗争）”均为并列的名词，是对“strife”的解释说明，这些词汇都带有“冲突、争斗”的含义，因此“strife”意为“冲突”，与“Conflict”意思相近。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“we learn history to stop it from being repeated, in a sense learning from past mistakes (从某种意义上说，我们学习历史是为了防止历史重演，从过去的错误中吸取教训)”，以及第三段中的“Cliodynamics works to show the underlying patterns we can observe in history and model them in a way to make scientific estimates of how the future may play out(历史动力学旨在揭示我们在历史中能观察到的潜在模式，并通过建模对未来可能的发展做出科学预测)”可知，图尔钦的研究通过分析历史模式为未来提供参考，本质上印证了历史“以史为鉴”的价值，即历史的镜子作用。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Cliodynamics works to show the underlying patterns we can observe in history and model them in a way to make scientific estimates of how the future may play out(历史动力学旨在揭示我们在历史中能观察到的潜在模式，并通过建模对未来可能的发展做出科学预测)”和第四段中的“by using this “big data” approach, Turchin has allowed individuals to locate patterns and use critical thinking to help make judgments about what the future may hold（通过这种“大数据”方法，图尔钦让人们能够找到模式，并运用批判性思维帮助判断未来可能发生的事情)”可知，图尔钦的方法通过分析历史模式帮助历史学家对未来趋势做出判断和预测。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“it is simply impossible for any historian to predict the future, but by using this “big data” approach, Turchin has allowed individuals to locate patterns and use critical thinking to help make judgments about what the future may hold (任何历史学家都不可能预测未来，但通过这种“大数据”方法，图尔钦让人们能够找到模式，并运用批判性思维帮助判断未来可能发生的事情)”和第五段中的“Could this approach to using data be the future of history and would we as a society be able to show the repetitions in humanity(这种数据运用方法会是历史研究的未来吗？我们的社会能否借此揭示人类历史的重复性？)”可知，作者既客观指出“预测未来不可能”，又认可大数据方法对判断未来的帮助，还以疑问形式理性探讨该方法的前景，态度中立客观。故选B项。 主题语境02 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 （25-26高二上·河南郑州十校联考·期中）Picture this, you win two tickets to a sold-out concert and eagerly text to ask your friends if they’d like to join. There comes their response “Maybe.” Your mood immediately turns, for you need to wait for their decisions before you can figure out your plans for the concert. If you’ve experienced anything like the above anecdote, you’re not alone. People responding “maybe” to invitations is a common yet annoying aspect of social life. What goes on in people’s heads when they aren’t sure whether to accept an invitation? Social invitations can be a delicate dance. People often misread what someone extending an invitation wants to hear and overestimate an inviter’s likelihood of preferring a “maybe” over a “no.” Moreover, they fail to realize how much more disrespected people feel when they receive a “maybe” in response to their invitation. Naturally, we wanted to figure out why this awkward dynamic plays out. We found that it’s largely due to something called “motivated reasoning.” Motivated reasoning occurs when a person interprets information in a biased (有偏差的) way to suit their own wishes. In other words, invitees convince themselves that inviters want to hear “maybe” instead of “no” because a “maybe” is better for the invitees, allowing them to leave their options open. Besides, people tend to overestimate the negative consequences of saying “no” to invitations, thinking it will upset, anger and disappoint inviters. However, there were certain situations that made people more comfortable saying “no” to an invitation. When recipients of an invitation put themselves in the shoes of the person extending the invitation, they are more likely to realize that they’d probably prefer a definite answer. When the participants get invited to do something they didn’t want to do, they had no desire to keep their options open. The motivated reasoning then became irrelevant. While navigating social situations can be tricky, being direct and definite is sometimes best. It might reduce your options. But it’ll keep those who invite you from being left uncertain and maybe they’ll still think of you when the next concert comes to town. 1.Why is the concert anecdote mentioned at the beginning? A. To explain the background of the invitation. B. To stress the importance of quick replies. C. To encourage immediate decision- making. D. To introduce a common social situation. 2.What is the main reason for the response of “maybe” to an invitation? A. A biased interpretation of social cues. B. A desire for harmonious communication. C. An underestimation of refusal consequence. D. An understanding of the inviter’s expectation. 3.What is the author’s suggestion in the last paragraph? A. Keeping your options open for better plans. B. Accepting invitations to maintain friendships. C. Prioritizing clear response over open options. D. Thinking twice before refusing an invitation. 4.What is the best title for the passage? A. The Psychology behind “Maybe” B. The Hidden Consequence of “Maybe” C. “Maybe”: A Polite Escape from Conflict D. “Maybe”: A Perfect Solution to Invitations 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍人们收到邀请时回复“Maybe”这一常见社交现象，分析其背后原因及特定应对情况，并给出直接回应的建议。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Picture this, you win two tickets to a sold-out concert and eagerly text to ask your friends if they’d like to join. There comes their response “Maybe.” Your mood immediately turns, for you need to wait for their decisions before you can figure out your plans for the concert.(想象一下，你赢得了两张售罄音乐会的门票，急切地发短信问朋友是否愿意一起去。他们回复“也许吧”。你的心情立刻变了，因为你需要等他们做决定，才能确定自己的音乐会计划)”以及第二段中的“If you’ve experienced anything like the above anecdote, you’re not alone. People responding “maybe” to invitations is a common yet annoying aspect of social life.(如果你有过类似上述轶事的经历，你并不孤单。人们对邀请回复“也许”是社交生活中常见却令人恼火的一面)”可知，作者开头提及音乐会轶事，是为了引出人们对邀请回复“Maybe”这一常见社交场景。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“We found that it’s largely due to something called “motivated reasoning.” Motivated reasoning occurs when a person interprets information in a biased (有偏差的) way to suit their own wishes. In other words, invitees convince themselves that inviters want to hear “maybe” instead of “no” because a “maybe” is better for the invitees, allowing them to leave their options open.(我们发现，这在很大程度上是由一种叫做“动机性推理”的东西导致的。当一个人以有偏差的方式解读信息以迎合自己的意愿时，就会发生动机性推理。换句话说，受邀者会说服自己，邀请者更想听到“也许”而不是“不”，因为“也许”对受邀者更有利，能让他们保留选择的余地)”可知，人们对邀请回复“Maybe”的主要原因是对社交信号有偏差的解读。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“While navigating social situations can be tricky, being direct and definite is sometimes best. It might reduce your options. But it’ll keep those who invite you from being left uncertain and maybe they’ll still think of you when the next concert comes to town.(虽然应对社交场合可能很棘手，但有时直接明确是最好的选择。这可能会减少你的选择，但能避免邀请你的人陷入不确定的状态，而且当下一场音乐会来临时，他们或许还会想到你)”可知，作者建议优先选择清晰明确的回应，而非保留选择余地。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章开头以音乐会轶事引出人们对邀请回复“Maybe”的现象，接着在第三段分析了这一现象背后“动机性推理”的心理原因，第四段介绍了人们更愿意说“不”的特定情况，最后给出直接回应的建议。全文围绕“Maybe”背后的心理机制展开，因此A项“‘Maybe’背后的心理学”概括了文章主题，最适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·河南郑州外国语学校·期中）An article published in Nature this week says that AI systems pose a further risk: that researchers envision such tools as possessed of superhuman abilities when it comes to objectivity, productivity and understanding complex concepts. Scientists planning to use AI “must evaluate these risks now; while AI applications are still immature, because they will be much more difficult to deal with if AI tools become deeply embedded in the research process”; write co-authors Lisa Messeri and Molly Crockett. In this article, Messeri and Crockett put together a picture of the ways in which scientists see AIsystems as enhancing human capabilities. In one ‘vision’, which they call AI as Oracle; researchers see AI tools as able to tirelessly read and digest scientific papers, and so survey the scientific literature more exhaustively than people can. In both Oracle and another vision, called AI as Arbiter, systems are perceived as evaluating scientific findings more objectively than do people, because they are less likely to select the literature to support a desired hypothesis or to show favouritism in peer review. In a third vision, AI as Quant, AI tools seem to go beyond the limits of the human mind in analyzing vast and complex data. In the fourth, AI as Surrogate, AI tools simulate (模拟) data that are too difficult or complex to obtain. Informed by anthropology (人类学) and cognitive science, Messeri and Crockett predict risks that arise from these visions. One is the illusion of explanatory depth, in which people relying on another person — or, in this case, an algorithm — for knowledge have a tendency to mistake that knowledge for their own and think their understanding is deeper than it actually is. Another risk is that research becomes skewed towards studying the kinds of thing that AI systems can test — the researchers call this the illusion of exploratory breadth (广度). For example, in social science, the vision of AI as Surrogate could encourage experiments involving human behaviors that can be simulated by an AI — and discourage those on behaviors that cannot, such as anything that requires physical presence. There’s also the illusion of objectivity, in which researchers see AI systems as representing all possible viewpoints or not having a viewpoint. In fact, these tools reflect only the viewpoints found in the data they have been trained on, and are known to adopt the biases found in those data.“There’s a risk that we forget that there are certain questions we just can’t answer about human beings using AItools,” says Crockett. The illusion of objectivity is particularly worrying given the benefits of including diverse viewpoints in research. If you’ re a scientist planning to use AI, you can reduce these dangers through a number of strategies. One is to map your proposed use to one of the visions, and consider which traps you are most likely to fall into. Another approach is to be deliberate about how you use AI. Applying AI tools to save time on something your team already has expertise in is less risky than using them to provide expertise you just don’t have, says Crockett. 1.According to Paragraph 2, which might scientists agree with? A. Human intelligence can’t be overshadowed in analyzing data. B. Studies with desired hypothesis are usually favored in peer review. C. AI can conduct a relatively thorough overview of the prior research. D. Prejudice has completely been excluded by AI tools in scientific evaluation. 2.What does the underlined word “skewed” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Declining. B. Partial. C. Dynamic. D. Irrelevant. 3.What can we learn from this passage? A. AI isn’t limited to the outlook and biases within its training data. B. Users counting on AI tend to underestimate their insight of a concept. C. Relying on AI to fill gaps in the team’s knowledge is much preferable. D. Instant actions must be taken to rate AI’s risks before it is fully integrated into research. 4.Which would be the best title for the passage? A. A Call for Considered Use of AI in Science B. The Unseen Biases of AI in Social Science C. AI’s Role in Enhancing Human Expertise D. How AI Is Shaping Scientific Discovery 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍科研中人工智能的四种应用愿景、由此产生的多种风险，以及科学家使用人工智能减少风险的相关策略。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“In one ‘vision’, which they call AI as Oracle; researchers see AI tools as able to tirelessly read and digest scientific papers, and so survey the scientific literature more exhaustively than people can.(在一种被他们称为“神谕型人工智能”的愿景中，研究人员认为人工智能工具能够不知疲倦地阅读和消化科学论文，从而比人类更全面地查阅科学文献。)”以及“In a third vision, AI as Quant, AI tools seem to go beyond the limits of the human mind in analyzing vast and complex data. In the fourth, AI as Surrogate, AI tools simulate (模拟) data that are too difficult or complex to obtain. (在第三种愿景“量化型人工智能”中，人工智能工具在分析海量复杂数据方面似乎超越了人类思维的极限。在第四种愿景“替代型人工智能”中，人工智能工具会模拟那些难以获取或过于复杂的数据。)”可知，人工智能工具可以更详尽地调查科学文献，分析庞大而复杂的数据，并模拟太难或太复杂而无法获得的数据，由此可推知，科学家可能同意的观点是人工智能能够对先前的研究进行相对全面的概述。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第四段“Another risk is that research becomes skewed towards studying the kinds of thing that AI systems can test — the researchers call this the illusion of exploratory breadth. For example, in social science, the vision of AI as Surrogate could encourage experiments involving human behaviors that can be simulated by an AI — and discourage those on behaviors that cannot, such as anything that requires physical presence.(另一个风险是，研究将skewed研究人工智能系统能够测试的内容——研究人员称之为探索广度错觉。例如，在社会科学领域，替代型人工智能的愿景可能会鼓励开展那些涉及可被人工智能模拟的人类行为的实验，而不鼓励开展那些涉及无法模拟的行为的实验，比如任何需要实际参与的行为。)”可知，研究只侧重人工智能可测试的内容，而忽略部分内容，“skewed”应是“偏向的、片面的”含义，与“Partial”意思相近。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Scientists planning to use AI “must evaluate these risks now; while AI applications are still immature, because they will be much more difficult to deal with if AI tools become deeply embedded in the research process”; write co-authors Lisa Messeri and Molly Crockett. (合著者Lisa Messeri和Molly Crockett写道，计划使用人工智能的科学家“现在必须评估这些风险，而人工智能应用仍处于萌芽阶段，因为如果人工智能工具深深嵌入研究过程中，它们将更难解决”。)”可知，在人工智能完全融入研究之前，必须立即采取行动对其风险进行评估。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Scientists planning to use AI “must evaluate these risks now; while AI applications are still immature, because they will be much more difficult to deal with if AI tools become deeply embedded in the research process”; write co-authors Lisa Messeri and Molly Crockett. (合著者Lisa Messeri和Molly Crockett写道，计划使用人工智能的科学家“现在必须评估这些风险，而人工智能应用仍处于萌芽阶段，因为如果人工智能工具深深嵌入研究过程中，它们将更难解决”。)”可知，第一段提出人工智能应用于科研存在风险且需及时评估，中间段落阐述相关风险，结合最后一段中的“If you’re a scientist planning to use AI, you can reduce these dangers through a number of strategies.(如果你是一名打算使用人工智能的科学家，可以通过多种策略来降低这些风险。)”可知，本文主要讨论了人工智能在科学领域的应用可能带来的风险，包括对人工智能能力的过度信任，以及这种信任可能导致的误解和偏斜，呼吁科学家在人工智能工具尚未完全融入研究流程之前，对其潜在风险进行评估，所以“呼吁在科学中经过慎重考虑使用人工智能”适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·河南郑州宇华实验学校-11月·期中）Since 2010, nearly every country has seen an increase in the number of cancer patients. The WHO reports one in six people will develop cancer in their lifetime. At least 10 million people will die from the disease every year. If the current trend continues, new cancer cases will rise by 60 percent by the year 2040. In low- and middle-income countries, they will rise by more than 80 percent. Andre Ilbawi, WHO’s technical officer in cancer control, says more people are dying from cancer in poorer countries. Controlling the disease does not have to cost a lot. The WHO report, he explained, shows that by investing in cancer services, governments can save 7 million lives by 2030. “And that is at the cost of 8.15 per person in upper middle-income countries. This is feasible,” Ilbawi said. WHO says cancer does not have to be a death sentence. Prevention works. There have been great improvements in research on cancer prevention and treatment. These measures are successfully keeping many people alive who otherwise would have died. Preventive policies can work in powerful ways to reduce not only cancer numbers and death rates, but also the social and economic inequality in cancer cases. An example of such a policy is one that reduces workers’ contact with cancer-causing materials. Other examples are measures to control tobacco use, vaccination against cancer-causing infectious agents and testing for early stages of cancer. In its report, WHO describes a series of measures proven to help in preventing new cancer cases. For example, it notes that tobacco-related diseases are responsible for 25 percent of cancer deaths. Deciding not to smoke, it says, can save billions of dollars and millions of lives. WHO adds that a vaccine against hepatitis B (乙肝) can prevent liver cancer. It notes another vaccine against HPV can nearly fight off cervical cancer (宫颈癌). 1.How does the author lead in the topic? A. By citing specific data. B. By making a comparison. C. By giving a vivid example. D. By clarifying a personal viewpoint. 2.What does the underlined word “feasible” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. Practicable. B. Valuable. C. incredible. D. Responsible. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards cancer prevention? A. Unclear. B. Unconcerned. C. Hopeful. D. Critical. 4.What can be the suitable title for the text? A. The Latest Report By The WHO. B. Prevention Is Better Than cure. C. Cancers Increasing But Not a Death Sentence. D. WHO: Cancer Poses a Great Threat To Humanity. 【答案】1. A　2. A　3. C　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了癌症病例的增加情况，同时指出癌症并非绝症，预防措施有效且可行。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Since 2010, nearly every country has seen an increase in the number of cancer patients. The WHO, reports one in six people will develop cancer in their lifetime. At least 10 million people will die from the disease every year. If the current trend continues, new cancer cases will rise by 60 percent by the year 2040. In low- and middle-income countries, they will rise by more than 80 percent.(自2010年以来，几乎每个国家的癌症患者数量都有所增加。据世界卫生组织报道，六分之一的人在一生中会患上癌症。每年至少有1000万人死于这种疾病。如果目前的趋势继续下去，到2040年，新的癌症病例将增加60%。在中低收入国家，这一比例将上升80%以上。)”可知，作者通过引用具体数据来引入癌症患者数量增加这个话题。故选A。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据上文“Andre Ilbawi, WHO’s technical officer in cancer control, says more people are dying from cancer in poorer countries. Controlling the disease does not have to cost a lot. The WHO report, he explained, shows that by investing in cancer services, governments can save 7 million lives by 2030. “And that is at the cost of 8.15 per person in upper middle-income countries.(世界卫生组织（WHO）癌症防控技术官员安德烈・伊尔巴维表示，较贫困国家有更多人死于癌症。但防控这种疾病的成本并非高不可攀。他解释称，世卫组织的报告显示，通过投资癌症医疗服务，各国政府到2030年可挽救700万人的生命。而这一投入的成本，在低收入国家为人均2.70美元，在中高收入国家为人均8.15美元。)”可知，Ilbawi认为通过投资癌症服务来挽救生命这个措施是可行的，因此，“feasible”在此处的意思是“可行的，切实可行的”。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“WHO says cancer does not have to be a death sentence. Prevention works.(世卫组织表示，癌症不一定是死刑。预防是有效的。)”、第四段“There have been great improvements in research on cancer prevention and treatment. These measures are successfully keeping many people alive who otherwise would have died.(癌症预防和治疗的研究取得了很大进展。这些措施成功地让许多本会死亡的人活了下来。)”和第五段“In its report, WHO describes a series of measures proven to help in preventing new cancer cases.(在其报告中，世卫组织描述了一系列经证实有助于预防新癌症病例的措施。)”可知，作者对癌症预防持乐观态度。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章第一段讲述了自2010年以来，几乎每个国家的癌症患者数量都有所增加，第二段讲述了世卫组织的技术官员Andre Ilbawi表示，在较贫穷的国家，死于癌症的人更多，但控制这种疾病并不需要花费很多，通过投资癌症服务，政府可以在2030年前挽救700万人的生命，第三段到第五段讲述了世卫组织表示癌症不一定是死刑，预防是有效的，癌症预防和治疗的研究取得了很大进展，并且世卫组织在其报告中描述了一系列经证实有助于预防新癌症病例的措施。由此可知，文章主要讲述了癌症病例的增加情况，同时指出癌症并非绝症，预防措施有效且可行，因此选项C“癌症在增加，但并非绝症”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选C。 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·河南方城县第一高级中学-11月·期中）Butterflies are sensitive to environmental changes, meaning they are important indicators of ecosystem health, but they are in decline. New research suggests butterfly numbers can be boosted by making small changes to road verges (边缘). While most studies on road verges and butterflies have focused on temperate climates with natural plants in rural areas, new research from Nanyang Technological University (NTU) examined planted vegetation along major roads in big cities of Singapore. Researchers surveyed 101 road verges, each at least 30m long, located along major roads with speed limits between 50 km/h and 70 km/h, and planted with non-native bushes. They found verges with a mixture of different flowering plant species directly increased the total number of butterflies and butterfly species. “A greater diversity of flowering plants can offer a variety of nectar (花蜜) sources for butterflies. This can attract more species of butterflies, especially those that prefer a broad range of nectar from different flowers,$