内容正文:
Unit 5-Path to a Better World 同步【语法】
定语从句(I)
【同步语法复习】
1、 全国近三年中考考点评估
(1) 命题整体概况
· that/which引导的限定性定语从句是九年级核心重难点,也是全国中考英语必考拉分语法,稳定覆盖单项选择、语法填空、句型转换、语篇填空、阅读理解长难句分析、书面表达句式升级六大题型。
· 该考点不再单一考查关系词选择,侧重结合语境辨析、特殊用法限制、主谓一致、句式改写综合命题,是衔接初高中语法的关键知识点,在中考语法板块占比极高,易在细节处失分。
(2) 全国中考共性考查方向
1. 关系词辨析:
精准区分that与which的通用场景及排他性特殊场景,是核心基础考点
2. 句法功能考查:
判断关系代词在从句中作主语或宾语,区分省略规则,适配语法填空题型
3. 特殊规则考查:
固定场景只能用that、禁用which的高频句式,是中考拔高必考考点
4. 句式转换考查:
两个简单句合并定语从句、定语从句改写简单句,为句型转换高频题型
5. 语篇与写作运用:
在长难句中识别定语从句、写作中用定语从句优化简单句,提升句式丰富度
(3) 高频易错点
1) 特殊场景误用which:
先行词被最高级、序数词、不定代词修饰时,混淆that/which用法
2) 成分判断失误:
无法区分关系词作主/宾语,主语漏写谓语、宾语多余叠加代词
3) 主谓一致错误:
定语从句谓语动词单复数未跟随先行词变化
4) 句式结构混乱:
合并句子时重复先行词,造成句式杂糅
5) 省略规则混淆:
关系代词作主语时随意省略,导致句子成分残缺
2、 本课核心语法知识点归纳
(1) 核心基础概念
· 在复合句中,修饰主句中名词或代词的从句,称为定语从句,相当于汉语中“……的”修饰成分。
· 被修饰的名词/代词为先行词,连接先行词和定语从句的连接词为关系代词(本课核心:that、which)。
· 关系代词兼具连接作用和句子成分作用,在从句中必须充当主语或宾语,不可冗余、不可缺失。
(2) 关系代词核心用法
关系代词
指代对象
从句成分
省略规则
备注
that
人、动物、事物(万能通用)
主语 / 宾语
作主语:不可省略作宾语:可省略
中考首选通用词,适配所有特殊句式
which
动物、事物(不可指人)
主语 / 宾语
作主语:不可省略作宾语:可省略
仅限物/动物,特殊场景禁止使用
(3) 重难点拓展
以下场景【只能用that,绝对禁用which】
· 先行词被最高级修饰:
the best、the most important、the fastest
· 先行词被序数词修饰:
the first、the second、the last
· 先行词被不定代词修饰或本身为不定代词:
all、everything、anything、nothing、much、little
· 先行词被限定词修饰:
the only、the very、the last
· 先行词同时包含人+物
(4) 句法核心解题逻辑
1. 先找先行词:
判断是人/物/人物混合,初步筛选关系词
2. 再判从句成分:
缺主语→必用that/which且不可省略;缺宾语→可用that/which或省略
句子成分完整→排除本课关系词
3. 最后核对特殊规则:
符合限定场景,直接锁定that
4. 主谓一致原则:
定语从句谓语动词的单复数,完全跟随先行词变化,与主句主语无关
3、 课本习题
(1) 课本习题Activity 2
1. William Monroe is a man that made America’s first wood pencil in 1812.
【答案】that
【句意】威廉·门罗是一位在1812年制造出美国第一支木铅笔的人。
【解析】先行词a man指代人,从句缺少主语,that可指代人且作主语,不可省略;which无法指代人,故唯一答案为that。
2. This is the machine that/which Jack invented.
【答案】that/which
【句意】这就是杰克发明的那台机器。
【解析】先行词the machine为事物,从句谓语invented后缺宾语,that/which均可作宾语,且可省略,双答案均合规。
(2) 课本习题Activity 3
1. I use the laptop to learn English. The laptop was bought last month.
【答案】I use the laptop that/which was bought last month to learn English.
【句意】我用那台上个月购置的笔记本电脑学习英语。
【解析】先行词the laptop为事物,关系词在从句中作主语,不可省略;从句谓语was bought跟随单数先行词保持一致,贴合主谓一致规则。
2. The car is being charged in the parking lot. It is a new energy one.
【答案】The car that/which is being charged in the parking lot is a new energy one. 【句意】正在停车场充电的这辆汽车是新能源汽车。
【解析】先行词the car为事物,关系词作从句主语,不可省略;整合两句句意,定语从句作后置定语修饰主语,句式规范。
3. I hope you can tell me more about the car. The car can fly.
【答案】I hope you can tell me more about the car that/which can fly.
【句意】我希望你能告诉我更多关于那辆可飞行的汽车的相关信息。
【解析】先行词the car为事物,从句缺主语,that/which均可使用,句式简洁规范,贴合本课考点。
【同步语法练习】
——基础层——
1、 单项选择
1. This is the most valuable invention ______ has changed people’s daily life greatly. A. which B. that C. what D. who
2. All the projects ______ our team finished are helpful to building a better world.
A. that B. which C. whom D. whose
3. The green energy ______ is widely used now can reduce pollution effectively.
A. that B. what C. who D. whom
4. This is the only method ______ can solve the difficult environmental problem.
A. which B. that C. what D. who
5. The books ______ we borrowed from the city library are about environmental protection.
A. that/which B. what C. who D. whose
2、 用that/which填空
1. There is nothing ________ we can do to give up protecting our planet.
2. The new tools ________ workers use can improve work efficiency a lot.
3. This is the first low-carbon building ________ has been built in our city.
4. The river and the trees ________ lie around the village make it more beautiful.
5. The ideas ________ come from young people are always creative and practical.
——提升层——
1、 合并句子
1. The program is very meaningful. It helps poor children receive free education.
2. This is the best choice. We can make the choice to protect our environment.
3. The new policy has brought great changes. It encourages green travel.
4. All the activities are popular. Our school held the activities last week.
5. The machine saves lots of energy. The machine was invented by local scientists.
2、 中译英
1. 保护环境是我们每个人都应该坚持的重要准则。
2. 这是我参与过的最有意义的公益活动。
3. 能够减少污染的新能源正在被广泛推广。
4. 所有能改善人们生活的创新都值得我们支持。
5. 这座矗立在城市中心的公园是人们休闲放松的好去处。
——拓展层——
1、 语法填空
阅读短文,根据上下文及定语从句规则,填入合适的关系代词that/which。
The world is becoming better and better with the development of technology and public welfare. There are countless wonderful changes 1._____ have improved our living conditions in recent years.
First, green energy is one of the greatest inventions 2._____ protect our earth. The clean energy 3._____ people use in daily life includes solar energy and wind energy. These are the new resources 4._____ will never run out easily. It is the best way 5._____ we can choose to reduce air pollution.
Second, public welfare projects are meaningful programs 6._____ help vulnerable groups. All the measures 7._____ the government has taken bring hope to poor areas. The schools and hospitals 8._____ have been built in remote villages make local people’s life much easier.
Third, low-carbon life is a new lifestyle 9._____ is popular all over the world. There is nothing10._____ is more important than protecting our common home. Every small action 11._____ we take can make a difference to building a better world. We believe all the efforts 12. _____we make will create a brighter future for the whole planet.
2、 语法小作文
写作题目:Actions to Build a Better World
写作要求:
1. 词数要求:80–120词,语句通顺、语法零错误、逻辑连贯;
2. 语法要求:全文使用4处及以上that/which定语从句,包含特殊规则句式;
3. 话题要求:贴合单元《Path to a Better World》,围绕“低碳生活、共建美好世界”展开。
参考答案和解析
——基础层——
一、单项选择
1. 【答案】B
【句意】这是极大改变人们日常生活的最有价值的发明。
【解析】先行词被最高级the most valuable修饰,属于特殊限定场景,只能用that,禁用which。
2. 【答案】A
【句意】我们团队完成的所有项目都有助于建设更美好的世界。
【解析】先行词被不定代词All修饰,固定规则只能用that,排除which。
3. 【答案】A
【句意】如今被广泛使用的绿色能源能有效减少污染。
【解析】先行词green energy为事物,从句缺少主语,that可指代物作主语,符合句法规则。
4. 【答案】B
【句意】这是唯一能解决这一棘手环境问题的方法。
【解析】先行词被the only修饰,属于特殊限定场景,只能使用that。
5. 【答案】A
【句意】我们从市图书馆借的这些书籍都是关于环境保护的。
【解析】先行词the books为事物,关系词在从句中作宾语,that/which均可使用。
二、用that/which填空
1. 【答案】that
【句意】我们绝不会放弃保护我们的星球。
【解析】先行词为不定代词nothing,固定规则只能用that。
2. 【答案】that/which
【句意】工人们使用的这些新工具能大幅提升工作效率。
【解析】先行词the new tools为事物,关系词作宾语,that/which通用。
3. 【答案】that
【句意】这是我市建成的第一座低碳建筑。
【解析】先行词被序数词the first修饰,只能用that。
4. 【答案】that /which
【句意】环绕村庄的河流和树木让村庄愈发美丽。
【解析】先行词 the river and the trees 是两个并列事物,关系代词在从句中作主语,that、which 均可指代物。 只有先行词同时包含人和物时,才只能用 that。
5. 【答案】that/which
【句意】年轻人提出的想法往往兼具创新性与实用性。
【解析】先行词the ideas为事物,关系词作主语,that/which均可使用。
——提升层——
一、合并句子
1. 【答案】The program that/which helps poor children receive free education is very meaningful.
【句意】这个帮助贫困儿童接受免费教育的项目非常有意义。
【解析】先行词the program为事物,关系词在从句作主语,不可省略,贴合单元公益、美好世界话题。
2. 【答案】This is the best choice that we can make to protect our environment.
【句意】这是我们为保护环境所能做出的最佳选择。
【解析】先行词被最高级the best修饰,只能用that,关系词作宾语。
3. 【答案】The new policy that/which encourages green travel has brought great changes.
【句意】这项倡导绿色出行的新政策带来了巨大的改变。
【解析】先行词the new policy为事物,关系词作从句主语,句式结构严谨。
4. 【答案】All the activities that our school held last week are popular.
【句意】我校上周举办的所有活动都广受好评。
【解析】先行词被All修饰,固定用that,关系词在从句中作宾语。
5. 【答案】The machine that/which was invented by local scientists saves lots of energy.
【句意】这台由本土科学家发明的机器能够节约大量能源。
【解析】先行词为事物,关系词作主语,结合被动语态,句式难度升级。
二、中译英
1. 【答案】Protecting the environment is an important rule that everyone of us should stick to.
【解析】先行词rule为事物,用that引导定语从句修饰先行词,贴合语境。
2. 【答案】This is the most meaningful public welfare activity that I have ever taken part in.
【解析】先行词被最高级修饰,只能用that,运用现在完成时提升句式难度。
3. 【答案】New energy that/which can reduce pollution is being widely promoted.
【解析】先行词new energy为事物,关系词作主语,结合现在进行时被动语态。
4. 【答案】All the innovations that can improve people’s lives are worth our support.
【解析】先行词被All修饰,固定使用that,贴合本课特殊考点。
5. 【答案】The park that/which stands in the center of the city is a good place for people to relax.
【解析】先行词the park为事物,that/which引导定语从句作后置定语,句式高级。
——拓展层——
一、语法填空
【答案汇总】
1.that/which 2. that 3. that/which 4. that/which 5. that 6. that/which 7. that
8. that/which 9. that/which 10. that 11. that/which 12. that/which
【解析】
1. 【答案】that/which
【句意】近年来,无数改善我们生活条件的美好变化悄然发生。
【解析】先行词changes为事物,从句缺主语,that/which均可使用。
2. 【答案】that
【句意】绿色能源是保护地球最伟大的发明之一。
【解析】先行词被最高级the greatest修饰,只能用that。
3. 【答案】that/which
【句意】人们日常生活中使用的清洁能源包括太阳能和风能。
【解析】先行词clean energy为事物,关系词作宾语,双填合规。
4. 【答案】that/which
【句意】这些是不易枯竭的新型能源。
【解析】先行词resources为事物,从句缺主语,通用关系词。
5. 【答案】that
【句意】这是我们可以选择的、减少空气污染的最佳方式。
【解析】先行词被最高级the best修饰,仅限使用that。
6. 【答案】that/which
【句意】公益项目是帮助弱势群体的有意义的项目。
【解析】先行词programs为事物,从句缺主语,双填均可。
7. 【答案】that
【句意】政府采取的所有举措都为贫困地区带来了希望。
【解析】先行词被All修饰,固定规则只能用that。
8. 【答案】that/which
【句意】偏远乡村新建的学校和医院极大便利了当地人的生活。
【解析】先行词为事物,从句缺主语,通用关系词。
9. 【答案】that/which
【句意】低碳生活是风靡全球的新型生活方式。
【解析】先行词lifestyle为事物,从句缺主语,双填合规。
10. 【答案】that
【句意】没有什么比保护我们共同的家园更重要。
【解析】先行词为不定代词nothing,只能用that。
11. 【答案】that/which
【句意】我们的每一个微小行动,都能为建设美好世界贡献力量。
【解析】先行词action为事物,关系词作宾语,可双填。
12. 【答案】that/which
【句意】我们相信所有的努力,都会为地球创造更光明的未来。
【解析】先行词efforts为事物,从句缺宾语,通用关系词。
二、语法小作文
【参考范文】
Actions to Build a Better World
Our world is changing for the better with everyone’s efforts. There are many small actions that we can take to make our planet more beautiful.
Low-carbon life is the best lifestyle that suits our modern society. We can use clean energy which produces little pollution in daily life. We should protect all the resources that are valuable for human survival. Besides, we can join public activities that help improve our living environment.
Nothing is more important than protecting our home. Every tiny effort will finally create a greener and better world for everyone.
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