专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，湖南专用）高一英语上学期

**基本信息** 高一上学期期中英语说明文阅读理解汇编，涵盖人与社会（历史文化、科技）、人与自我（生活学习）、人与自然（环境生态）三大主题语境，精选湖南多校真题，注重语言能力与思维品质考查。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解（说明文）|多篇短文，每篇4题|含3D打印食品、微塑料、AI语言影响等科技前沿，数学焦虑、心理回避等生活议题，以及动物行为、生态平衡等自然主题|情境创设具时代性，如以“注意力经济”“清洁肉”等热点设题；问题设计分层，从细节理解（如“critical ignoring”定义）到推理判断（如“silver lining”含义），契合高考阅读命题趋势。|

函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题02阅读理解（说明文） 基础必练 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1.D2.C3.B4B 主题语境02人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.C3.D4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.B 主题语境03人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.B3.C4.A Passage 3 【答案】1.A2.C3.C4.D 主题语境04人与自然-宇宙探索 【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.A 主题语境05人与自然-环境 【答案】1.A2.B3.D4.C 1/3 学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 进阶提升》 主题语境01人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1.A2.D3.D 主题语境02人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.D3.B4C Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.B Passage 3 【答案】1.D2.C3.D4.B 主题语境03人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.D3.A4.B Passage 2 【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.A Passage 3 【答案】1.C2.C3.C4.A Passage 4 【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.C Passage 5 【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.D Passage 6 【答案】1.D2.A3.D4.C 主题语境04人与自然-自然生态 213 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.B3.D4.A 拓展培优 主题语境01人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.D3.C4B Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.C3.A4.B Passage 3 【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.D Passage 4 【答案】1.B2.C3.D4.B 主题语境02人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1.B2.A3.D4B 3/3 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高一上·湖南桃源县第一中学·期中）In the days before the Internet, critical (批判性的) thinking was the most important skill of well-educated people. But in the digital age, according to Anastasia Kozyreva, a social scientist at the Max Planck Institute of Human Development, an even more important skill is “critical ignoring”. As the researchers point out, we live in an attention economy where content producers on the Internet compete (竞争) for our attention. They attract us with a lot of emotional and eye-catching stories while providing little useful information, so they can expose (暴露) us to money-making advertisements. Therefore, we are no longer customers but products, and each link we click is a sale of our time and attention. To protect ourselves from this, Kozyreva calls for learning the skill of critical ignoring, in which readers control their information environment on purpose to reduce exposure to false and low-quality information. According to Kozyreva, critical ignoring includes three strategies. The first is to design our environments, which involves getting rid of the low-quality yet hard-to-resist (抵制) information from around. Successful dieters need to keep unhealthy food out of their homes. Similarly, we need to set up a digital environment where attention-grabbing items are kept out of sight. As with dieting, if one tries to depend on willpower not to click eye-catching “news”, he’ll surely fail. So, it's better to just keep them out of sight in the beginning. The next is to make a judgement about whether the information is reliable, so that you can be protected from false and misleading information. It can be realized by checking the source in the top news media which is widely considered as being trustworthy. The last goes by the phrase “do not feed the trolls”. Trolls are actors who spread false and hurtful information online on purpose to cause harm. It may be appealing to respond to them to set the facts straight, but trolls just care about annoying others rather than facts. So, it’s best not to reward their bad behaviour with our attention. By improving our critical ignoring skills in these ways, we can make the most of the Internet while avoiding being hurt by those who try to control our attention, time, and minds. 1.What is “critical ignoring”? A. The process of spotting and analyzing poor quality data. B. The skill of not paying attention to online information. C. The ability to analyze information to come to a conclusion. D. The art of choosing what information you let into your life. 2.Why does the author mention dieters in paragraph 3? A. To discuss the quality of information. B. To prove the benefits of healthy food. C. To show the importance of environments. D. To explain the effectiveness of willpower. 3.What should we do to deal with Internet trolls according to the text? A. Expose their intention. B. Turn a deaf ear to them. C. Correct their behaviour. D. Send hard facts to them. 4.What is the text mainly about? A. Importance of critical ignoring in online search. B. Ways to practice critical ignoring in the digital age. C. Benefits of critical ignoring in the attention economy. D. Strategies to improve critical thinking among online users. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文为说明文，主要讲述了在数字时代练习批判性忽视的技巧。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“To protect ourselves from this, Kozyreva calls for learning the skill of critical ignoring, in which readers control their information environment on purpose to reduce exposure to false and low-quality information. (为了保护自己不受这种影响，Kozyreva呼吁学习批判性忽视的技能，即读者有意控制他们的信息环境，以减少接触虚假和低质量的信息。)”可知，“critical ignoring”指的是用户通过有意控制自己信息接收的环境来减少接触错误信息或低质量信息，故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Successful dieters need to keep unhealthy food out of their homes. Similarly, we need to set up a digital environment where attention-grabbing items are kept out of sight. As with dieting, if one tries to depend on willpower not to click eye-catching “news”, he’ll surely fail. So, it’s better to just keep them out of sight in the beginning. (成功的节食者需要把不健康的食物远离他们的家。同样，我们需要建立一个数字环境，让那些吸引眼球的东西远离我们的视线。就像节食一样，如果一个人试图依靠意志力不去点击引人注目的“新闻”，他肯定会失败。所以，最好在一开始就把它们放在视线之外。)”可知，成功的节食者会让家中没有不健康食品。同理，用户在面对纷杂信息时，有效的方式应该是保证自己的阅读环境，让低质量信息完全不进入自己的视线。因此，作者提到“dieters”是为了类比论证环境的重要性。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“It may be appealing to respond to them to set the facts straight, but trolls just care about annoying others rather than facts. So, it’s best not to reward their bad behaviour with our attention. (回复他们澄清事实可能很有吸引力，但喷子只关心惹恼别人，而不是事实。所以，最好不要用我们的关注来奖励他们的坏行为。)”可知，对于网络喷子，我们最好的办法应该是充耳不闻，故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第一段为“critical ignoring”话题的引入，第二段对“critical ignoring”这一概念做了解释。第三、四、五段讲述了在数字时代练习批判性忽视的三种技巧，第六段总结了练习批判性忽视的好处。因此，本文主要讲述了在数字时代练习批判性忽视的技巧。故选B项。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南名校联盟·期中）Scientists have long wanted to find signs in the body, called biomarkers, that show our biological age or predict health problems. A new study on dogs, which are good models because they share genes (基因), diseases, and living conditions with humans, has found clues that may help us understand aging in pets and people. The study, published on October 22 in Aging Cell, involved scientists from Tufts University, the University of Washington, and other institutions. They studied blood from nearly 800 dogs in the Dog Aging Project, a long-term study of aging. About 40% of small molecules (分子) in dog blood change as dogs get older. Daniel Promislow, a senior scientist at Tufts and the study's main author, said, “These molecules, called metabolites (代谢分子), are the building blocks of life. They help form proteins, DNA, and other cell parts.” One type of metabolite, called post-translationally modified (改变) amino acids (ptmAAs),was linked with aging in dogs of all breeds, sizes, and sexes. Promislow explained, “ptmAAs are made in two ways. Gut (肠道) bacteria (细菌) produce them when we digest (消化) food, or they appear when proteins break down.” The source of ptmAAs is not fully known, but kidney (肾脏) function is important. Kidneys normally remove protein byproducts from the blood. When kidney function gets worse, ptmAAs build up. This may explain why some dogs age healthier than others and gives clues for humans. Researchers now plan to follow the same dogs for several years to see how metabolites change. They want to study gut bacteria that may change with age and affect ptmAAs. They also hope to see if changes in muscle mass — a common issue in aging dogs and people — are related to ptmAAs. Promislow said, “We have a great chance to understand aging and find ways for both humans and dogs to grow older in the healthiest way possible.” 1.Why are dogs a good model for aging research? A. Because they have unique biological markers. B. Because they are easy to train for experiments. C. Because they share human genes and environment. D. Because they suffer from fewer age-related diseases. 2.What is the main finding of the study? A. Dogs age faster than humans. B. Metabolites are building blocks of life. C. Many blood molecules change with age. D. Gut bacteria produce important metabolites. 3.What is key to ptmAAs levels? A. Gut bacteria. B. Breed and size. C. Protein breakdown. D. Kidney performance 4.What is the main goal of the research according to Promislow? A. Ensure healthy aging. B. Increase dog muscles. C. Treat aging diseases. D. Change gut bacteria. 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“狗衰老研究计划”的最新发现。研究团队通过分析狗的血液样本，揭示了部分分子随狗年龄变化的规律，以及肾功能对狗健康衰老的重要影响。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“A new study on dogs, which are good models because they share genes (基因), diseases, and living conditions with humans, has found clues that may help us understand aging in pets and people.(一项以狗狗为研究对象的新研究发现了或许能帮助我们理解宠物与人类衰老机制的线索——狗是理想的研究模型，因为它们与人类在基因、易患疾病及生活环境方面均有相似之处。)”可知，狗是理想的研究模型原因在于它们与人类共享基因和生活环境。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“About 40% of small molecules in dog blood change as dogs get older.(随着狗狗年龄增长，其血液中约40%的小分子物质会发生变化。)”可知，研究的核心发现是40%血液中的小分子会随着年龄变化。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Kidneys normally remove protein byproducts from the blood. When kidney function gets worse, ptmAAs build up.(肾脏通常会从血液中清除蛋白质代谢产物，而当肾功能下降时，翻译后修饰氨基酸会在体内蓄积。)”可知，肾功能是清除这些代谢物、控制其血液浓度的关键。故选D。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第六段中“We have a great chance to understand aging and find ways for both humans and dogs to grow older in the healthiest way possible.(我们有一个相当好的机会既能深入理解衰老机制，也能找到让人类与狗狗都能以最健康方式变老的方法。)”可知，研究的最终目标是找到实现最健康老龄化的方法。故选A。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南株洲株洲南方中学·期中）Robots have learned to drive on Mars, carry out brain operation and beat master chess players. But when it comes to baking, making tasty desserts (甜品) is far from a piece of cake. After many failed attempts, US researchers have successfully 3D printed a cherry cheesecake, although the outcome is unlikely to trouble the world’s dessert masters. In the latest experiment, researchers tried different cheesecake designs. In early attempts, which included simply adding ingredients (材料) one by one, the team found that the cake quickly turned into a mixture. Having tried many times, they discovered something special. Walls of biscuit base were required throughout the cake to hold the softer ingredients, while round biscuit supports on the inside were necessary to keep the cake from falling apart. “To print the cake successfully, we need to put the ingredients together in a careful way” said the team leader Cooper. Although much work is still needed to collect data and improve the designs, scientists are hopeful that once mastered, 3D printing could take the place of traditional cooking, allowing food to meet different nutritional (营养的) needs. “We have a huge problem with the low nutrition of processed (加工的) foods” said Cooper. “3D food printing will still produce processed foods, but perhaps the silver lining will be, for some people, a better control of nutrition based on personalized needs.” The team said 3D printing could also allow cooks to create entirely new food experiences. “It is particularly practical for the plant-based meat market, where different tastes need to be carefully designed to be like real meats,” said Cooper. And, with more concern about food safety, food prepared with less human handling could lower the risk of food-related illness and the spread of disease. According to Cooper, this seems like a win-win solution for all of us. 1.Why does the author mention robots in paragraph 1? A. To show the disadvantages of 3D printing. B. To introduce the popularity of using robots. C. To stress the difficulty of 3D printing desserts. D. To explain the function of robots in different areas. 2.What is the key to the success of the 3D printed cheesecake? A. The structural design of the cake. B. The thickness of biscuit walls. C. The unique taste of ingredients. D. The flexibility of inside support. 3.What do the underlined words “the silver lining” in paragraph 3 mean? A. The side effect. B. The main reason. C. The best solution. D. The positive part. 4.What is the last paragraph mainly about concerning 3D printed food? A. Promising markets. B. Additional benefits. C. Practical concerns. D. Technical challenges. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国研究人员成功使用3D打印技术制作出樱桃芝士蛋糕，并探讨了3D打印食物在营养控制、食品安全和创造全新饮食体验方面的潜在优势。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Robots have learned to drive on Mars, carry out brain operation and beat master chess players. But when it comes to baking, making tasty desserts (甜品) is far from a piece of cake. After many failed attempts, US researchers have successfully 3D printed a cherry cheesecake, although the outcome is unlikely to trouble the world’s dessert masters. (机器人已经学会了在火星上驾驶、进行脑部手术和击败国际象棋大师。但说到烘焙，制作美味的甜点远非易事。历经多次失败尝试后，美国研究人员终于成功通过3D打印技术制作出樱桃芝士蛋糕，尽管这款成品恐怕还难以撼动世界甜点大师们的地位)”可知，作者在第一段提到机器人领域的进步，是为了反衬3D打印甜点的困难。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“In the latest experiment, researchers tried different cheesecake designs. In early attempts, which included simply adding ingredients (材料) one by one, the team found that the cake quickly turned into a mixture. Having tried many times, they discovered something special. Walls of biscuit base were required throughout the cake to hold the softer ingredients, while round biscuit supports on the inside were necessary to keep the cake from falling apart. (在最新实验中，研究人员尝试了多种芝士蛋糕结构设计。早期方案采用简单的逐层添加材料方式，结果蛋糕迅速塌陷成一团混合物。经过反复试验，他们发现了特殊规律：必须让饼干基座构成贯穿蛋糕的支撑墙来固定柔软材料，同时在内部设置圆形饼干支架以防止结构崩塌)”可知，3D打印芝士蛋糕成功的关键在于蛋糕的结构设计。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“3D food printing will still produce processed foods(3D食物打印仍会产生加工食品)”和后文“for some people, a better control of nutrition based on personalized needs(对一些人来说，基于个性化需求的更好的营养控制)”可知，3D食物打印虽然仍会产生加工食品，这是不好的一面，但它可以基于个性化需求更好地控制营养，这是积极的一面。由此可知，划线短语the silver lining意思是“积极的部分”，与D项“The positive part”意思相同。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“The team said 3D printing could also allow cooks to create entirely new food experiences. (研究小组表示，3D打印还可以让厨师创造全新的饮食体验)”和“And, with more concern about food safety, food prepared with less human handling could lower the risk of food-related illness and the spread of disease. (而且，随着人们对食品安全的日益关注，减少人工处理的食品可以降低与食品相关的疾病和疾病传播的风险)”可知，本段主要介绍了3D打印的其它好处。故选B项。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南县汉寿县第一中学-11月·期中）Where does the meat on our table come from? It usually comes from livestock like chickens and cows. But did you know that meat can also be made in a lab? US company JUST has announced that lab-grown meat could be on some restaurant menus in the United States and Asia by the end of 2018, The Independent reported. “These meats include chicken nuggets (鸡块), sausage and foie gras (鹅肝酱),” Josh Tetrick, CEO of JUST, told The Independent. Lab meat is sometimes referred to as “clean meat”. It is made using the stem cells (干细胞) of living livestock. The cells need to be grown in a lab for a few weeks. For example, making a hamburger patty (肉饼) takes about nine weeks, CNN reported. This is faster than raising a cow, which usually takes over 20 weeks. The first clean meat was a beef burger that was produced in 2013, but it was said to taste quite dry. How does clean meat taste now? Clean meat supporters told CNN that they think it tastes just like traditional meat. Clean meat has other advantages. It is healthier than traditional meat. Meat producers can control what type of fat goes into the meat. They can produce clean meat that contains healthy fats, such as omega-3 fatty acids (脂肪酸). This kind of fat is good for people’s hearts. Clean meat can also help to solve global warming. According to The Washington Post, about 14.5 percent of the planet’s greenhouse gas emissions (排放) come from raising livestock. That’s more than the emissions from every car, train, ship and airplane in the world combined. It is predicted that switching to clean meat could lower greenhouse gas emissions by 96 percent, The Independent reported. 1.Where may the meat we eat come from in future? A. Companies. B. Greenhouses. C. Labs. D. Restaurants. 2.What can be used to make “clean meat”? A. Stem cells. B. Fatty acids. C. Hamburger patties. D. Chicken nuggets. 3.What is the advantage of clean meat? A. It is fatty. B. It is healthy. C. It is free. D. It is smelly. 4.What do we know about clean meat from the last paragraph? A. It comes from livestock. B. It can be switched off. C. It results in global warming. D. It benefits environment. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章讲主要介绍了未来我们可以在实验室制造出清洁肉类，这种肉类比传统肉类更健康，对环境有益。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“US company JUST has announced that lab-grown meat could be on some restaurant menus in the United States and Asia by the end of 2018, The Independent reported.(据《独立报》报道，美国JUST公司宣布，到2018年底，美国和亚洲的一些餐厅菜单上可能会出现实验室培育的肉类。)”可知，我们将来吃的肉可能来自实验室。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Lab meat is sometimes referred to as “clean meat”. It is made using the stem cells (干细胞) of living livestock.(实验室的肉有时被称为“清洁肉类”。它是用活牲畜的干细胞制成的。)”可知，清洁肉类是由干细胞制成的。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Clean meat has other advantages. It is healthier than traditional meat.(清洁肉类还有其他好处。它比传统肉类更健康。)”可知，清洁肉类的好处是清洁肉类比传统肉类更健康。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Clean meat can also help to solve global warming. According to The Washington Post, about 14.5 percent of the planet’s greenhouse gas emissions (排放) come from raising livestock. That’s more than the emissions from every car, train, ship and airplane in the world combined. It is predicted that switching to clean meat could lower greenhouse gas emissions by 96 percent, The Independent reported.(清洁肉类也有助于解决全球变暖问题。据《华盛顿邮报》报道，地球上大约14.5%的温室气体排放来自饲养牲畜。这比世界上所有汽车、火车、轮船和飞机的排放量加起来还要多。据《独立报》报道，据预测，改用清洁肉类可以减少96%的温室气体排放。)”可知，清洁肉类有助于解决全球变暖问题，对环境有好处。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南株洲株洲南方中学·期中）Math is everywhere in our life, from working out the bill after dinner to your personal costs. While some people enjoy solving math problems, many others are afraid of the moment when they have to deal with numbers and feel really anxious. It might seem discouraging, but this “math anxiety” is quite common, and you’re far from being the only one who feels this way. Besides, our worries and fears don’t always show how able we are. The reason for this problem often begins to appear in our childhood at school. Studies have shown that math teachers who feel nervous about teaching the subject can pass their anxiety to their students, and girls might be more affected by this anxiety. According to the Program for International Student Assessment, around 31% of 15 and 16-year-olds in 34 countries said that they felt very nervous when solving math problems, 33% said they got nervous doing math homework, and nearly60% worried that math classes would be difficult. Shulamit Kahn, from Boston University’s Questrom School of Business, told the BBC that providing students, especially girls, with good role models “is important, especially at a young age.” She believes the key is to have people, especially women who love teaching math, educate younger kids. David Robson, writing for BBC Future, mentioned, “It’s unclear why math causes so much fear compared to other subjects like geography. But knowing there’s a right or wrong answer might make you more anxious about not doing well.” And if we believe that we’re not “math people”, we may question about ourselves and avoid solving problems that we could deal with. Researchers have been trying to work out why mental math can make us nervous. This fear might come from all kinds of sources, but some suggest that openly expressing your fears can weaken their control on you and encourage children to see math tests as challenges rather than threat (威胁). We need to have a positive view on math and give it another try. 1.What’s the main idea of paragraph 2? A. Girls are better at math than boys. B. Math classes are difficult for everyone. C. Students’ anxiety only comes from teachers. D. Math anxiety in childhood affect students’ confidence. 2.What might happen if someone believes they’re not a “math person”? A. They will study math harder. B. They will doubt their abilities. C. They will face challenges bravely. D. They won’t see math as a threat. 3.According to the last paragraph, what are children advised to do? A. Find the reasons of math fear positively. B. Give up challenges to avoid anxiety actively. C. Speak out their fears for improvement bravely. D. Examine the reasons for math failure carefully. 4.What might be the best title of the passage? A. Math Anxiety: How to Fix It? B. Math Application: How to use Math? C. Math Learning: The Key to Success in All Fields. D. Math Competition: Race between Boys and Girls. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。许多人有“数学焦虑症”，文章主要分析了其原因以及给出了一些建议。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段“The reason for this problem often begins to appear in our childhood at school. Studies have shown that math teachers who feel nervous about teaching the subject can pass their anxiety to their students, and girls might be more affected by this anxiety. According to the Program for International Student Assessment, around 31% of 15 and 16-year-olds in 34 countries said that they felt very nervous when solving math problems, 33% said they got nervous doing math homework, and nearly60% worried that math classes would be difficult. Shulamit Kahn, from Boston University’s Questrom School of Business, told the BBC that providing students, especially girls, with good role models “is important, especially at a young age.” She believes the key is to have people, especially women who love teaching math, educate younger kids.(这个问题的原因往往开始出现在我们的童年在学校。研究表明，在教学过程中感到紧张的数学老师会把他们的焦虑传递给学生，而女孩可能更容易受到这种焦虑的影响。根据国际学生评估项目的数据，在34个国家中，约有31%的15岁和16岁的学生表示，他们在解决数学问题时感到非常紧张，33%的人表示他们在做数学作业时感到紧张，近60%的人担心数学课会很难。波士顿大学奎斯特罗姆商学院的舒拉米特·卡恩告诉BBC，为学生，尤其是女孩，提供好的榜样“很重要，尤其是在年轻的时候。”她认为，关键是让人们，尤其是那些热爱数学教学的女性，来教育年幼的孩子。)”可知，第二段的主旨是童年数学焦虑影响学生的自信心。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“And if we believe that we’re not “math people”, we may question about ourselves and avoid solving problems that we could deal with.(如果我们认为我们不是“数学人”，我们可能会质疑自己，避免解决我们可以处理的问题。)”可知，如果有人认为自己不是“数学人”，他们会怀疑自己的能力。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“This fear might come from all kinds of sources, but some suggest that openly expressing your fears can weaken their control on you and encourage children to see math tests as challenges rather than threat (威胁).(这种恐惧可能来自各种各样的来源，但有些人认为，公开表达你的恐惧可以削弱他们对你的控制，并鼓励孩子将数学考试视为挑战而不是威胁。)”可知，建议孩子们勇敢地说出他们对改进的担忧。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“While some people enjoy solving math problems, many others are afraid of the moment when they have to deal with numbers and feel really anxious. It might seem discouraging, but this “math anxiety” is quite common, and you’re far from being the only one who feels this way. Besides, our worries and fears don’t always show how able we are.(虽然有些人喜欢解决数学问题，但许多人害怕处理数字的那一刻，感到非常焦虑。这可能看起来令人沮丧，但这种“数学焦虑”很常见，你并不是唯一一个有这种感觉的人。此外，我们的担忧和恐惧并不总是表明我们有多能干。)”可知，文章主要说明了许多人有“数学焦虑症”，并分析了其原因以及给出了一些建议。由此可知，A选项“数学焦虑：如何解决？”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 3 （25-26高一上·湖南湘一名校联考·期中）Weighted blankets(毯子), which have been advertised as a solution to anxiety and poor sleep, have gone from a not-well-known tool to a common wellness must-have, with producers saying they’ll bring better sleep and less stress to people. But do they keep these promises? Sleep researchers have used weighted blankets since the 1970s to help children with autism, a kind of mental problem, and adults with sensory problems. They appeared on the market in the1990s, but most were only used by people with special needs. Things changed a lot in recent years. Companies started focusing on what they call “people who feel anxious sometimes”— basically anyone having trouble with modern life’s stress. The ads worked: Time magazine even said the weighted blanket was one of the top 50 “inventions” of 2018. The idea behind weighted blankets is simple. They usually weigh 2 to 13 kilograms— around 10% of your body weight. They use what occupational therapists call “deep pressure stimulation (压力刺激)”. The soft, steady pressure on your body makes you feel like being held. A study of 120 psychiatric patients found that weighted blankets improved sleep quality over four weeks in people with some health problems, like depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety and ADHD. Smaller studies have shown similar results. One found that 63% of adults reported lower anxiety after just five minutes under a weighted blanket, while another study of psychiatric patients found 60% experienced reduced anxiety during their hospital stay. However, these studies all focused on people with mental health conditions, not the general population that companies are now focusing on. There’s not enough evidence(证据) that they do good to common users who don’t have mental health problems. This doesn’t mean weighted blankets are totally useless for healthy people. Shift workers — who have to sleep during the day — might find them helpful. They can fight the known health problems from irregular schedules. Healthcare workers, firefighters and pilots need short, useful naps. These blankets could help them fall asleep faster. If a weighted blanket makes you feel calmer and sleep better, even if it doesn’t work like producers say, that’s still good. Just make sure you know what you’re buying. 1.What do weighted blankets promise to solve? A. Sleeplessness. B. Weight problems. C. Headache. D. Forgetfulness. 2.How does the weighted blanket work? A. By fixing users’ sleeping time. B. By working out users’ body weight. C. By bringing users a pleasant feeling. D. By copying the feeling of sleeping in bed. 3.What does the author think of weighted blankets? A. They are useless for healthy people. B. They will have a very hopeful future ahead. C. They are helpful to certain groups of people. D. They may cause some mental health problems. 4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. The Science Behind Deep Pressure B. Who Gets Most from Weighted Blankets? C. Weighted Blankets: From Special Needs to Daily Use D. Do Weighted Blankets Really Live Up to Their Wellness Promises? 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕重力毯“是否符合其健康承诺”展开，介绍了其从针对特殊需求群体的小众工具转变为主流健康产品的历程，阐述了它的工作原理、相关研究结果，以及对普通健康人群的实际作用与价值。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Weighted blankets(毯子), which have been advertised as a solution to anxiety and poor sleep, have gone from a not-well-known tool to a common wellness must-have, with producers saying they’ll bring better sleep and less stress to people.(重力毯，宣传为一种缓解焦虑、改善睡眠的方案，已从一种鲜为人知的工具，变成了常见的健康必备品。生产商说，这类毯子能为人们带来更优质的睡眠，还能减轻压力。)”可知，重力毯被推广为解决焦虑和失眠问题的方案。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“They use what occupational therapists call “deep pressure stimulation(压力刺激)”. The soft, steady pressure on your body makes you feel like being held.(它们运用了职业治疗师所说的“深度压力刺激”原理。毯子施加在身体上的柔和且持续的压力，会让人产生被拥抱的感觉。)”可知，重力毯通过在身体上施加柔和均匀的压力，模拟被拥抱的感觉发挥作用，即让用户产生很舒适的愉悦感。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第七段中“Healthcare workers, firefighters and pilots need short, useful naps. These blankets could help them fall asleep faster.(医护人员、消防员和飞行员需要短暂且有效的小憩。这类毯子能帮助他们更快入睡。)”可知，重力毯对于某些人群人来说是有用的。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章主要围绕重力毯“是否符合其健康承诺”展开，介绍了其从针对特殊需求群体的小众工具转变为主流健康产品的历程，阐述了它的工作原理、相关研究结果，以及对普通健康人群的实际作用与价值。所以最佳标题为“重力毯真的能兑现它们所宣称的健康功效吗？”。故选D。 主题语境04 人与自然-宇宙探索 （25-26高一上·湖南桃源县第一中学·期中）Few would be content to go on a multiyear project to Mars with a diet of bland, prepackaged meals. As space organizations plan for longer exploration, they’re faced with the challenge of how to best feed people. Now, researchers have designed the perfect “space meal”: a tasty vegetarian salad. They choose fresh ingredients (原料) that meet male astronauts’ specialized needs for nutritious (有营养的) food and can be grown in space. Astronauts in space burn more calories than humans on Earth and require extra micronutrients to stay healthy during long periods in space. Also, future long-term tasks will require growing food in an environmentally-friendly way within the spacecraft or settlements on other planets. While researchers have explored methods of growing food in space and what nutrients astronauts require to stay healthy, specific fresh meals have not been developed. So, Volker Hessel and coworkers wanted to make a space meal that meets those unique requirements of spaceflight and tastes good. First, the researchers examined mixes of fresh ingredients. In this case, their model showed how well the mixes of different foods could satisfy a male astronaut’s daily nutritional needs while using the smallest amount of water for growing the foods. The team was also concerned about environmental protection, selecting ingredients that needed little fertilizer (肥料), time and area to grow and whether uneatable parts could be reused. They found that a vegetarian meal made up of soybeans’, peanuts, sweet potato and sunflower seeds had the best balance of lots of nutrients and low farming needs. To make sure the chosen mix was tasty, the team made the space meal into a salad for four people to have a taste test here on Earth. One tester said he “wouldn’t mind eating this all week as an astronaut.”. Other people went back for second helpings. In the future, the researchers plan to see what their computer model dishes up as choices for female astronauts and add more variety to crops in their database. 1.What does the underlined word “bland” in the first paragraph probably mean? A. Nutritious. B. Expensive. C. Tasteless. D. Fresh. 2.What does the second paragraph focus on? A. The challenges of space travel. B. The methods of growing food in space. C. The problems with multiyear space tasks. D. The reasons for developing the space meal. 3.What do we know about the space food designed by the researchers? A. It is free from fertilizer. B. It takes a short time to grow. C. It mixes the ingredients with water. D. It is designed for female astronauts. 4.What is the testers’ attitude towards the space meal? A. Favorable. B. Doubtful. C. Unconcerned. D. Mixed. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员为宇航员设计的“完美太空餐”——美味的素食沙拉，以及设计这款太空餐的考虑因素和测试情况。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Few would be content to go on a multiyear project to Mars with a diet of bland, prepackaged meals.(很少有人愿意在前往火星的多年项目中只吃bland、预先包装好的饭菜)”和后文“Now, researchers have designed the perfect ‘space meal’: a tasty vegetarian salad.(现在，研究人员已经设计出了完美的“太空餐”：美味的素食沙拉)”可知，前后文形成对比，前文提到的是预先包装好的饭菜，后文提到的是美味的素食沙拉，由此可推知，划线词“bland”应表示“没有味道的，乏味的”，与C项Tasteless同义。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“Astronauts in space burn more calories than humans on Earth and require extra micronutrients to stay healthy during long periods in space. Also, future long-term tasks will require growing food in an environmentally-friendly way within the spacecraft or settlements on other planets. While researchers have explored methods of growing food in space and what nutrients astronauts require to stay healthy, specific fresh meals have not been developed. So, Volker Hessel and coworkers wanted to make a space meal that meets those unique requirements of spaceflight and tastes good.(太空中的宇航员比地球上的人类消耗更多卡路里，并且在长时间的太空飞行中需要额外的微量营养素来保持健康。此外，未来的长期任务将需要在航天器内或其他行星上的定居点以环保的方式种植食物。虽然研究人员已经探索了在太空中种植食物的方法以及宇航员保持健康所需的营养物质，但具体的新鲜餐食尚未开发出来。因此，沃尔克·赫塞尔和他的同事们想要制作一种满足太空飞行独特要求且味道良好的太空餐。)”可知，本段主要介绍了开发太空餐的原因，包括宇航员在太空中的特殊营养需求、未来长期任务对环保种植食物的要求以及研究人员想要制作满足太空飞行要求且美味的太空餐。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中“The team was also concerned about environmental protection, selecting ingredients that needed little fertilizer (肥料), time and area to grow and whether uneatable parts could be reused.(该团队还关注环境保护，选择了几乎不需要肥料、时间和种植面积的原料，并考虑了不可食用的部分是否可以重复利用。”可推知，太空食物生长时间短。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“To make sure the chosen mix was tasty, the team made the space meal into a salad for four people to have a taste test here on Earth. One tester said he ‘wouldn’t mind eating this all week as an astronaut.’ . Other people went back for second helpings.( 为了确保选择的混合物美味，该团队将太空餐做成沙拉，供四个人在地球上进行味觉测试。一名测试人员说，他“不介意作为宇航员整个星期都吃这个”。其他人回去吃了第二份)”可知，测试者们对太空餐的态度是支持的、喜欢的。故选A项。 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 （25-26高一上·湖南三新联盟·期中）If you fill a glass of water, buy a bottle of water, or even draw water from a well, there’s a good chance you’re drinking little pieces of plastic particles — microplastics (微塑料), which are smaller than 5 millimeters in size. A growing number of studies have found these little particles in drinking water sources around the world, and scientists are now studying the possible risks that affect human health. Most microplastics are little pieces that break off from plastic bottles, food bottles, and plastic bags as they age and wear down. And some microplastics come from clothing; when we wash clothes with microplastics, microplastics fall off and end up in polluted water systems. These microplastics then make their way into rivers, lakes, oceans, and even groundwater. Scientists are still learning about how microplastics affect human health. In laboratory tests, microplastics have been shown to cause damage to liver cells (肝细胞) and the function of stomach in animals. But it’s unclear exactly how many microplastics humans take in, or what long-term effects this intake might have. “We know microplastics are in our bodies, but we don’t yet know if they’re causing harm,” said Dr. Miller, a specialist at the University of California. To address the problem of more microplastics entering into our bodies, scientists are working on better filtration (过滤) technologies. Some new water filters can catch microplastics as small as 0.1 micrometers. Some governments recently passed some laws requiring water companies to test for microplastics and reduce their levels. However, technology and laws alone are not enough. The solution also lies in our daily choices. As Dr. Miller puts it: “We can’t undo the microplastics that are already in our water, but we can take steps to stop more from getting there. It’s a problem we can solve if we work together.” 1.What can we know about microplastics from paragraph 1? A. They are found in various water sources. B. They are mainly from underground water. C. They are proven harmful to human health. D. They are less than 5 millimeters in length. 2.What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Microplastics’ varieties. B. Microplastics’ sources. C. Microplastics’ influences. D. Microplastics’ solutions. 3.Which can best describe Dr. Miller’s view on microplastics? A. Current intake, zero danger. B. Risk known, threat controlled. C. Liver ruined, crisis incoming. D. Particles found, damage unproven. 4.What is the author’s attitude to solving the problem of microplastics? A. Challenging. B. Unconcerned. C. Active. D. Doubtful. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了微塑料的来源、对人类健康可能产生的影响以及解决微塑料问题的措施。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“If you fill a glass of water, buy a bottle of water, or even draw water from a well, there’s a good chance you’re drinking little pieces of plastic particles — microplastics (微塑料), which are smaller than 5 millimeters in size. A growing number of studies have found these little particles in drinking water sources around the world, and scientists are now studying the possible risks that affect human health.(无论你是倒一杯水、买一瓶水，甚至是从井里打水，都很有可能喝到微小的塑料颗粒——微塑料，它们的尺寸小于5毫米。越来越多的研究发现，世界各地的饮用水源中都存在这些微小颗粒，科学家们目前正在研究其对人类健康可能造成的风险。)”可知，微塑料存在于多种水源中。故选A。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Most microplastics are little pieces that break off from plastic bottles, food bottles, and plastic bags as they age and wear down. And some microplastics come from clothing; when we wash clothes with microplastics, microplastics fall off and end up in polluted water systems. These microplastics then make their way into rivers, lakes, oceans, and even groundwater.(大多数微塑料是从塑料瓶、食品瓶和塑料袋上脱落下来的小碎片，随着它们的老化和磨损。一些微塑料来自衣物；当我们清洗含有微塑料的衣物时，微塑料会脱落并最终进入受污染的水系统。这些微塑料随后进入河流、湖泊、海洋甚至地下水。)”可知，本段主要介绍了微塑料的来源。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中““We know microplastics are in our bodies, but we don’t yet know if they’re causing harm,” said Dr. Miller, a specialist at the University of California.(加州大学的专家Miller博士说：“我们知道微塑料在我们的身体里，但我们还不知道它们是否会造成伤害。”)”可知，Miller博士认为微塑料已被发现存在于人体中，但其危害尚未得到证实。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“To address the problem of more microplastics entering into our bodies, scientists are working on better filtration (过滤) technologies. Some new water filters can catch microplastics as small as 0.1 micrometers. Some governments recently passed some laws requiring water companies to test for microplastics and reduce their levels. However, technology and laws alone are not enough. The solution also lies in our daily choices. As Dr. Miller puts it: “We can’t undo the microplastics that are already in our water, but we can take steps to stop more from getting there. It’s a problem we can solve if we work together.”(为了解决更多微塑料进入我们体内的问题，科学家们正在研发更好的过滤技术。一些新型净水器可以捕捉到小至0.1微米的微塑料。一些政府最近通过了一些法律，要求自来水公司检测微塑料并降低其含量。然而，仅靠技术和法律是不够的。解决方案还在于我们的日常选择。正如Miller博士所说：“我们无法消除水中已有的微塑料，但我们可以采取措施阻止更多微塑料进入水中。如果我们齐心协力，就能解决这个问题。”)”可知，文章最后一段提到科学家在研发更好的过滤技术，政府出台相关法律，同时强调个人日常选择的重要性，还引用Miller博士的话 “只要共同努力就能解决问题”，可见作者对解决微塑料问题的态度是积极的。故选C。 主题语境01 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高一上·湖南县汉寿县第一中学-11月·期中）Most painters discover a style of painting that is fit for them and stick to that, especially if people admire their pictures. But Picasso, the great Spanish painter, was like a man who had not yet found his own particular style of painting. He kept on struggling to find the perfect expression till his death in 1973. Some of Picasso’s paintings are rich, soft colored and beautiful. Others are ugly and cruel and strange. But such paintings allow us to imagine things for ourselves. They force us to say to ourselves, “What does he see that makes him paint like that?” And we begin to look under the surface of the things we see. Picasso painted thousands of pictures in different styles. Sometimes he painted the natural look of things. Sometimes he seemed to break them apart and throw the pieces in our faces. He showed us what the mind knows as well as what the eyes see. At the age of 90, he remained as curious about the world as he had been when he was young. That is why people have called him “the youngest painter in the world.” 1.The ugly cruel and strange paintings by Picasso _______. A. make us try to notice something hidden in the things B. allow us to ask questions about them C. force us to question anything we see D. cause us to think what Picasso saw was different from what we see 2.The underlined sentence “Sometimes he seemed to break them apart and throw the pieces in our faces” means _____. A. sometimes he tore his pictures into pieces B. he broke something he was painting and threw them away C. sometimes he showed some broken pictures to others D. things in some of his pictures seem to be in disorder 3.Why have people called Picasso “the youngest painter in the world”? A. Because he observed things with the eye and the mind. B. Because he looked young when he was old. C. Because he never stopped painting he was old. D. Because he never gave up looking for something new. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，文章讲述了毕加索的绘画特点、表现形式及他对绘画不断追求的态度。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“But such paintings allow us to imagine things for ourselves. They force us to say to ourselves, “What does he see that makes him paint like that?” And we begin to look under the surface of the things we see.(但是这样的画让我们自己去想象。它们迫使我们问自己：“他看到了什么，才会画成那样？”我们开始透过我们所看到的事物的表面去看)”可知，毕加索丑陋、残酷和奇怪的画使我们思考表象背后的东西，故选A。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。划线句子的意思是：有时候他似乎把作品拆开，把一些碎片展现给我们。此处指他的作品不是完整的，甚至很杂乱。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“At the age of 90, he remained as curious about the world as he had been when he was young. That is why people have called him “the youngest painter in the world.”(90岁时，他仍然像年轻时一样对世界充满好奇。因此，人们称他为“世界上最年轻的画家”。)”可知，毕加索虽然年纪大了但对新事物还是很好奇，不放弃对新事物的探索。故选D。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙第一中学-11月·期中）Evolution (进化) can perform amazing changes; today’s flying songbirds evolved from the wingless, earthbound dinosaurs that wandered millions of years ago. But some organisms seem to be unchanged — in other words, escape natural selection. The coelacanth, a modern-day fish, is nearly the same as its 410-million-year-old fossils (化石). Scientists have long wondered how these species (物种) do so. It has been argued that natural selection keeps some species unchanged by selecting for moderate (中等) qualities (stabilizing selection) rather than selecting for more extreme qualities that would cause a species to change (directional selection). But a study published in the National Academy of Sciences USA goes against this idea, showing that evolution constantly favors different qualities in seemingly unchanging animals to improve short-term survival. In the long term, though, “all that evolution cancels out and leads to no change”, says James Stroud, the study’s lead writer. Stroud and his teammates studied four types of lizard (蜥蜴), all relatively unchanged for 20 million years. The researchers caught members of these populations in the wild every six months for three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, weight and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes, noting which individuals survived. Stroud expected to observe stabilizing selection at work protecting moderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence of directional selection; some lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier toes, survived better. The study offers “a good explanation for why we see what we think is stabilizing selection”, says Tadashi Fukami, a scientist studying evolution at Stanford University. Many new qualities are evolving in the short term, but they don’t provide an important advantage over the long term. In other words, species staying unchanged may simply have found the best possible set of qualities for lasting success in their environment. So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes greatly? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards. 1.Why does the author mention the “coelacanth” in paragraph 1? A. To show its long history of changes. B. To add evidence to natural selection. C. To prove the great changes in species. D. To give an example of unchanged species. 2.What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A. Scientists’ confusion about species evolution. B. The difference between two types of selection. C. The process of stabilizing selection in evolution. D. A belief about how some species remain unchanged. 3.How did Stroud carry out his research? A. By doing lab tests. B. By tracking research objects. C. By studying lizard fossils. D. By comparing color changes in lizards. 4.What will Stroud probably do in the future? A. Make trips to visit lizard professionals. B. Summarize average features of lizards. C. Examine lizards under extreme conditions. D. Record the best sets of qualities. 【答案】1. D　2. D　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍部分物种看似未进化的现象，以及相关研究对其原因的新探索。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“But some organisms seem to be unchanged — in other words, escape natural selection. The coelacanth, a modern-day fish, is nearly the same as its 410-million-year-old fossils (化石).(但有些生物似乎没有变化 —— 换句话说，它们逃脱了自然选择。腔棘鱼是一种现代鱼类，几乎与4.1亿年前的化石一模一样)”可知，作者提到腔棘鱼是为了举例说明“看似未进化的物种”。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“It has been argued that natural selection keeps some species unchanged by selecting for moderate (中等) qualities(stabilizing selection)rather than selecting for more extreme qualities that would cause a species to change(directional selection).(有人认为，自然选择通过选择中等特征（稳定选择）而非可能导致物种变化的极端特征（定向选择），使一些物种保持不变)”可知，该段主要阐述了一种关于“部分物种如何保持不变的普遍观点。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The researchers caught members of these populations in the wild every six months for three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, weight and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes, noting which individuals survived.(研究人员在三年内每六个月在野外捕捉这些种群的成员。他们测量了每只蜥蜴的头部大小、腿长、体重和身高，以及其粘性脚趾的大小，并记录哪些个体存活了下来)”可知，Stroud通过定期捕捉野外蜥蜴、测量特征并追踪存活情况开展研究。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes greatly? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards.(那么，当蜥蜴的生存环境发生巨大变化时会发生什么？为了帮助回答这个更宏大的问题，Stroud仍在多次前往观察这些蜥蜴)”可知，Stroud未来可能会研究环境剧变（极端条件）下蜥蜴的情况。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙第一中学-11月·期中）Do you often use the words “tapestry”, “delve” or “testament” in English? Many of us would say no. These words aren’t among the “Top 500 spoken words” — a list of the most common English words. However, these words are becoming more common in some written content, as a study in 2024 found that five percent of all articles published on a research site used the word “delve”. In 2022, it was less than one percent. Since ChatGPT was released to the public in November 2022, we’ve seen that AI favors certain words. Why does ChatGPT prefer these words? The answer is actually very human. While ChatGPT seems to think for itself, what it really does is analyze a very large amount of human-generated (人工生成的) information, and use the data to spit out answers to our questions. It doesn’t actually understand what it’s telling us. The process of rating AI responses, as part of training the software, is called “reinforcement(强化)learning from human feedback,” and this provides the first clue about why ChatGPT favors certain words. The answer lies in the background of the human trainers themselves. It’s not cheap to employ a lot of testers to rate thousands of responses from AI. So, big companies hire lower-income countries to do these jobs, often places where English is not the first language. One such country that offers cheap labor is Nigeria, and in Nigerian English, “delve” is a common word in professional settings. So, when Nigerian testers tell AI which responses sound natural, their own language preferences come through. As AI-generated information becomes more common, will it also affect the way we speak to each other? In some ways, AI has already left its mark. Of course, language is a living thing that always updates itself, shaped by current events, technology, and the media we use. As AI-generated media spreads, it is possible, even likely that AI will affect the development of our own vocabulary. 1.What does the underlined sentence mean? A. AI’s answers are directly written by humans. B. AI is specially designed to think like humans. C. AI depends on humans to develop its language. D. AI understands human language independently. 2.Why does AI favor certain uncommon words? A. Spoken English has been used to train AI. B. AI tries to have impact on human language. C. Companies develop strange language models. D. Non-native English speakers work as AI trainers. 3.Which statement does the last paragraph support? A. AI plays an important role in language development. B. New technology reduces the number of English words. C. Language pushes the development of AI-generated media. D. The use of uncommon words makes communication harder. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Will ChatGPT Target a New Market? B. Will AI Change the Way We Speak? C. Reinforcement Learning: Key to AI’s Power D. Uncommon English Words: Usage in Daily Life 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍ChatGPT等AI偏好某些不常用英语词汇的原因，以及AI生成内容可能对人类语言表达和词汇发展产生的影响。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“While ChatGPT seems to think for itself, what it really does is analyze a very large amount of human-generated information, and use the data to spit out answers to our questions. It doesn’t actually understand what it’s telling us.(虽然ChatGPT看起来能独立思考，但它实际所做的是分析大量人工生成的信息，并利用这些数据来给出我们问题的答案。它其实并不理解自己在说什么。)”可知，AI的语言能力依赖人类生成的数据，核心是依靠人类发展其语言，划线句表达的正是这一含义。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“So, big companies hire lower-income countries to do these jobs, often places where English is not the first language. One such country that offers cheap labor is Nigeria, and in Nigerian English, “delve” is a common word in professional settings.(因此，大公司会雇佣低收入国家的人来做这些工作，这些地方的人通常不以英语为母语。尼日利亚就是这样一个提供廉价劳动力的国家，在尼日利亚英语中，“delve”在专业场景中是常用词。)”可知，AI偏好某些不常用词汇，是因为非英语母语者担任了AI训练师，他们的语言偏好影响了AI。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“As AI-generated media spreads, it is possible, even likely that AI will affect the development of our own vocabulary.(随着AI生成的媒体不断传播，AI有可能甚至很可能会影响我们自身词汇的发展。)”可知，该段支持“AI在语言发展中扮演重要角色”这一观点。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的“As AI-generated information becomes more common, will it also affect the way we speak to each other?(随着AI生成的信息变得越来越普遍，它也会影响我们彼此的交流方式吗？)”可知，文章围绕AI对人类语言的影响展开，核心探讨AI是否会改变我们的说话方式，这一主题最能概括全文，适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 3 （25-26高一上·湖南衡阳第一中学·期中）The idea that the standard human body temperature is about 37℃ was first presented by the German physician Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich in 1851. Since then, it’s become so widely accepted that it serves as a touchstone for health — a tool used by physicians and parents as a basic indicator of whether someone is sick or well. However, it turns out that this well-established fact isn’t, in fact, correct — or, to put it more accurately, human beings have been getting cooler over the years. Recent studies have shown that temperature records of groups of people have tended to run low compared to the accepted norm (标准). Therefore, a Stanford team, led by Professor Julie Parsonnet, decided to do a more in-depth study to compare modern measurements with historical records to try to identify body temperature trends and, perhaps, uncover the reason why this cooling is happening. For their research, the Stanford team looked at three distinct datasets from two historical periods. After going through 677,423 temperature measurements, the team found that men born in the 21st century had an average body temperature of 0.6℃ lower than that of those born in the late 19th century, while women born in the same period showed an average decrease of 0.03℃ compared to those born in the 1890s. As to why this is happening, the researchers say that the most likely mechanism is a reduction (减少) in the human metabolic rate (代谢率) due to environmental factors. One possibility is that improvements in public health over 200 years have reduced the impact of inflammations (炎症), which promote metabolism. This, combined with people living more comfortable lives in more stable environments, means that the body doesn’t have to work as hard to stay warm, so the average temperature falls. “The environment that we’re living in has changed. Although we think of human beings as if we have been the same for all of human evolution (演化), we’re not the same. We’re actually changing physiologically,” Parsonnet said. 1.What’s Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich’s achievement? A. He set up standards for human health services. B. He first used body temperature as a health signal. C. He predicted trends in humans’ body temperature. D. He proposed the standard of human body temperature. 2.What do the Stanford team’s temperature measurements show? A. Women have a lower body temperature than men. B. Humans’ body temperature has dropped at a faster rate. C. Men’s body temperature has fallen faster than that of women. D. Environmental temperatures have risen since the late 19th century. 3.Which of the following is thought to cause the decrease in human body temperature? A. The dependence on tools. B. The adaption to climate change. C. The contact with other animals. D. The improved living conditions. 4.What is the main idea of Parsonnet’s statement in the last paragraph? A. Humans have stayed biologically the same during evolution. B. The changed living environment has caused physiological changes in humans. C. Modern humans’ living environment is much better than ancient people’s. D. Human evolution has stopped because the current living environment is stable. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍人类标准体温37℃的由来，以及研究发现人类体温近年呈下降趋势，并分析其可能原因。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The idea that the standard human body temperature is about 37℃ was first presented by the German physician Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich in 1851.(人类标准体温约为 37℃的观点，最早由德国医生卡尔・莱因霍尔德・奥古斯特・温德利希于1851年提出)”可知，卡尔・莱因霍尔德・奥古斯特・温德利希的成就在于首次提出了人类体温的标准。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“After going through 677,423 temperature measurements, the team found that men born in the 21st century had an average body temperature of 0.6℃ lower than that of those born in the late 19th century, while women born in the same period showed an average decrease of 0.03℃ compared to those born in the 1890s.(在进行了677,423次温度测量后，研究小组发现，21世纪出生的男性平均体温比19世纪末出生的男性低0.6℃，而同期出生的女性平均体温比19世纪90年代出生的女性低0.03℃)”可知，斯坦福团队的测量结果显示男性体温下降速度比女性快。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“One possibility is that improvements in public health over 200 years have reduced the impact of inflammations (炎症), which promote metabolism. This, combined with people living more comfortable lives in more stable environments, means that the body doesn’t have to work as hard to stay warm, so the average temperature falls.(一种可能性是，200年来公众健康状况的改善减少了炎症的影响，而炎症可以促进新陈代谢。再加上人们在更稳定的环境中过着更舒适的生活，这意味着身体不需要像以前那样努力工作来保暖，所以平均温度下降了)”可知，生活条件的改善被认为是人类体温下降的原因。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段““The environment that we’re living in has changed. Although we think of human beings as if we have been the same for all of human evolution (演化), we’re not the same. We’re actually changing physiologically,” Parsonnet said.(“我们生活的环境已经改变了。虽然我们认为人类在整个进化过程中都是一样的，但我们并不一样。我们实际上是在生理上发生变化，”帕森内特说)”可知，帕森内特的陈述核心是变化的生活环境导致了人类的生理变化。故选B项。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南湘一名校联考·期中）Some high school students in Camarillo are getting a real hands-on education, thanks to a one-of-a-kind farm program. They aren’t just learning about farm animals; They’re raising them! This is the only high school in the country that raises its own animals on site. Addisyn Bolles has been feeding the Great Hambino — her 202-pound pig in person since it was a piglet (猪仔). “I’ve learned a lot from this program. I’ve learned to be responsible for one because you have a whole animal that you have to take care of. I’ve learned how to do that, which helps prepare me for in many ways,” said Bolles. “We have a really unique program because we’re one of the few schools that actually do have a farm on our campus…… We’re in the classroom, the students are learning about how to raise livestock (牲畜) and then they can step outside and directly use what they’re learning,” said teacher Breanna Cole. There’s no sleeping in for these students. They are up early, feeding, walking and cleaning their animals in preparation to show them off at the Ventura County Fair. “It seems like a lot of work, and you do put a lot of time and effort into it. But it’s fun at the end of the day especially when you just need some time to cool off,” said Nevach Cornish, a student from the school. To enter the livestock competition, each animal must meet the requirements on size. Getting to the Fair makes all those early morning feedings worth it. “Carp, Santa Paula, Fillmore, they all have one and it’s really cool because at the Fair you get to meet new people, and you can get a connection with them and exchange ideas,” said another student, Julia Santos. This Camarillo high school farm program isn’t just an extra class — it’s a life-shaping experience that turns textbook lessons into real responsibility and joy. It’s the kind of learning more schools should look to, proving education can grow just as strongly on the farm as it does in a classroom. 1.What makes the school unique? A. It has a farm for students. B. It mainly offers lessons about farm animals. C. It develops students’life skills. D. It allows students to raise animals at school. 2.How does the program influence the students? A. They prefer feeding animals to studying. B. They are too busy to develop other hobbies. C. They better understand the meaning of teamwork. D. They have a chance to put what they learn into use. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards the program? A. Supportive. B. Uncaring. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 4.What is the text mainly about? A. A popular farm. B. Hands-on education. C. Human-animal relation. D. A livestock competition. 【答案】1. D　2. D　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍美国卡马里奥一所高中独特的农场项目，学生可在校饲养牲畜，将课堂知识转化为实践，收获责任感与乐趣。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“This is the only high school in the country that raises its own animals on site.(这是该国唯一一所在校内饲养自己动物的高中。)”可知，这所学校的独特之处在于允许学生在学校饲养动物。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“We’re in the classroom, the students are learning about how to raise livestock (牲畜) and then they can step outside and directly use what they’re learning.(我们在教室里，学生们学习如何饲养牲畜，然后他们可以走到外面，直接运用他们所学的知识。)”可知，该项目让学生有机会将所学知识付诸实践。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“This Camarillo high school farm program isn’t just an extra class — it’s a life-shaping experience that turns textbook lessons into real responsibility and joy. It’s the kind of learning more schools should look to, proving education can grow just as strongly on the farm as it does in a classroom.(这所卡马里奥高中的农场项目不仅仅是一门额外的课程——它是一种塑造人生的经历，将课本知识转化为真正的责任感和乐趣。这是更多学校应该借鉴的学习方式，证明教育在农场可以和在课堂上一样蓬勃发展。)”可知，作者认为该项目极具价值，值得其他学校借鉴，态度是支持的。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，第一段点明高中农场项目让学生获得亲身实践教育，后续段落介绍项目内容、学生体验及价值，最后强调这种实践教育的意义，核心围绕“实践教育”展开。故选B项。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙雷锋中学·期中）Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published on Monday. While the decline (下降) over the past ten years is sharp for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading. According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 per cent of 13-year-olds and 9 per cent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 per cent and 27 per cent today.” The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, aged 2 to 8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session. When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel (建议) parents to look for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time. The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear sign of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books bought for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read. As the end of school is coming, and school vacation reading lists loom (逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore. 1.What is the Common Sense Media report about? A. Children’s reading habits. B. Quality of children’s books. C. Children’s homework. D. Parent-child relationships. 2.Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”? A. In the second paragraph. B. In the third paragraph. C. In the fourth paragraph. D. In the fifth paragraph. 3.Why do many parents limit electronic reading? A. Because e-books are of poor quality. B. Because it could be a waste of time. C. Because increased screen time may harm children’s health. D. Because e-readers are expensive. 4.How are parents suggested to encourage their children to read more according to the last paragraph? A. They should act as role models for them. B. They should ask them to write book reports. C. They should set up reading groups for them. D. They should talk with their reading class teachers. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了根据《常识媒体》发布的一份报告，青少年和低龄儿童为了乐趣而进行的阅读量大幅下降，同时探讨了父母如何鼓励孩子更多阅读。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published on Monday.(周一发布的《常识媒体》报告显示，青少年和低龄儿童的趣味阅读量大幅下降)”及全文围绕报告中阅读相关数据和发现展开，可知报告主题是儿童的阅读习惯。故选A。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中“According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 per cent of 13-year-olds and 9 per cent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 per cent and 27 per cent today.”(报告的主要发现显示，“称自己‘几乎从不’为了乐趣而阅读的人的比例从1984年的13岁孩子的8%和17岁孩子的9%上升到现在的22%和27%”)” 可知，第三段数据最能支撑“儿童趣味阅读量大幅下降”的观点。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中“It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.(报告确实指出，许多父母仍然限制电子阅读，主要是担心屏幕使用时间的增加)”可知，父母限制电子阅读是因为担心屏幕使用时间过长可能危害孩子健康。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“As the end of school is coming, and school vacation reading lists loom (逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.(随着学期即将结束，学校假期阅读清单即将到来，家长们可以借此机会介入，制定自己的暑期阅读清单，并计划一次家庭图书馆或书店之旅)”及前文第六段提到“parents serving as examples (父母作为榜样)”可知，最后一段建议父母以身作则鼓励孩子阅读。故选A。 Passage 3 （25-26高一上·湖南县汉寿县第一中学-11月·期中）We’ve all had the experience. We’re reading along and suddenly realize that although our eyes are scanning the words on the page, nothing is actually registering. Minutes pass before we realize that we’ve lost the plot entirely. In classrooms, students tend to experience this drift (偏移) in attention while reading texts that are challenging or highly technical — the sorts of passages middle schoolers and high schoolers might encounter in science, math, or history. In a 2024 study of “mindless reading,” researchers from the University of Wü rzburg tracked the reading speed and attention of undergraduates studying a complex science text. At multiple points during the exercise, prompts (提示) appeared asking students “Was your mind wandering when you read the last sentence?” Students confirmed multiple instances of loss of attention. Researchers found that variations in reading speed, lingering (逗留) on the same passage for long periods, and skipping words were signals that students were struggling to remain focused or to understand the material, and also predicted poorer performance on later tests. But these problems are not insolvable. The University of Wü rzburg researchers also concluded that when students were trained to recognize when they lost track of sentence-level information or got stuck on passages — and were taught strategies to “plan, monitor, and regulate their reading” — they were able to successfully re-route their attention. To convince students of the importance of effective reading strategies, it’s important to explain the long-term benefits of sticking through complex texts. For example, learning how to make sense of a technical science text may help if students decide to work in engineering. The skills they use to make sense of a history text may help in future legal careers. Try to make it clear, literacy expert Timothy Shanahan says, that when we teach students how to push through difficult texts, “what we’re really doing is showing them how to gain access to all of these different fields in our society.” 1.Students tend to lose their focus while reading if ________. A. the reading text is long B. they are in a classroom C. the reading material is complex D. they are middle or high schoolers 2.Which of the following is a signal of “mindless reading”? A. Reading too quickly. B. Poor performance on tests. C. Changes in reading speed. D. Spending much time reading. 3.What should students do if they experience “mindless reading”? A. Change the reading materials. B. Get to know why they get stuck on passages. C. Learn to notice when their attention wanders. D. Pay more attention to sentence-level information. 4.What is Shanahan’s attitude to helping students push through difficult texts? A. Favorable. B. Cautious. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了学生在阅读复杂或具有技术性的文本时容易分心，并且对其后果进行了分析，提出了解决的方法，并强调培养有效阅读策略的重要性。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In classrooms, students tend to experience this drift (偏移) in attention while reading texts that are challenging or highly technical—the sorts of passages middle schoolers and high schoolers might encounter in science, math, or history.”(在课堂上，学生在阅读具有挑战性或高度技术性的文本时往往会注意力涣散——这类文本可能出现在中学生或高中生的科学、数学或历史内容中)”可知，学生在阅读复杂材料时容易失去注意力。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Researchers found that variations in reading speed, lingering (逗留) on the same passage for long periods, and skipping words were signals that students were struggling to remain focused or to understand the material.(研究人员发现，阅读速度的变化、长时间停留在同一段落，以及跳过单词是学生难以集中注意力或理解材料的信号)”可知，“心不在焉的阅读”的信号是阅读速度发生变化。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“when students were trained to recognize when they lost track of sentence-level information or got stuck on passages—and were taught strategies to “plan, monitor, and regulate their reading”—they were able to successfully re-route their attention.(当学生被训练识别出他们在句子层面上失去信息或在段落中卡住时——并被教授“计划、监控和调节阅读”的策略——他们能够成功地重新集中注意力)”可知，学生应学会识别什么时候注意力涣散了。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Try to make it clear, literacy expert Timothy Shanahan says, that when we teach students how to push through difficult texts, “what we’re really doing is showing them how to gain access to all of these different fields in our society.(试着讲清楚，阅读专家蒂莫西·沙纳汉说，当我们教学生如何克服难懂的文本时，“我们实际上是在向他们展示如何进入我们社会的所有这些不同领域。”)”可知，Shanahan对帮助学生克服困难文本持支持态度。故选A。 Passage 4 （25-26高一上·湖南市岳麓区湖南师范大学附属中学·期中）Psychological avoidance (心理回避) or avoiding emotions, a common way to escape painful and uncomfortable thoughts, feelings or situations, can harm the emotional well - being and personal growth of high school freshmen. Actually, psychological avoidance can lead to increased levels of anxiety and stress. Avoiding fears and worries only allows them to grow stronger. By avoiding challenging situations, it prevents students from developing important skills, limiting their opportunities for self-discovery and improvement. The famous author J. K. Rowling once said, “It is impossible to live without failing at something, unless you live so carefully that you might as well not have lived at all.” Psychological avoidance directly affects how well students do in their studies. Freshmen who turn to avoidance will always procrastinate, or even miss deadlines. By avoiding the necessary efforts and tasks required for learning, students may struggle to gain information, reducing the opportunity to succeed in grades. Psychological avoidance can also cause stress or discomfort to relationships. High school students may avoid discussing their feelings with friends or family members, leading to misunderstandings and a breakdown in communication. Instead of dealing with their emotions, they hold back or hide themselves. Students miss out on the chance to deepen their connections with friends, family and peers (同龄人), making it harder for them to form healthy relationships. Psychological avoidance may provide comfort for a short period, but in the long run it can have negative impacts on our mental health, personal growth, academic performance, relationships and other aspects of life. Breaking free from avoidance behaviors is important for academic success and self-confidence, and recognizing the harmful effects of avoidance is the first step. 1.J. K. Rowling might agree that by avoiding challenging situations, ______. A. we fail to discover our thoughts and feelings. B. we can avoid failing at something more easily. C. we miss out on valuable learning experiences. D. we have opportunities to avoid fears and worries. 2.What does the underlined word “procrastinate” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Put off tasks. B. Escape from reality. C. Miss out on chances. D. Get out of control. 3.How does psychological avoidance affect students’ ability to form healthy relationships? A. It leads to difficult discussions. B. It stops their connections with others. C. It makes them fail to make new friends. D. It causes them to escape further communication. 4.What will the following paragraph probably talk about? A. The harmful effects of psychological avoidance. B. The forms of psychological avoidance behaviors. C. The strategies of overcoming psychological avoidance. D. The importance of breaking free from avoidance behaviors. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文为一篇说明文，介绍了心理回避对于新的高中生的危害。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“By avoiding challenging situations, it prevents students from developing important skills, limiting their opportunities for self-discovery and improvement. The famous author J. K. Rowling once said, “It is impossible to live without failing at something, unless you live so carefully that you might as well not have lived at all.” (通过避免具有挑战性的情况，它阻止了学生发展重要的技能，限制了他们自我发现和提高的机会。著名作家J.K·罗琳曾经说过：“生活中不可能没有失败，除非你生活得如此谨慎，否则你还不如根本没有生活过。”)”可推知，避免挑战性会阻止学生自我发现和提高，因此，会导致错过宝贵的学习经验。故选C。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“Freshmen who turn to avoidance will always (逃避的新生总是)”及后文“or even miss deadlines. By avoiding the necessary efforts and tasks required for learning, students may struggle to gain information, reducing the opportunity to succeed in grades. (甚至错过最后期限。通过避免必要的努力和学习所需的任务，学生可能难以获得信息，减少了在成绩上取得成功的机会。)”可知，逃避的新生总是会拖延或者最终错过期限，划线词表示“拖延任务”put off tasks。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“High school students may avoid discussing their feelings with friends or family members, leading to misunderstandings and a breakdown in communication. Instead of dealing with their emotions, they hold back or hide themselves. Students miss out on the chance to deepen their connections with friends, family and peers (同龄人), making it harder for them to form healthy relationships. (高中生可能会避免与朋友或家人讨论他们的感受，导致误解和沟通的中断。他们不去处理自己的情绪，而是退缩或隐藏自己。学生们失去了与朋友、家人和同龄人加深联系的机会，这使得他们更难建立健康的关系。)”可知，心理回避会导致学生逃避进一步的交流，从而难以建立健康的关系。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Breaking free from avoidance behaviors is important for academic success and self-confidence, and recognizing the harmful effects of avoidance is the first step. (摆脱回避行为对学业成功和自信心至关重要，认识到回避的有害影响是第一步。)”可推知，文章最后提到如何摆脱回避行为的第一步，因此，后文会说明克服心理回避的策略。故选C。 Passage 5 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙明德中学·期中）Foreign visitors to the UK might be disappointed when they learn that not everyone there speaks like Harry Potter and his friends. Usually, there’s an assumption by many non-Brits that everyone in Britain speaks with what’s known as a Received Pronunciation (RP,标准发音) accent,also called “the Queen’s English”. However, while many people do talk this way, most Britons speak in their own regional accents. Scouse, Glaswegian and the Black Country — from Liverpool, Glasgow and the West Midlands — are just three of the countless non-RP accents that British people speak with. There are even differences in accents between towns or cities just 30 kilometers apart. What is even more disappointing is that not speaking in a RP accent may mean a British person is judged and even treated differently in their everyday life. In a 2015 study by the University of New South Wales, videos of people reading a passage in three different UK accents were shown to a second group of people. The group then rated how intelligent they thought the readers sounded. The lowest-rated accent was the Brummie accent, native to people from Birmingham, a city whose accent is considered the working class. However, there is no need to be disappointed though you are not speaking in a RP accent. In fact, doing the opposite may even give you advantages. Kong Seong-jae, 25, is an Internet celebrity from Seoul. After studying in the UK, he picked up several regional accents. He’s now famous for his online videos, where he shows off the various accents he’s learned. “British people usually get really excited when I use some of their local dialect words, and they become much friendlier. I think it makes a bit of bond between local people and foreigners to speak in their local accent,” he said. So if you’re working on perfecting your British accent, try to speak like someone from Liverpool, Glasgow or Birmingham. You may not sound like Harry Potter, but you are likely to make more friends. 1.What can we infer from Paragraph 1? A. Non-Brits usually hold that all Britons speak in a RP accent. B. Only “the Queen’s English” is accepted in the UK. C. Foreign visitors are disappointed at their own spoken English. D. Any Received Pronunciation around the world is also called “the Queen’s English”. 2.What do people think of the Brummie accent? A. It is favored by foreign visitors to the UK. B. It is closest to the RP accent. C. It is smart and easy to understand. D. It is spoken by people of the working class. 3.What does the underlined phrase “doing the opposite” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A. Speaking in a RP accent. B. Speaking in regional accents. C. Speaking the Brummie accent. D. Speaking like Harry Potter. 4.What is the passage mainly about? A. A study about the most intelligent accent in Britain. B. A comparison between different British accents. C. How much British people value the RP accent. D. The impact of regional accents on people’s lives. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国的口音多样性，以及人们对于标准发音（RP，即“女王英语”）的误解。文章也指出，不使用标准发音并不意味着不利，有时甚至可能带来优势。文章鼓励人们尝试学习和使用英国不同地区的口音，以促进与当地人的交流和友谊。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Usually, there’s an assumption by many non-Brits that everyone in Britain speaks with what’s known as a Received Pronunciation accent, also called ‘the Queen’s English’.( 通常，许多非英国人都认为英国人说的都是标准发音口音，也被称为“女王英语”。)”可知，非英国人通常认为，所有的英国人都有标准口音。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The lowest-rated accent was the Brummie accent, native to people from Birmingham, a city whose accent is considered the working class.(评分最低的是伯明翰口音，这是伯明翰人的母语，伯明翰的口音被认为是工人阶级的口音。)”可知，人们认为工人阶级的人说伯明翰口音。故选D。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词前面的句子“However, there is no need to be disappointed though you are not speaking in a RP accent. (然而，即使你说的不是标准发音口音，也没有必要感到失望。)”可知，然而，尽管你发音不标准，也没有必要失望。由此推断出此处表达的是“事实上，说话带有地方口音甚至可能会给你优势。B选项“Speaking in regional accents.(操地方口音。)”与原文表达一致。故选B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。本文通过介绍英国标准音之外的一些方言使用情况，说明了英国的口音多样性以及地方口音对人们生活的影响。文章也指出，不使用标准发音并不意味着不利，有时甚至可能带来优势。例如，一个来自首尔的网红通过学习英国不同地区的口音，在网上展示这些口音，从而赢得了当地人的好感和友谊。D选项“The impact of regional accents on people’s lives.(地区口音对人们生活的影响。)”概括文章主要内容，符合题意。故选D。 Passage 6 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙明德中学·期中）A new study, a project of the researchers from the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, finds that a fitness tracker probably does not help with weight loss. The trackers are designed to record your physical activity. They are usually worn around the wrist, where they record a person’s heart rate. The research team looked at two groups of people. The first wore a fitness tracker and took part in a health consultation (咨询) with experts for best weight loss plan. The researchers compared this group with people who only got health consultation. The study found that those who only spoke with the health experts lost nearly 6 kilograms, but those using a fitness tracker lost only 3.5 kilograms. John Jakicic, the lead researcher, questioned the use of electronic devices for weight control in place of “effective behavioral counseling for physical activity and diet.” The study involved 470 people aged between 18 and 35. Some of them were overweight, while others were considered obese (肥胖). Over three-fourths of them were women. All were told to increase physical activity and start on a low-calorie diet. They had their weight measured once every six months. After six months, researchers divided the group into two parts: one continued with monthly consulting, while members of the other group were given a fitness tracker. Eighteen months later, both groups showed great improvements in fitness, physical activity and diet, with no big difference between groups. However, when it came to losing weight, the people who only spoke with experts lost nearly twice as much weight. Jakicic said, “The study’s findings are important because effective long-term treatments are needed to deal with America’s obesity.” More information is needed, he added, to learn how to best use these trackers to help adults who want to lose weight. 1.According to Paragraph 2, both groups of people in the study were asked to ____________. A. record heart rates B. wear fitness tracker C. start on high-calorie diet D. have health consultation 2.What can we infer about the study mentioned in the text? A. The study went on for about two years. B. More than 120 men took part in the study. C. Health consulting helps lose almost 6 kilograms. D. Wearing a fitness tracker is more useful for keeping slim. 3.Why does Jakicic think the findings are important? A. Physical activity and diet have no effect on weight loss. B. Wearing fitness trackers hardly helps people lose weight. C. There are great differences in health between both groups. D. Dealing with obesity needs effective long-term treatments. 4.What’s the purpose of the text? A. To advise people to trust experts rather than fitness trackers. B. To introduce a research team led by the University of Pittsburgh. C. To report the findings of a study on fitness trackers and weight loss. D. To explain why fitness trackers are useless for long-term weight control. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍位于宾夕法尼亚州的匹兹堡大学研究人员的一项新研究，探究健身追踪器是否有助于减肥，呈现了研究过程、结果及研究者的相关看法。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The first wore a fitness tracker and took part in health consultation with experts for best weight loss plan. The researchers compared this group with people who only got health consultation.(第一组佩戴健身追踪器，并与专家进行健康咨询以制定最佳减肥计划。研究人员将这一组与仅接受健康咨询的人进行了比较。)”可知，两组受试者都被要求进行健康咨询，只是第一组额外佩戴了健身追踪器。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“After six months, researchers divided the group into two parts: one continued with monthly consulting, while members of the other group were given a fitness tracker. Eighteen months later, both groups showed great improvements in fitness, physical activity and diet, with no big difference between groups.(六个月后，研究人员将该组分为两部分：一部分继续每月进行咨询，另一部分则被给予健身追踪器。18个月后，两组在体能、体育活动和饮食方面都有了很大改善，两组之间没有太大差异。)”可知，研究先进行6个月，之后又进行18个月，总时长约为2年。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Jakicic said, “The study’s findings are important because effective long-term treatments are needed to deal with America’s obesity.”(雅基奇说：“这项研究的发现很重要，因为应对美国的肥胖问题需要有效的长期治疗。”)”可知，雅基奇认为该研究结果重要的原因是解决肥胖问题需要有效的长期治疗。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文，第一段点明研究核心——健身追踪器可能无助于减肥，后文依次介绍研究分组、过程、结果及研究者观点，整体围绕这项关于健身追踪器与减肥的研究发现展开，C项意为“报告一项关于健身追踪器和减肥的研究发现”，准确概括了文章目的。故选C项。 主题语境04 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南县汉寿县第一中学-11月·期中）We know animals have emotions. They can feel fear. We also think they feel love, since they have strong relationships with each other. So are animal emotions similar to our own? And do animals have a sense of humor? Do animals feel empathy? Does an elephant have consciousness? Can a dog plan ahead? These are some of the questions that deserve our full attention. A parrot’s joke Sally Blanchard’s parrot Bongo Marie didn’t get along with her other parrot, Paco. In fact, Bongo Marie clearly didn’t like Paco at all! One day, Blanchard cooked a chicken for dinner. She started to cut the chicken with a knife. “Oh, no! Paco!” Bongo Marie said loudly and laughed. Blanchard laughed, too, and said, “That’s not Paco.” “Oh.. no,” said Bongo Marie. This time, she sounded disappointed. Then the parrot laughed at her own joke. Yoga dog Jean Donaldson enjoys yoga, and so does her dog Buffy. While Donaldson does yoga, Buffy carefully places her toys on Donaldson’s body. If a toy falls, Buffy runs to put it back. Does this behavior have any real purpose? “She thinks it’s funny!” says Donaldson. Animal laughter Can dogs laugh? Recent research shows that dogs can tell each other when they want to play. They make a special sound — a kind of laugh. Psychologist Patricia Simonet recorded the sound. Then she played it back to dogs and studied their behavior. “All the dogs seemed to like the laugh,” says Simonet. So do animals have a sense of humor? If laughter is a clue, then perhaps the answer is “Yes”. Life is very vivid to animals. In many cases they know who they are. They know who their friends are and who their rivals are. It is incredible that there is still a debate over whether animals are conscious and even a debate over whether human beings can know animals are conscious. 1.How does the author introduce the topic? A. By raising some questions B. By describing a scene C. By making a comparison D. By analyzing a phenomenon 2.What is the purpose of “A parrot’s joke”? A. To explain how parrots can talk. B. To show how parrots can feel love. C. To tell an interesting experience. D. To suggest that parrots can make jokes. 3.What does Buffy do when Jean Donaldson does yoga? A. She tries to jump over Donaldson. B. She copies Donaldson’s movements. C. She puts her toys on Donaldson’s body. D. She makes fun of Donaldson. 4.What is the main idea of “Animal laughter”? A. Dogs can make a sound like a laugh and may have a sense of humor. B. Dogs talk to each other and seem to be funnier than most animals. C. Dogs know how to please their masters with their laughter. D. Dogs cannot communicate as well as other animals. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. A 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。文章通过三个动物的例子，来说明动物有情感。他们能感觉到恐惧。我们也认为他们能感受到爱，因为他们彼此之间有牢固的关系。令人难以置信的是，关于动物是否有意识，甚至关于人类是否知道动物有意识仍然在争论。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“So are animal emotions similar to our own? And do animals have a sense of humor? Do animals feel empathy? Does an elephant have consciousness? Can a dog plan ahead? These are some of the questions that deserve our full attention.（那么动物的情感和我们的相似吗?动物有幽默感吗?动物有同理心吗?大象有意识吗?狗狗能提前计划吗?这些是值得我们充分注意的一些问题）”可知，作者通过提问题来介绍文章主题。故选A。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“We know animals have emotions. They can feel fear. We also think they feel love, since they have strong relationships with each other.（我们知道动物有情感。他们能感觉到恐惧。我们也认为他们能感受到爱，因为他们彼此之间有牢固的关系）”和A parrot’s joke中的“She started to cut the chicken with a knife. ‘Oh, no! Paco!’ Bongo Marie said loudly and laughed. Blanchard laughed, too, and said, ‘That’s not Paco.’ ‘Oh.. no,’said Bongo Marie. This time, she sounded disappointed. Then the parrot laughed at her own joke.（她开始用刀切鸡。“哦,不!柏高!”邦戈·玛丽大笑着大声说。布兰查德也笑了，说:“那不是帕科。”“哦. .不，”邦戈·玛丽说。这一次，她听起来很失望。鹦鹉被自己的笑话逗乐了）”可知，“鹦鹉笑话”的目的是“来展示鹦鹉是如何感受爱的。”故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据Yoga dog中“Jean Donaldson enjoys yoga, and so does her dog Buffy. While Donaldson does yoga, Buffy carefully places her toys on Donaldson’s body.（珍·唐纳森喜欢瑜伽，她的狗巴菲也是。当唐纳森做瑜伽时，巴菲小心地把她的玩具放在唐纳森的身上）”可知，当珍·唐纳森做瑜伽时，巴菲把玩具放在唐纳森身上。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据Animal laughter中“They make a special sound — a kind of laugh.（它们发出一种特殊的声音——一种笑声）”和“So do animals have a sense of humor? If laughter is a clue, then perhaps the answer is ‘Yes’.（那么动物有幽默感吗?如果笑是一个线索，那么答案可能是“是”）”可知，“动物的笑声”的主旨是“狗可以发出像笑的声音，可能有幽默感。”故选A。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南衡阳第一中学·期中）An ancient Latin proverb says “Aquila non capit muscas” — eagles don’t hunt flies — meaning that important ones shouldn’t concern themselves with small, insignificant matters. But the lions in East Africa should concern themselves with the seemingly insignificant ants, because these ants are changing their lifestyles. The story starts with the acacia trees (金合欢树) in an African wildlife area in central Kenya. Some of these acacia trees provide food and shelter for specific ant species, which in turn defend the tree against herbivores (食草动物). The ants are actively attacking and driving away herbivores that attempt to feed on the tree’s leaves. This is highly effective; the ants not only physically harm the herbivores but also release chemicals that can deter other potential attackers. But these ants are in trouble. Another species called the “big-headed” ant is destroying entire groups of tree- protecting ants. This, in turn, sets off an entire chain of events that ends up influencing when and how lions can hunt. This ant invasion (入侵) affects one thing after another. It leaves the acacia trees defenseless against herbivores especially elephants. The elephants come in and eat the acacias at five to seven times the rate observed in uninvaded areas. The lions, while hunting for food, have no more trees to use for hiding. This reduced tree cover makes lions less successful at hunting and pushes them to find different areas to hunt in. “These tiny invaders are pulling on the ties that put an African ecosystem (生态系统) together, determining who is eaten and where,” said Todd Palmer, an ecologist from Florida. The lions, which are already endangered, are managing to cope with this by no longer focusing their attention on zebras. The zebras, of course, can see them much better on the approach given the lack of cover. Instead, they are targeting water buffalo. But this also isn’t the end of the story. Who knows what the lions’ changing strategy will mean for the ecosystem down the line? 1.What does the underlined word “deter” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Direct. B. Discourage. C. Recognize. D. Seek. 2.What role do the elephants play in the chain reaction? A. Cooperating with “big-headed” ants. B. Damaging the hiding place for lions. C. Protecting the acacias from herbivores. D. Starting off the disturbance of the chain. 3.What can we infer from Todd Palmer’s words in paragraph 5? A. Ecologists have found a way to control big-headed ants. B. The African ecosystem will soon recover from the ant invasion. C. Only big-headed ants can influence the survival of other species. D. Big-headed ants have broken the balance of the African ecosystem. 4.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. Tiny Ants, Big Impact: Changing the Way Lions Hunt. B. The Law of Jungle: How Elephants Rule the Ecosystem. C. Zebras or Buffalo: Lions’ Choice Shift in Food Preference. D. Ecologists’ New Discovery: Mystery Behind African Acacia Trees. 【答案】1. B　2. B　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍东非的大头蚁破坏护树蚁，引发连锁反应，最终改变狮子的狩猎方式。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“The ants are actively attacking and driving away herbivores that attempt to feed on the tree’s leaves. This is highly effective; the ants not only physically harm the herbivores but also release chemicals that can deter other potential attackers.(蚂蚁会主动攻击并赶走试图吃树叶的食草动物。这种方法非常有效；蚂蚁不仅会对食草动物造成身体伤害，还会释放出能deter其他潜在攻击者的化学物质)”可知，“deter”与“discourage(使……泄气，阻止)”语义相近，指阻止潜在攻击者。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“The elephants come in and eat the acacias at five to seven times the rate observed in uninvaded areas. The lions, while hunting for food, have no more trees to use for hiding.(大象会进入该区域，其食用金合欢树的速度是未被入侵区域的5到7倍。狮子在觅食时，再也没有树可以用来藏身了)”可知，大象破坏了狮子的藏身之处。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中“These tiny invaders are pulling on the ties that put an African ecosystem together, determining who is eaten and where(这些微小的入侵者正在拉扯维系非洲生态系统的纽带，决定着谁会被吃掉以及在何处被吃掉)”可知，大头蚁破坏了非洲生态系统的平衡。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章开篇以谚语引出“看似微不足道的蚂蚁改变狮子生活方式”，后文围绕大头蚁引发的连锁反应（破坏护树蚁→大象吃金合欢树→狮子失去藏身之处→改变狩猎对象）展开，核心是“小蚂蚁对狮子狩猎产生大影响”，适合作为标题。故选A。 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南名校联考联合体·期中）Professor Kevin Warwick is an expert in cybernetics — the study of communication systems in humans, animals, and machines. What would happen if the human brain were connected to a powerful computer? That is what Kevin Warwick wants to find out. “I want to try to change things, to have a go at completely changing what it means to be human,” he says. Soon he will have an operation. A glass tube(管状物) will be placed around a group of nerves in his arm. Inside the tube, there will be tiny computer circuits(线路). These will pick up messages being sent to the brain and send them to a computer. Then the experiment will begin. Says Kevin Warwick: “Pain provides a clear electronic signal(信号) on the nerves as it moves from its starting point to the brain. We want to find out what happens if that signal is sent to the computer and then played back again. Will I feel the same pain?” It is not just about pain. The human nervous system sends many other messages to the brain. The project aims to find whether all of these can be stored on a computer and then played back into the human body. This could serve many different purposes. The computer could provide eyes for a blind person. Anxious or unhappy people are often given medicine to make them feel better. But what if they could put feelings of happiness directly into their minds? Imagine that you are thousands of miles away from your loved ones. You love them and long to be back with them. Instead of writing a letter, you store these feelings on a computer and send them to your family as an email. Professor Warwick now believes that the success of his new experiment could lead to the evolution(进化) of humans. A human will be able to use the memory(记忆) and mathematical power of the computer. He or she will be able to communicate thoughts and feelings directly across the planet using the Internet. People have used their intelligence(智力) to create increasingly intelligent machines. Has the time now come for the two to join together? 1.What will the computer circuits be used to do? A. Send messages to the brain. B. Send messages to a computer. C. Store messages from the computer. D. Store messages from the nervous system. 2.What is the purpose of the messages stored on a computer? A. To reduce pain. B. To improve memory. C. To improve the human body. D. To get them back when necessary. 3.What does “the two” in the last paragraph refer to? A. Human evolution and machines. B. Humans and human intelligence. C. Human intelligence and computers. D. Human evolution and intelligence. 4.Which of the following words can best describe Professor Warwick? A. Hard-working. B. Creative. C. Clever. D. Brave. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了凯文・沃里克教授作为控制论专家，计划通过手术将手臂神经与电脑电路连接，探索人脑与电脑结合的可能性及潜在应用，进而推动人类进化的实验构想。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据原文第三段“Inside the tube, there will be tiny computer circuits. These will pick up messages being sent to the brain and send them to a computer.(在管内，将有微型计算机电路。这些电路将接收发送到大脑的信息，并将其发送到电脑。)” 可知，电脑电路的用途是把神经传递给大脑的信息发送到电脑。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据原文第五段“The project aims to find whether all of these can be stored on a computer and then played back into the human body.(该项目旨在查明所有这些信息是否都能存储在电脑上，然后再反馈到人体中。)” 可知，将信息存储在电脑上的目的是必要时能将其反馈到人体。故选D。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据原文最后一段“A human will be able to use the memory and mathematical power of the computer.(人类将能够使用电脑的内存和数学能力。) ”及“People have used their intelligence to create increasingly intelligent machines. Has the time now come for the two to join together?(人类利用自己的智力创造出了越来越智能的机器。现在是不是这两者结合的时候了？)” 可知，“the two”指代前文提到的“人类智力”和“电脑”。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据原文第二段“What would happen if the human brain were connected to a powerful computer? That is what Kevin Warwick wants to find out. “I want to try to change things, to have a go at completely changing what it means to be human,” he says.(如果人类的大脑与一台功能强大的计算机相连，会发生什么？这正是凯文・沃里克想要弄清楚的。他说：“我想尝试改变一些事情，尝试彻底改变作为人类的意义。”)” 可知，沃里克教授提出将人脑与电脑连接的创新实验，体现了他富有创造力的特质。故选B。 Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙长郡中学-11月·期中）What did you have for breakfast today? And how did you celebrate your last birthday? When you think back to these events, you’re using episodic memory (情景记忆) — the ability to recall personal experiences tied to specific times and places. But how does your brain keep these memories separate without mixing them up? Scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles, in the US believe this is thanks to a “memory reset button” in our brainstem (脑干). This small region, called the locus coeruleus (蓝斑核) , helps organize and separate our memories. In the study, 36 volunteers took part in a memory task. Lying in an MRI scanner (核磁共振扫描仪), they were shown a series of pictures of different objects. Meanwhile, several simple tones were played over and over again, first in one ear and then in the other with a different pitch (音调). The pitch change aimed to change the context (情境) and create an event boundary. According to a previous study by Kansas State University in the US, event boundaries help the brain organize episodic memory by changing our perception (感知) and attention. Ever walked into a room and suddenly forgot why? That’s an event boundary — entering or exiting a room — at work. After the experiment, scientists tested how well the volunteers could recall the order of the pictures. The result showed that it was harder to do when the series of pictures crossed an event boundary. This suggests that changes in sound made the brain store memories separately. What’s more, MRI scans showed that the locus coeruleus became highly active when event boundaries appeared, but not so much otherwise. Earlier research showed that the hippocampus (海马体), another brain region, helps shape episodic memory by both linking events close together in time and separating those further apart. But what tells the hippocampus when to change modes? MRI scans suggest that “the locus coeruleus may provide the critical ‘start’ signal to the hippocampus, as if saying, ‘Hey, we’re in a new event now’,” said Lila Davachi, one of the researchers. The new understanding could lead to better treatments for memory-related problems like Alzheimer’s disease, where the locus coeruleus is overactive. These conditions might be managed by calming the locus coeruleus through medication, slow breathing or even using stress balls. 1.How does the author introduce the research in the beginning? A. By sharing experiences. B. By raising questions. C. By imagining scenes. D. By explaining a theory. 2.What was the purpose of playing tones with different pitches in the experiment? A. To create real-life situations. B. To test volunteers’ hearing ability. C. To mark a shift to a new context. D. To increase the difficulty of the task. 3.What did the MRI scans reveal about the locus coeruleus during the experiment? A. It showed higher activity at event boundaries. B. It sent signals to the hippocampus regularly. C. It controlled volunteers’ memory recall order. D. It helped link pictures to specific sounds. 4.What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. The difficulty of treating memory-related disease. B. The potential applications of the research findings. C. The drawbacks of the small-scale experiment. D. The future research directions for memory. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。介绍了美国加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校的科学家关于大脑如何区分情景记忆的研究，揭示了蓝斑核的作用。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“What did you have for breakfast today? And how did you celebrate your last birthday? When you think back to these events, you’re using episodic memory (情景记忆) — the ability to recall personal experiences tied to specific times and places. But how does your brain keep these memories separate without mixing them up? (你今天早餐吃了什么？你上一个生日是怎么过的？当你回想这些事件时，你正在使用情景记忆——回忆与特定时间和地点相关的个人经历的能力。但是你的大脑是如何将这些记忆分开而不混淆的呢)”可知，作者以“What did you have for breakfast today? And how didyou celebrate your last birthday?”两个问题引出“情景记忆”的概念，再通过核心问题“But how does your brain keep these memories separate without mixing them up?”引出后续的研究内容。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The pitch change aimed to change the context (情境) and create an event boundary. (音调变化的目的是改变情境并创造一个事件边界)”可知，在实验中播放不同音调的声音是为了标志着向新情境的转变。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段“MRI scans showed that the locus coeruleus became highly active when event boundaries appeared, but not so much otherwise. (核磁共振扫描显示，当事件边界出现时，蓝斑核活跃度显著升高，反之则不高)”可知，蓝斑核活跃度在事件边界时活跃度更高。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The new understanding could lead to better treatments for memory-related problems like Alzheimer’s disease, where the locus coeruleus is overactive. These conditions might be managed by calming the locus coeruleus through medication, slow breathing or even using stress balls. (这一新认知可能为阿尔茨海默病等记忆相关问题带来更好的治疗方法，在那里蓝斑过度活跃。这些疾病可以通过药物、缓慢呼吸甚至减压球来平复蓝斑核)”可知，最后一段围绕研究发现的潜在应用(治疗记忆疾病)展开。B选项“研究发现的潜在应用”符合段落中“为治疗记忆疾病提供思路”的核心内容。故选B项。 Passage 3 （25-26高一上·湖南醴陵第一中学西安交大杯-学·期中）Antarctica is the coldest continent, so what is the coldest city in the world? That honor belongs to the Russian city of Yakutsk. Located in Siberia, one of the world’s coldest and most poorly populated regions, Yakutsk is home to around 336,200 people, many of whom work for Alrosa, a company that runs a diamond mine in the city. Temperatures in Yakutsk have reached minus 76 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 60 degrees Celsius). Some residents insist they have experienced much colder days, but they have been unable to prove it because the thermometer (温度计) only reads down as far as -63℃ (minus 81.4℉), according to an interview by the BBC. However, while Yakutsk is the coldest city, there are other, less-populous permanently inhabited places that are even more freezing. Oymyakon, a Russian settlement of around 500 people, reached a frosty minus 96.2℉ (minus 71.2℃) in 1924. Somewhat surprisingly, Yakutsk and Oymyakon aren’t that close to each other. They are separated by 577 miles (928 kilometers), and a drive from one to the other would take around 21 hours. So why are these two places so bone-chilling? “Siberia is so cold due to a combination of high latitude and it being such a large land mass,” said Alex DeCaria, a meteorology professor at Millersville University in Pennsylvania. Global temperature extremes—both high and low—tend to occur over continents because land heats up and cools down faster than the oceans do. In the case of Siberia, snow and ice cover also play a role, as they help keep the region cool by reflecting the incoming solar radiation back into space. This combination of factors has led to the creation of a large, semi-permanent high-pressure zone forming over Siberia in the winter, known as the “Siberian High”, which results in very cold surface temperatures. With specific reference to the conditions in Yakutsk and Oymyakon, topography (地形学) also plays a part. “These places are in local valleys. Oymyakon, in particular, is surrounded by relatively high mountain ranges,” explained Jouni Raisanen, a senior lecturer at the University of Helsinki in Finland. “The so-called ‘cold air lakes’ easily form under calm winter conditions. These pockets of cold, relatively ‘heavy’ air can become trapped close to the valley bottom, which helps to shelter the cold air lakes from mixing with warmer air,” Raisanen noted. 1.Why couldn’t Yakutsk residents prove temperature there can be much lower than minus 76 degrees Fahrenheit? A. Because there is no weather report in the area. B. Because they can’t afford the tools to measure temperature. C. Because thermometers can’t stand the coldness. D. Because the temperature is beyond the thermometer’s limit. 2.Which of the following statements is TRUE about Oymyakon? A. It is situated not far from Yakutsk. B. It is a place even colder than Yakutsk. C. There is no people to permanently live there. D. Most people there work for a company that runs a diamond mine. 3.What contributes to Siberia’s coldness according to the text? a. Its high latitude. b. Snow and ice cover. c. Its large and vast land. d. Its position far from the continent. A. abc B. abd C. bcd D. acd 4.What is the main idea of the text? A. Why Siberia is so cold. B. What the coldest city in the world is. C. How people live in the cold places. D. What the coldest inhabited places are and why they are so cold. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了最冷的人类居住地以及这些地方为什么这么冷。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Some residents insist they have experienced much colder days, but they have been unable to prove it because the thermometer (温度计) only reads down as far as -63℃ (minus 81.4℉), according to an interview by the BBC.(根据BBC的采访，一些居民坚持认为他们经历了更冷的天气，但他们无法证明这一点，因为温度计只能显示零下63摄氏度(零下81.4华氏度)。)”可知，之所以那里的人们无法证明他们经历过更冷的温度是因为那些温度已经超过了温度计的极限。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“However, while Yakutsk is the coldest city, there are other, less-populous permanently inhabited places that are even more freezing. Oymyakon, a Russian settlement of around 500 people, reached a frosty minus 96.2℉ (minus 71.2℃) in 1924.(然而，虽然雅库茨克是最冷的城市，但还有其他人口较少的永久居住的地方更加寒冷。奥伊米亚康是一个约有500人的俄罗斯定居点，在1924年达到了零下96.2华氏度(零下71.2摄氏度)的严寒)”可知，Oymyakon是一个比Yakutsk更冷的地方。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Siberia is so cold due to a combination of high latitude and it being such a large land mass(西伯利亚之所以如此寒冷，是因为它的纬度很高，而且陆地面积很大。)”和“In the case of Siberia, snow and ice cover also play a role, as they help keep the region cool by reflecting the incoming solar radiation back into space. (以西伯利亚为例，冰雪覆盖也发挥了作用，因为它们通过将入射的太阳辐射反射回太空，帮助该地区保持凉爽。)”可知，西伯利亚的纬度很高、冰雪覆盖、幅员辽阔导致了西伯利亚的寒冷，而d项没有提及。故选A。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Antarctica is the coldest continent, so what is the coldest city in the world? (南极洲是最冷的大陆，那么世界上最冷的城市是哪里呢?)”；第二段中的“However, while Yakutsk is the coldest city, there are other, less-populous permanently inhabited places that are even more freezing. (然而，虽然雅库茨克是最冷的城市，但还有其他人口较少的永久居住的地方更加寒冷。)”和第三段“So why are these two places so bone-chilling? (那为什么这两个地方如此令人毛骨悚然呢?)”引起的下文可知，本文主要介绍了世界上有人居住的最冷的地方以及这些地方为什么这么冷。故D项最符合。故选D。 Passage 4 （25-26高一上·湖南醴陵第一中学西安交大杯-学·期中）Chips, cookies and ice cream... These tasty foods, which are ultra-processed, may literally make you an “addict”, as shown in a recent report in the British Medical Journal. Simply put, ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are the foods that you can’t re-create in your kitchen, according to the BBC. Produced in factories, they often have long lists of ingredients that you don’t recognize, such as additives (添加剂), and are ready to eat or simply need to be heated. The study’s researchers linked UPFs to addiction which includes behaviors like strong desire and negative experiences when trying to stop eating. They analyzed 281 studies from 36 different countries and regions. The findings showed that 14 percent of adults and 12 percent of children have ultra-processed food addiction. UPFs deliver carbohydrates and fat to the gut (肠) faster. Although nuts are high in fat, the fat can’t be digested (消化) in the early$ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高一上·湖南桃源县第一中学·期中）In the days before the Internet, critical (批判性的) thinking was the most important skill of well-educated people. But in the digital age, according to Anastasia Kozyreva, a social scientist at the Max Planck Institute of Human Development, an even more important skill is “critical ignoring”. As the researchers point out, we live in an attention economy where content producers on the Internet compete (竞争) for our attention. They attract us with a lot of emotional and eye-catching stories while providing little useful information, so they can expose (暴露) us to money-making advertisements. Therefore, we are no longer customers but products, and each link we click is a sale of our time and attention. To protect ourselves from this, Kozyreva calls for learning the skill of critical ignoring, in which readers control their information environment on purpose to reduce exposure to false and low-quality information. According to Kozyreva, critical ignoring includes three strategies. The first is to design our environments, which involves getting rid of the low-quality yet hard-to-resist (抵制) information from around. Successful dieters need to keep unhealthy food out of their homes. Similarly, we need to set up a digital environment where attention-grabbing items are kept out of sight. As with dieting, if one tries to depend on willpower not to click eye-catching “news”, he’ll surely fail. So, it's better to just keep them out of sight in the beginning. The next is to make a judgement about whether the information is reliable, so that you can be protected from false and misleading information. It can be realized by checking the source in the top news media which is widely considered as being trustworthy. The last goes by the phrase “do not feed the trolls”. Trolls are actors who spread false and hurtful information online on purpose to cause harm. It may be appealing to respond to them to set the facts straight, but trolls just care about annoying others rather than facts. So, it’s best not to reward their bad behaviour with our attention. By improving our critical ignoring skills in these ways, we can make the most of the Internet while avoiding being hurt by those who try to control our attention, time, and minds. 1.What is “critical ignoring”? A. The process of spotting and analyzing poor quality data. B. The skill of not paying attention to online information. C. The ability to analyze information to come to a conclusion. D. The art of choosing what information you let into your life. 2.Why does the author mention dieters in paragraph 3? A. To discuss the quality of information. B. To prove the benefits of healthy food. C. To show the importance of environments. D. To explain the effectiveness of willpower. 3.What should we do to deal with Internet trolls according to the text? A. Expose their intention. B. Turn a deaf ear to them. C. Correct their behaviour. D. Send hard facts to them. 4.What is the text mainly about? A. Importance of critical ignoring in online search. B. Ways to practice critical ignoring in the digital age. C. Benefits of critical ignoring in the attention economy. D. Strategies to improve critical thinking among online users. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南名校联盟·期中）Scientists have long wanted to find signs in the body, called biomarkers, that show our biological age or predict health problems. A new study on dogs, which are good models because they share genes (基因), diseases, and living conditions with humans, has found clues that may help us understand aging in pets and people. The study, published on October 22 in Aging Cell, involved scientists from Tufts University, the University of Washington, and other institutions. They studied blood from nearly 800 dogs in the Dog Aging Project, a long-term study of aging. About 40% of small molecules (分子) in dog blood change as dogs get older. Daniel Promislow, a senior scientist at Tufts and the study's main author, said, “These molecules, called metabolites (代谢分子), are the building blocks of life. They help form proteins, DNA, and other cell parts.” One type of metabolite, called post-translationally modified (改变) amino acids (ptmAAs),was linked with aging in dogs of all breeds, sizes, and sexes. Promislow explained, “ptmAAs are made in two ways. Gut (肠道) bacteria (细菌) produce them when we digest (消化) food, or they appear when proteins break down.” The source of ptmAAs is not fully known, but kidney (肾脏) function is important. Kidneys normally remove protein byproducts from the blood. When kidney function gets worse, ptmAAs build up. This may explain why some dogs age healthier than others and gives clues for humans. Researchers now plan to follow the same dogs for several years to see how metabolites change. They want to study gut bacteria that may change with age and affect ptmAAs. They also hope to see if changes in muscle mass — a common issue in aging dogs and people — are related to ptmAAs. Promislow said, “We have a great chance to understand aging and find ways for both humans and dogs to grow older in the healthiest way possible.” 1.Why are dogs a good model for aging research? A. Because they have unique biological markers. B. Because they are easy to train for experiments. C. Because they share human genes and environment. D. Because they suffer from fewer age-related diseases. 2.What is the main finding of the study? A. Dogs age faster than humans. B. Metabolites are building blocks of life. C. Many blood molecules change with age. D. Gut bacteria produce important metabolites. 3.What is key to ptmAAs levels? A. Gut bacteria. B. Breed and size. C. Protein breakdown. D. Kidney performance 4.What is the main goal of the research according to Promislow? A. Ensure healthy aging. B. Increase dog muscles. C. Treat aging diseases. D. Change gut bacteria. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南株洲株洲南方中学·期中）Robots have learned to drive on Mars, carry out brain operation and beat master chess players. But when it comes to baking, making tasty desserts (甜品) is far from a piece of cake. After many failed attempts, US researchers have successfully 3D printed a cherry cheesecake, although the outcome is unlikely to trouble the world’s dessert masters. In the latest experiment, researchers tried different cheesecake designs. In early attempts, which included simply adding ingredients (材料) one by one, the team found that the cake quickly turned into a mixture. Having tried many times, they discovered something special. Walls of biscuit base were required throughout the cake to hold the softer ingredients, while round biscuit supports on the inside were necessary to keep the cake from falling apart. “To print the cake successfully, we need to put the ingredients together in a careful way” said the team leader Cooper. Although much work is still needed to collect data and improve the designs, scientists are hopeful that once mastered, 3D printing could take the place of traditional cooking, allowing food to meet different nutritional (营养的) needs. “We have a huge problem with the low nutrition of processed (加工的) foods” said Cooper. “3D food printing will still produce processed foods, but perhaps the silver lining will be, for some people, a better control of nutrition based on personalized needs.” The team said 3D printing could also allow cooks to create entirely new food experiences. “It is particularly practical for the plant-based meat market, where different tastes need to be carefully designed to be like real meats,” said Cooper. And, with more concern about food safety, food prepared with less human handling could lower the risk of food-related illness and the spread of disease. According to Cooper, this seems like a win-win solution for all of us. 1.Why does the author mention robots in paragraph 1? A. To show the disadvantages of 3D printing. B. To introduce the popularity of using robots. C. To stress the difficulty of 3D printing desserts. D. To explain the function of robots in different areas. 2.What is the key to the success of the 3D printed cheesecake? A. The structural design of the cake. B. The thickness of biscuit walls. C. The unique taste of ingredients. D. The flexibility of inside support. 3.What do the underlined words “the silver lining” in paragraph 3 mean? A. The side effect. B. The main reason. C. The best solution. D. The positive part. 4.What is the last paragraph mainly about concerning 3D printed food? A. Promising markets. B. Additional benefits. C. Practical concerns. D. Technical challenges. 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南县汉寿县第一中学-11月·期中）Where does the meat on our table come from? It usually comes from livestock like chickens and cows. But did you know that meat can also be made in a lab? US company JUST has announced that lab-grown meat could be on some restaurant menus in the United States and Asia by the end of 2018, The Independent reported. “These meats include chicken nuggets (鸡块), sausage and foie gras (鹅肝酱),” Josh Tetrick, CEO of JUST, told The Independent. Lab meat is sometimes referred to as “clean meat”. It is made using the stem cells (干细胞) of living livestock. The cells need to be grown in a lab for a few weeks. For example, making a hamburger patty (肉饼) takes about nine weeks, CNN reported. This is faster than raising a cow, which usually takes over 20 weeks. The first clean meat was a beef burger that was produced in 2013, but it was said to taste quite dry. How does clean meat taste now? Clean meat supporters told CNN that they think it tastes just like traditional meat. Clean meat has other advantages. It is healthier than traditional meat. Meat producers can control what type of fat goes into the meat. They can produce clean meat that contains healthy fats, such as omega-3 fatty acids (脂肪酸). This kind of fat is good for people’s hearts. Clean meat can also help to solve global warming. According to The Washington Post, about 14.5 percent of the planet’s greenhouse gas emissions (排放) come from raising livestock. That’s more than the emissions from every car, train, ship and airplane in the world combined. It is predicted that switching to clean meat could lower greenhouse gas emissions by 96 percent, The Independent reported. 1.Where may the meat we eat come from in future? A. Companies. B. Greenhouses. C. Labs. D. Restaurants. 2.What can be used to make “clean meat”? A. Stem cells. B. Fatty acids. C. Hamburger patties. D. Chicken nuggets. 3.What is the advantage of clean meat? A. It is fatty. B. It is healthy. C. It is free. D. It is smelly. 4.What do we know about clean meat from the last paragraph? A. It comes from livestock. B. It can be switched off. C. It results in global warming. D. It benefits environment. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南株洲株洲南方中学·期中）Math is everywhere in our life, from working out the bill after dinner to your personal costs. While some people enjoy solving math problems, many others are afraid of the moment when they have to deal with numbers and feel really anxious. It might seem discouraging, but this “math anxiety” is quite common, and you’re far from being the only one who feels this way. Besides, our worries and fears don’t always show how able we are. The reason for this problem often begins to appear in our childhood at school. Studies have shown that math teachers who feel nervous about teaching the subject can pass their anxiety to their students, and girls might be more affected by this anxiety. According to the Program for International Student Assessment, around 31% of 15 and 16-year-olds in 34 countries said that they felt very nervous when solving math problems, 33% said they got nervous doing math homework, and nearly60% worried that math classes would be difficult. Shulamit Kahn, from Boston University’s Questrom School of Business, told the BBC that providing students, especially girls, with good role models “is important, especially at a young age.” She believes the key is to have people, especially women who love teaching math, educate younger kids. David Robson, writing for BBC Future, mentioned, “It’s unclear why math causes so much fear compared to other subjects like geography. But knowing there’s a right or wrong answer might make you more anxious about not doing well.” And if we believe that we’re not “math people”, we may question about ourselves and avoid solving problems that we could deal with. Researchers have been trying to work out why mental math can make us nervous. This fear might come from all kinds of sources, but some suggest that openly expressing your fears can weaken their control on you and encourage children to see math tests as challenges rather than threat (威胁). We need to have a positive view on math and give it another try. 1.What’s the main idea of paragraph 2? A. Girls are better at math than boys. B. Math classes are difficult for everyone. C. Students’ anxiety only comes from teachers. D. Math anxiety in childhood affect students’ confidence. 2.What might happen if someone believes they’re not a “math person”? A. They will study math harder. B. They will doubt their abilities. C. They will face challenges bravely. D. They won’t see math as a threat. 3.According to the last paragraph, what are children advised to do? A. Find the reasons of math fear positively. B. Give up challenges to avoid anxiety actively. C. Speak out their fears for improvement bravely. D. Examine the reasons for math failure carefully. 4.What might be the best title of the passage? A. Math Anxiety: How to Fix It? B. Math Application: How to use Math? C. Math Learning: The Key to Success in All Fields. D. Math Competition: Race between Boys and Girls. Passage 3 （25-26高一上·湖南湘一名校联考·期中）Weighted blankets(毯子), which have been advertised as a solution to anxiety and poor sleep, have gone from a not-well-known tool to a common wellness must-have, with producers saying they’ll bring better sleep and less stress to people. But do they keep these promises? Sleep researchers have used weighted blankets since the 1970s to help children with autism, a kind of mental problem, and adults with sensory problems. They appeared on the market in the1990s, but most were only used by people with special needs. Things changed a lot in recent years. Companies started focusing on what they call “people who feel anxious sometimes”— basically anyone having trouble with modern life’s stress. The ads worked: Time magazine even said the weighted blanket was one of the top 50 “inventions” of 2018. The idea behind weighted blankets is simple. They usually weigh 2 to 13 kilograms— around 10% of your body weight. They use what occupational therapists call “deep pressure stimulation (压力刺激)”. The soft, steady pressure on your body makes you feel like being held. A study of 120 psychiatric patients found that weighted blankets improved sleep quality over four weeks in people with some health problems, like depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety and ADHD. Smaller studies have shown similar results. One found that 63% of adults reported lower anxiety after just five minutes under a weighted blanket, while another study of psychiatric patients found 60% experienced reduced anxiety during their hospital stay. However, these studies all focused on people with mental health conditions, not the general population that companies are now focusing on. There’s not enough evidence(证据) that they do good to common users who don’t have mental health problems. This doesn’t mean weighted blankets are totally useless for healthy people. Shift workers — who have to sleep during the day — might find them helpful. They can fight the known health problems from irregular schedules. Healthcare workers, firefighters and pilots need short, useful naps. These blankets could help them fall asleep faster. If a weighted blanket makes you feel calmer and sleep better, even if it doesn’t work like producers say, that’s still good. Just make sure you know what you’re buying. 1.What do weighted blankets promise to solve? A. Sleeplessness. B. Weight problems. C. Headache. D. Forgetfulness. 2.How does the weighted blanket work? A. By fixing users’ sleeping time. B. By working out users’ body weight. C. By bringing users a pleasant feeling. D. By copying the feeling of sleeping in bed. 3.What does the author think of weighted blankets? A. They are useless for healthy people. B. They will have a very hopeful future ahead. C. They are helpful to certain groups of people. D. They may cause some mental health problems. 4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. The Science Behind Deep Pressure B. Who Gets Most from Weighted Blankets? C. Weighted Blankets: From Special Needs to Daily Use D. Do Weighted Blankets Really Live Up to Their Wellness Promises? 主题语境04 人与自然-宇宙探索 （25-26高一上·湖南桃源县第一中学·期中）Few would be content to go on a multiyear project to Mars with a diet of bland, prepackaged meals. As space organizations plan for longer exploration, they’re faced with the challenge of how to best feed people. Now, researchers have designed the perfect “space meal”: a tasty vegetarian salad. They choose fresh ingredients (原料) that meet male astronauts’ specialized needs for nutritious (有营养的) food and can be grown in space. Astronauts in space burn more calories than humans on Earth and require extra micronutrients to stay healthy during long periods in space. Also, future long-term tasks will require growing food in an environmentally-friendly way within the spacecraft or settlements on other planets. While researchers have explored methods of growing food in space and what nutrients astronauts require to stay healthy, specific fresh meals have not been developed. So, Volker Hessel and coworkers wanted to make a space meal that meets those unique requirements of spaceflight and tastes good. First, the researchers examined mixes of fresh ingredients. In this case, their model showed how well the mixes of different foods could satisfy a male astronaut’s daily nutritional needs while using the smallest amount of water for growing the foods. The team was also concerned about environmental protection, selecting ingredients that needed little fertilizer (肥料), time and area to grow and whether uneatable parts could be reused. They found that a vegetarian meal made up of soybeans’, peanuts, sweet potato and sunflower seeds had the best balance of lots of nutrients and low farming needs. To make sure the chosen mix was tasty, the team made the space meal into a salad for four people to have a taste test here on Earth. One tester said he “wouldn’t mind eating this all week as an astronaut.”. Other people went back for second helpings. In the future, the researchers plan to see what their computer model dishes up as choices for female astronauts and add more variety to crops in their database. 1.What does the underlined word “bland” in the first paragraph probably mean? A. Nutritious. B. Expensive. C. Tasteless. D. Fresh. 2.What does the second paragraph focus on? A. The challenges of space travel. B. The methods of growing food in space. C. The problems with multiyear space tasks. D. The reasons for developing the space meal. 3.What do we know about the space food designed by the researchers? A. It is free from fertilizer. B. It takes a short time to grow. C. It mixes the ingredients with water. D. It is designed for female astronauts. 4.What is the testers’ attitude towards the space meal? A. Favorable. B. Doubtful. C. Unconcerned. D. Mixed. 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 （25-26高一上·湖南三新联盟·期中）If you fill a glass of water, buy a bottle of water, or even draw water from a well, there’s a good chance you’re drinking little pieces of plastic particles — microplastics (微塑料), which are smaller than 5 millimeters in size. A growing number of studies have found these little particles in drinking water sources around the world, and scientists are now studying the possible risks that affect human health. Most microplastics are little pieces that break off from plastic bottles, food bottles, and plastic bags as they age and wear down. And some microplastics come from clothing; when we wash clothes with microplastics, microplastics fall off and end up in polluted water systems. These microplastics then make their way into rivers, lakes, oceans, and even groundwater. Scientists are still learning about how microplastics affect human health. In laboratory tests, microplastics have been shown to cause damage to liver cells (肝细胞) and the function of stomach in animals. But it’s unclear exactly how many microplastics humans take in, or what long-term effects this intake might have. “We know microplastics are in our bodies, but we don’t yet know if they’re causing harm,” said Dr. Miller, a specialist at the University of California. To address the problem of more microplastics entering into our bodies, scientists are working on better filtration (过滤) technologies. Some new water filters can catch microplastics as small as 0.1 micrometers. Some governments recently passed some laws requiring water companies to test for microplastics and reduce their levels. However, technology and laws alone are not enough. The solution also lies in our daily choices. As Dr. Miller puts it: “We can’t undo the microplastics that are already in our water, but we can take steps to stop more from getting there. It’s a problem we can solve if we work together.” 1.What can we know about microplastics from paragraph 1? A. They are found in various water sources. B. They are mainly from underground water. C. They are proven harmful to human health. D. They are less than 5 millimeters in length. 2.What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Microplastics’ varieties. B. Microplastics’ sources. C. Microplastics’ influences. D. Microplastics’ solutions. 3.Which can best describe Dr. Miller’s view on microplastics? A. Current intake, zero danger. B. Risk known, threat controlled. C. Liver ruined, crisis incoming. D. Particles found, damage unproven. 4.What is the author’s attitude to solving the problem of microplastics? A. Challenging. B. Unconcerned. C. Active. D. Doubtful. 主题语境01 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高一上·湖南县汉寿县第一中学-11月·期中）Most painters discover a style of painting that is fit for them and stick to that, especially if people admire their pictures. But Picasso, the great Spanish painter, was like a man who had not yet found his own particular style of painting. He kept on struggling to find the perfect expression till his death in 1973. Some of Picasso’s paintings are rich, soft colored and beautiful. Others are ugly and cruel and strange. But such paintings allow us to imagine things for ourselves. They force us to say to ourselves, “What does he see that makes him paint like that?” And we begin to look under the surface of the things we see. Picasso painted thousands of pictures in different styles. Sometimes he painted the natural look of things. Sometimes he seemed to break them apart and throw the pieces in our faces. He showed us what the mind knows as well as what the eyes see. At the age of 90, he remained as curious about the world as he had been when he was young. That is why people have called him “the youngest painter in the world.” 1.The ugly cruel and strange paintings by Picasso _______. A. make us try to notice something hidden in the things B. allow us to ask questions about them C. force us to question anything we see D. cause us to think what Picasso saw was different from what we see 2.The underlined sentence “Sometimes he seemed to break them apart and throw the pieces in our faces” means _____. A. sometimes he tore his pictures into pieces B. he broke something he was painting and threw them away C. sometimes he showed some broken pictures to others D. things in some of his pictures seem to be in disorder 3.Why have people called Picasso “the youngest painter in the world”? A. Because he observed things with the eye and the mind. B. Because he looked young when he was old. C. Because he never stopped painting he was old. D. Because he never gave up looking for something new. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙第一中学-11月·期中）Evolution (进化) can perform amazing changes; today’s flying songbirds evolved from the wingless, earthbound dinosaurs that wandered millions of years ago. But some organisms seem to be unchanged — in other words, escape natural selection. The coelacanth, a modern-day fish, is nearly the same as its 410-million-year-old fossils (化石). Scientists have long wondered how these species (物种) do so. It has been argued that natural selection keeps some species unchanged by selecting for moderate (中等) qualities (stabilizing selection) rather than selecting for more extreme qualities that would cause a species to change (directional selection). But a study published in the National Academy of Sciences USA goes against this idea, showing that evolution constantly favors different qualities in seemingly unchanging animals to improve short-term survival. In the long term, though, “all that evolution cancels out and leads to no change”, says James Stroud, the study’s lead writer. Stroud and his teammates studied four types of lizard (蜥蜴), all relatively unchanged for 20 million years. The researchers caught members of these populations in the wild every six months for three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, weight and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes, noting which individuals survived. Stroud expected to observe stabilizing selection at work protecting moderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence of directional selection; some lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier toes, survived better. The study offers “a good explanation for why we see what we think is stabilizing selection”, says Tadashi Fukami, a scientist studying evolution at Stanford University. Many new qualities are evolving in the short term, but they don’t provide an important advantage over the long term. In other words, species staying unchanged may simply have found the best possible set of qualities for lasting success in their environment. So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes greatly? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards. 1.Why does the author mention the “coelacanth” in paragraph 1? A. To show its long history of changes. B. To add evidence to natural selection. C. To prove the great changes in species. D. To give an example of unchanged species. 2.What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A. Scientists’ confusion about species evolution. B. The difference between two types of selection. C. The process of stabilizing selection in evolution. D. A belief about how some species remain unchanged. 3.How did Stroud carry out his research? A. By doing lab tests. B. By tracking research objects. C. By studying lizard fossils. D. By comparing color changes in lizards. 4.What will Stroud probably do in the future? A. Make trips to visit lizard professionals. B. Summarize average features of lizards. C. Examine lizards under extreme conditions. D. Record the best sets of qualities. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙第一中学-11月·期中）Do you often use the words “tapestry”, “delve” or “testament” in English? Many of us would say no. These words aren’t among the “Top 500 spoken words” — a list of the most common English words. However, these words are becoming more common in some written content, as a study in 2024 found that five percent of all articles published on a research site used the word “delve”. In 2022, it was less than one percent. Since ChatGPT was released to the public in November 2022, we’ve seen that AI favors certain words. Why does ChatGPT prefer these words? The answer is actually very human. While ChatGPT seems to think for itself, what it really does is analyze a very large amount of human-generated (人工生成的) information, and use the data to spit out answers to our questions. It doesn’t actually understand what it’s telling us. The process of rating AI responses, as part of training the software, is called “reinforcement(强化)learning from human feedback,” and this provides the first clue about why ChatGPT favors certain words. The answer lies in the background of the human trainers themselves. It’s not cheap to employ a lot of testers to rate thousands of responses from AI. So, big companies hire lower-income countries to do these jobs, often places where English is not the first language. One such country that offers cheap labor is Nigeria, and in Nigerian English, “delve” is a common word in professional settings. So, when Nigerian testers tell AI which responses sound natural, their own language preferences come through. As AI-generated information becomes more common, will it also affect the way we speak to each other? In some ways, AI has already left its mark. Of course, language is a living thing that always updates itself, shaped by current events, technology, and the media we use. As AI-generated media spreads, it is possible, even likely that AI will affect the development of our own vocabulary. 1.What does the underlined sentence mean? A. AI’s answers are directly written by humans. B. AI is specially designed to think like humans. C. AI depends on humans to develop its language. D. AI understands human language independently. 2.Why does AI favor certain uncommon words? A. Spoken English has been used to train AI. B. AI tries to have impact on human language. C. Companies develop strange language models. D. Non-native English speakers work as AI trainers. 3.Which statement does the last paragraph support? A. AI plays an important role in language development. B. New technology reduces the number of English words. C. Language pushes the development of AI-generated media. D. The use of uncommon words makes communication harder. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Will ChatGPT Target a New Market? B. Will AI Change the Way We Speak? C. Reinforcement Learning: Key to AI’s Power D. Uncommon English Words: Usage in Daily Life Passage 3 （25-26高一上·湖南衡阳第一中学·期中）The idea that the standard human body temperature is about 37℃ was first presented by the German physician Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich in 1851. Since then, it’s become so widely accepted that it serves as a touchstone for health — a tool used by physicians and parents as a basic indicator of whether someone is sick or well. However, it turns out that this well-established fact isn’t, in fact, correct — or, to put it more accurately, human beings have been getting cooler over the years. Recent studies have shown that temperature records of groups of people have tended to run low compared to the accepted norm (标准). Therefore, a Stanford team, led by Professor Julie Parsonnet, decided to do a more in-depth study to compare modern measurements with historical records to try to identify body temperature trends and, perhaps, uncover the reason why this cooling is happening. For their research, the Stanford team looked at three distinct datasets from two historical periods. After going through 677,423 temperature measurements, the team found that men born in the 21st century had an average body temperature of 0.6℃ lower than that of those born in the late 19th century, while women born in the same period showed an average decrease of 0.03℃ compared to those born in the 1890s. As to why this is happening, the researchers say that the most likely mechanism is a reduction (减少) in the human metabolic rate (代谢率) due to environmental factors. One possibility is that improvements in public health over 200 years have reduced the impact of inflammations (炎症), which promote metabolism. This, combined with people living more comfortable lives in more stable environments, means that the body doesn’t have to work as hard to stay warm, so the average temperature falls. “The environment that we’re living in has changed. Although we think of human beings as if we have been the same for all of human evolution (演化), we’re not the same. We’re actually changing physiologically,” Parsonnet said. 1.What’s Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich’s achievement? A. He set up standards for human health services. B. He first used body temperature as a health signal. C. He predicted trends in humans’ body temperature. D. He proposed the standard of human body temperature. 2.What do the Stanford team’s temperature measurements show? A. Women have a lower body temperature than men. B. Humans’ body temperature has dropped at a faster rate. C. Men’s body temperature has fallen faster than that of women. D. Environmental temperatures have risen since the late 19th century. 3.Which of the following is thought to cause the decrease in human body temperature? A. The dependence on tools. B. The adaption to climate change. C. The contact with other animals. D. The improved living conditions. 4.What is the main idea of Parsonnet’s statement in the last paragraph? A. Humans have stayed biologically the same during evolution. B. The changed living environment has caused physiological changes in humans. C. Modern humans’ living environment is much better than ancient people’s. D. Human evolution has stopped because the current living environment is stable. 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南湘一名校联考·期中）Some high school students in Camarillo are getting a real hands-on education, thanks to a one-of-a-kind farm program. They aren’t just learning about farm animals; They’re raising them! This is the only high school in the country that raises its own animals on site. Addisyn Bolles has been feeding the Great Hambino — her 202-pound pig in person since it was a piglet (猪仔). “I’ve learned a lot from this program. I’ve learned to be responsible for one because you have a whole animal that you have to take care of. I’ve learned how to do that, which helps prepare me for in many ways,” said Bolles. “We have a really unique program because we’re one of the few schools that actually do have a farm on our campus…… We’re in the classroom, the students are learning about how to raise livestock (牲畜) and then they can step outside and directly use what they’re learning,” said teacher Breanna Cole. There’s no sleeping in for these students. They are up early, feeding, walking and cleaning their animals in preparation to show them off at the Ventura County Fair. “It seems like a lot of work, and you do put a lot of time and effort into it. But it’s fun at the end of the day especially when you just need some time to cool off,” said Nevach Cornish, a student from the school. To enter the livestock competition, each animal must meet the requirements on size. Getting to the Fair makes all those early morning feedings worth it. “Carp, Santa Paula, Fillmore, they all have one and it’s really cool because at the Fair you get to meet new people, and you can get a connection with them and exchange ideas,” said another student, Julia Santos. This Camarillo high school farm program isn’t just an extra class — it’s a life-shaping experience that turns textbook lessons into real responsibility and joy. It’s the kind of learning more schools should look to, proving education can grow just as strongly on the farm as it does in a classroom. 1.What makes the school unique? A. It has a farm for students. B. It mainly offers lessons about farm animals. C. It develops students’life skills. D. It allows students to raise animals at school. 2.How does the program influence the students? A. They prefer feeding animals to studying. B. They are too busy to develop other hobbies. C. They better understand the meaning of teamwork. D. They have a chance to put what they learn into use. 3.What is the author’s attitude towards the program? A. Supportive. B. Uncaring. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 4.What is the text mainly about? A. A popular farm. B. Hands-on education. C. Human-animal relation. D. A livestock competition. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙雷锋中学·期中）Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published on Monday. While the decline (下降) over the past ten years is sharp for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading. According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 per cent of 13-year-olds and 9 per cent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 per cent and 27 per cent today.” The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, aged 2 to 8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session. When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel (建议) parents to look for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time. The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear sign of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books bought for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read. As the end of school is coming, and school vacation reading lists loom (逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore. 1.What is the Common Sense Media report about? A. Children’s reading habits. B. Quality of children’s books. C. Children’s homework. D. Parent-child relationships. 2.Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”? A. In the second paragraph. B. In the third paragraph. C. In the fourth paragraph. D. In the fifth paragraph. 3.Why do many parents limit electronic reading? A. Because e-books are of poor quality. B. Because it could be a waste of time. C. Because increased screen time may harm children’s health. D. Because e-readers are expensive. 4.How are parents suggested to encourage their children to read more according to the last paragraph? A. They should act as role models for them. B. They should ask them to write book reports. C. They should set up reading groups for them. D. They should talk with their reading class teachers. Passage 3 （25-26高一上·湖南县汉寿县第一中学-11月·期中）We’ve all had the experience. We’re reading along and suddenly realize that although our eyes are scanning the words on the page, nothing is actually registering. Minutes pass before we realize that we’ve lost the plot entirely. In classrooms, students tend to experience this drift (偏移) in attention while reading texts that are challenging or highly technical — the sorts of passages middle schoolers and high schoolers might encounter in science, math, or history. In a 2024 study of “mindless reading,” researchers from the University of Wü rzburg tracked the reading speed and attention of undergraduates studying a complex science text. At multiple points during the exercise, prompts (提示) appeared asking students “Was your mind wandering when you read the last sentence?” Students confirmed multiple instances of loss of attention. Researchers found that variations in reading speed, lingering (逗留) on the same passage for long periods, and skipping words were signals that students were struggling to remain focused or to understand the material, and also predicted poorer performance on later tests. But these problems are not insolvable. The University of Wü rzburg researchers also concluded that when students were trained to recognize when they lost track of sentence-level information or got stuck on passages — and were taught strategies to “plan, monitor, and regulate their reading” — they were able to successfully re-route their attention. To convince students of the importance of effective reading strategies, it’s important to explain the long-term benefits of sticking through complex texts. For example, learning how to make sense of a technical science text may help if students decide to work in engineering. The skills they use to make sense of a history text may help in future legal careers. Try to make it clear, literacy expert Timothy Shanahan says, that when we teach students how to push through difficult texts, “what we’re really doing is showing them how to gain access to all of these different fields in our society.” 1.Students tend to lose their focus while reading if ________. A. the reading text is long B. they are in a classroom C. the reading material is complex D. they are middle or high schoolers 2.Which of the following is a signal of “mindless reading”? A. Reading too quickly. B. Poor performance on tests. C. Changes in reading speed. D. Spending much time reading. 3.What should students do if they experience “mindless reading”? A. Change the reading materials. B. Get to know why they get stuck on passages. C. Learn to notice when their attention wanders. D. Pay more attention to sentence-level information. 4.What is Shanahan’s attitude to helping students push through difficult texts? A. Favorable. B. Cautious. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. Passage 4 （25-26高一上·湖南市岳麓区湖南师范大学附属中学·期中）Psychological avoidance (心理回避) or avoiding emotions, a common way to escape painful and uncomfortable thoughts, feelings or situations, can harm the emotional well - being and personal growth of high school freshmen. Actually, psychological avoidance can lead to increased levels of anxiety and stress. Avoiding fears and worries only allows them to grow stronger. By avoiding challenging situations, it prevents students from developing important skills, limiting their opportunities for self-discovery and improvement. The famous author J. K. Rowling once said, “It is impossible to live without failing at something, unless you live so carefully that you might as well not have lived at all.” Psychological avoidance directly affects how well students do in their studies. Freshmen who turn to avoidance will always procrastinate, or even miss deadlines. By avoiding the necessary efforts and tasks required for learning, students may struggle to gain information, reducing the opportunity to succeed in grades. Psychological avoidance can also cause stress or discomfort to relationships. High school students may avoid discussing their feelings with friends or family members, leading to misunderstandings and a breakdown in communication. Instead of dealing with their emotions, they hold back or hide themselves. Students miss out on the chance to deepen their connections with friends, family and peers (同龄人), making it harder for them to form healthy relationships. Psychological avoidance may provide comfort for a short period, but in the long run it can have negative impacts on our mental health, personal growth, academic performance, relationships and other aspects of life. Breaking free from avoidance behaviors is important for academic success and self-confidence, and recognizing the harmful effects of avoidance is the first step. 1.J. K. Rowling might agree that by avoiding challenging situations, ______. A. we fail to discover our thoughts and feelings. B. we can avoid failing at something more easily. C. we miss out on valuable learning experiences. D. we have opportunities to avoid fears and worries. 2.What does the underlined word “procrastinate” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Put off tasks. B. Escape from reality. C. Miss out on chances. D. Get out of control. 3.How does psychological avoidance affect students’ ability to form healthy relationships? A. It leads to difficult discussions. B. It stops their connections with others. C. It makes them fail to make new friends. D. It causes them to escape further communication. 4.What will the following paragraph probably talk about? A. The harmful effects of psychological avoidance. B. The forms of psychological avoidance behaviors. C. The strategies of overcoming psychological avoidance. D. The importance of breaking free from avoidance behaviors. Passage 5 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙明德中学·期中）Foreign visitors to the UK might be disappointed when they learn that not everyone there speaks like Harry Potter and his friends. Usually, there’s an assumption by many non-Brits that everyone in Britain speaks with what’s known as a Received Pronunciation (RP,标准发音) accent,also called “the Queen’s English”. However, while many people do talk this way, most Britons speak in their own regional accents. Scouse, Glaswegian and the Black Country — from Liverpool, Glasgow and the West Midlands — are just three of the countless non-RP accents that British people speak with. There are even differences in accents between towns or cities just 30 kilometers apart. What is even more disappointing is that not speaking in a RP accent may mean a British person is judged and even treated differently in their everyday life. In a 2015 study by the University of New South Wales, videos of people reading a passage in three different UK accents were shown to a second group of people. The group then rated how intelligent they thought the readers sounded. The lowest-rated accent was the Brummie accent, native to people from Birmingham, a city whose accent is considered the working class. However, there is no need to be disappointed though you are not speaking in a RP accent. In fact, doing the opposite may even give you advantages. Kong Seong-jae, 25, is an Internet celebrity from Seoul. After studying in the UK, he picked up several regional accents. He’s now famous for his online videos, where he shows off the various accents he’s learned. “British people usually get really excited when I use some of their local dialect words, and they become much friendlier. I think it makes a bit of bond between local people and foreigners to speak in their local accent,” he said. So if you’re working on perfecting your British accent, try to speak like someone from Liverpool, Glasgow or Birmingham. You may not sound like Harry Potter, but you are likely to make more friends. 1.What can we infer from Paragraph 1? A. Non-Brits usually hold that all Britons speak in a RP accent. B. Only “the Queen’s English” is accepted in the UK. C. Foreign visitors are disappointed at their own spoken English. D. Any Received Pronunciation around the world is also called “the Queen’s English”. 2.What do people think of the Brummie accent? A. It is favored by foreign visitors to the UK. B. It is closest to the RP accent. C. It is smart and easy to understand. D. It is spoken by people of the working class. 3.What does the underlined phrase “doing the opposite” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A. Speaking in a RP accent. B. Speaking in regional accents. C. Speaking the Brummie accent. D. Speaking like Harry Potter. 4.What is the passage mainly about? A. A study about the most intelligent accent in Britain. B. A comparison between different British accents. C. How much British people value the RP accent. D. The impact of regional accents on people’s lives. Passage 6 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙明德中学·期中）A new study, a project of the researchers from the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, finds that a fitness tracker probably does not help with weight loss. The trackers are designed to record your physical activity. They are usually worn around the wrist, where they record a person’s heart rate. The research team looked at two groups of people. The first wore a fitness tracker and took part in a health consultation (咨询) with experts for best weight loss plan. The researchers compared this group with people who only got health consultation. The study found that those who only spoke with the health experts lost nearly 6 kilograms, but those using a fitness tracker lost only 3.5 kilograms. John Jakicic, the lead researcher, questioned the use of electronic devices for weight control in place of “effective behavioral counseling for physical activity and diet.” The study involved 470 people aged between 18 and 35. Some of them were overweight, while others were considered obese (肥胖). Over three-fourths of them were women. All were told to increase physical activity and start on a low-calorie diet. They had their weight measured once every six months. After six months, researchers divided the group into two parts: one continued with monthly consulting, while members of the other group were given a fitness tracker. Eighteen months later, both groups showed great improvements in fitness, physical activity and diet, with no big difference between groups. However, when it came to losing weight, the people who only spoke with experts lost nearly twice as much weight. Jakicic said, “The study’s findings are important because effective long-term treatments are needed to deal with America’s obesity.” More information is needed, he added, to learn how to best use these trackers to help adults who want to lose weight. 1.According to Paragraph 2, both groups of people in the study were asked to ____________. A. record heart rates B. wear fitness tracker C. start on high-calorie diet D. have health consultation 2.What can we infer about the study mentioned in the text? A. The study went on for about two years. B. More than 120 men took part in the study. C. Health consulting helps lose almost 6 kilograms. D. Wearing a fitness tracker is more useful for keeping slim. 3.Why does Jakicic think the findings are important? A. Physical activity and diet have no effect on weight loss. B. Wearing fitness trackers hardly helps people lose weight. C. There are great differences in health between both groups. D. Dealing with obesity needs effective long-term treatments. 4.What’s the purpose of the text? A. To advise people to trust experts rather than fitness trackers. B. To introduce a research team led by the University of Pittsburgh. C. To report the findings of a study on fitness trackers and weight loss. D. To explain why fitness trackers are useless for long-term weight control. 主题语境04 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南县汉寿县第一中学-11月·期中）We know animals have emotions. They can feel fear. We also think they feel love, since they have strong relationships with each other. So are animal emotions similar to our own? And do animals have a sense of humor? Do animals feel empathy? Does an elephant have consciousness? Can a dog plan ahead? These are some of the questions that deserve our full attention. A parrot’s joke Sally Blanchard’s parrot Bongo Marie didn’t get along with her other parrot, Paco. In fact, Bongo Marie clearly didn’t like Paco at all! One day, Blanchard cooked a chicken for dinner. She started to cut the chicken with a knife. “Oh, no! Paco!” Bongo Marie said loudly and laughed. Blanchard laughed, too, and said, “That’s not Paco.” “Oh.. no,” said Bongo Marie. This time, she sounded disappointed. Then the parrot laughed at her own joke. Yoga dog Jean Donaldson enjoys yoga, and so does her dog Buffy. While Donaldson does yoga, Buffy carefully places her toys on Donaldson’s body. If a toy falls, Buffy runs to put it back. Does this behavior have any real purpose? “She thinks it’s funny!” says Donaldson. Animal laughter Can dogs laugh? Recent research shows that dogs can tell each other when they want to play. They make a special sound — a kind of laugh. Psychologist Patricia Simonet recorded the sound. Then she played it back to dogs and studied their behavior. “All the dogs seemed to like the laugh,” says Simonet. So do animals have a sense of humor? If laughter is a clue, then perhaps the answer is “Yes”. Life is very vivid to animals. In many cases they know who they are. They know who their friends are and who their rivals are. It is incredible that there is still a debate over whether animals are conscious and even a debate over whether human beings can know animals are conscious. 1.How does the author introduce the topic? A. By raising some questions B. By describing a scene C. By making a comparison D. By analyzing a phenomenon 2.What is the purpose of “A parrot’s joke”? A. To explain how parrots can talk. B. To show how parrots can feel love. C. To tell an interesting experience. D. To suggest that parrots can make jokes. 3.What does Buffy do when Jean Donaldson does yoga? A. She tries to jump over Donaldson. B. She copies Donaldson’s movements. C. She puts her toys on Donaldson’s body. D. She makes fun of Donaldson. 4.What is the main idea of “Animal laughter”? A. Dogs can make a sound like a laugh and may have a sense of humor. B. Dogs talk to each other and seem to be funnier than most animals. C. Dogs know how to please their masters with their laughter. D. Dogs cannot communicate as well as other animals. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南衡阳第一中学·期中）An ancient Latin proverb says “Aquila non capit muscas” — eagles don’t hunt flies — meaning that important ones shouldn’t concern themselves with small, insignificant matters. But the lions in East Africa should concern themselves with the seemingly insignificant ants, because these ants are changing their lifestyles. The story starts with the acacia trees (金合欢树) in an African wildlife area in central Kenya. Some of these acacia trees provide food and shelter for specific ant species, which in turn defend the tree against herbivores (食草动物). The ants are actively attacking and driving away herbivores that attempt to feed on the tree’s leaves. This is highly effective; the ants not only physically harm the herbivores but also release chemicals that can deter other potential attackers. But these ants are in trouble. Another species called the “big-headed” ant is destroying entire groups of tree- protecting ants. This, in turn, sets off an entire chain of events that ends up influencing when and how lions can hunt. This ant invasion (入侵) affects one thing after another. It leaves the acacia trees defenseless against herbivores especially elephants. The elephants come in and eat the acacias at five to seven times the rate observed in uninvaded areas. The lions, while hunting for food, have no more trees to use for hiding. This reduced tree cover makes lions less successful at hunting and pushes them to find different areas to hunt in. “These tiny invaders are pulling on the ties that put an African ecosystem (生态系统) together, determining who is eaten and where,” said Todd Palmer, an ecologist from Florida. The lions, which are already endangered, are managing to cope with this by no longer focusing their attention on zebras. The zebras, of course, can see them much better on the approach given the lack of cover. Instead, they are targeting water buffalo. But this also isn’t the end of the story. Who knows what the lions’ changing strategy will mean for the ecosystem down the line? 1.What does the underlined word “deter” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Direct. B. Discourage. C. Recognize. D. Seek. 2.What role do the elephants play in the chain reaction? A. Cooperating with “big-headed” ants. B. Damaging the hiding place for lions. C. Protecting the acacias from herbivores. D. Starting off the disturbance of the chain. 3.What can we infer from Todd Palmer’s words in paragraph 5? A. Ecologists have found a way to control big-headed ants. B. The African ecosystem will soon recover from the ant invasion. C. Only big-headed ants can influence the survival of other species. D. Big-headed ants have broken the balance of the African ecosystem. 4.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. Tiny Ants, Big Impact: Changing the Way Lions Hunt. B. The Law of Jungle: How Elephants Rule the Ecosystem. C. Zebras or Buffalo: Lions’ Choice Shift in Food Preference. D. Ecologists’ New Discovery: Mystery Behind African Acacia Trees. 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高一上·湖南名校联考联合体·期中）Professor Kevin Warwick is an expert in cybernetics — the study of communication systems in humans, animals, and machines. What would happen if the human brain were connected to a powerful computer? That is what Kevin Warwick wants to find out. “I want to try to change things, to have a go at completely changing what it means to be human,” he says. Soon he will have an operation. A glass tube(管状物) will be placed around a group of nerves in his arm. Inside the tube, there will be tiny computer circuits(线路). These will pick up messages being sent to the brain and send them to a computer. Then the experiment will begin. Says Kevin Warwick: “Pain provides a clear electronic signal(信号) on the nerves as it moves from its starting point to the brain. We want to find out what happens if that signal is sent to the computer and then played back again. Will I feel the same pain?” It is not just about pain. The human nervous system sends many other messages to the brain. The project aims to find whether all of these can be stored on a computer and then played back into the human body. This could serve many different purposes. The computer could provide eyes for a blind person. Anxious or unhappy people are often given medicine to make them feel better. But what if they could put feelings of happiness directly into their minds? Imagine that you are thousands of miles away from your loved ones. You love them and long to be back with them. Instead of writing a letter, you store these feelings on a computer and send them to your family as an email. Professor Warwick now believes that the success of his new experiment could lead to the evolution(进化) of humans. A human will be able to use the memory(记忆) and mathematical power of the computer. He or she will be able to communicate thoughts and feelings directly across the planet using the Internet. People have used their intelligence(智力) to create increasingly intelligent machines. Has the time now come for the two to join together? 1.What will the computer circuits be used to do? A. Send messages to the brain. B. Send messages to a computer. C. Store messages from the computer. D. Store messages from the nervous system. 2.What is the purpose of the messages stored on a computer? A. To reduce pain. B. To improve memory. C. To improve the human body. D. To get them back when necessary. 3.What does “the two” in the last paragraph refer to? A. Human evolution and machines. B. Humans and human intelligence. C. Human intelligence and computers. D. Human evolution and intelligence. 4.Which of the following words can best describe Professor Warwick? A. Hard-working. B. Creative. C. Clever. D. Brave. Passage 2 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙长郡中学-11月·期中）What did you have for breakfast today? And how did you celebrate your last birthday? When you think back to these events, you’re using episodic memory (情景记忆) — the ability to recall personal experiences tied to specific times and places. But how does your brain keep these memories separate without mixing them up? Scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles, in the US believe this is thanks to a “memory reset button” in our brainstem (脑干). This small region, called the locus coeruleus (蓝斑核) , helps organize and separate our memories. In the study, 36 volunteers took part in a memory task. Lying in an MRI scanner (核磁共振扫描仪), they were shown a series of pictures of different objects. Meanwhile, several simple tones were played over and over again, first in one ear and then in the other with a different pitch (音调). The pitch change aimed to change the context (情境) and create an event boundary. According to a previous study by Kansas State University in the US, event boundaries help the brain organize episodic memory by changing our perception (感知) and attention. Ever walked into a room and suddenly forgot why? That’s an event boundary — entering or exiting a room — at work. After the experiment, scientists tested how well the volunteers could recall the order of the pictures. The result showed that it was harder to do when the series of pictures crossed an event boundary. This suggests that changes in sound made the brain store memories separately. What’s more, MRI scans showed that the locus coeruleus became highly active when event boundaries appeared, but not so much otherwise. Earlier research showed that the hippocampus (海马体), another brain region, helps shape episodic memory by both linking events close together in time and separating those further apart. But what tells the hippocampus when to change modes? MRI scans suggest that “the locus coeruleus may provide the critical ‘start’ signal to the hippocampus, as if saying, ‘Hey, we’re in a new event now’,” said Lila Davachi, one of the researchers. The new understanding could lead to better treatments for memory-related problems like Alzheimer’s disease, where the locus coeruleus is overactive. These conditions might be managed by calming the locus coeruleus through medication, slow breathing or even using stress balls. 1.How does the author introduce the research in the beginning? A. By sharing experiences. B. By raising questions. C. By imagining scenes. D. By explaining a theory. 2.What was the purpose of playing tones with different pitches in the experiment? A. To create real-life situations. B. To test volunteers’ hearing ability. C. To mark a shift to a new context. D. To increase the difficulty of the task. 3.What did the MRI scans reveal about the locus coeruleus during the experiment? A. It showed higher activity at event boundaries. B. It sent signals to the hippocampus regularly. C. It controlled volunteers’ memory recall order. D. It helped link pictures to specific sounds. 4.What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. The difficulty of treating memory-related disease. B. The potential applications of the research findings. C. The drawbacks of the small-scale experiment. D. The future research directions for memory. Passage 3 （25-26高一上·湖南醴陵第一中学西安交大杯-学·期中）Antarctica is the coldest continent, so what is the coldest city in the world? That honor belongs to the Russian city of Yakutsk. Located in Siberia, one of the world’s coldest and most poorly populated regions, Yakutsk is home to around 336,200 people, many of whom work for Alrosa, a company that runs a diamond mine in the city. Temperatures in Yakutsk have reached minus 76 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 60 degrees Celsius). Some residents insist they have experienced much colder days, but they have been unable to prove it because the thermometer (温度计) only reads down as far as -63℃ (minus 81.4℉), according to an interview by the BBC. However, while Yakutsk is the coldest city, there are other, less-populous permanently inhabited places that are even more freezing. Oymyakon, a Russian settlement of around 500 people, reached a frosty minus 96.2℉ (minus 71.2℃) in 1924. Somewhat surprisingly, Yakutsk and Oymyakon aren’t that close to each other. They are separated by 577 miles (928 kilometers), and a drive from one to the other would take around 21 hours. So why are these two places so bone-chilling? “Siberia is so cold due to a combination of high latitude and it being such a large land mass,” said Alex DeCaria, a meteorology professor at Millersville University in Pennsylvania. Global temperature extremes—both high and low—tend to occur over continents because land heats up and cools down faster than the oceans do. In the case of Siberia, snow and ice cover also play a role, as they help keep the region cool by reflecting the incoming solar radiation back into space. This combination of factors has led to the creation of a large, semi-permanent high-pressure zone forming over Siberia in the winter, known as the “Siberian High”, which results in very cold surface temperatures. With specific reference to the conditions in Yakutsk and Oymyakon, topography (地形学) also plays a part. “These places are in local valleys. Oymyakon, in particular, is surrounded by relatively high mountain ranges,” explained Jouni Raisanen, a senior lecturer at the University of Helsinki in Finland. “The so-called ‘cold air lakes’ easily form under calm winter conditions. These pockets of cold, relatively ‘heavy’ air can become trapped close to the valley bottom, which helps to shelter the cold air lakes from mixing with warmer air,” Raisanen noted. 1.Why couldn’t Yakutsk residents prove temperature there can be much lower than minus 76 degrees Fahrenheit? A. Because there is no weather report in the area. B. Because they can’t afford the tools to measure temperature. C. Because thermometers can’t stand the coldness. D. Because the temperature is beyond the thermometer’s limit. 2.Which of the following statements is TRUE about Oymyakon? A. It is situated not far from Yakutsk. B. It is a place even colder than Yakutsk. C. There is no people to permanently live there. D. Most people there work for a company that runs a diamond mine. 3.What contributes to Siberia’s coldness according to the text? a. Its high latitude. b. Snow and ice cover. c. Its large and vast land. d. Its position far from the continent. A. abc B. abd C. bcd D. acd 4.What is the main idea of the text? A. Why Siberia is so cold. B. What the coldest city in the world is. C. How people live in the cold places. D. What the coldest inhabited places are and why they are so cold. Passage 4 （25-26高一上·湖南醴陵第一中学西安交大杯-学·期中）Chips, cookies and ice cream... These tasty foods, which are ultra-processed, may literally make you an “addict”, as shown in a recent report in the British Medical Journal. Simply put, ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are the foods that you can’t re-create in your kitchen, according to the BBC. Produced in factories, they often have long lists of ingredients that you don’t recognize, such as additives (添加剂), and are ready to eat or simply need to be heated. The study’s researchers linked UPFs to addiction which includes behaviors like strong desire and negative experiences when trying to stop eating. They analyzed 281 studies from 36 different countries and regions. The findings showed that 14 percent of adults and 12 percent of children have ultra-processed food addiction. UPFs deliver carbohydrates and fat to the gut (肠) faster. Although nuts are high in fat, the fat can’t be digested (消化) in the early stages. The fat in UPFs, however, is broken down before entering the first part of the small gut, which signals the brain to produce more dopamine-the “happy” chemical. The additives in UPFs also impact the way the gut absorbs calories. To improve the flavor of the food or drink, man-made sugar is widely used in UPFs. However, it may combine with receptors in the gut, which makes it more sensitive to sweet food, eventually increasing the gut’s ability to absorb sugar. By considering that certain UPFs are “addictive”, similar to cigarettes or alcohol, “We may be able to help improve global health,” one of the study’s authors, Ashley Gearhardt, said in a press release. They are also calling for more action to fight against such an addiction. 1.What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A. Additives in UPFs. B. The explanation of UPFs. C. The production process of UPFs. D. Differences between UPFs and natural foods. 2.According to the study, what is the typical behavior of people addicted to UPFs? A. Feelings of guilt when eating them. B. Loss of interest in other types of food. C. Difficulty in fighting the desire to eat them. D. Increased need for carbohydrates and fat. 3.Why are UPFs more likely to lead to addiction? A. They contain more nutrients than eaters’ needs. B. They are lower in carbohydrates and fat digestion. C. They prevent the gut from burning calories and fat. D. They help produce a chemical that makes eaters happy. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. The Significance of UPF Additives B. The Danger of UPFs C. The Benefits of Factory-Produced Food D. The Global Impact of UPF Addiction 主题语境02 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高一上·湖南长沙雅礼教育集团·期中）Some of life’s simplest mysteries can prove the hardest to solve. One such mystery is how a bird sleeps, especially while it’s on a branch. The sleep cycle during our deepest sleep lasts for several minutes, but in birds, it lasts hardly 10 seconds; they will keep one part of their brain awake, which you might notice when a bird has one eye open. This will allow birds to run away from a hunt at a moment’s notice, even when they’re in the middle of a sleep. To fall asleep, a bird’s body goes through a series of changes, one of which is that the muscles lose their hardness, which happens as a main result of reduced brain control of muscle movement. To stand perfectly balanced on a branch while the muscles become weak isn’t easy. Anyone who has tried to sleep while standing on a train would know this. So when a bird lowers itself, its talons (爪子) automatically and involuntarily bend and hold on tightly to the branch, and until the leg is straightened, the talons will not relax. The key behind this mechanism (机制) is the bird’s flexor tendons (屈肌腱) that connect muscles to bones. The flexor tendon stretches, thus bending the bird’s toes. But a recent paper found that sleeping European starlings (a common bird found in North America and Europe) don’t use the mechanism. The researchers observed that the birds bent their knees only slightly, not enough for the mechanism to kick into action. The toes, as a result, were largely unbent, and the birds balanced on the central part of their feet while they slept. “Birds are varied and unique, exhibiting different bodies, physiologies, and behaviors depending on which species, genus, or family one studies. Sleep cycles differ just as widely. While we may not know the whole story yet, there is no denying that it is remarkable that birds manage this balancing act daily!” said Salama, who has a degree in life sciences and biochemistry from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai. 1.What is the main reason birds can escape quickly even while sleeping? A. Their sleep cycles are very short. B. They keep one part of their brain awake. C. They sleep with one eye open. D. Their talons hold tightly to the branch. 2.What is the role of flexor tendons in helping birds balance on branches? A. Stretching to make talons bend and lock. B. Enabling the power of birds’ legs. C. Controlling muscles’ hardness and movement. D. Connecting muscles to strengthen their functions. 3.What can we infer from Salama’s words? A. Learning birds’ habits needs cooperation. B. Denying birds’ importance is unwise. C. Knowing birds’ balancing acts is useful. D. Studying birds’ sleep has challenges. 4.What can be the best title for the text? A. Why Do Birds Require Less Sleep? B. Why Don’t Sleeping Birds Fall Off Branches? C. Why Do Sleeping Birds Have One Eye Open? D. Why Do European Starlings Sleep Differently? / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $