【周周有招】新教材同步尖子班讲义第12讲 Unit 4 Space Exploration（不定式定语状语总搞混）-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版（2019）必修第三册（教师版+学生版）

Unit 4 Space Exploration 精品讲义2027春高一（下）英语-新教材人教版必修三 第12讲 不定式作定语与状语的高考化巩固+太空话题读写输出 语法讲练（学生版） Assessing Your Progress ● 语法巩固与 Video Time 读写输出 【课时安排】 本讲为Unit 4 Assessing Your Progress·Video Time板块，建议用时2课时。 【学习目标】 本讲结束后，学生应能： 1. 能判定句中不定式作定语还是状语，并说清判断依据； 2. 能识别“主动形式表被动”和 for sb to do 两处易错用法； 3. 能独立完成对标高考的太空主题语法填空整篇； 4. 能用不定式把“努力—目标—决心”串成动作链，写出主题邮件。 板块一　先撞一次墙：这句里的 to do 是定语还是状语 先看下面三句，别急着翻下文，试着说清每句里的 to do 到底在干什么。 ① I need a pen to write with. ② I stopped to buy a pen. ③ He went to the bookstore to buy a book. 前两句都带着 to do，第二句和第三句又都像“去做某事”，不少同学在这里一混，一道选择题的分就没了。判断卡壳的地方，往往正是这一讲要补的地方。 落点很明确：这一讲只解决一件事——看到 to do，先在心里问一句“它在修饰谁”。落到高考卷上，语法填空和短文改错几乎年年在这种位置留空。下面这套流程走熟了，题自然就顺了。 板块二　不定式作定语：贴住名词，补上缺的一环 一、后置位置 不定式作定语，一律放在被修饰名词的后面，像一块补丁贴上去，替名词补出“用来干什么、会做什么、要做什么”。 • a plan to explore space（探索太空的计划） • the ability to solve problems（解决问题的能力） • a chance to win（取胜的机会） 二、判断三问 看到“名词＋空格”，后文又缺动作时，启动三问： 第一问：to do 与前面的名词能否构成“动宾”或“主谓”关系？能，就是定语；不能，进第二问。 第二问：to do 是不是在说明“为什么做”或“结果怎么样”？是，就是状语。 第三问：都不是，那多半是宾语、主语等其他成分。 课堂要求很硬：从现在起，每见一个 to do，在心里强制跑一遍这个流程。跑多了自然快，不必刻意数拍子。 三、三种逻辑关系 关系 含义 例句 动宾 名词是动词的宾语 something to eat（eat something） 主谓 名词是动词的执行者 the first man to walk on the moon 同位 不定式说明名词的内容 the determination to explore space 判断技巧：把名词放回动词后面试读，读得通，就是对应关系。比如 the first man to walk on the moon，把 man 放回 walk 后面读——the man walks on the moon，主谓关系就出来了。 四、常接不定式作定语的名词 ability, chance, way, plan, time, need, decision, attempt, determination, courage, effort 等。 固定搭配（背下来直接套）：have the ability / a chance / a way / the determination to do sth. 五、易错点：主动形式表被动 表层规则：当不定式与名词是动宾关系，且句中出现（或暗示）动作执行者时，用主动形式表被动，不用 to be done。 • I have a lot of work to do tonight.（执行者是 I） • There is no time to lose.（执行者是“我们”） 为什么“有执行者”就不用被动？拿文件打比方：你说“I have some documents to sign.”大脑自动补上了主语“I”，你关注的是“我签”这个动作，而不是“文件被签”的状态，所以 to sign 就够了。 反过来，“These documents need to be signed.”没有明确的执行者，或执行者不重要，要强调“文件被处理”的状态，就得用 to be signed。 一句话口诀：有人做事用主动，没人做事用被动。 六、配题 【基础巩固】 1. Do you have anything ______ (say) about the plan？ 2. The first man ______ (walk) on the moon was Neil Armstrong. 3. Please give me a chance ______ (explain) my idea. 【能力提升】 4. I have a lot of homework ______ tonight, so I can’t go with you. A. doing　　　B. to do　　　C. done　　　D. do 【作答区】____________________________________________________________________________ 板块三　不定式作状语：讲清目的、结果、原因 一、目的状语 用 to do / in order to do / so as to do 表目的；注意 so as to 不放在句首。 • He got up early to catch the first bus.（早起是为了赶第一班车） 逻辑主语不一致时的万能钥匙：for sb to do 当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子主语时，改用 for sb to do。 • The teacher raised his voice for the students to hear clearly.（老师提高嗓门，好让学生听清） 这个结构能充当多种成分： 作定语：This is a good chance for us to learn. 作目的状语：He opened the door for me to come in. 作主语：It is necessary for you to apologize. 易错：表目的不用 for doing。不能说 go there for seeing him，要说 go there to see him。 二、结果状语 • only to do：表意想不到的结果（常指不好的事） • enough to do：足够……而…… • too...to do：太……而不能…… • so...as to do：如此……以至于…… 易混辨析：only to do vs only doing • He rushed back home, only to find the house empty.（出乎意料的坏结果，他没想到房子空了） • He went to the party, only finding none of his friends there.（自然而然的发现，去了才发现没朋友） 判断标准一句话：结果是否出乎施动者预料？是，用 only to do；否，用 only doing。 • She hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. • The boy is too young to go to space alone. 三、原因状语 用于 be glad / happy / sorry / surprised / pleased to do 结构中，说明产生情绪的原因。 • I was deeply inspired to watch the video.（看了视频，我深受鼓舞） 四、配题 【基础巩固】 5. He got up early ______ (catch) the first bus. 6. She hurried to the station, only ______ (find) the train had left. 7. The boy is too young ______ (travel) to space alone. 8. ______ (send) astronauts to the moon, scientists have spent years preparing. 【能力提升】 9. He spoke loudly ______ by everyone in the hall. A. to be heard　　　B. to hear　　　C. hearing　　　D. heard 【作答区】____________________________________________________________________________ 板块四　实战：太空主题语法填空整篇（10空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Life in space is quite different from life on Earth. Astronauts (10)______ (live) on the International Space Station have to get used to weightlessness. Because there is no gravity, they can float freely in the cabin, (11)______ makes even simple tasks like eating and sleeping a challenge. To keep (12)______ (they) healthy, they exercise for about two hours every day. (13)______ (usual), they sleep in small cabins attached to the walls. Interestingly, the sun rises and sets sixteen times a day there, (14)______ is why astronauts often feel confused about time. That is also the reason (15)______ they follow a strict timetable. When a new crew arrives, they (16)______ (greet) warmly by the astronauts already living there. The new members have many (17)______ (question) to ask about daily routines. Life in space may be hard, but it is full of wonder and (18)______ (explore). Every astronaut agrees that it is worth (19)______ (experience) at least once. 先自己独立做一遍，再对照下面的高频失误提醒自查。 先看三处高频失误 • 第10空误填 lived（以为是“被动”） • 第11空误填 that（以为先行词是 cabin） • 第14空误填 that（未意识到逗号后只能跟 which） 【作答区】____________________________________________________________________________ 板块五　读写输出：把 Video Time 写成一封主题邮件 一、任务情景 假设你是李华，最近观看了一段关于中国航天员在空间站生活的视频，深受鼓舞。请给英国笔友 Tom 写一封邮件，谈谈你的感受，并说明你将来想成为科学家的决心和理由。 写作要点：①被视频鼓舞；②空间站生活辛苦但意义重大；③我决心努力成为科学家，为人类探索太空贡献力量。 二、初稿与诊断 Dear Tom, I have watched a video about astronauts on the space station. It makes me feel inspired. Their life is very hard, but it is very meaningful. I decide become a scientist. I will study hard. I want to do something for space exploration. 三处毛病一眼看出：① decide become 缺 to，应为 decide to become（不定式作宾语）；②“生活辛苦但意义重大”只一句带过，没有展开；③多个短句松散，缺一个不定式目的状语把“努力”和“目标”连起来。 三、写作提分公式 1. 情感触发＋原因状语：I was deeply inspired to watch... 2. 现状描述＋目的状语：They work hard to carry out experiments. 3. 决心表态＋目的状语链：I have made up my mind to become a scientist to explore space. 把“努力—目标—决心”用 to do 串成一条动作链，文章的骨架立刻立起来，也正好把本讲的不定式考进去。 【作答区】____________________________________________________________________________ 四、语言点回扣（单句语法填空） 20. They spare no effort ______ (carry) out scientific experiments. 21. I have made up my mind ______ (become) a scientist. 22. I was deeply inspired ______ (see) their daily life. 【作答区】____________________________________________________________________________ 板块六　课后分层巩固（太空主题） 【基础层·单句语法填空】 (1) The astronauts had a strong desire ______ (explore) the unknown universe. (2) He worked day and night ______ (complete) the space experiment on time. (3) The spacecraft was too heavy ______ (launch) without extra fuel. 【中档层·短文改错】（每句一处错误） (4) I am determined to become an astronaut serve our country. (5) The first woman to landing on the moon will make history. (6) They made a decision to not give up exploring space. 【挑战层·完成句子】 (7) 科学家们正在寻找一种更好的方法来保护宇航员免受辐射。 　　Scientists are looking for a better way ______ astronauts from radiation. (8) 这个计划是为了让更多的人有机会体验太空旅行。 　　This plan is ______ more people a chance to experience space travel. 【作答区】____________________________________________________________________________ 离场带走：本讲自检清单 下课之前，别急着合上讲义，先拿三个问题问自己，能答上来，这一讲的判断和写法才算长在了手里。 □ 拿到 to do，我能不能第一眼说清它在修饰谁？（贴名词→定语；表目的/结果/原因→状语） □ 动宾关系、句中有执行者时，我记不记得用主动形式表被动？ □ 写“努力—目标”时，我有没有用 to do 把两个句子并成一条动作链？ 三条都点头，语法填空、短文改错里的不定式空位，和写作里的那根“动作链”，你就都有了抓手。哪一条含糊，翻回对应板块再看一遍，比刷十道题更顶用。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Space Exploration 精品讲义2027春高一（下）英语-新教材人教版必修三 第12讲 不定式作定语与状语的高考化巩固+太空话题读写输出 语法讲练（教师版） Assessing Your Progress ● 语法巩固与 Video Time 读写输出 【课时安排】 本讲为Unit 4 Assessing Your Progress·Video Time板块，建议用时2课时。 【学习目标】 本讲结束后，学生应能： 1. 能判定句中不定式作定语还是状语，并说清判断依据； 2. 能识别“主动形式表被动”和 for sb to do 两处易错用法； 3. 能独立完成对标高考的太空主题语法填空整篇； 4. 能用不定式把“努力—目标—决心”串成动作链，写出主题邮件。 板块一　先撞一次墙：这句里的 to do 是定语还是状语 先看下面三句，别急着翻下文，试着说清每句里的 to do 到底在干什么。 ① I need a pen to write with. ② I stopped to buy a pen. ③ He went to the bookstore to buy a book. 前两句都带着 to do，第二句和第三句又都像“去做某事”，不少同学在这里一混，一道选择题的分就没了。判断卡壳的地方，往往正是这一讲要补的地方。 落点很明确：这一讲只解决一件事——看到 to do，先在心里问一句“它在修饰谁”。落到高考卷上，语法填空和短文改错几乎年年在这种位置留空。下面这套流程走熟了，题自然就顺了。 板块二　不定式作定语：贴住名词，补上缺的一环 一、后置位置 不定式作定语，一律放在被修饰名词的后面，像一块补丁贴上去，替名词补出“用来干什么、会做什么、要做什么”。 • a plan to explore space（探索太空的计划） • the ability to solve problems（解决问题的能力） • a chance to win（取胜的机会） 二、判断三问 看到“名词＋空格”，后文又缺动作时，启动三问： 第一问：to do 与前面的名词能否构成“动宾”或“主谓”关系？能，就是定语；不能，进第二问。 第二问：to do 是不是在说明“为什么做”或“结果怎么样”？是，就是状语。 第三问：都不是，那多半是宾语、主语等其他成分。 课堂要求很硬：从现在起，每见一个 to do，在心里强制跑一遍这个流程。跑多了自然快，不必刻意数拍子。 三、三种逻辑关系 关系 含义 例句 动宾 名词是动词的宾语 something to eat（eat something） 主谓 名词是动词的执行者 the first man to walk on the moon 同位 不定式说明名词的内容 the determination to explore space 判断技巧：把名词放回动词后面试读，读得通，就是对应关系。比如 the first man to walk on the moon，把 man 放回 walk 后面读——the man walks on the moon，主谓关系就出来了。 四、常接不定式作定语的名词 ability, chance, way, plan, time, need, decision, attempt, determination, courage, effort 等。 固定搭配（背下来直接套）：have the ability / a chance / a way / the determination to do sth. 五、易错点：主动形式表被动 表层规则：当不定式与名词是动宾关系，且句中出现（或暗示）动作执行者时，用主动形式表被动，不用 to be done。 • I have a lot of work to do tonight.（执行者是 I） • There is no time to lose.（执行者是“我们”） 为什么“有执行者”就不用被动？拿文件打比方：你说“I have some documents to sign.”大脑自动补上了主语“I”，你关注的是“我签”这个动作，而不是“文件被签”的状态，所以 to sign 就够了。 反过来，“These documents need to be signed.”没有明确的执行者，或执行者不重要，要强调“文件被处理”的状态，就得用 to be signed。 一句话口诀：有人做事用主动，没人做事用被动。 六、配题 【基础巩固】 1. Do you have anything ______ (say) about the plan？ 2. The first man ______ (walk) on the moon was Neil Armstrong. 3. Please give me a chance ______ (explain) my idea. 【能力提升】 4. I have a lot of homework ______ tonight, so I can’t go with you. A. doing　　　B. to do　　　C. done　　　D. do 【答案与解析】 1. to say。anything 后缺后置定语，say 与 anything 是动宾关系（say anything），句中执行者 you 存在，用 to say。 2. to walk。序数词 the first 修饰的名词后常用不定式作定语，the first man to do sth 是固定结构。 3. to explain。a chance to do sth 是固定搭配，chance 后接不定式作定语。 4. 答案：B（to do）。homework 后缺后置定语，与 do 是动宾关系，执行者是句中的 I，用 to do（主动形式表被动）。A 现在分词强调“正在进行”，C 过去分词表被动，D 动词原形不能作定语，均不符合。 板块三　不定式作状语：讲清目的、结果、原因 一、目的状语 用 to do / in order to do / so as to do 表目的；注意 so as to 不放在句首。 • He got up early to catch the first bus.（早起是为了赶第一班车） 逻辑主语不一致时的万能钥匙：for sb to do 当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子主语时，改用 for sb to do。 • The teacher raised his voice for the students to hear clearly.（老师提高嗓门，好让学生听清） 这个结构能充当多种成分： 作定语：This is a good chance for us to learn. 作目的状语：He opened the door for me to come in. 作主语：It is necessary for you to apologize. 易错：表目的不用 for doing。不能说 go there for seeing him，要说 go there to see him。 二、结果状语 • only to do：表意想不到的结果（常指不好的事） • enough to do：足够……而…… • too...to do：太……而不能…… • so...as to do：如此……以至于…… 易混辨析：only to do vs only doing • He rushed back home, only to find the house empty.（出乎意料的坏结果，他没想到房子空了） • He went to the party, only finding none of his friends there.（自然而然的发现，去了才发现没朋友） 判断标准一句话：结果是否出乎施动者预料？是，用 only to do；否，用 only doing。 • She hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. • The boy is too young to go to space alone. 三、原因状语 用于 be glad / happy / sorry / surprised / pleased to do 结构中，说明产生情绪的原因。 • I was deeply inspired to watch the video.（看了视频，我深受鼓舞） 四、配题 【基础巩固】 5. He got up early ______ (catch) the first bus. 6. She hurried to the station, only ______ (find) the train had left. 7. The boy is too young ______ (travel) to space alone. 8. ______ (send) astronauts to the moon, scientists have spent years preparing. 【能力提升】 9. He spoke loudly ______ by everyone in the hall. A. to be heard　　　B. to hear　　　C. hearing　　　D. heard 【答案与解析】 5. to catch。早起是为了赶车，表目的，用不定式 to catch。 6. to find。空格前有 only，only to do 表意想不到的结果。 7. to travel。too...to do 结构，“太……而不能”。 8. To send。句首表目的，用 To send，首字母大写。 9. 答案：A（to be heard）。他大声说话的目的是“被大厅里每个人听见”，he 与 hear 是被动关系，用 to be heard。B 主动语态逻辑不通，C 现在分词不能作目的状语，D 过去分词不能单独作目的状语。学生易错选 B，正是漏看了 by everyone 提示的被动关系。 板块四　实战：太空主题语法填空整篇（10空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Life in space is quite different from life on Earth. Astronauts (10)______ (live) on the International Space Station have to get used to weightlessness. Because there is no gravity, they can float freely in the cabin, (11)______ makes even simple tasks like eating and sleeping a challenge. To keep (12)______ (they) healthy, they exercise for about two hours every day. (13)______ (usual), they sleep in small cabins attached to the walls. Interestingly, the sun rises and sets sixteen times a day there, (14)______ is why astronauts often feel confused about time. That is also the reason (15)______ they follow a strict timetable. When a new crew arrives, they (16)______ (greet) warmly by the astronauts already living there. The new members have many (17)______ (question) to ask about daily routines. Life in space may be hard, but it is full of wonder and (18)______ (explore). Every astronaut agrees that it is worth (19)______ (experience) at least once. 先自己独立做一遍，再看下面的典型错误与深度解析。 先看三处高频失误 • 第10空误填 lived（以为是“被动”） • 第11空误填 that（以为先行词是 cabin） • 第14空误填 that（未意识到逗号后只能跟 which） 深度解析 10. living。空格在 Astronauts 后、谓语 have 前，缺的是修饰 Astronauts 的后置成分；live 与 Astronauts 是主动关系，用现在分词 living 作定语。若填 lived，就变成了“被生活的宇航员”，逻辑不通。 11. which。空格前是完整句子，空格后是 makes，缺非限制性定语从句的关系词，指代前文整件事（失重导致漂浮），用 which；that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。 12. themselves。keep 后接宾语，宾语与主语 Astronauts 同指，用反身代词 themselves，keep themselves healthy。 13. Usually。空格在句首，修饰整个句子，缺副词，usual 变 Usually，注意首字母大写。 14. which。空格前是“太阳每天升降十六次”这个完整句子，空格后是 is，缺非限制性定语从句关系词，指代整件事，用 which。 15. why。the reason 后用关系副词 why 引导定语从句“他们遵守严格时间表的原因”。为什么是 why 而不是 which？拆开看：This is the reason. + They follow a strict timetable for this reason. 从句里 this reason 变成关系词，充当的是 for 的宾语（原因状语），而从句 they follow a strict timetable 本身不缺主语或宾语，所以不能用 which。 16. are greeted。they 与 greet 是被动关系，时间是一般现在时（arrives 提示），用 are greeted。 17. questions。many 后接可数名词复数，question 变 questions。 18. exploration。full of 后接名词，与 wonder 并列，explore 变名词 exploration。 19. experiencing。be worth doing 是固定结构，“值得做”，用 experiencing。 板块五　读写输出：把 Video Time 写成一封主题邮件 一、任务情景 假设你是李华，最近观看了一段关于中国航天员在空间站生活的视频，深受鼓舞。请给英国笔友 Tom 写一封邮件，谈谈你的感受，并说明你将来想成为科学家的决心和理由。 写作要点：①被视频鼓舞；②空间站生活辛苦但意义重大；③我决心努力成为科学家，为人类探索太空贡献力量。 二、初稿与诊断 Dear Tom, I have watched a video about astronauts on the space station. It makes me feel inspired. Their life is very hard, but it is very meaningful. I decide become a scientist. I will study hard. I want to do something for space exploration. 三处毛病一眼看出：① decide become 缺 to，应为 decide to become（不定式作宾语）；②“生活辛苦但意义重大”只一句带过，没有展开；③多个短句松散，缺一个不定式目的状语把“努力”和“目标”连起来。 三、写作提分公式 1. 情感触发＋原因状语：I was deeply inspired to watch... 2. 现状描述＋目的状语：They work hard to carry out experiments. 3. 决心表态＋目的状语链：I have made up my mind to become a scientist to explore space. 把“努力—目标—决心”用 to do 串成一条动作链，文章的骨架立刻立起来，也正好把本讲的不定式考进去。 参考范文 Dear Tom, Recently I watched a video showing how Chinese astronauts live and work on the space station, and I was deeply inspired to see their daily life. Although they have to live in a small cabin and get used to weightlessness, they regard their hard work as a great mission. They spare no effort to carry out scientific experiments in the hope of making life better for human beings. Moved by their spirit, I have made up my mind to become a scientist in the future. Not only will I work hard at my lessons to gain enough knowledge, but I will also spare no effort to contribute to the exploration of space one day. I hope you can also be encouraged by their story. Looking forward to your reply. Yours, Li Hua 四、语言点回扣（单句语法填空） 20. They spare no effort ______ (carry) out scientific experiments. 21. I have made up my mind ______ (become) a scientist. 22. I was deeply inspired ______ (see) their daily life. 【答案与解析】 20. to carry。spare no effort to do sth 固定短语，“不遗余力做某事”。 21. to become。make up one’s mind to do sth 固定短语。 22. to see。be inspired to do 中，不定式说明产生情绪的原因。 板块六　课后分层巩固（太空主题） 【基础层·单句语法填空】 (1) The astronauts had a strong desire ______ (explore) the unknown universe. (2) He worked day and night ______ (complete) the space experiment on time. (3) The spacecraft was too heavy ______ (launch) without extra fuel. 【中档层·短文改错】（每句一处错误） (4) I am determined to become an astronaut serve our country. (5) The first woman to landing on the moon will make history. (6) They made a decision to not give up exploring space. 【挑战层·完成句子】 (7) 科学家们正在寻找一种更好的方法来保护宇航员免受辐射。 　　Scientists are looking for a better way ______ astronauts from radiation. (8) 这个计划是为了让更多的人有机会体验太空旅行。 　　This plan is ______ more people a chance to experience space travel. 【答案与解析】 (1) to explore。desire 后接不定式作定语，表示“探索的渴望”。 (2) to complete。表目的，“为了按时完成太空实验”。 (3) to launch。too...to do 结构，“太重而无法发射”。 (4) serve → to serve。不定式作目的状语，be determined to do sth。 (5) landing → land。the first woman to do sth，不定式用动词原形。 (6) to not give up → not to give up。不定式的否定式是 not to do。 (7) to protect。a way to do sth，“做某事的方法”。 (8) to give。表目的，“这个计划是为了给予……”。 离场带走：本讲自检清单 下课之前，别急着合上讲义，先拿三个问题问自己，能答上来，这一讲的判断和写法才算长在了手里。 □ 拿到 to do，我能不能第一眼说清它在修饰谁？（贴名词→定语；表目的/结果/原因→状语） □ 动宾关系、句中有执行者时，我记不记得用主动形式表被动？ □ 写“努力—目标”时，我有没有用 to do 把两个句子并成一条动作链？ 三条都点头，语法填空、短文改错里的不定式空位，和写作里的那根“动作链”，你就都有了抓手。哪一条含糊，翻回对应板块再看一遍，比刷十道题更顶用。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $