Unit 2—Unit 6 课文精讲 2026-2027学年外研版英语八年级上册

Unit 2  Getting along 语篇一：The Selfish Giant（课本 P21） 体裁：童话（改编自 Oscar Wilde） |  话题：自私与分享 |  线索：巨人筑墙 → 春天不至 → 幡然醒悟 → 拆墙迎春 ▍Paragraph 1 Every afternoon, the children play in the Giant①〔n.（儿童故事中的）巨人；本课拟人化主角，注意首字母大写表专称〕’s garden. It is a large garden with soft, green grass. Here and there②〔短语：到处，各处；此处整个句子倒装：副词短语提前，stand 后置，主语 beautiful flowers 在后，起到强调与画面感〕, over the grass, stand beautiful flowers, like stars. ▍Paragraph 2 The Giant has been away③〔现在完成时：has + been（be 的过去分词），表示“离开”这一状态从过去持续到现在；away 是副词，作表语〕 for a long time. One day, he comes back and sees the children in his garden. “What are you doing here?” he shouts④〔v. 大声说，喊叫；shout at sb. 冲某人喊，此处表愤怒〕 in a very angry voice⑤〔用很生气的语气；in a … voice 以……的声音/语气〕. ▍Paragraph 3 The children run away⑥〔跑开，逃走；away 表示“离开、远去”〕. The Giant closes the gate⑦〔n. 大门；注意与 door（房门）、window（窗）区分〕 and builds⑧〔v. 建造，盖；build–built–built；build a wall 筑墙〕 a high wall around the garden. Since then⑨〔从那以后；since 引导的时间状语，是现在完成时的典型标志，后接时间点〕, he hasn’t seen⑩〔现在完成时否定式：has not + seen；表示从那时起到现在一直“没有见过”〕 a child there. ▍Paragraph 4 Then spring comes. But in the Giant’s garden, it is still winter. There are no birds or flowers. “I cannot understand why⑪〔why … 是宾语从句，作 understand 的宾语；注意从句用陈述语序（spring has not come），不用疑问语序〕 spring has not come⑫〔现在完成时否定式，与后面 since last year 呼应〕 since last year,” says the Giant. “I hope⑬〔v. 希望，期望；hope + (that) 从句，也可 hope to do sth.〕 the weather changes soon.” ▍Paragraph 5 But spring never comes, nor⑭〔conj. 也不；nor + 主语 + 助动词 构成倒装，此处 nor summer 是省略句，完整为 nor does summer come〕 summer. Autumn gives golden fruit to every other⑮〔其他每一个；every other + 单数名词，后接动词单数〕 garden. But it gives none to the Giant’s garden. ▍Paragraph 6 One morning, the Giant suddenly⑯〔adv. 突然，猛地；修饰整句，置于句首或动词前〕 hears birds singing. “I haven’t heard⑰〔现在完成时否定式，与 for a while 搭配，表“一段时间没有听到”〕 that beautiful birdsong for a while⑱〔for + 一段时间，与现在完成时连用，表持续的时间长度〕. I believe spring has come at last⑲〔终于，最后（= finally / in the end）〕.” The Giant jumps out of bed and looks outside. ▍Paragraph 7 The Giant sees a hole⑳〔n. 洞，孔；此处指围墙上的破洞〕 in the wall. Also, there is a little child in every tree. And the trees are so glad㉑〔so + adj. + that 从句：如此……以至于……；glad adj. 高兴的，开心的〕 that they have covered themselves with㉒〔用……盖住自己；cover … with … / be covered with〕 flowers. The birds fly about and sing with joy㉓〔高兴地，欢乐地（= happily）；with + 抽象名词表方式〕. “How selfish I’ve been!㉔〔感叹句 How + adj. + 主语 + 谓语！此处谓语用现在完成时 I’ve been，表示对“自己一直以来很自私”的悔悟〕” he says. “Now I know why spring wouldn’t come here.” ▍Paragraph 8 He knocks down㉕〔推倒，拆毁；knock v. 敲，撞，knock down 撞倒/拆除〕 the wall. The children look afraid㉖〔adj. 害怕的，恐惧的；be afraid of sth. / to do sth.〕. “Fear not㉗〔祈使句：别怕。fear not ＝ don’t be afraid，动词 + not 的较古旧句式，表安慰〕, little ones,” the Giant says. “It’s your garden now.” Adaptation of “The Selfish Giant” by Oscar Wilde 语篇二：Six chi away, but closer together（课本 P28–29） 体裁：故事说明文 |  话题：谦让、包容与邻里和睦 |  线索：介绍六尺巷 → 两家争执 → 家书化怨 → 六尺巷成 ▍Paragraph 1 Narrow①〔adj. 狭窄的；反义 wide 宽的；narrow lane 窄巷〕 lanes②〔n. ……巷，小巷；常用于路名中，如 Liuchixiang（六尺巷）〕 are very common③〔adj. 常见的，普遍的；反义 rare/uncommon〕 in China. They are usually about two metres wide, or six chi in traditional Chinese units④〔用中国传统计量单位来说；unit n.（计量用的）单位；1 米 = 3 尺〕. Most of them are nothing special. But Liuchixiang (Six-chi Lane) in Tongcheng, Anhui, is perhaps⑤〔adv. 可能，大概，也许；表示推测，比 maybe 稍正式〕 the most famous one. ▍Paragraph 2 Its story started back in⑥〔追溯到……；back 加强“往回、追溯”之意〕 the Qing Dynasty. Two local families, the Zhangs and the Wus⑦〔the + 姓氏复数，表示“某某一家人”；此处作 families 的同位语，具体说明是哪两家〕, argued over⑧〔就……争论；argue v. 争论，argue over/about sth. 就某事争吵〕 the dividing line⑨〔分界线，界限；divide v.（把……）分开〕 between their houses. They couldn’t reach⑩〔v. 实现，达成；reach agreement 达成一致，reach an agreement 达成协议〕 agreement⑪〔n.（意见的）一致，相合；agree v. → agreement n.〕. The Zhang family was angry. Their relative⑫〔n. 家人；亲戚〕, Zhang Ying, had a position high up⑬〔身居高位；high up 表位置/地位高〕 in the government⑭〔n. 政府；govern v. 统治 → government n.〕. They wrote him a letter, asking for advice⑮〔现在分词短语作伴随状语；ask for advice 征求意见〕. When his reply came, they opened it to find a poem⑯〔n. 诗；韵文〕 inside⑰〔adv. 在（容器或其他封闭的空间）里面〕. ▍Paragraph 3 After reading it, the Zhang family felt ashamed⑱〔adj. 羞耻的，内疚的，惭愧的；be/feel ashamed of 为……感到羞愧〕. They stepped back⑲〔后退；step v. 跨步，迈步，step back 退让〕 three chi for their neighbour⑳〔n. 邻居，邻人；neighbourhood n. 邻近地区〕. This act㉑〔n. 行为，行动，动作，举动〕 deeply moved the Wu family. In return㉒〔作为回报，作为报答；in return for sth. 作为对……的回报〕, they decided to do the same thing. They gave up㉓〔让出，放弃；give up 也作“放弃”解〕 another㉔〔det. 另一，又一；another + 数词 + 复数名词，表“再（多）……个”〕 three chi. And so came the six-chi-wide lane between the two houses. ▍Paragraph 4 Hundreds of years have passed㉕〔现在完成时，与 since then 呼应，表示“从那时起到现在已经过去数百年”；pass v. 过去，流逝〕 since then, and the lane is still there. The people of Tongcheng still keep the poem in mind㉖〔把这首诗记在心里；keep … in mind 牢记〕. Whenever㉗〔conj. 每当；引导时间状语从句，＝ every time）〕 they walk down the lane, they remember how kindness encourages more kindness. 【主旨在手】Six chi away, but closer together. 退让三尺，心却更近；kindness encourages more kindness（善意催生更多善意）。【写作借鉴】本文按「 Introduction → The problem → The solution → The influence 」四步展开，是“故事说明文”的经典框架；用一句诗作载体，使道理更有说服力。 Unit 3  Make it happen! 语篇一：A helping hand（课本 P36–37） 体裁：人物记叙文 |  人物：Easton LaChappelle |  话题：用发明帮助他人 |  线索：遇见 Jenny → 下决心 → 反复改进 → 免费公开 ▍Paragraph 1 Easton LaChappelle, a 14-year-old①〔复合形容词：数词 + 名词单数 + -ed，作定语，如 a 14-year-old student；注意名词用单数、用连字符〕 student, stood beside his work at a science fair②〔科学展；fair n. 展览会〕. It was a robotic③〔adj. 机器人的；robot n. 机器人 → robotic〕 arm. He built it out of④〔用……制成；out of 表“由……（做成）”，相当于 made of/from〕 plastic blocks⑤〔n. 一块（指木头、石头等有直边的硬物）〕 and fishing line. ▍Paragraph 2 “Hello,” said a girl with an artificial⑥〔adj. 人造的，人工的；反义 natural 天然的〕 arm, as she shook hands with⑦〔与……握手；shake hands with sb.，shake–shook–shaken〕 Easton’s work. ▍Paragraph 3 This was the first time Easton met Jenny. The girl was born without⑧〔天生没有……；be born without sth.〕 an arm. Her artificial arm was just a simple hook⑨〔n. 钩状物〕, but it cost⑩〔v. 价格为，花费；cost–cost–cost，主语是物〕 $80,000. What’s worse⑪〔更糟糕的是；用于递进，引出更严重的情况〕, children like her grow quickly and need new arms all the time⑫〔一直，始终；＝always，常置于句末〕. This created a difficult condition⑬〔n. 状况，状态；条件〕 for Jenny’s family. ▍Paragraph 4 “It blew me away⑭〔使某人大为惊讶；blow sb away，口语色彩浓〕! I built my arm for only $300,” thought Easton. “I must lend a hand⑮〔帮助（某人）做事，搭把手；lend (sb) a hand〕 to people like her.” ▍Paragraph 5 After the fair, Easton’s room became a lab. He stayed there all day. He always tried to improve⑯〔try to do sth. 努力做某事，不定式作宾语；improve v. 改善，改进〕 his work. For his 16th birthday, Easton got a 3-D printer⑰〔3-D adj. 三维的，立体的；printer n. 打印机〕. And with it, he invented⑱〔v. 发明，创造；invent → invention n. 发明（物）→ inventor n. 发明家〕 an artificial arm. It was able to move with⑲〔能够……；be able to do sth.，可强调通过努力获得的能力，时态变化比 can 灵活〕 brain signals⑳〔脑信号；signal n. 信号〕 of the user. But it wasn’t good enough yet: the arm weighed㉑〔v. 重，重量是……；weigh 3.6 kilograms 重 3.6 千克〕 3.6 kilograms. It was too heavy for a child. ▍Paragraph 6 Easton kept working on㉒〔继续做……；keep doing sth.，动名词作宾语〕 it. He enjoyed fixing㉓〔enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事，动名词作宾语，不能用 enjoy to do〕 problems one after another㉔〔一个接一个；作状语，表方式〕. And finally he hit on success㉕〔获得成功，= succeeded；hit on 碰巧想到、找到〕 at age 23. His design only weighed 0.5 kilograms and cost around $500! ▍Paragraph 7 Easton’s invention has helped many children. He didn’t want to make money from㉖〔从……赚钱；make money from doing sth.〕 it. He decided to post㉗〔decide to do sth. 决定做某事，不定式作宾语〕 his design online… for free㉘〔免费；＝free of charge〕! People can download㉙〔v. 下载；反义 upload 上传〕 the design and make an artificial arm with their own 3-D printers! ▍Paragraph 8 What a helping hand!㉚〔感叹句 What a(n) + 单数名词！此处 a helping hand 一语双关：既指“援助之手”，也指 Easton 发明的机械手臂，并赞美他助人为乐的品质〕 【主旨在手】A helping hand changes lives. 一臂之力，改变人生；科技向善，贵在利他。【写作借鉴】本文按「相遇—触动—行动—成果」推进，用年龄（14 → 16 → 23）串起成长线，结尾以感叹句升华，首尾呼应。写人物时可借“时间轴 + 数字”增强真实感。 语篇二：The power of curiosity（课本 P44–45） 体裁：说明性议论文 |  话题：好奇心驱动发明 |  结构：观点（爱因斯坦引言）→ 三例（张衡 / 富兰克林 / 万户）→ 结论（好奇心是一把钥匙） ▍Paragraph 1 Albert Einstein once said, “I have no special talents①〔n. 天赋，才能；= gift，常用复数〕. I am only passionately②〔adv. 热切地；passion n. 热情 → passionate adj. 热情的 → passionately〕 curious③〔adj. 好奇的；be curious about sth.；curiosity n. 好奇心〕.” Many great inventions in history are the result of④〔……的结果；result from 由……引起 / result in 导致〕 people’s curiosity. ▍Paragraph 2 For example⑤〔例如；举例常用，= for instance〕, Zhang Heng, a Chinese scientist⑥〔n. 科学家；science n. 科学 → scientist〕 and inventor⑦〔n. 发明家；invent v. 发明 → invention n. → inventor〕, was curious about⑧〔对……好奇；be curious about sth.〕 the world. He wondered⑨〔v. 想知道，感到疑惑；后接宾语从句〕, “How does everything in the world move?” This strong curiosity drove him to spend⑩〔drive sb. to do sth. 驱使某人做某事，不定式作宾补；drive–drove–driven〕 years studying⑪〔spend time (in) doing sth. 花费时间做某事，动名词作宾语〕 the sky and the earth. Finally, he drew China’s first star map, and invented the first earthquake detector⑫〔n. 探测器；detect v. 探测，发现〕. These achievements⑬〔n. 成就，成绩；achieve v. 达到，完成〕 played an important role in⑭〔在……中起重要作用；play a role in sth./doing sth.〕 the development⑮〔n. 发展；develop v. → development〕 of science. ▍Paragraph 3 Benjamin Franklin is another example⑯〔另一个例子；承上启下，引出第二个例证〕. He was drawn to⑰〔被……吸引；be drawn to sth.，draw–drew–drawn〕 electricity⑱〔n. 电，电学；electric adj. 电的 → electrical〕 and had a deep curiosity about its nature⑲〔n. 性质，本质；此处非“自然”〕. He did lots of research⑳〔n. 研究，调查；do research (on sth.)，不可数〕. Stories said he flew a kite during a storm out of curiosity㉑〔出于好奇；out of + 抽象名词表原因/动机，如 out of kindness〕. This helped him know more about electricity and later he invented the lightning rod㉒〔避雷针；lightning n. 闪电，rod n. 杆〕. This invention helps protect buildings from㉓〔保护……免受……；protect sb./sth. from (doing) sth.〕 lightning. ▍Paragraph 4 Now let’s look at Wan Hu, the Ming Dynasty㉔〔n. 朝代；the Ming Dynasty 明朝〕 pioneer㉕〔n. 先锋，开拓者；the pioneer of sth.〕 of space exploration㉖〔n. 探索；explore v. 探索 → exploration〕. He was so㉗〔so + adj./adv. + that … 如此……以至于……，引导结果状语从句〕 curious about space that he invented a “flying chair”! But sadly he lost his life㉘〔丧生，牺牲；lose one’s life 献出生命〕 when he tested his invention. Even though㉙〔即使，尽管；引导让步状语从句，= although，但不能与 but 连用〕 his curiosity didn’t lead to㉚〔导致，通向；lead to sth./doing sth.〕 success, his idea gave later generations the courage㉛〔give sb. sth. 双宾语；generation n. 一代人；courage n. 勇气〕 to keep exploring space. ▍Paragraph 5 Curiosity works like㉜〔像……一样起作用；work as 担任，work like 像……那样运作〕 a key. It opens new doors㉝〔打开新的大门；open a door for/to sb. 为某人提供机会，句中为比喻用法〕 for us to learn㉞〔不定式作后置定语，修饰 ability/chance 一类的抽象名词〕 and discover㉟〔v. 发现；discover 强调“发现”已存在之物，invent 强调“发明”新东西〕. When we stay curious㊱〔保持好奇；stay + adj. 表示“保持某种状态”〕 and ask questions, we can always explore more and find amazing㊲〔adj. 令人惊奇的；amaze v. → amazing/amazed〕 things in the world. 【主旨提炼】Curiosity is the mother of invention. 好奇心是发明之母——它像一把钥匙，为我们打开通往未知世界的大门。【写作借鉴】文章采用「引名言 → 举三例 → 作总结」的论证结构，三例按“中国—西方—中国”、“成功—成功—虽败犹荣”交叉排布，避免单调。写议论文可用“For example / another example / Now let’s look at”串联例子。 Unit 4  Digital life 语篇一：Digital（课本 P52–53） 体裁：记叙文（第一人称日记式） |  背景：作者在中国留学，回英国过圣诞 |  线索：期待 → 遇上数字难题（共享单车 / 支付 / 外卖）→ 想念中国 ▍Paragraph 1 I’ve studied in China for a year and now it’s the Christmas holiday. I’ve been back in the UK for three days, but it feels like①〔感觉像……；it feels like + 名词/从句，此处表主观感受〕 a century②〔n. 世纪，一百年；此处夸张，形容时间难熬〕! It’s amazing to see③〔It is + adj. + to do sth. 句式，it 作形式主语，不定式是真正主语〕 my family. Also, I really love Christmas and the delicious food. However④〔然而；转折副词，用逗号与后句隔开〕, I’ve had some digital⑤〔adj. 数字的；digit n. 数字 → digital；digital life 数字生活〕 problems here. ▍Paragraph 2 Today, I wanted to get⑥〔want to do sth. 想要做某事，不定式作宾语〕 some vegetables and meat from a shop. I decided to ride⑦〔decide to do sth. 决定做某事〕 a shared bike⑧〔共享单车；share v. 分享 → shared adj. 共享的〕 to get there. But it took forever to find⑨〔It takes (sb.) + 时间 + to do sth. 花费时间做某事；forever 极久，夸张表达〕 a bike! I finally found an old one. But that 20-minute ride cost me an arm and a leg⑩〔花了一大笔钱；习语，字面“代价是一条胳膊一条腿”，形容极贵〕 – 4.8 pounds! ▍Paragraph 3 In the shop, I quickly got everything I needed. I wanted to pay⑪〔pay with sth. 用……付款〕 with my smartphone⑫〔n. 智能手机；smart + phone〕. I asked the shopkeeper to show⑬〔ask sb. to do sth. 请某人做某事，不定式作宾语补足语〕 the QR code⑭〔二维码；QR = Quick Response 快速响应〕, but she didn’t understand! Next, I tried to use⑮〔try to do sth. 试着做某事〕 my digital wallet⑯〔数字钱包；wallet n. 钱包〕, but the shop’s payment⑰〔n. 付款，支付；pay v. → payment；payment system 支付系统〕 system didn’t work. The shopkeeper told me to use⑱〔tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事〕 cash⑲〔n. 现金；不可数；pay in cash 付现金〕. As⑳〔连词，因为，引导原因状语从句，= because〕 I always make digital payments in China, I never carry my wallet. I had to go home to get some cash. ▍Paragraph 4 When I got home, I was so tired that㉑〔so + adj. + that 从句，如此……以至于……〕 I gave up on㉒〔放弃（做）……；give up on sth./doing sth.〕 cooking. I ordered㉓〔v. 点（餐），订购；order food 点餐〕 my favourite dishes through an app㉔〔通过一个 App；app = application，应用程序〕 instead㉕〔adv. 代替，反而；instead 单独用，instead of 后接名词/动名词〕, but the delivery㉖〔n. 递送，投递；deliver v. 递送〕 was really slow. When my dishes finally arrived 90 minutes later, they were stone-cold㉗〔adj. 冰凉的；合成词 stone + cold，表程度“冷得发硬”〕! I had to heat them one by one㉘〔一个接一个；作状语〕 in the oven㉙〔n. 烤箱〕. I felt tired and hungry. ▍Paragraph 5 Except for㉚〔除……之外；except for 后接与整体不同类的细节，except 后接同类〕 today, I’ve had a great holiday. However, I’m looking forward to㉛〔期待，盼望；to 是介词，后接名词/动名词：look forward to doing〕 going back to China. The technology there lets me live㉜〔let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事，省 to 的不定式作宾语补足语〕 a more convenient㉝〔adj. 方便的；convenience n. 便利；反义 inconvenient〕 life! 【主旨在手】Digital life is not the same everywhere. 作者用亲身经历（共享单车找不到、二维码没人懂、现金没带、外卖凉透）说明：中国的数字生活已相当成熟，而回到英国反而处处不便，流露对中国的怀念与认同。【写作借鉴】本文用“先扬后抑再扬”的结构——开头说假期美好，中间细数三件烦心事，结尾又回到“想念中国”。开头However, I’ve had some digital problems here. 一句话领起下文三个事例，是典型的总—分写法。 语篇二：The fun they had（课本 P60–61） 体裁：科幻小说节选（艾萨克·阿西莫夫） |  时间：公元 2157 年 |  话题：未来学校与机器老师 |  对比：机器课堂 VS 百年前的学校 ▍Paragraphs 1–2 In her diary①〔n. 日记；keep a diary 记日记〕, on 17 May 2157, Margie wrote: “Today, Tommy found a real②〔adj. 真实的；此处暗示未来世界纸质书已绝迹〕 book!” It was a very old book. They turned the … pages③〔翻页；turn the page 翻过这一页〕. It was strange to read④〔It is + adj. + to do sth. 结构；strange adj. 奇怪的，陌生的〕 the words. They stood still⑤〔静止不动；stand 是系动词，still adj. 静止的〕 on the pages, instead of⑥〔而不是；instead of + 名词/动名词，对比：instead 单独作状语〕 moving across a screen⑦〔n. 屏幕〕. ▍Paragraphs 3–7 “What a waste!”⑧〔感叹句，省略主语谓语：What a waste (it is)!；waste n. 浪费〕 said Tommy. “When you finish the book, you just throw it away⑨〔扔掉；throw away 丢弃，动副短语，代词放中间〕, I guess⑩〔v. 猜测，认为；口语插入语 I guess 我想〕. Our television screen must have a million⑪〔num. 百万；此处夸张，形容数量极多〕 books on it! I wouldn’t throw it away.” Margie asked, “What’s the book about?” —— “School.” —— “Why would anyone write about school?”⑫〔would 在此表“竟然会”，表达惊讶、不解的语气〕 “Because it’s an old kind of school, from hundreds of years ago⑬〔几百年前；hundreds of 表约数，加 s〕. They had a teacher, but it was a person. There was a special⑭〔adj. 特别的，专门的〕 building⑮〔n. 建筑物；build v. 建造 → building〕, and all the kids and teachers went there.” ▍Paragraphs 8–9 Margie wanted to read⑯〔want to do sth. 不定式作宾语〕 about those funny schools. But her mother called⑰〔v. 大声喊；call sb. 叫某人〕, “Margie! School!” Margie’s classroom was right next to⑱〔紧挨着，就在……旁边；right 加强语气〕 her bedroom. Her teacher was a machine⑲〔n. 机器〕. It was on and waiting for⑳〔等待；wait for sb./sth.〕 her. The screen was lit up㉑〔点亮，亮起；light–lit–lit〕. The machine said: “Today’s lesson㉒〔n. 课，功课〕 is on maths. Please put yesterday’s homework㉓〔n. 家庭作业〕 in the opening㉔〔n. 开口，孔；此处指机器上的投递口〕.” ▍Paragraphs 10–12 Margie did so sadly㉕〔adv. 悲伤地；sad adj. → sadly〕. She was thinking about㉖〔想到，考虑；think about sth.〕 the old schools. All the kids from the neighbourhood㉗〔n. 邻近地区，街区；neighbour n. 邻居 → neighbourhood〕 came, and laughed and shouted㉘〔v. 喊叫〕 in the playground㉙〔n. 操场，游乐场〕. They sat together in the classroom, and went home together after school. And the teachers were people… Margie was thinking about how the students must have loved㉚〔must have done 对过去情况的肯定推测：一定……了〕 school in the old days. She was thinking about the fun they had㉛〔他们曾拥有的快乐；即篇名，点题〕. Adaptation of “The Fun They Had” by Isaac Asimov 【主旨提炼】科技越发达，未必越温暖。2157 年，孩子们在家对着机器老师上课，反而羡慕百年前“人教人”的学校。文章借科幻外壳反思技术时代的教育与情感。【写作借鉴】①对比手法：机器课堂（冷清、孤单）VS 旧式学校（热闹、有伙伴）；②对话推动情节： Tommy 与 Margie 的一问一答自然带出信息；③结尾点题：“the fun they had” 收束全文，引人回味。 Unit 5  Play by the rules? 语篇一：Rules（课本 P68–69） 体裁：记叙文（第一人称） |  场景：下班后的地铁车厢 |  线索：想安静读书 → 连遭三扰 → 发现无人制止 → 鼓起勇气 ▍Paragraph 1 After a busy day at work, I got on the train①〔上（车、船等）；get on 上车，反义 get off 下车〕 to go home②〔不定式表目的：上车是为了回家〕. I went to a quiet③〔adj. 安静的；反义 noisy 吵闹的〕 area in order to read④〔in order to do 为了做某事，表目的，比 to do 更正式，可置于句首或句尾〕. I sat down and took out⑤〔拿出，取出；动副短语〕 my book. ▍Paragraph 2 Suddenly, a girl opposite⑥〔prep. 在……对面；adv. 在对面〕 me started playing⑦〔start doing sth. 开始做某事；start 后接 doing/to do 均可〕 loud music on her phone. What a shock!⑧〔感叹句，省略形式；shock n. 震惊〕 I almost jumped up⑨〔跳了起来；jump up 突然起身〕 in surprise⑩〔惊讶地；in + 抽象名词表状态/情绪，如 in joy, in anger〕. ▍Paragraph 3 A minute later, the man next to me took out several packets⑪〔n. 小包，小袋；a packet of 一包〕 of food. It was like he was on a picnic⑫〔It was like + 从句，好像……；picnic n. 野餐〕. People have to eat, of course⑬〔当然；插入语，表让步〕, but the food was so⑭〔so + adj.，与下文构成强烈语气；此处 so 表程度“如此”〕 smelly⑮〔adj. 难闻的，发臭的；smell n./v. 气味/闻 → smelly〕! It was like sitting next to a mountain of blue cheese⑯〔比喻：像坐在一座蓝纹奶酪山旁边；blue cheese 气味浓烈，形象夸张〕. ▍Paragraph 4 I covered my ears⑰〔捂住耳朵；cover v. 覆盖，遮住〕 in order to block⑱〔in order to do 表目的；block v. 阻挡，隔断〕 the noise⑲〔n. 噪音，响声〕 coming from Rock Girl. I held my breath⑳〔屏住呼吸；hold one’s breath，hold–held–held〕 so as to reduce㉑〔so as to do 为了做某事，表目的，一般不放句首；reduce v. 减少，降低〕 the smell coming from Mr Smelly Food. ▍Paragraph 5 Then a boy behind me started to kick㉒〔开始踢；kick v. 踢〕 my seat㉓〔n. 座位〕. My anger㉔〔n. 愤怒；angry adj. 生气的〕 grew. My face turned as red as a tomato㉕〔as + adj. + as 同级比较，脸红得像番茄〕! I asked him to stop㉖〔ask sb. to do sth. 请某人做某事（第四单元语法：不定式作宾补）〕. However, his mother replied㉗〔v. 回答，答复；reply to sb.〕, “Come on㉘〔（用于劝说）得了吧，算了吧〕, he’s just a kid㉙〔只是个孩子；just 加强语气，为孩子开脱〕.” ▍Paragraph 6 I turned around㉚〔转过身，回头〕 so as to see㉛〔so as to do 表目的〕 the other passengers’㉜〔n. 乘客；passenger 以 -er 结尾但非比较级，所有格直接加 -’s〕 faces. They also seemed unhappy, but no one did anything. Will they think me a fool if I do something?㉝〔think sb. + n. 认为某人是……，名词作宾语补足语；fool n. 傻瓜〕 I looked at the signs㉞〔n. 标牌，标志〕 on the wall. They read㉟〔v. （标牌上）写着；主语是物时用主动语态〕 “Please be quiet”, “No smelly food” and “Please look after your children”. Everyone knows the rules, I thought. They aren’t just on the wall but also in our minds and hearts.㊱〔not just … but also … 不仅……而且……〕 And rules are there for us to follow㊲〔不定式作后置定语，修饰 rules：供我们遵守的（规则）〕! ▍Paragraph 7 Suddenly, I felt brave㊳〔adj. 勇敢的；bravery n. 勇气〕. I took a deep breath㊴〔深吸一口气；take a deep breath〕, stood up㊵〔站起来；stand up〕 and cleared my throat㊶〔清了清嗓子；clear one’s throat，准备发言的动作〕… 【主旨在手】Rules are not just on the wall but also in our minds and hearts. 规则不只是挂在墙上的文字，更应内化为心中的自觉。【写作借鉴】作者用“层层递进”的写法：扰人的三件事（音乐→气味→踢座）依次登场，情绪由shock → anger → red as a tomato逐步升级，最后以“站起来清嗓子”作开放式结尾，余味悠长。写记事文可用“多事叠加＋情绪升级”制造张力。 2.2  语篇二：Are you safe online?（课本 P76–77） 体裁：网络指南（说明文） |  话题：网络安全守则 |  结构：引子 → 五条守则（private / password / strangers / posts / help） ▍引子（Lead-in） Think 20 years back when chatting face to face①〔面对面地；作状语，修饰 chatting〕 with loved ones far away was a dream. Nowadays, the internet has made it a piece of cake②〔使某事变得轻而易举；a piece of cake 小菜一碟，习语〕! There are so many netizens③〔n. 网民；net + citizen 合成词〕, that is, citizens④〔n. 公民；that is 即，也就是说，作插入语〕 on the internet! We can get in touch with⑤〔与……取得联系；in touch 保持联系，get in touch 取得联系〕 anyone with just one click⑥〔只需点一下；click n. 点击〕. But the internet has also brought new risks⑦〔n. 风险，危险〕. Here are the basic rules you need to know to stay safe online⑧〔不定式表目的：为了在网上保持安全〕. ▍Rule 1–2 1 Keep personal information private. Avoid posting⑨〔避免发布；avoid doing sth. 避免做某事（动名词作宾语）〕 personal information online. This includes⑩〔v. 包括；include v. ≠ contain v.（容器）容纳〕 your full name, phone number, address⑪〔n. 地址〕, ID or passport⑫〔n. 护照〕 number. Sometimes you may have to post this information. However, limit⑬〔v. 限制，限定〕 who sees it. Only people you know should see your information. 2 Be password smart! To protect⑭〔不定式表目的，置于句首：为了保护……〕 your online accounts⑮〔n. 账户〕, it’s important to use a “strong and long” password⑯〔n. 密码〕. Don’t use words that are easy to guess⑰〔v. 猜测；be easy to guess 容易猜到〕, like your birthday. Change it often and don’t be careless⑱〔adj. 粗心的；care + less（否定后缀）→ careless；反义 careful〕. ▍Rule 3–4 3 Be aware of strangers. Never meet online strangers⑲〔n. 陌生人；be aware of 意识到，察觉到〕 in real life. They may cheat⑳〔v. 欺骗，诈骗〕 you. Only spend time online with trusted㉑〔adj. 可信赖的；trust v. 信任 → trusted〕 friends. 4 Be careful with your posts. Who reads our social media posts? We never know. Think carefully before posting something online. Words sometimes hurt people and you can make enemies㉒〔n. 敌人；反义 friend〕. Remember that behaving badly online㉓〔在网上行为不当；behave v. 表现 → behaving，动名词作主语〕 has costs㉔〔付出代价；cost n. 代价（此处作名词）〕. ▍Rule 5（结尾） 【主旨提炼】网络是把双刃剑：它让沟通变得“小菜一碟”，也带来新的风险。指南给出五条守则——保护隐私、慎设密码、警惕陌生人、谨慎发帖、及时求助。【写作借鉴】①标题式小标题：每条守则用祈使句作标题（Keep … / Be … / Ask …），一目了然；②先总后分：引子说“网络有好有坏”，正文分条给建议；③语气亲和：用 you、don’t have to … alone 等拉近距离。 5 Ask for help. People sometimes say bad things to other people online. This is cyberbullying㉕〔n. 网络欺凌；cyber-（网络的）+ bullying（欺凌）〕. If you find yourself in hot water㉖〔陷入困境；习语，字面“在热水中”〕, don’t answer any bad messages. Instead, turn to㉗〔求助于；turn to sb. for help〕 your parents, teachers or other trusted adults for help. You don’t have to face your problems alone㉘〔独自面对问题；alone adv. 独自地〕! Unit 6  When disaster strikes 语篇一：A lost city（课本 P84–85） 体裁：历史记录（书信节选） |  作者：小普林尼（Pliny the Younger） |  背景：公元 79 年维苏威火山爆发 |  线索：夜半地动 → 逃离途中 → 黑云压海 → 天亮劫后 ▍Paragraph 1 My mother and I were staying①〔过去进行时，was/were + doing：当时我们正住在……〕 in a town near Pompeii. The earth shook②〔v. 摇动，震动；shake–shook–shaken〕 those days. That night, I was sleeping when③〔过去进行时 + when + 一般过去时：我正睡着，这时……（when 引导的从句表示突然发生的动作）〕 the ground shook very hard. My mother rushed into④〔冲进……；rush v. 冲，奔〕 my room to wake me up⑤〔不定式表目的：来叫醒我（第五单元语法）〕. We had to stay outside⑥〔待在外面；stay + 地点〕 for the night. My mother was so scared⑦〔so + adj.，如此害怕；scared adj. 恐惧的〕. She didn’t shut her eyes⑧〔合眼；shut–shut–shut，= close〕 for even one second. By six o’clock the next morning⑨〔到第二天早上六点时；by + 时间点，常与完成时或表示“到…时为止”连用〕, many buildings were still shaking⑩〔过去进行时〕. We decided to leave⑪〔decide to do sth. 决定做某事〕 the town. ▍Paragraph 2 The road was crowded⑫〔adj. 拥挤的；crowd n. 人群 → crowded〕. We were at a place out of town⑬〔城外，远离城镇〕. Just then⑭〔就在那时；叙事时间标志，常接一般过去时〕, surprising things happened. Our coach⑮〔n. 四轮马车；此处指逃难用的马车。注意 coach 还有“教练”义〕 couldn’t go straight ahead⑯〔直着向前；ahead adv. 向前〕. It began to move from side to side⑰〔左右摇晃；from side to side 习语〕. The sea moved back⑱〔退去；（海水）后退〕 suddenly, and many sea animals were left⑲〔被动语态：被留在……上；leave–left–left〕 on the sand. ▍Paragraph 3 We noticed a very dark cloud⑳〔乌云；dark cloud 亦喻不祥之兆〕 over Mount Vesuvius. Soon, the cloud moved down㉑〔向下移动，压下来〕 and covered the sea. My mother asked me to continue㉒〔ask sb. to do sth. 请某人做某事（第四单元语法）〕 without her, but I refused to leave㉓〔refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事〕 her behind㉔〔leave sb./sth. behind 把……抛在后面，丢下〕. We moved on㉕〔继续前行；move on〕 while the cloud was spreading㉖〔while + 过去进行时，表示“在……的过程中”〕 over the land like a flood㉗〔比喻：像洪水一样（铺天盖地）；flood n. 洪水〕. It turned day into night㉘〔把白天变成黑夜；turn A into B 把 A 变成 B〕. The air was thick with㉙〔充满，弥漫着；be thick with sth.〕 smoke㉚〔n. 烟〕 and ash㉛〔n. 灰，灰烬〕 began to fall in heavy showers㉜〔像倾盆大雨般落下；shower n. 阵雨〕. All around us, women were calling, children were crying and men were shouting㉝〔三个并列的过去进行时，渲染混乱、持续的场景〕. People were trying to find㉞〔try to do sth. 努力做某事〕 their families in the dark㉟〔在黑暗中〕. ▍Paragraph 4 Thankfully㊱〔adv. 幸运的是；thankful adj. 感激的 → thankfully〕, after a while㊲〔过了一会儿；after a while 不久之后〕, the daylight returned! Everything was covered in ash㊳〔覆盖着灰烬；be covered in/with sth.〕, like the snow in winter㊴〔比喻：像冬日的雪（厚厚一层灰）〕. After a night of living between hope and fear㊵〔在希望与恐惧之间；希望与恐惧交织的一夜〕, we had no thoughts of things to come㊶〔对将要发生的事毫无想法；things to come 未来的事〕. Adaptation of two letters by Pliny the Younger 【主旨在手】A lost city — 一座被火山灰掩埋的古城。文章以亲历者视角，记录灾难降临时的震撼与人性：母亲冒险叫醒我、我拒绝丢下母亲，皆见亲情与勇气。【写作借鉴】①过去进行时铺陈背景、一般过去时推动情节：“I was sleeping when the ground shook” 是灾难叙事的经典句式；②多感官描写：视觉（dark cloud / thick with smoke）、听觉（calling, crying, shouting）、触觉（shaking），画面感强；③比喻：like a flood / like the snow in winter，化抽象为具体。 语篇二：Iron girl（课本 P92–93） 体裁：人物特写（励志故事） |  人物：牛钰（Niu Yu），汶川地震幸存者 |  线索：时装周亮相 → 灾难夺腿 → 走出阴影 → 传递火炬 → 主题升华 ▍Paragraph 1 During the 2021 Shanghai Fashion Week, a young, slim①〔adj. 苗条的，修长的；反义 fat / heavy〕 and confident②〔adj. 自信的；confidence n. 自信 → confident〕 woman with an iron③〔adj. 坚强的；n. 铁。iron leg＝“铁腿”，此处指义肢〕 leg drew everyone’s attention④〔吸引所有人的注意；draw attention 吸引注意，draw–drew–drawn〕. Her name was Niu Yu. She lost her right leg⑤〔失去右腿；lose–lost–lost〕 in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake⑥〔n. 地震；earth 地 + quake 震动〕. She was only 11 years old then. ▍Paragraph 2 Niu Yu used to be⑦〔used to do sth. 过去常常做某事（现在不再如此），后接动词原形〕 in the school sports team. She loved running. But the disaster⑧〔n. 灾难，灾害；本单元主题词〕 broke her dream⑨〔打破她的梦想；break one’s dream，break–broke–broken〕. She had to⑩〔不得不；have to 强调客观需要，否定 don’t have to＝不必〕 live with an artificial leg⑪〔n. 义肢；artificial adj. 人造的，人工的〕. It wasn’t comfortable⑫〔adj. 舒适的；un- 表否定 → uncomfortable 不舒适的〕, and her leg often bled⑬〔v. 流血，出血；bleed–bled–bled，名词 blood〕. People’s curious⑭〔adj. 好奇的；curiosity n.；curious eyes 好奇的目光〕 eyes made her even more uncomfortable⑮〔make + 宾语 + adj. 使某人……；even more 更加〕. She always tried to hide her leg⑯〔遮住她的腿；hide–hid–hidden，文中指用衣物遮盖〕 under jeans⑰〔n. 牛仔裤；常以复数出现〕 or dresses. ▍Paragraph 3 With the support of⑱〔在……的支持下；with the help / support of〕 her family and friends, Niu Yu slowly came out of the shadows⑲〔走出阴影；shadow n. 阴影，暗处，此处喻心理阴霾〕. In 2018, right before her 21st birthday, she decided to stop hiding⑳〔decide to do sth. 决定做某事；stop doing 停止做（正在做的事）〕 her leg. To her surprise㉑〔令她惊讶的是；to one’s surprise 令某人惊讶的是〕, she received lots of encouraging㉒〔adj. 令人鼓舞的；encourage v. 鼓励 → encouraging；-ing 修饰物〕 words. She also finished a half marathon㉓〔n. 半程马拉松；marathon 马拉松〕 in about 4 hours. She completed the hard 10-year journey㉔〔完成艰难的十年历程；complete v. 完成＝finish〕 of finding herself again㉕〔重新找回自我；find oneself 找到自我，介词 of 后接动名词〕. ▍Paragraph 4 Now Niu Yu shares her story㉖〔分享她的故事；share sth. on social media 在社交媒体上分享〕 on social media㉗〔社交媒体（第四单元词汇）；media 是 medium 的复数〕. She listens to disaster survivors㉘〔n. 生还者，幸存者；survive v. 幸存 → survivor；-or 表人〕 and encourages them to look forward㉙〔encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事；look forward 向前看〕. In 2023, she carried the torch㉚〔传递火炬；torch n. 火炬，carry the torch 也喻“传承精神”〕 at the FISU World University Games. “It is a great honour㉛〔n. 荣幸，光荣；英式拼写 honour，美式 honor〕 for me,” she said. “But it is also a good chance to show people the power of being brave㉜〔a good chance to do sth. 做某事的好机会；being brave 动名词作介词 of 的宾语〕.” ▍Paragraph 5 A disaster can bring wounds and pain㉝〔n. 创伤与痛苦；wound 指(刀枪等造成的)伤，pain 疼痛〕. But we should always face them with courage㉞〔以勇气面对；face sth. with + 抽象名词，courage n. 勇气〕. As the writer Nora Ephron once said㉟〔正如作家诺拉·艾芙隆曾说；as 引导方式状语从句，once 曾经〕: “Above all㊱〔最重要的是；above all 常用于句首，强调首要〕, be the heroine㊲〔n. 女主人公；hero 男英雄 → heroine 女英雄〕 of your life, not the victim㊳〔n. 受害者；victim 常与 of 连用，the victim of ……〕.” 【主旨在手】Iron girl —“铁女孩”牛钰。iron 一语双关：既指金属义肢（iron leg），更指她钢铁般坚强的内心。文章用“灾难夺腿→隐藏自卑→走出阴影→激励他人”的成长线，诠释了“勇气”这一单元主题。【写作借鉴】①时间线清晰：2008→2018→2021→2023，以年份串起成长轨迹；②对比手法：过去 hide her leg / 现在 shares her story，突出转变；③名言收尾：以 Nora Ephron 的话点题——“做自己人生的女主角，而不是受害者”，升华主题。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $