Unit 1 Science and Scientists（教材考点精练）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

**基本信息** 单元复习专项以“词汇-语法-语篇”为逻辑主线，系统整合单词、短语、派生词及重点句型，通过基础题型与综合语篇训练提升语言能力与思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |考点概览|单词18个+短语12个+句型3个|梳理词形变化/语法结构|从词汇到句型的基础构建| |小题夯基|6类小题（20+15+20+10+15+15分）|聚焦词汇运用与语法应用|从单句到转换的能力递进| |综合攻坚|3类语篇（阅读+七选五+完形）|考查科学主题语篇理解|从基础到综合的语篇深化|

Unit 1 Science and Scientists 单元重点单词短语句型语法精练 （时间：120分钟，满分：150分） 教材考点概览 1． 重点单词： severe adj. 极为恶劣的，十分严重的，严厉的 frustrated adj. 懊恼的，沮丧的，失意的 contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的，对立的，不一致的 proof n. 证据，证明，检验 suspect vt.&vi. n. 怀疑，疑有，不信任│犯罪嫌疑人，可疑对 blame vt.│n. 把……咎于，责怪，指责│责备，指责 handle n.│vt. 把手，拉手，柄│处理，搬动，操纵(车辆、动物、工具等) link n.│vt. 联系，纽带│把……连接起来，相关联 pure adj. 干净的，纯的，纯粹的 decrease n.│vt.& vi. 减少，降低，减少量│(使大小、数量等)减少，减小,降低 solid adj.│n. 可靠的，固体的，坚实的│固体 pour vt. 倒出，倾泻，斟(饮料) defend vt. 保卫，防守，辩解 outstanding adj. 优秀的，杰出的，明显的 gifted adj. 有天赋的，有天才的，天资聪慧的 steady adj. 稳定的，平稳的，稳步的 besides prep.│adv. 除……之外(还)│而且，此外 furthermore adv. 此外，再者 2， 重点短语： once and for all最终地，彻底地 subscribe to同意，赞同 thanks to幸亏，由于 break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始，爆发 in charge of主管，掌管 come down with患(病)，染上(小病) above all最重要的是，尤其是 in time 及时，最后，终于 attend to 照顾 in general 一般来说 side effects 副作用 三．派生词： severe(adj.)----adv.‌severely‌----n.‌severity‌；比较级：‌severer/more severe‌；最高级：‌severest/most severe‌ frustrated(adj.)----v.‌frustrate‌----n.‌frustration‌----adj.(修饰物)‌frustrating‌；同义：‌upset /discouraged / blue/down‌ contradictory(adj.)----v.‌contradict‌----n.‌contradiction‌ infect (v.)—n. infection—adj. infectious proof (n.)—v. prove—adj. proven/proved‌ intervention (n.)—v. intervene pure (adj.)—adv. purely—v. purify decrease (v./n.)=‌drop / fall / decline / reduce‌；反义词：‌increase‌ transform(v.)----n.‌transformation‌ thinking(n./v.)----thought(n./v.) initial(adj.)----adv.‌initially‌ cast----‌cast‌(过去式)----‌cast‌(过去分词)； shadow (n./v.)----shade (n./v.)； defend(v.)----n.‌defense/defence‌； assistant(n.)----v.‌assist‌----n.‌assistance‌； abstract(adj./n.)----‌concrete‌(反义词)； steady(adj.)----adv.‌steadily‌；astronomer(n.)----‌astronomy‌(天文学)----‌astronaut‌(宇航员)； besides(adv.)=‌moreover/in addition‌； vivid(adj.)----adv.‌vividly‌----n.‌vividness 四．重点句型： 1. Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. Tireless adj. 不知疲倦的；此句中saw为see的过去式，需理解为“经历”。所以，此句理解为：经过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始售卖洁净水，全球霍乱威胁显著降低。 2. Described by the author of the story of Qian Xuewseng as a man with "great scientific thought and scientific spirit" who was patriotic and served his homeland wirh effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man. 此句主句为：Qian was an extremely well-respected man.前面所有部分为非谓语动词作状语。此句理解为：钱学森备受尊敬，《钱学森的故事》作者称其具“伟大科学思想与科学精神”，爱国且以努力、成就和奉献服务祖国。‌‌ 3. However， what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. 此句中what…scientist为主语从句，was为系动词，his strong interest in other things作表语。此句理解为：然而，他之所以能成为如此杰出且富有创造力的科学家，可能源于他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。‌‌‌‌‌ 考点夯基攻坚 小题夯基·精准突破 一．请根据提示信息完成句子：（每题1分，共计20分） 1. The company has been ______________ （转变） from a family business to a multi-million-pound operation. 2.Maybe I should tell them , so they won’t b_________ me for keeping a secret. 3.We must _____________（保卫）our motherland from the enemy. 4.Since the o_____________of the novel coronavirus disease, the Chinese have been making all-out efforts to battle against it. 5.I didn’t know how to _____________（应对） the situation, but an idea suddenly struck me that I could turn to my best friend for help. 6.All this adds up to a new __________ （概念） of the universe. 7.What was it that made her _____________（改变） from an ordinary woman into a successful lady? 8.According to the latest rule, people shall sort _____________（家庭） garbage into four categories. 9.The destruction of the earthquake was so s_____________that it might take years to rebuild the city. 10.Britain has lost her __________ （领导地位） in the shipbuilding industry. 11.What they may not know is that some bottled water may not be as _____________（干净的） as they expect. 12.Large population movements and concentrations during the Spring Festival will increase the risk of COVID-19 ____________（感染）. 13.2020 witnessed a significant d____________ in the birth rate of China, which means that the population is on the verge of falling down. 14.Those c____________ divide and give many other different types of cells. 15.Snow ____________ （怀疑） that the water pump was to blame. 16.Through her i_____________ （介入）, the matter was solved very well. 17.The poems may not make sense and even seem _____________（相互矛盾的）, but they are easy to learn and recite. 18.I know that you must be____________（沮丧） because of the present situation. 19.Every year he s______________ to China Daily in order to improve my English. 20.We have strongly s________________ him of cheating the old lady out of her money. 二、请完成句子使其结构和意义完整：（每题1分，共计15分） 1. During his business travel, he ________ _________(infect) with COVID-19. 2. After a hot discussion, the whole class agreed to subscribe ____________ several magazines to enrich their reading. 3. With the help of the experts, the problem was settled _________ __________ _________ __________.（彻底地） 4. It ___________ _____________(suspect) that the drug was brought into the country by boat. 5. After detailed investigation, they finally concluded that his habits rather than a bacterial infection were __________ ______________(blame) for his disease. 6. Most of the newly-produced electronic devices are easy _________ ___________(handle). 7. Because of the dull export, the production of the company has decreased _________20%, which equals 80% that of last year. 8. All the villagers ____________(cast) a welcoming smile when we arrived. 9. We should learn to defend ourselves _____________any attacks and injuries. 10. _________ ___________（最重要的是）, we should live in a comfortable neighborhood. 11. Everyone has his own strengths and weaknesses.Don’t always find fault ___________others. 12. They gradually got frustrated ___________the lack of progress in the project. 13. Don’t _________ ___________(cast) down by the current hardships and setbacks. 14. Our company is faced with a shortage of __________ ________________（原材料）. 15. She was blamed ___________her absence from work. 三．请根据上下文填出提示单词正确的派生词：（每题1分，共计20分） 1. The crops were ______________(severe) damaged in the flood. 2. Every job has its difficulties and ______________(frustrated). 3. Her husband always _________________(contradictory) everything she says and does. 4. Amazingly, whales ________________(multiple) by giving birth to baby whales. 5. The solution _______________(proof) to be successful. 6. Finally, the manager had to _________________(intervention) in the matter in person. 7. She took the job ___________(pure) for the money. 8. With the development of AI, our work style will go through a complete ________________(transform). 9. More victims were found in the accident than were _____________(initial) thought. 10. “It is only a ______________(suspect),nothing concrete.”she said. 11. He chose to join the army in ______________(defend) of his motherland. 12. With the _________________(assistant) of their father, the two boys managed to make a perfect breakfast. 13. However, despite their efforts, the situation got ____________(steady) worse. 14. The construction of the Forbidden City demonstrated the _________________(brilliant) of China’s ancient culture. 15. The whole process of the creation was ____________(vivid) presented in the report. 16. I am writing to ask for a full refund because the machine I bought in your shop is ___________(fault). 17. Given the ______________(severe) of the disaster, people from all walks of life came to assist in the rescue work. 18. Being exposed to sunlight will increase the risk of _____________(infect) with skin diseases. 19. I am sorry that I have to cancel the __________________(subscribe) to the newspaper because of the delivery issue. 20. These activities contribute to the ________________(solid) of the community. 四、选词填空：（每题1分，共计10分） subscribe to, die from, attend to, once and for all, in general, for this reason, thanks to, as a result of, what is more, find out, in time 1. When the outbreak of COVID-19 hit the world, tens of thousands of people the disease. 2.In those days doctors had two contradictory theories. Snow the second theory. 3.He was determined to the truth of this incident. 4. , in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. 5. , he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave  birth. 6.However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera ． 7. , physics is only one science among many. 8． this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. 9. the Chinese people’s united and arduous efforts, the situation in China is getting better. 10. , Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology. 五、同义句转换：（每题1分，共计15分） 1. Unfortunately, he picked up a severe flu during his holiday. Unfortunately, he _________ ____________ ____________ a severe flu during his holiday. 2. Jackie has a talent for making handicrafts. Jackie ___________ _____________ _____________ making handicrafts. 3. Mike took charge of the whole project. The project ________ __________ ____________ _____________ _______Mike. 4. A fierce quarrel occurred among the team members about the strategies of the match. A fierce quarrel _________ ______ among the team members about the strategies of the match. 5. They were about to leave when it was raining heavily outside. They were about to leave when it ________ _____________outside. 6. On account of the teacher’s participation, they quickly completed the task. _______________ __________ the teacher’s participation, they quickly completed the task. 7. The birth rate has reduced to less than 1.1% around the whole country. The birth rate _________ _____________ ________ less than 1.1% around the whole country. 8. The highway was built to connect Chongqing with Chengdu. The highway was built to ___________ Chongqing _________ Chengdu. 9. After careful thinking, I agree with the second proposal. After careful thinking, I ______________ ___________ the second proposal. 10. Because of the failure, he felt blue all the week. Because of the failure, he felt _____________ all the week. 11. Her family tree can date back to 11th century. Her family tree can __________ ____________ to 11th century. 12. Lang Ping was an excellent volleyball player. Lang Ping was an ______________ volleyball player. 13. In addition to the 6 basic courses, we also have many minor subjects to study. _______________ the 6 basic courses, we also have many minor subjects to study. 14. What’s more, it is also a great way to broaden our horizons. ________________, it is also a great way to broaden our horizons. 15. How wonderful your suggestion is ! How _____________ your suggestion is ! 六、语法填空：（每题1.5分，共计15分） Cholera was once the most feared disease worldwide, ______1______(cause) serious diarrhoea, dehydration and even death. In the early 19th century, millions of people died ______2______ it across Europe, as no one knew how to prevent or treat it. British doctor John Snow made up his mind to defeat this deadly disease once and for all. At that time, most doctors held two _____3________(conflict) theories about cholera’s spread. One believed bad air led to the illness, _______4______ the other argued it was caused by germs from food or water. John Snow stood by the second theory, yet he needed solid proof to support _____5______. When a severe cholera outbreak hit London in 1854, over 500 people lost their lives in just ten days. John Snow _____6_______(map) the addresses of all the dead, and found deaths clustered around a water pump on Broad Street. People ______7____ did not drink the pump water, like local pub workers, stayed safe. Further cases also proved the pump water was the _______8______(carry) of cholera germs. After he removed the pump’s handle, the outbreak was stopped _________9______(immediate). Later, John Snow proved that polluted water from the River Thames was to blame for most cholera _______10_______(case). Thanks to his efforts, clean water was provided across the city, and the global cholera threat dropped greatly. His creative use of maps and statistics also made him the father of modern epidemiology. 参考答案： 一．1．transformed 【详解】句意：这家公司已经从一家家族企业转型为一家价值数百万英镑的企业。根据汉语提示“转变”可知，用动词 transform； 句子时态是现在完成时（结构：have/has + 过去分词），同时主语The company和动词transform是被动关系，所以要用transform的过去分词形式transformed。 2．blame/lame 【详解】句意：或许我该告诉他们，这样他们就不会因为我隐瞒秘密而责怪我了。根据句意以及首字母提示可知，此处为动词blame“责备”，符合语境，结合空前won’t情态动词可知，为动词原形。 3．defend 【详解】考查动词。句意：我们必须保卫祖国不受敌人侵害。根据句意和汉语提示应缇娜defend“保卫”作谓语，情态动词must后接动词原形，故填defend。 4．outbreak/utbreak 【详解】考查名词。句意：新冠肺炎疫情发生以来，中国人民全力抗击疫情。根据句意和首字母提示应填outbreak“爆发”作介词since的宾语，此处表示特指“新冠疫情的爆发”用单数。故填outbreak。 5．handle 【详解】考查动词。句意：我不知道如何处理这种情况，但我突然想到我可以向我最好的朋友求助。根据句意和汉语提示应填handle“处理”，分析句子可知，此处为“疑问词+不定式”作宾语，to是不定式符号，接动词原形，故填handle。 6．concept 【详解】考查名词。句意：所有这些构成了一个新的宇宙概念。设空处接在介词to后，并且前面有a修饰，应用名词单数形式，根据汉语提示，故填concept。 7．transform 【详解】考查动词。句意：是什么使她从一个普通的女人改变成了一个成功的女士？分析句子，句中make sb do为固定短语，意为“使某人做某事”。表示“改变”用transform。故填transform。 8．household 【详解】考查名词。句意：根据最新规定，人们应该把生活垃圾分为四类。根据汉语提示，表示“家庭”含义的名词为household，名词作定语，强调被修饰词的属性或类别，故填household。 9．severe/evere 【详解】考查形容词。句意：地震的破坏如此严重，重建这座城市可能需要数年时间。根据下文“it might take years to rebuild the city.(重建这座城市可能需要数年时间)”可知，空白处应填表示“严重的”含义的形容词作表语，根据首字母提示，以s开头且含义为“严重的”的形容词为severe，符合句意，故填severe。 10．leadership 【详解】考查名词。句意：英国已经失去了造船业的领导地位。根据汉语提示可知应用名词leadership，作宾语，表抽象概念不可数。故填leadership。 11．pure 【详解】考查形容词。句意：他们可能不知道的是，一些瓶装水可能不像他们想象的那么纯净。根据汉语提示可知应用形容词pure，作表语。故填pure。 12．infection 【详解】考查名词。句意：春节期间人口大量流动和集中将增加新冠肺炎感染的风险。分析句子可知，空处应为名词，作宾语；infection名词，表示“感染”，符合句意，为不可数名词。故填infection。 13．decrease/ecrease 【详解】考查名词。句意：2020年中国的出生率大幅下降，这意味着人口即将下降。根据句意和首字母可知，空处可使用名词decrease“下降”在句中作宾语，不定冠词a后接名词单数形式。故填decrease。 14．cells/ells 【详解】考查名词。句意：这些细胞分裂并产生许多其他不同类型的细胞。根据首字母提示和空后的“divide and give many other different types of cells”，这里表示细胞，应用cell“细胞”，为可数名词，且其前有Those修饰，所以这里应用名词复数。故填cells。 15．suspected 【详解】考查谓语动词。句意：斯诺怀疑水泵是罪魁祸首。分析句子结构可知，此处应为谓语动词，根据从句中的谓语动词was可知，此处应使用一般过去时，且与句子主语Snow之间为主动关系。故填suspected。 16．intervention/ntervention 【详解】考查名词。句意：通过她的介入，事情得到了很好的解决。根据“her”可知，此处应为名词，作宾语；根据中英文提示，应用intervention，为不可数名词。故填intervention。 17．contradictory 【详解】考查形容词。句意：这些诗可能没有意义，甚至看起来矛盾，但它们很容易学习和背诵。根据汉语提示可知应填形容词contradictory，作表语。故填contradictory。 18．upset/frustrated 【详解】考查形容词。句意：我知道你一定因为目前的情况而沮丧。系动词后用形容词作表语，根据汉语提示，upset/frustrated符合题意。故填upset/frustrated。 19．subscribes/ubscribes 【详解】考查动词。句意：为了提高我的英语水平，他每年都订阅《中国日报》。根据首字母提示及句意可知，空处用“订阅”含义，短语：subscribe to订阅。根据句中时间状语Every year 可知，用一般现在时，主语是he，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填subscribes。 20．suspected/uspected 【详解】考查动词。句意：我们强烈怀疑他骗了那位老太太的钱。根据所给首字母和句意可知，此处意为“怀疑某人做某事”，表达为suspect sb. of doing sth.，结合空前的助动词have可知，此处为现在完成时，空处需填suspect的过去分词形式，故填suspected。 二．1. was infected; 2.to; 3. once and for all; 4. was suspected; 5. to blame; 6. to handle; 7. by; 8. cast; 9. against; 10. Above all; 11. with; 12. at\with; 13. be cast; 14. raw materials; 15. for. 3. 1. severely; 2. frustrations; 3. contradicts; 4. multiply; 5. proved; 6. intervene; 7. purely; 8. transformation; 9. initially; 10. suspicion; 11. defense; 12. assistance; 13. steadily; 14. brilliance; 15. vividly; 16. faulty; 17. severity; 18. infection; 19. subscription; 20. solidarity. 四．1．died from 2．subscribed to 3．find out 4．What is more 5．In time 6．once and for all 7．In general 8．As a result of 9．Thanks to 10．For this reason 【详解】1．考查固定短语。句意：当新冠肺炎疫情席卷全球时，数以万计的人死于这种疾病。根据“the disease”以及句意“死于”可知应填die from，根据上文hit可知为一般过去时。故填died from。 2．考查固定短语。句意：在那个时代，医生们有两种相互矛盾的理论。斯诺赞同第二种理论。根据“the second theory”以及句意“赞同”可知应填subscribe to，根据上文had可知为一般过去时。故填subscribed to。 3．考查固定短语。句意：他决心查明这一事件的真相。根据“the truth of this incident”以及句意“查明”可知应填find out，且上文为短语be determined to。故填find out。 4．考查固定短语。句意：此外，在伦敦的另一个地方，一名妇女和她的女儿在离开宽街后死于霍乱。根据“a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street”以及句意“此外”可知应填what is more，首字母大写。故填What is more。 5．考查固定短语。句意：随着时间的推移，他成为了一名著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。根据“he rose to become a famous doctor”以及句意“随着时间的推移”可知应填in time，首字母大写。故填In time。 6．考查固定短语。句意：然而，他从未失去彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。根据“he never lost his desire to destroy cholera”以及句意“彻底”可知应填once and for all，故填once and for all。 7．考查固定短语。句意：一般来说，物理学只是众多科学中的一门。根据“physics is only one science among many.”以及句意“一般来说”可知应填in general，首字母大写。故填In general。 8．考查固定短语。句意：由于这些证据，约翰·斯诺就能宣布水泵里的水携带着霍乱病菌。根据“this evidence”以及句意“由于”可知应填as a result of，首字母大写。故填As a result of。 9．考查固定短语。句意：多亏了中国人民的团结和艰苦努力，中国的形势正在好转。根据“the Chinese people’s united and arduous efforts”以及句意“多亏了”可知应填thanks to，首字母大写。故填Thanks to。 10．考查固定短语。句意：因此，斯诺被认为是现代流行病学之父。根据“Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology”以及句意“因此”可知应填for this reason，首字母大写。故填For this reason。 五．1. came down with\was infected with; 2. is gifted\talented in; 3. was in the charge of; 4. broke out; 5. was pouring; 6. Thanks to; 7. has decreased to; 8. link…with\to; 9. subscribe to; 10. frustrated; 11. be traced; 12. outstanding; 13. Besides; 14. Furthermore; 15. brilliant. 六．1. causing; 2. of; 3. conflicting; 4. while; 5. it; 6. mapped; 7. who\that; 8. carrier; 9. immediately; 10. cases. 综合攻坚·知能拔高 一、阅读理解：（每题2.5分，共计27.5分） A Our travels are not limited to physical time. We also experience mental time travel. We visit the past through our memories and then journey into the future by imagining what tomorrow or next year might bring. When we do so, we think of ourselves as we are now, remember who we once were and envision how we will be. A recent study explores how one particular brain region helps to knit together memories of the present and future selves. When people sustain an injury to this area, it leads to a damaged sense of identity. The region, called vmPFC, may produce a fundamental model of the person and place it in mental time. When the region does so, it may be the source of our sense of self. It’s also found that memories that reference the self are easier to recall. They benefit from what researchers have called a self-reference effect. In the study, the researchers used the self-reference effect to assess memories of present and future selves among people who had brain lesions （损伤） to the vmPFC. The scientists worked with people with vmPFC lesions, then compared them with a control group made up of people with injuries to other parts of the brain and healthy individuals. They were asked to list adjectives to describe themselves and a celebrity, both in the present and future. Later, they had to recall these same traits. It was discovered that people in the control group could recall more adjectives linked to themselves than adjectives linked to the celebrity. However, the participants with vmPFC lesions had little or no ability to recall references to the self, regardless of the context of time. Their identification of adjectives for celebrities was also comparatively weak. These findings are intriguing, for the study helps us understand how self-related memories depend on the function of the vmPFC. But what about our past selves? Previous studies asked people to consider their past selves, but there was no evidence of the self-reference effect. Our past selves seem foreign to us, as if they were individuals apart from us. One idea that scientists have put forward to understand this distinction is that perhaps we are not very kind in our judgments of our past selves. Instead we may be rather critical of our previous behavior, emotions and personal traits. We may use our past primarily to construct a more positive self-image in the present. Put another way, because we may recognize flaws （瑕疵） in our past self’s behavior, we tend to distance ourselves from the person we once were. Therefore, bringing the present and future into the spotlight is central to understanding the way our brain and thoughts shape our current selves. And with the research, we have a better idea about the way a small region within our brain is able to build and hold the core ability to maintain our identity. 1.From the passage, we can learn that ________. A. people with vmPFC lesions have a broken sense of identity B. vmPFC-injured people recall celebrities better than others do C. The self-reference effect plays a vital role in considering the past self D. People tend to accept the past self after realizing their previous faults 2.As for the findings of the recent study on vmPFC, the author is ________. A. critical B. doubtful C. approving D. unconcerned 3.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Testing Our Memories B．Creating Our Sense of Self C．The Power of Self-Reference Effect D．The Importance of Mental Time Travel B In the future, your clothes might be grown from living bacteria （细菌）. Researchers report that bacteria can produce colorful cloth in a single process. This offers a sustainable alternative to today’s fashion industry, which relies heavily on oil-based fibers and chemical dyes （染料） containing heavy metals. These traditional processes release greenhouse gases, damage water quality, and pollute the soil. Biochemical engineer Sang Yup Lee and his team grew two types of bacteria together: one that produces a material to replace polyester and nylon （聚酯纤维和锦纶）， and another that creates natural colors. Originally, the two bacteria disturbed each other’s growth, so either little material was produced or it remained uncolored. After testing, the team found a way to make them work together, finally producing colorful sheets in purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. The team then tested how well the colors lasted. They washed, heated, and put the materials in different liquids. Most colors stayed strong, and some even did better than traditional dyes in washing tests. However, Lee says the bacteria-based cloth is at least five years away from being sold in stores. Challenges include increasing production and competing with low-cost petroleum products. Real progress, he adds, will require people to care more about the environment than price. 4. Why does the author mention "heavy metals" in paragraph 1? A. To explain why bacteria can produce colors. B. To show a problem with traditional dyeing methods. C. To compare different types of chemical dyes. D. To prove that traditionally made cloth is strong. 5.What was the main difficulty the team faced at the beginning? A. The two bacteria could not produce natural colors. B. The two bacteria stopped each other from growing well. C. The material could not be made into colorful sheets. D. The bacteria could only produce very little colored materials. 6.What can we learn from the color test? A. The bacteria-based cloth fades easily when washed. B. Traditional dyes perform better in all the tests. C. The colors of the new materials are mostly lasting. D. Heating can change the colors of the new materials. 7.What matters for the technology according to Lee? A. Cutting down the cost of mass production. B. Finding more types of color-producing bacteria. C. Changing people’s values toward sustainability. D. Increasing the production of the new cloth. C Many people with high blood pressure are asked by doctors to eat less salt. This is good for their health, but it is not always easy. Salt makes food taste better, and low-salt food often tastes boring. As a result, some people find it hard to keep a healthy diet for a long time. Now researchers in Japan have developed a pair of high-tech chopsticks that may help solve this problem. The chopsticks were made by a team from Meiji University and a food company called Kirin. They are part of a small electronic device （装置）， so they look a little different from common chopsticks. The device does not add real salt to the food. Instead, it makes people feel that the food tastes saltier. In the first test, people using the chopsticks felt that the food was about 1.5 times saltier than before. How can chopsticks do this? The idea is not too difficult to understand. A very weak electric current（电流） goes from one chopstick to the mouth. It is so weak that people do not feel pain. The current changes the way salt in the food is felt by the tongue. As a result, low-salt food may taste more like normal food. To check whether the chopsticks really worked, the researchers invited 36 people aged 40 to 65 to take part in a test. All of them were trying to eat less salt. They tasted food with normal chopsticks and with the high-tech chopsticks.      The result showed that most of them tasted more salt when they used the new chopsticks. Some even thought low-salt food with the new chopsticks tasted saltier than common food with normal chopsticks. The chopsticks are not being sold in shops yet. However, the early results are encouraging. For people who have to eat less salt but still want tasty food, this small invention may bring good news in the future. 8.Why did the researchers make the high-tech chopsticks? A. To make chopsticks cheaper. B．To help people eat less salt but still enjoy food. C. To teach people how to cook. D．To make food colder. 9.How do the chopsticks make food taste saltier? A. By adding real salt to the food. B. By changing the color of the food. C. By using weak electricity. D. By making the food hotter. 10.What does the underlined word “check" in paragraph 4 mean? A. Make sure. B. Give up. C. Take away. D. Write down. 11. What does the writer think of the chopsticks? A．They are useless. B．They are too dangerous. C．They are already common. D. They may be helpful in the future. 二、七选五：（每题2.5分，共计12.5分） As is known, Albert Einstein was one of the greatest scientists of all time. He was also a really great person. Einstein learned from making mistakes 1 , someone asked him what he needed. He said he needed a desk, some paper and pencils. He also needed a basket to hold his mistakes. This shows that he knew even the cleverest man in the world can only learn by making mistakes. 2 Many children wrote letters to ask him for help with their homework. One day, he wrote a letter to a young girl to tell her not to worry about her Maths homework because he thought Maths was difficult too. Einstein considered time to be important He never wore socks because he thought putting on socks was a waste of time as people already wore shoes. He also thought remembering things found in books was not worth it. 3 . He knew what was worth remembering. It is true that if we are going to do great things in our lives, we cannot waste time. Einstein liked to joke too In one exam, a student asked him why all the questions were the same as last year’s. Einstein replied the questions were the same, but the answers were different. 4 ! When Einstein was a child, his teachers used to say he was not clever. However, Einstein kept working hard and surprised the world with his achievements. 5 , we should think of him. So, never be discouraged A. Give students a chance to correct their mistakes by themselves B. That’s why he never remembered his own phone number C. If we ever feel like giving up when we have problems D. Einstein was also very strict with his students E. When Einstein started to work in America F. Einstein was also very modest （谦虚的） G. What a humorous person he is 三、完形填空：（每题1分，共计15分） When Sam Glassenberg’s 5-year-old daughter was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, the experienced video game developer found himself facing a cold reality. He had to become his child’s stand-in “pancreas （胰腺）”， making life-or-death insulin （胰岛素） 1 . After his daughter spent two days in the hospital in 2019, Glassenberg was given a sheet of paper by the 2 team with crossed out carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios （碳水化合物与胰岛素比值）， rounding rules, and correction factors. Even as a computer science engineer, Glassenberg found it 3 and frustrating, especially with the high stakes （风险） involved. “For the first few months, I was learning through play, but that play was trial-and-error on my own kid，” he said. So, he did what game 4 do best. He built a video game — called “Level One: A Diabetes Game” — a free mobile app. It turns the 5 science of diabetes management into an easy interactive game that teaches people how insulin, food, and blood sugar 6 with the body. Its goal is to help children and their 7 feel less overwhelmed after diagnosis. The game has sixty 8 to help people better understand diabetes concepts and introduces new ones as the player 9 through the levels. More than 200 reviewers in the app store have weighed in, giving it 4.9 stars out of 5. The game was launched in 10 with two leading diabetes organizations. What was it like to 11 a way to help the entire diabetes community? “It’s extremely 12 and meaningful,” he said, “but also a little frustrating.” Glassenberg said he wished he had developed the app 13 so that more people could have already 14 , especially those in underserved communities where 15 to care and diabetes education is lacking. 1. A. plans B. maps C. games D. decisions 2. A. critical B. technical C. medical D. moral 3. A. beneficial B. confusing C. entertaining D. negative 4. A. players B. designers C. enthusiasts D. competitors 5. A. modern B. survival C. complex D. experimental 6. A. interact B. evolve C. combine D. help 7. A. companions B. doctors C. assistants D. caregivers 8. A. parts B. levels C. questions D. roles 9.A. goes B. looks C. advances D. searches 10.A. line B. harmony C. contact D. partnership 11.A. turn out B. figure out C. break out D. bring out 12.A. rewarding B. challenging C. stimulating D. relaxing 13.A. better B. bigger C. sooner D. funnier 14.A. known B. appreciated C. booked D. benefited 15.A. access B. right C. link D. reference 参考答案： 一．A. 1．A 2．C 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了大脑中的一个特定区域（vmPFC）如何帮助我们将现在的记忆与未来的自我记忆结合起来，从而维持我们的身份感。这项研究发现加深了我们对大脑如何塑造和维持我们当前身份的理解。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“ It was discovered that people in the control group could recall more adjectives linked to themselves than adjectives linked to the celebrity. However, the participants with vmPFC lesions had little or no ability to recall references to the self, regardless of the context of time. Their identification of adjectives for celebrities was also comparatively weak. (研究发现，对照组的人能回忆起更多与自身相关的形容词，而不是与名人相关的形容词。然而，vmPFC损伤的参与者几乎无法回忆起与自身相关的引用，无论时间背景如何。他们对名人的形容词识别能力也相对较弱。)”可知，当人们在这个区域（vmPFC）受伤时，他们几乎无法回忆起与自身相关的引用，无论时间背景如何会导致身份感的受损。这与选项A的描述“people with vmPFC lesions have a broken sense of identity (vmPFC损伤的人失去了身份感)”相符。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“These findings are intriguing, for the study helps us understand how self-related memories depend on the function of the vmPFC. (这些发现很有趣，因为这项研究帮助我们理解自我相关的记忆是如何依赖于vmPFC的功能的。)”可知，作者认为这些发现很有趣，因为这项研究帮助我们理解自我相关记忆如何依赖于vmPFC的功能，这说明作者对于vmPFC研究的发现持肯定态度。因此，作者对于vmPFC研究的发现持赞成态度。C选项“approving(支持的)”与作者态度相一致。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要讨论了vmPFC区域如何帮助我们将现在的记忆与未来的自我记忆结合起来，以维持我们的身份感。B选项“Creating Our Sense of Self(创造我们的自我意识)”最能概括文章的主旨，符合文章标题。故选B。 B. 4．B 5．B 6．C 7．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了研究人员利用两种细菌合作生产彩色布料的技术，为传统纺织业提供了一种可持续的替代方案。 【详解】4．推理判断题。根据第一段“This offers a sustainable alternative to today’s fashion industry, which relies heavily on oil-based fibers and chemical dyes （染料） containing heavy metals. These traditional processes release greenhouse gases, damage water quality, and pollute the soil.（这为当今严重依赖石油基纤维和含有重金属的化学染料的时尚产业提供了一种可持续的替代方案。这些传统工艺会释放温室气体，破坏水质，并污染土壤。）”可知，作者提到“重金属”是为了说明传统染色方法会释放温室气体，破坏水质，并污染土壤，即传统染色方法存在的问题。 5.细节理解题。根据第二段“Originally, the two bacteria disturbed each other’s growth, so either little material was produced or it remained uncolored. （最初，这两种细菌会干扰彼此的生长，所以要么只产出很少的材料，要么材料仍然没有颜色）”可知，团队起初面临的主要困难是两种细菌相互干扰生长。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“Most colors stayed strong, and some even did better than traditional dyes in washing tests. （大多数颜色保持牢固，有些甚至在洗涤测试中比传统染料表现更好）”可知，新材料的颜色大多是持久的。 7.细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, Lee says the bacteria-based cloth is at least five years away from being sold in stores. Challenges include increasing production and competing with low-cost petroleum products. Real progress, he adds, will require people to care more about the environment than price.（然而，Lee表示，这种基于细菌的布料至少还需要五年才能上市销售。面临的挑战包括提高产量以及与低成本的石油产品竞争。他补充说，真正的进步需要人们更多地关心环境而非价格)”可知，Lee认为这项技术的进展取决于人们是否更多地关心环境而非价格，是否更重视可持续性。 C. 8．B 9．C 10．A 11．D 【导语】文章主要介绍了日本研发的一款能通过微弱电流增强咸味的高科技筷子。 【详解】8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Many people with high blood pressure are asked by doctors to eat less salt. This is good for their health, but it is not always easy. Salt makes food taste better, and low-salt food often tastes boring. As a result, some people find it hard to keep a healthy diet for a long time. Now researchers in Japan have developed a pair of high-tech chopsticks that may help solve this problem.(许多高血压患者被医生要求少吃盐，这对健康有益但并不容易做到。盐能让食物更美味，低盐食物通常味道乏味，因此一些人很难长期坚持健康饮食。现在日本研究人员研发了一双高科技筷子，或许可以帮助解决这个问题)”可知，研发筷子的目的是帮助人们在少吃盐的同时享受美味。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段中“A very weak electric current(电流) goes from one chopstick to the mouth. It is so weak that people do not feel pain. The current changes the way salt in the food is felt by the tongue. As a result, low-salt food may taste more like normal food.(非常微弱的电流从一根筷子流到嘴里。它太弱了，人们感觉不到疼痛。电流改变了舌头感觉食物中盐的方式。)”可知，筷子通过微弱电流让食物尝起来更咸。 10．词义猜测题。根据第四段中“To check whether the chopsticks really worked, the researchers invited 36 people aged 40 to 65 to take part in a test.(为了check筷子是否真的有效，研究人员邀请了36名年龄在40至65岁之间的人参加测试)”可知，研究者开展测试是为了验证、确认这款筷子是否真的有效。check此处意为“核实、确认”，与make sure同义。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The chopsticks are not being sold in shops yet. However, the early results are encouraging. For people who have to eat less salt but still want tasty food, this small invention may bring good news in the future.(这些筷子还没有在商店里出售。然而，初步结果令人鼓舞。对于那些不得不少吃盐但仍然想要美味食物的人来说，这项小小的发明可能会在未来带来好消息)”可知，作者认为这种筷子在未来可能会很有帮助。 二．1．E 2．F 3．B 4．G 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了爱因斯坦作为伟大科学家的同时，也是一个非常优秀的人，通过几个故事展现了他从错误中学习、谦虚、珍惜时间、幽默等品质。 【详解】1．由小标题“Einstein learned from making mistakes(爱因斯坦从错误中学习)”和下文“someone asked him what he needed. He said he needed a desk, some paper and pencils. He also needed a basket to hold his mistakes.(有人问他需要什么。他说他需要一张桌子、一些纸和铅笔。他还需要一个篮子来装他的错误。)”可知，本空应开始讲述爱因斯坦的一些事迹，且该事迹应与“开始工作”相关。E选项“When Einstein started to work in America(当爱因斯坦开始在美国工作时)”符合语境，能承接上文，并引出下文关于爱因斯坦在美国工作时的相关事迹。故选E。 2．由下文“Many children wrote letters to ask him for help with their homework. One day, he wrote a letter to a young girl to tell her not to worry about her Maths homework because he thought Maths was difficult too.(许多孩子写信向他求助家庭作业。有一天，他给一个小女孩写了一封信，告诉她不要担心她的数学作业，因为他认为数学也很难。)”可知，爱因斯坦并不因为自己是伟大的科学家而自大，对于孩子的求助，他表示自己也觉得数学很难，这体现了他的谦虚。本空应说明爱因斯坦的谦虚品质。F选项“Einstein was also very modest (谦虚的)(爱因斯坦也非常谦虚)”符合语境，能概括本段大意。故选F。 3．由上文“He also thought remembering things found in books was not worth it.(他还认为记住书中找到的东西是不值得的。)”以及下文“He knew what was worth remembering.(他知道什么值得记住。)”可知，本空应举例说明爱因斯坦不记不值得的事。B选项“That’s why he never remembered his own phone number(这就是他从不记住自己电话号码的原因)”符合语境，承接上文，且与下文“他知道什么值得记住”相呼应。故选B。 4．由上文“In one exam, a student asked him why all the questions were the same as last year’s. Einstein replied the questions were the same, but the answers were different.(在一次考试中，一个学生问他为什么所有的问题都和去年的一样。爱因斯坦回答说问题是一样的，但答案不同。)”以及本段标题“Einstein liked to joke too(爱因斯坦也喜欢开玩笑)”可知，本空应总结爱因斯坦的幽默特质。G选项“What a humorous person he is(他真是个幽默的人)”符合语境，能承接上文，且与标题相呼应。故选G。 5．由上文“When Einstein was a child, his teachers used to say he was not clever. However, Einstein kept working hard and surprised the world with his achievements.(爱因斯坦小时候，他的老师常说他不聪明。然而，爱因斯坦一直努力工作，用他的成就震惊了世界。)”以及下文“we should think of him. So, never be discouraged(我们应该想到他。所以，永远不要气馁)”可知，本空应衔接“遇到困难”与“想到爱因斯坦、不气馁”的逻辑，应提出一个假设，即在遇到困难想放弃时，应想到爱因斯坦。C选项“If we ever feel like giving up when we have problems(如果我们在遇到问题时想放弃)”能承上启下，符合语境。故选C。 三．1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 5．C 6．A 7．D 8．B 9．C 10．D 11．B 12．A 13．C 14．D 15．A 【导语】主要讲述游戏开发者因女儿患上一型糖尿病，开发科普游戏帮助病患家庭理解糖尿病管理知识的故事。 【详解】1．考查名词。句意：他不得不充当女儿临时的胰腺，做出关乎生死的胰岛素用药决策。A. plans方案；B. maps图谱；C. games游戏；D. decisions决定。根据后文“crossed out carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios (碳水化合物与胰岛素比值), rounding rules, and correction factors”可知，胰岛素配比、校正数值都需要人为判断取舍，做出用药决定。 2．考查形容词。句意：2019年女儿住院两天后，医疗团队给了他一张写满碳水胰岛素配比、取整规则和校正系数的纸。A. critical关键的；B. technical技术的；C. medical医疗的；D. moral道德的。根据前文“his daughter spent two days in the hospital”可知对接他的是医院医护人员，属于医疗团队。 3．考查形容词。句意：即便身为计算机工程师，他也觉得这套内容令人费解又让人沮丧，尤其相关操作风险极高。A. beneficial有益的；B. confusing令人困惑的；C. entertaining有趣的；D. negative消极的。根据前文一堆繁杂的碳水胰岛素配比、校正规则，以及后文“frustrating”可知整套计算规则晦涩难懂，使人困惑。 4．考查名词。句意：于是他做了游戏设计师最擅长的事。A. players玩家；B. designers设计师；C. enthusiasts爱好者；D. competitors竞争者。根据前文“the experienced video game developer”可知，主人公本身是游戏开发者、设计师。 5．考查形容词。句意：它将糖尿病管理这套复杂的科学知识转化为一款简单的互动游戏，向人们讲解胰岛素、食物与血糖如何和人体相互作用。A. modern现代的；B. survival生存的；C. complex复杂的；D. experimental实验性的。根据前文“crossed out carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios (碳水化合物与胰岛素比值), rounding rules, and correction factors. Even as a computer science engineer, Glassenberg found it _______ and frustrating, especially with the high stakes (风险) involved.”可知，糖尿病相关计算规则繁琐难懂，对应知识体系十分复杂。 6．考查动词。句意：它将糖尿病管理这套复杂的科学知识转化为一款简单的互动游戏，向人们讲解胰岛素、食物与血糖如何和人体相互作用。A. interact相互作用；B. evolve进化；C. combine结合；D. help帮助。根据前文“carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios (碳水化合物与胰岛素比值), rounding rules, and correction factors.”可知，前文提到食物碳水、胰岛素存在换算关联，体现三者在人体中互相影响作用。 7．考查名词。句意：它的目标是帮助确诊后的孩子及其看护者减轻手足无措的感受。A. companions同伴；B. doctors医生；C. assistants助手；D. caregivers看护者。根据前文“He had to become his child’s stand-in “pancreas (胰腺)”, making life-or-death insulin (胰岛素) ________ .”可知，患儿家长需要全程负责糖尿病护理，属于看护人群体。 8．考查名词。句意：游戏设置六十个关卡，帮助人们更好掌握糖尿病相关概念，玩家通关时会解锁新知识。A. parts部分；B. levels关卡；C. questions问题；D. roles角色。根据后文“and introduces new ones as the player ________ through the levels.”可知，原文直接出现levels，对应游戏关卡。 9．考查动词。句意：游戏设置六十个关卡，帮助人们更好掌握糖尿病相关概念，玩家闯关升级时会解锁新知识。A. goes走；B. looks看；C. advances进阶；D. searches搜寻。根据后文“through the levels”可知，玩家在关卡中不断推进、升级解锁内容，advance through表示“闯关进阶”。 10．考查名词。句意：该游戏由两大权威糖尿病机构合作推出。A. line路线；B. harmony和谐；C. contact联系；D. partnership合作。根据后文“two leading diabetes organizations”可知，游戏是和专业机构联合推出，in partnership with表示与……合作。 11．考查动词短语。句意：想出一种能帮助全部糖尿病群体的办法是什么感受？A. turn out结果是；B. figure out想出、弄明白；C. break out爆发；D. bring out使显现。根据前文“He built a video game — called “Level One: A Diabetes Game” — a free mobile app.”可知，前文介绍他自主制作科普游戏，摸索出帮助糖尿病人群的方式，figure out a way 表示“想出解决办法”。 12．考查形容词。句意：“这件事非常有成就感、意义重大，” 他说，“但也有点让人灰心。”A. rewarding有意义、值得的；B. challenging有挑战的；C. stimulating刺激的；D. relaxing放松的。根据后文“meaningful”以及前文“More than 200 reviewers in the app store have weighed in, giving it 4.9 stars out of5”可知，游戏收获极高好评、帮助糖尿病患者家庭，这件事带来强烈成就感 13．考查副词比较级。句意：格拉森伯格说他真希望自己能更早开发这款应用，这样更多人就能从中受益，尤其是医疗资源匮乏、难以获取医疗服务与糖尿病教育的社区人群。A. better更好；B. bigger更大；C. sooner更早；D. funnier更有趣。根据后文“so that more people could have already ______”可知，他遗憾开发太晚，没能更早惠及大众。 14．考查动词过去分词。句意：格拉森伯格说他真希望自己能更早开发这款应用，这样更多人就能从中受益，尤其是医疗资源匮乏、难以获取医疗服务与糖尿病教育的社区人群。A. known知晓；B. appreciated感激；C. booked预约；D. benefited受益。根据后文“especially those in underserved communities where access to care and diabetes education is lacking”可知，后文说明欠服务社区缺少相关医疗教育，推出软件能让这些人群从中获益。 15．考查名词。句意：格拉森伯格说他真希望自己能更早开发这款应用，这样更多人就能从中受益，尤其是医疗资源匮乏、难以获取医疗服务与糖尿病教育的社区人群。A. access获取途径、可及性；B. right权利；C. link链接；D. reference参考。根据后文“to care and diabetes education is lacking”可知，这类社区缺少医疗科普与诊疗资源，access to care表示“获得医疗服务的渠道”。 1 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Science and Scientists 单元重点单词短语句型语法精练 （时间：120分钟，满分：150分） 教材考点概览 1． 重点单词： severe adj. 极为恶劣的，十分严重的，严厉的 frustrated adj. 懊恼的，沮丧的，失意的 contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的，对立的，不一致的 proof n. 证据，证明，检验 suspect vt.&vi. n. 怀疑，疑有，不信任│犯罪嫌疑人，可疑对 blame vt.│n. 把……咎于，责怪，指责│责备，指责 handle n.│vt. 把手，拉手，柄│处理，搬动，操纵(车辆、动物、工具等) link n.│vt. 联系，纽带│把……连接起来，相关联 pure adj. 干净的，纯的，纯粹的 decrease n.│vt.& vi. 减少，降低，减少量│(使大小、数量等)减少，减小,降低 solid adj.│n. 可靠的，固体的，坚实的│固体 pour vt. 倒出，倾泻，斟(饮料) defend vt. 保卫，防守，辩解 outstanding adj. 优秀的，杰出的，明显的 gifted adj. 有天赋的，有天才的，天资聪慧的 steady adj. 稳定的，平稳的，稳步的 besides prep.│adv. 除……之外(还)│而且，此外 furthermore adv. 此外，再者 2， 重点短语： once and for all最终地，彻底地 subscribe to同意，赞同 thanks to幸亏，由于 break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始，爆发 in charge of主管，掌管 come down with患(病)，染上(小病) above all最重要的是，尤其是 in time 及时，最后，终于 attend to 照顾 in general 一般来说 side effects 副作用 三．派生词： severe(adj.)----adv.‌severely‌----n.‌severity‌；比较级：‌severer/more severe‌；最高级：‌severest/most severe‌ frustrated(adj.)----v.‌frustrate‌----n.‌frustration‌----adj.(修饰物)‌frustrating‌；同义：‌upset /discouraged / blue/down‌ contradictory(adj.)----v.‌contradict‌----n.‌contradiction‌ infect (v.)—n. infection—adj. infectious proof (n.)—v. prove—adj. proven/proved‌ intervention (n.)—v. intervene pure (adj.)—adv. purely—v. purify decrease (v./n.)=‌drop / fall / decline / reduce‌；反义词：‌increase‌ transform(v.)----n.‌transformation‌ thinking(n./v.)----thought(n./v.) initial(adj.)----adv.‌initially‌ cast----‌cast‌(过去式)----‌cast‌(过去分词)； shadow (n./v.)----shade (n./v.)； defend(v.)----n.‌defense/defence‌； assistant(n.)----v.‌assist‌----n.‌assistance‌； abstract(adj./n.)----‌concrete‌(反义词)； steady(adj.)----adv.‌steadily‌；astronomer(n.)----‌astronomy‌(天文学)----‌astronaut‌(宇航员)； besides(adv.)=‌moreover/in addition‌； vivid(adj.)----adv.‌vividly‌----n.‌vividness 四．重点句型： 1. Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. Tireless adj. 不知疲倦的；此句中saw为see的过去式，需理解为“经历”。所以，此句理解为：经过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始售卖洁净水，全球霍乱威胁显著降低。 2. Described by the author of the story of Qian Xuewseng as a man with "great scientific thought and scientific spirit" who was patriotic and served his homeland wirh effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man. 此句主句为：Qian was an extremely well-respected man.前面所有部分为非谓语动词作状语。此句理解为：钱学森备受尊敬，《钱学森的故事》作者称其具“伟大科学思想与科学精神”，爱国且以努力、成就和奉献服务祖国。‌‌ 3. However， what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. 此句中what…scientist为主语从句，was为系动词，his strong interest in other things作表语。此句理解为：然而，他之所以能成为如此杰出且富有创造力的科学家，可能源于他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。‌‌‌‌‌ 考点夯基攻坚 小题夯基·精准突破 一．请根据提示信息完成句子：（每题1分，共计20分） 1. The company has been ______________ （转变） from a family business to a multi-million-pound operation. 2.Maybe I should tell them , so they won’t b_________ me for keeping a secret. 3.We must _____________（保卫）our motherland from the enemy. 4.Since the o_____________of the novel coronavirus disease, the Chinese have been making all-out efforts to battle against it. 5.I didn’t know how to _____________（应对） the situation, but an idea suddenly struck me that I could turn to my best friend for help. 6.All this adds up to a new __________ （概念） of the universe. 7.What was it that made her _____________（改变） from an ordinary woman into a successful lady? 8.According to the latest rule, people shall sort _____________（家庭） garbage into four categories. 9.The destruction of the earthquake was so s_____________that it might take years to rebuild the city. 10.Britain has lost her __________ （领导地位） in the shipbuilding industry. 11.What they may not know is that some bottled water may not be as _____________（干净的） as they expect. 12.Large population movements and concentrations during the Spring Festival will increase the risk of COVID-19 ____________（感染）. 13.2020 witnessed a significant d____________ in the birth rate of China, which means that the population is on the verge of falling down. 14.Those c____________ divide and give many other different types of cells. 15.Snow ____________ （怀疑） that the water pump was to blame. 16.Through her i_____________ （介入）, the matter was solved very well. 17.The poems may not make sense and even seem _____________（相互矛盾的）, but they are easy to learn and recite. 18.I know that you must be____________（沮丧） because of the present situation. 19.Every year he s______________ to China Daily in order to improve my English. 20.We have strongly s________________ him of cheating the old lady out of her money. 二、请完成句子使其结构和意义完整：（每题1分，共计15分） 1. During his business travel, he ________ _________(infect) with COVID-19. 2. After a hot discussion, the whole class agreed to subscribe ____________ several magazines to enrich their reading. 3. With the help of the experts, the problem was settled _________ __________ _________ __________.（彻底地） 4. It ___________ _____________(suspect) that the drug was brought into the country by boat. 5. After detailed investigation, they finally concluded that his habits rather than a bacterial infection were __________ ______________(blame) for his disease. 6. Most of the newly-produced electronic devices are easy _________ ___________(handle). 7. Because of the dull export, the production of the company has decreased _________20%, which equals 80% that of last year. 8. All the villagers ____________(cast) a welcoming smile when we arrived. 9. We should learn to defend ourselves _____________any attacks and injuries. 10. _________ ___________（最重要的是）, we should live in a comfortable neighborhood. 11. Everyone has his own strengths and weaknesses.Don’t always find fault ___________others. 12. They gradually got frustrated ___________the lack of progress in the project. 13. Don’t _________ ___________(cast) down by the current hardships and setbacks. 14. Our company is faced with a shortage of __________ ________________（原材料）. 15. She was blamed ___________her absence from work. 三．请根据上下文填出提示单词正确的派生词：（每题1分，共计20分） 1. The crops were ______________(severe) damaged in the flood. 2. Every job has its difficulties and ______________(frustrated). 3. Her husband always _________________(contradictory) everything she says and does. 4. Amazingly, whales ________________(multiple) by giving birth to baby whales. 5. The solution _______________(proof) to be successful. 6. Finally, the manager had to _________________(intervention) in the matter in person. 7. She took the job ___________(pure) for the money. 8. With the development of AI, our work style will go through a complete ________________(transform). 9. More victims were found in the accident than were _____________(initial) thought. 10. “It is only a ______________(suspect),nothing concrete.”she said. 11. He chose to join the army in ______________(defend) of his motherland. 12. With the _________________(assistant) of their father, the two boys managed to make a perfect breakfast. 13. However, despite their efforts, the situation got ____________(steady) worse. 14. The construction of the Forbidden City demonstrated the _________________(brilliant) of China’s ancient culture. 15. The whole process of the creation was ____________(vivid) presented in the report. 16. I am writing to ask for a full refund because the machine I bought in your shop is ___________(fault). 17. Given the ______________(severe) of the disaster, people from all walks of life came to assist in the rescue work. 18. Being exposed to sunlight will increase the risk of _____________(infect) with skin diseases. 19. I am sorry that I have to cancel the __________________(subscribe) to the newspaper because of the delivery issue. 20. These activities contribute to the ________________(solid) of the community. 四、选词填空：（每题1分，共计10分） subscribe to, die from, attend to, once and for all, in general, for this reason, thanks to, as a result of, what is more, find out, in time 1. When the outbreak of COVID-19 hit the world, tens of thousands of people the disease. 2.In those days doctors had two contradictory theories. Snow the second theory. 3.He was determined to the truth of this incident. 4. , in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. 5. , he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave  birth. 6.However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera ． 7. , physics is only one science among many. 8． this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. 9. the Chinese people’s united and arduous efforts, the situation in China is getting better. 10. , Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology. 五、同义句转换：（每题1分，共计15分） 1. Unfortunately, he picked up a severe flu during his holiday. Unfortunately, he _________ ____________ ____________ a severe flu during his holiday. 2. Jackie has a talent for making handicrafts. Jackie ___________ _____________ _____________ making handicrafts. 3. Mike took charge of the whole project. The project ________ __________ ____________ _____________ _______Mike. 4. A fierce quarrel occurred among the team members about the strategies of the match. A fierce quarrel _________ ______ among the team members about the strategies of the match. 5. They were about to leave when it was raining heavily outside. They were about to leave when it ________ _____________outside. 6. On account of the teacher’s participation, they quickly completed the task. _______________ __________ the teacher’s participation, they quickly completed the task. 7. The birth rate has reduced to less than 1.1% around the whole country. The birth rate _________ _____________ ________ less than 1.1% around the whole country. 8. The highway was built to connect Chongqing with Chengdu. The highway was built to ___________ Chongqing _________ Chengdu. 9. After careful thinking, I agree with the second proposal. After careful thinking, I ______________ ___________ the second proposal. 10. Because of the failure, he felt blue all the week. Because of the failure, he felt _____________ all the week. 11. Her family tree can date back to 11th century. Her family tree can __________ ____________ to 11th century. 12. Lang Ping was an excellent volleyball player. Lang Ping was an ______________ volleyball player. 13. In addition to the 6 basic courses, we also have many minor subjects to study. _______________ the 6 basic courses, we also have many minor subjects to study. 14. What’s more, it is also a great way to broaden our horizons. ________________, it is also a great way to broaden our horizons. 15. How wonderful your suggestion is ! How _____________ your suggestion is ! 六、语法填空：（每题1.5分，共计15分） Cholera was once the most feared disease worldwide, ______1______(cause) serious diarrhoea, dehydration and even death. In the early 19th century, millions of people died ______2______ it across Europe, as no one knew how to prevent or treat it. British doctor John Snow made up his mind to defeat this deadly disease once and for all. At that time, most doctors held two _____3________(conflict) theories about cholera’s spread. One believed bad air led to the illness, _______4______ the other argued it was caused by germs from food or water. John Snow stood by the second theory, yet he needed solid proof to support _____5______. When a severe cholera outbreak hit London in 1854, over 500 people lost their lives in just ten days. John Snow _____6_______(map) the addresses of all the dead, and found deaths clustered around a water pump on Broad Street. People ______7____ did not drink the pump water, like local pub workers, stayed safe. Further cases also proved the pump water was the _______8______(carry) of cholera germs. After he removed the pump’s handle, the outbreak was stopped _________9______(immediate). Later, John Snow proved that polluted water from the River Thames was to blame for most cholera _______10_______(case). Thanks to his efforts, clean water was provided across the city, and the global cholera threat dropped greatly. His creative use of maps and statistics also made him the father of modern epidemiology. 综合攻坚·知能拔高 一、阅读理解：（每题2.5分，共计27.5分） A Our travels are not limited to physical time. We also experience mental time travel. We visit the past through our memories and then journey into the future by imagining what tomorrow or next year might bring. When we do so, we think of ourselves as we are now, remember who we once were and envision how we will be. A recent study explores how one particular brain region helps to knit together memories of the present and future selves. When people sustain an injury to this area, it leads to a damaged sense of identity. The region, called vmPFC, may produce a fundamental model of the person and place it in mental time. When the region does so, it may be the source of our sense of self. It’s also found that memories that reference the self are easier to recall. They benefit from what researchers have called a self-reference effect. In the study, the researchers used the self-reference effect to assess memories of present and future selves among people who had brain lesions （损伤） to the vmPFC. The scientists worked with people with vmPFC lesions, then compared them with a control group made up of people with injuries to other parts of the brain and healthy individuals. They were asked to list adjectives to describe themselves and a celebrity, both in the present and future. Later, they had to recall these same traits. It was discovered that people in the control group could recall more adjectives linked to themselves than adjectives linked to the celebrity. However, the participants with vmPFC lesions had little or no ability to recall references to the self, regardless of the context of time. Their identification of adjectives for celebrities was also comparatively weak. These findings are intriguing, for the study helps us understand how self-related memories depend on the function of the vmPFC. But what about our past selves? Previous studies asked people to consider their past selves, but there was no evidence of the self-reference effect. Our past selves seem foreign to us, as if they were individuals apart from us. One idea that scientists have put forward to understand this distinction is that perhaps we are not very kind in our judgments of our past selves. Instead we may be rather critical of our previous behavior, emotions and personal traits. We may use our past primarily to construct a more positive self-image in the present. Put another way, because we may recognize flaws （瑕疵） in our past self’s behavior, we tend to distance ourselves from the person we once were. Therefore, bringing the present and future into the spotlight is central to understanding the way our brain and thoughts shape our current selves. And with the research, we have a better idea about the way a small region within our brain is able to build and hold the core ability to maintain our identity. 1.From the passage, we can learn that ________. A. people with vmPFC lesions have a broken sense of identity B. vmPFC-injured people recall celebrities better than others do C. The self-reference effect plays a vital role in considering the past self D. People tend to accept the past self after realizing their previous faults 2.As for the findings of the recent study on vmPFC, the author is ________. A. critical B. doubtful C. approving D. unconcerned 3.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Testing Our Memories B．Creating Our Sense of Self C．The Power of Self-Reference Effect D．The Importance of Mental Time Travel B In the future, your clothes might be grown from living bacteria （细菌）. Researchers report that bacteria can produce colorful cloth in a single process. This offers a sustainable alternative to today’s fashion industry, which relies heavily on oil-based fibers and chemical dyes （染料） containing heavy metals. These traditional processes release greenhouse gases, damage water quality, and pollute the soil. Biochemical engineer Sang Yup Lee and his team grew two types of bacteria together: one that produces a material to replace polyester and nylon （聚酯纤维和锦纶）， and another that creates natural colors. Originally, the two bacteria disturbed each other’s growth, so either little material was produced or it remained uncolored. After testing, the team found a way to make them work together, finally producing colorful sheets in purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. The team then tested how well the colors lasted. They washed, heated, and put the materials in different liquids. Most colors stayed strong, and some even did better than traditional dyes in washing tests. However, Lee says the bacteria-based cloth is at least five years away from being sold in stores. Challenges include increasing production and competing with low-cost petroleum products. Real progress, he adds, will require people to care more about the environment than price. 4. Why does the author mention "heavy metals" in paragraph 1? A. To explain why bacteria can produce colors. B. To show a problem with traditional dyeing methods. C. To compare different types of chemical dyes. D. To prove that traditionally made cloth is strong. 5.What was the main difficulty the team faced at the beginning? A. The two bacteria could not produce natural colors. B. The two bacteria stopped each other from growing well. C. The material could not be made into colorful sheets. D. The bacteria could only produce very little colored materials. 6.What can we learn from the color test? A. The bacteria-based cloth fades easily when washed. B. Traditional dyes perform better in all the tests. C. The colors of the new materials are mostly lasting. D. Heating can change the colors of the new materials. 7.What matters for the technology according to Lee? A. Cutting down the cost of mass production. B. Finding more types of color-producing bacteria. C. Changing people’s values toward sustainability. D. Increasing the production of the new cloth. C Many people with high blood pressure are asked by doctors to eat less salt. This is good for their health, but it is not always easy. Salt makes food taste better, and low-salt food often tastes boring. As a result, some people find it hard to keep a healthy diet for a long time. Now researchers in Japan have developed a pair of high-tech chopsticks that may help solve this problem. The chopsticks were made by a team from Meiji University and a food company called Kirin. They are part of a small electronic device （装置）， so they look a little different from common chopsticks. The device does not add real salt to the food. Instead, it makes people feel that the food tastes saltier. In the first test, people using the chopsticks felt that the food was about 1.5 times saltier than before. How can chopsticks do this? The idea is not too difficult to understand. A very weak electric current（电流） goes from one chopstick to the mouth. It is so weak that people do not feel pain. The current changes the way salt in the food is felt by the tongue. As a result, low-salt food may taste more like normal food. To check whether the chopsticks really worked, the researchers invited 36 people aged 40 to 65 to take part in a test. All of them were trying to eat less salt. They tasted food with normal chopsticks and with the high-tech chopsticks.      The result showed that most of them tasted more salt when they used the new chopsticks. Some even thought low-salt food with the new chopsticks tasted saltier than common food with normal chopsticks. The chopsticks are not being sold in shops yet. However, the early results are encouraging. For people who have to eat less salt but still want tasty food, this small invention may bring good news in the future. 8.Why did the researchers make the high-tech chopsticks? A. To make chopsticks cheaper. B．To help people eat less salt but still enjoy food. C. To teach people how to cook. D．To make food colder. 9.How do the chopsticks make food taste saltier? A. By adding real salt to the food. B. By changing the color of the food. C. By using weak electricity. D. By making the food hotter. 10.What does the underlined word “check" in paragraph 4 mean? A. Make sure. B. Give up. C. Take away. D. Write down. 11. What does the writer think of the chopsticks? A．They are useless. B．They are too dangerous. C．They are already common. D. They may be helpful in the future. 二、七选五：（每题2.5分，共计12.5分） As is known, Albert Einstein was one of the greatest scientists of all time. He was also a really great person. Einstein learned from making mistakes 1 , someone asked him what he needed. He said he needed a desk, some paper and pencils. He also needed a basket to hold his mistakes. This shows that he knew even the cleverest man in the world can only learn by making mistakes. 2 Many children wrote letters to ask him for help with their homework. One day, he wrote a letter to a young girl to tell her not to worry about her Maths homework because he thought Maths was difficult too. Einstein considered time to be important He never wore socks because he thought putting on socks was a waste of time as people already wore shoes. He also thought remembering things found in books was not worth it. 3 . He knew what was worth remembering. It is true that if we are going to do great things in our lives, we cannot waste time. Einstein liked to joke too In one exam, a student asked him why all the questions were the same as last year’s. Einstein replied the questions were the same, but the answers were different. 4 ! When Einstein was a child, his teachers used to say he was not clever. However, Einstein kept working hard and surprised the world with his achievements. 5 , we should think of him. So, never be discouraged A. Give students a chance to correct their mistakes by themselves B. That’s why he never remembered his own phone number C. If we ever feel like giving up when we have problems D. Einstein was also very strict with his students E. When Einstein started to work in America F. Einstein was also very modest （谦虚的） G. What a humorous person he is 三、完形填空：（每题1分，共计15分） When Sam Glassenberg’s 5-year-old daughter was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, the experienced video game developer found himself facing a cold reality. He had to become his child’s stand-in “pancreas （胰腺）”， making life-or-death insulin （胰岛素） 1 . After his daughter spent two days in the hospital in 2019, Glassenberg was given a sheet of paper by the 2 team with crossed out carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios （碳水化合物与胰岛素比值）， rounding rules, and correction factors. Even as a computer science engineer, Glassenberg found it 3 and frustrating, especially with the high stakes （风险） involved. “For the first few months, I was learning through play, but that play was trial-and-error on my own kid，” he said. So, he did what game 4 do best. He built a video game — called “Level One: A Diabetes Game” — a free mobile app. It turns the 5 science of diabetes management into an easy interactive game that teaches people how insulin, food, and blood sugar 6 with the body. Its goal is to help children and their 7 feel less overwhelmed after diagnosis. The game has sixty 8 to help people better understand diabetes concepts and introduces new ones as the player 9 through the levels. More than 200 reviewers in the app store have weighed in, giving it 4.9 stars out of 5. The game was launched in 10 with two leading diabetes organizations. What was it like to 11 a way to help the entire diabetes community? “It’s extremely 12 and meaningful,” he said, “but also a little frustrating.” Glassenberg said he wished he had developed the app 13 so that more people could have already 14 , especially those in underserved communities where 15 to care and diabetes education is lacking. 1. A. plans B. maps C. games D. decisions 2. A. critical B. technical C. medical D. moral 3. A. beneficial B. confusing C. entertaining D. negative 4. A. players B. designers C. enthusiasts D. competitors 5. A. modern B. survival C. complex D. experimental 6. A. interact B. evolve C. combine D. help 7. A. companions B. doctors C. assistants D. caregivers 8. A. parts B. levels C. questions D. roles 9.A. goes B. looks C. advances D. searches 10.A. line B. harmony C. contact D. partnership 11.A. turn out B. figure out C. break out D. bring out 12.A. rewarding B. challenging C. stimulating D. relaxing 13.A. better B. bigger C. sooner D. funnier 14.A. known B. appreciated C. booked D. benefited 15.A. access B. right C. link D. reference 1 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Science and Scientists 单元重点单词短语句型语法精练 （时间：120分钟，满分：150分） 教材考点概览 1． 重点单词： severe adj. 极为恶劣的，十分严重的，严厉的 frustrated adj. 懊恼的，沮丧的，失意的 contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的，对立的，不一致的 proof n. 证据，证明，检验 suspect vt.vi. n. 怀疑，疑有，不信任│犯罪嫌疑人，可疑对 blame vt.│n. 把……咎于，责怪，指责│责备，指责 handle n.│vt. 把手，拉手，柄│处理，搬动，操纵（车辆、动物、工具等） link n.│vt. 联系，纽带│把……连接起来，相关联 pure adj. 干净的，纯的，纯粹的 decrease n.│vt. vi. 减少，降低，减少量│（使大小、数量等）减少，减小，降低 solid adj.│n. 可靠的，固体的，坚实的│固体 pour vt. 倒出，倾泻，斟（饮料） defend vt. 保卫，防守，辩解 outstanding adj. 优秀的，杰出的，明显的 gifted adj. 有天赋的，有天才的，天资聪慧的 steady adj. 稳定的，平稳的，稳步的 besides prep. │adv. 除……之外（还）│而且，此外 furthermore adv. 此外，再者 2， 重点短语： once and for all最终地，彻底地 subscribe to同意，赞同 thanks to幸亏，由于 break out（战争、打斗等不愉快的事情）突然开始，爆发 in charge of主管，掌管 come down with患（病），染上（小病） above all最重要的是，尤其是 in time 及时，最后，终于 attend to 照顾 in general 一般来说 side effects 副作用 三、派生词： severe(adj.)----adv.‌severely‌----n.‌severity‌；比较级：‌severer/more severe‌；最高级：‌severest/most severe‌ frustrated(adj.)----v.‌frustrate‌----n.‌frustration‌----adj.（修饰物）‌frustrating‌；同义：‌upset /discouraged / blue/down‌ contradictory(adj.)----v.‌contradict‌----n.‌contradiction‌ infect (v.)—n. infection—adj. infectious proof (n.)—v. prove—adj. proven/proved‌ intervention (n.)—v. intervene pure (adj.)—adv. purely—v. purify decrease (v./n.)=‌drop / fall / decline / reduce‌；反义词：‌increase‌ transform(v.)----n.‌transformation‌ thinking(n.v.)----thought(n.v.) initial(adj.)----adv.‌initially‌ cast----‌cast‌（过去式）----‌cast‌（过去分词）； shadow (n.v.)----shade (n.v.); defend(v.)----n.‌defense/defence‌; assistant(n.)----v.‌assist‌----n.‌assistance‌; abstract(adj.n.)----‌concrete‌（反义词）； steady(adj.)----adv.‌steadily‌；astronomer(n.)----‌astronomy‌（天文学）----‌astronaut‌（宇航员）； besides(adv.)=‌moreover/in addition‌; vivid(adj.)----adv.‌vividly‌----n.‌vividness 四、重点句型： 1. Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. Tireless adj. 不知疲倦的；此句中saw为see的过去式，需理解为“经历”。所以，此句理解为：经过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始售卖洁净水，全球霍乱威胁显著降低。 2. Described by the author of the story of Qian Xuewseng as a man with "great scientific thought and scientific spirit" who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man. 此句主句为：Qian was an extremely well-respected man.前面所有部分为非谓语动词作状语。此句理解为：钱学森备受尊敬，《钱学森的故事》作者称其具有“伟大科学思想与科学精神”，爱国且以努力、成就和奉献服务祖国。‌‌ 3. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. 此句中what…scientist为主语从句，was为系动词，his strong interest in other things作表语。此句理解为：然而，他之所以能成为如此杰出且富有创造力的科学家，可能源于他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。‌‌‌‌‌ 考点夯基攻坚 小题夯基·精准突破 1． 请根据提示信息完成句子：（每题1分，共计20分） 1．The company has been ____ (转变) from a family business to a multi-million-pound operation. 【答案】transformed 【详解】句意：这家公司已经从一家家族企业转型为一家价值数百万英镑的企业。根据汉语提示“转变”可知，用动词 transform； 句子时态是现在完成时（结构：have/has + 过去分词），同时主语The company和动词transform是被动关系，所以要用transform的过去分词形式transformed。 2．Maybe I should tell them , so they won’t b_________ me for keeping a secret. 【答案】blame/lame 【详解】句意：或许我该告诉他们，这样他们就不会因为我隐瞒秘密而责怪我了。根据句意以及首字母提示可知，此处为动词blame“责备”，符合语境，结合空前won’t情态动词可知，为动词原形。 3．We must _____________（保卫）our motherland from the enemy. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】defend 【详解】考查动词。句意：我们必须保卫祖国不受敌人侵害。根据句意和汉语提示应缇娜defend“保卫”作谓语，情态动词must后接动词原形，故填defend。 4．Since the o_____________of the novel coronavirus disease, the Chinese have been making all-out efforts to battle against it. (根据首字母单词拼写) 【答案】outbreak/utbreak 【详解】考查名词。句意：新冠肺炎疫情发生以来，中国人民全力抗击疫情。根据句意和首字母提示应填outbreak“爆发”作介词since的宾语，此处表示特指“新冠疫情的爆发”用单数。故填outbreak。 5．I didn’t know how to _____________(应对) the situation, but an idea suddenly struck me that I could turn to my best friend for help. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】handle 【详解】考查动词。句意：我不知道如何处理这种情况，但我突然想到我可以向我最好的朋友求助。根据句意和汉语提示应填handle“处理”，分析句子可知，此处为“疑问词+不定式”作宾语，to是不定式符号，接动词原形，故填handle。 6．All this adds up to a new __________ (概念) of the universe. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】concept 【详解】考查名词。句意：所有这些构成了一个新的宇宙概念。设空处接在介词to后，并且前面有a修饰，应用名词单数形式，根据汉语提示，故填concept。 7．What was it that made her _____________(改变) from an ordinary woman into a successful lady?(根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】transform 【详解】考查动词。句意：是什么使她从一个普通的女人变成了一个成功的女士？分析句子，句中make sb do为固定短语，意为“使某人做某事”。表示“改变”用transform。故填transform。 8．According to the latest rule, people shall sort _____________(家庭) garbage into four categories. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】household 【详解】考查名词。句意：根据最新规定，人们应该把生活垃圾分为四类。根据汉语提示，表示“家庭”含义的名词为household，名词作定语，强调被修饰词的属性或类别，故填household。 9．The destruction of the earthquake was so s_____________that it might take years to rebuild the city. (根据首字母单词拼写) 【答案】severe/evere 【详解】考查形容词。句意：地震的破坏如此严重，重建这座城市可能需要数年时间。根据下文“it might take years to rebuild the city.(重建这座城市可能需要数年时间)”可知，空白处应填表示“严重的”含义的形容词作表语，根据首字母提示，以s开头且含义为“严重的”的形容词为severe，符合句意，故填severe。 10．Britain has lost her __________ (领导地位) in the shipbuilding industry. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】leadership 【详解】考查名词。句意：英国已经失去了造船业的领导地位。根据汉语提示可知应用名词leadership，作宾语，表抽象概念不可数。故填leadership。 11．What they may not know is that some bottled water may not be as _____________(干净的) as they expect. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】pure 【详解】考查形容词。句意：他们可能不知道的是，一些瓶装水可能不像他们想象的那么纯净。根据汉语提示可知应用形容词pure，作表语。故填pure。 12．Large population movements and concentrations during the Spring Festival will increase the risk of COVID-19 ________(感染). (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】infection 【详解】考查名词。句意：春节期间人口大量流动和集中将增加新冠肺炎感染的风险。分析句子可知，空处应为名词，作宾语；infection名词，表示“感染”，符合句意，为不可数名词。故填infection。 13．2020 witnessed a significant d________ in the birth rate of China, which means that the population is on the verge of falling down. (根据首字母单词拼写) 【答案】decrease/ecrease 【详解】考查名词。句意：2020年中国的出生率大幅下降，这意味着人口即将下降。根据句意和首字母可知，空处可使用名词decrease“下降”在句中作宾语，不定冠词a后接名词单数形式。故填decrease。 14．Those c________ divide and give many other different types of cells. (根据首字母单词拼写) 【答案】cells/ells 【详解】考查名词。句意：这些细胞分裂并产生许多其他不同类型的细胞。根据首字母提示和空后的“divide and give many other different types of cells”，这里表示细胞，应用cell“细胞”，为可数名词，且其前有Those修饰，所以这里应用名词复数。故填cells。 15．Snow ________ (怀疑) that the water pump was to blame. （根据汉语提示单词拼写） 【答案】suspected 【详解】考查谓语动词。句意：斯诺怀疑水泵是罪魁祸首。分析句子结构可知，此处应为谓语动词，根据从句中的谓语动词was可知，此处应使用一般过去时，且与句子主语Snow之间为主动关系。故填suspected。 16．Through her i_____________ (介入), the matter was solved very well. (根据中英文提示填空) 【答案】intervention/ntervention 【详解】考查名词。句意：通过她的介入，事情得到了很好的解决。根据“her”可知，此处应为名词，作宾语；根据中英文提示，应用intervention，为不可数名词。故填intervention。 17．The poems may not make sense and even seem _____(相互矛盾的), but they are easy to learn and recite. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】contradictory 【详解】考查形容词。句意：这些诗可能没有意义，甚至看起来矛盾，但它们很容易学习和背诵。根据汉语提示可知应填形容词contradictory，作表语。故填contradictory。 18．I know that you must be______(沮丧) because of the present situation. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】upset/frustrated 【详解】考查形容词。句意：我知道你一定因为目前的情况而沮丧。系动词后用形容词作表语，根据汉语提示，upset/frustrated符合题意。故填upset/frustrated。 19．Every year he s_______ to China Daily in order to improve my English. (根据首字母单词拼写) 【答案】subscribes/ubscribes 【详解】考查动词。句意：为了提高我的英语水平，他每年都订阅《中国日报》。根据首字母提示及句意可知，空处用“订阅”含义，短语：subscribe to订阅。根据句中时间状语Every year 可知，用一般现在时，主语是he，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填subscribes。 20．We have strongly s________ him of cheating the old lady out of her money. （根据首字母单词拼写） 【答案】suspected/uspected 【详解】考查动词。句意：我们强烈怀疑他骗了那位老太太的钱。根据所给首字母和句意可知，此处意为“怀疑某人做某事”，表达为suspect sb. of doing sth.，结合空前的助动词have可知，此处为现在完成时，空处需填suspect的过去分词形式，故填suspected。 二、请完成句子使其结构和意义完整：（每题1分，共计15分） 1. During his business travel, he ________ _________(infect) with COVID-19. 【答案】was infected 【解析】infect用法为“be infected with”，由于主语为he，故填was infected. 2. After a hot discussion, the whole class agreed to subscribe ____________ several magazines to enrich their reading. 【答案】to 【解析】subscribe 需要与介词to 搭配，故填to. 3. With the help of the experts, the problem was settled _________ __________ _________ __________。（彻底地） 【答案】once and for all 【解析】once and for all意为 “彻底地”。 4. It ___________ _____________(suspect) that the drug was brought into the country by boat. 【答案】was suspected 【解析】此句中，it 为形式主语代替真正的主语从句，与suspect 为被动关系，故填was suspected. 5. After detailed investigation, they finally concluded that his habits rather than a bacterial infection were __________ ______________(blame) for his disease. 【答案】to blame 【解析】blame 构成短语 “be to blame”，故填 to blame. 6. Most of the newly-produced electronic devices are easy _________ ___________(handle). 【答案】to handle 【解析】此句考查句型 “sb\sth be +adj+to do”，故填 to handle. 7. Because of the dull export, the production of the company has decreased _________20%, which equals 80% that of last year. 【答案】 by 【解析】根据上下文，此句意思为 “产量下降了20%”，需用到 decrease by 这个短语，故填by. 8. All the villagers ____________(cast) a welcoming smile when we arrived. 【答案】cast 【解析】cast的过去式，过去分词为原型，故填cast. 9. We should learn to defend ourselves _____________any attacks and injuries. 【答案】against 【解析】由短语 “defend…against…”，故填介词against. 10. _________ ___________（最重要的是）， we should live in a comfortable neighborhood. 【答案】Above all 【解析】above all 意为 “最重要的是” 。 11. Everyone has his own strengths and weaknesses.Don’t always find fault ___________others. 【答案】with 【解析】短语find fault with 意为 “吹毛求疵”，故填with. 12. They gradually got frustrated ___________the lack of progress in the project. 【答案】at\with 【解析】形容词frustrated需与介词at\with搭配，故填at\with. 13. Don’t _________ ___________(cast) down by the current hardships and setbacks. 【答案】be cast 【解析】be cast down by sth意为 “因…而沮丧”，故填 be cast. 14. Our company is faced with a shortage of __________ ________________（原材料）。 【答案】raw materials 【解析】raw materials 意为“原材料”，故填raw materials. 15. She was blamed ___________her absence from work. 【答案】for 【解析】由于blame需与介词for 搭配，故填for. 三、请根据上下文填出提示单词正确的派生词：（每题1分，共计20分） 1. The crops were ______________(severe) damaged in the flood. 【答案】severely 【解析】修饰动词 damaged，需用副词形式；severe（形容词）+ -ly → severely（严重地）。‌‌ 2. Every job has its difficulties and ______________(frustrated). 【答案】frustrations 【解析】与 difficulties（名词复数）并列，作 has 的宾语；frustrated（形容词/过去分词）→ 名词 frustration，此处指多种挫败感，用复数 frustrations。‌‌ 3. Her husband always _________________(contradictory) everything she says and does. 【答案】contradicts 【解析】主语 husband 为第三人称单数，句子缺谓语动词；contradictory（形容词）→ 动词 contradict，加 -s 构成一般现在时第三人称单数形式 contradicts 4. Amazingly, whales ________________(multiple) by giving birth to baby whales. 【答案】multiply 【解析】句子缺谓语动词，描述鲸鱼繁殖方式；multiple（形容词/名词）→ 动词 multiply（繁殖、倍增），主语 whales 为复数，用原形 multiply。‌‌ 5. The solution _______________(proof) to be successful. 【答案】proved 【解析】句子缺谓语，表示“被证明是”；proof（名词）→ 动词 prove，此处为一般过去时，用 proved（prove 的过去式，表“结果是/证明是”）。 6. Finally, the manager had to _________________(intervention) in the matter in person. 【答案】intervene 【解析】had to 后接动词原形；intervention（名词）→ 动词 intervene（干预），构成 had to intervene。‌‌ 7. She took the job ___________(pure) for the money. 【答案】purely 【解析】修饰整个介词短语 for the money，表“仅仅、完全”，需用副词；pure（形容词）+ -ly → purely。‌‌ 8. With the development of AI, our work style will go through a complete ________________(transform). 【答案】transformation 【解析】前有冠词 a 和形容词 complete，需填名词；transform（动词）→ 名词 transformation（彻底转变）。‌ 9. More victims were found in the accident than were _____________(initial) thought. 【答案】initially 【解析】修饰过去分词 thought，表“最初被以为”，需用副词；initial（形容词）+ -ly → initially。 10. “It is only a ______________(suspect),nothing concrete.”she said. 【答案】suspicion 【解析】前有冠词 a，需填可数名词单数；suspect（动词/名词“嫌疑人”）→ 抽象名词 suspicion（怀疑、嫌疑），符合“只是一个怀疑”语境。 11. He chose to join the army in ______________(defend) of his motherland. 【答案】defense\defence 【解析】固定搭配 in defense of（为了保卫……）；defend（动词）→ 名词 defense。 12. With the _________________(assistant) of their father, the two boys managed to make a perfect breakfast. 【答案】assistance 【解析】固定搭配 with the assistance of（在……的帮助下）；assistant（名词“助手”/形容词）→ 抽象名词 assistance（帮助）。 13. However, despite their efforts, the situation got ____________(steady) worse. 【答案】steadily 【解析】空格修饰形容词比较级“worse”，需填副词；“steady”变副词去“y”加“-ily”，表“持续地、稳定地”。 14. The construction of the Forbidden City demonstrated the _________________(brilliant) of China’s ancient culture. 【答案】brilliance 【解析】定冠词"the"后接名词，作"demonstrated"的宾语；"brilliant"去"t"加"-ce"构成抽象名词，表“辉煌/光彩”。 15. The whole process of the creation was ____________(vivid) presented in the report. 【答案】vividly 【解析】修饰过去分词"presented"，需填副词；"vivid"直接加“-ly”构成，表“生动地”。 16. I am writing to ask for a full refund because the machine I bought in your shop is ___________(fault). 【答案】faulty 【解析】系动词“is”后接形容词作表语，描述机器状态；“fault”加后缀“-y”构成形容词，表“有故障的”。 17. Given the ______________(severe) of the disaster, people from all walks of life came to assist in the rescue work. 【答案】severity 【解析】定冠词“the”后接名词，作“Given”的宾语；“severe”去“e”加“-ity”构成名词，表“严重性”。 18. Being exposed to sunlight will increase the risk of _____________(infect) with skin diseases. 【答案】infection 【解析】介词"of"后接名词；"infect"加后缀"-ion"构成名词，"risk of infection"为固定搭配，表“感染风险”。 19. I am sorry that I have to cancel the __________________(subscribe) to the newspaper because of the delivery issue. 【答案】subscription 【解析】冠词"the"后接名词，作"cancel"的宾语；"subscribe"去"e"加"-ption"构成名词，表“订阅”。 20. These activities contribute to the ________________(solid) of the community. 【答案】solidarity 【解析】定冠词"the"后接名词，表抽象概念；"solid"词根加"-arity"构成名词，特指群体间的“团结”。‌‌ 四、选词填空 subscribe to, die from, attend to, once and for all, in general，for this reason, thanks to, as a result of, what is more, find out, in time 1．When the outbreak of COVID-19 hit the world, tens of thousands of people the disease. 2．In those days doctors had two contradictory theories. Snow the second theory. 3．He was determined to the truth of this incident. 4． , in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. 5． , he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave  birth. 6．However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera ． 7． , physics is only one science among many. 8． this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. 9． the Chinese people’s united and arduous efforts, the situation in China is getting better. 10． , Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology. 【答案】 1．died from 2．subscribed to 3．find out 4．What is more 5．In time 6．once and for all 7．In general 8．As a result of 9．Thanks to 10．For this reason 【详解】1．考查固定短语。句意：当新冠肺炎疫情席卷全球时，数以万计的人死于这种疾病。根据“the disease”以及句意“死于”可知应填die from，根据上文hit可知为一般过去时。故填died from。 2．考查固定短语。句意：在那个时代，医生们有两种相互矛盾的理论。斯诺赞同第二种理论。根据“the second theory”以及句意“赞同”可知应填subscribe to，根据上文had可知为一般过去时。故填subscribed to。 3．考查固定短语。句意：他决心查明这一事件的真相。根据“the truth of this incident”以及句意“查明”可知应填find out，且上文为短语be determined to。故填find out。 4．考查固定短语。句意：此外，在伦敦的另一个地方，一名妇女和她的女儿在离开宽街后死于霍乱。根据“a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street”以及句意“此外”可知应填what is more，首字母大写。故填What is more。 5．考查固定短语。句意：随着时间的推移，他成为一名著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。根据“he rose to become a famous doctor”以及句意“随着时间的推移”可知应填in time，首字母大写。故填In time。 6．考查固定短语。句意：然而，他从未失去彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。根据“he never lost his desire to destroy cholera”以及句意“彻底”可知应填once and for all，故填once and for all。 7．考查固定短语。句意：一般来说，物理学只是众多科学中的一门。根据“physics is only one science among many.”以及句意“一般来说”可知应填in general，首字母大写。故填In general。 8．考查固定短语。句意：由于这些证据，约翰·斯诺就能宣布水泵里的水携带着霍乱病菌。根据“this evidence”以及句意“由于”可知应填as a result of，首字母大写。故填As a result of。 9．考查固定短语。句意：多亏了中国人民的团结和艰苦努力，中国的形势正在好转。根据“the Chinese people’s united and arduous efforts”以及句意“多亏了”可知应填thanks to，首字母大写。故填Thanks to。 10．考查固定短语。句意：因此，斯诺被认为是现代流行病学之父。根据“Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology”以及句意“因此”可知应填for this reason，首字母大写。故填For this reason。 五、同义句转换：（每题1分，共计15分） 1. Unfortunately, he picked up a severe flu during his holiday. Unfortunately, he _________ ____________ ____________ a severe flu during his holiday. 【答案】came down with\was infected with 【解析】原句中 "picked up" 在此处意为“染上（疾病）”。在英语中，表示“患重病”或“病倒”的常用短语是 "come down with"。由于原句时态为一般过去时（picked），故填 come 的过去式 came。be infected with也意为 “感染上”。 2. Jackie has a talent for making handicrafts. Jackie ___________ _____________ _____________ making handicrafts. 【答案】is gifted\talented in 【解析】原句 "has a talent for" 意为“有……的天赋”。其常见的同义表达结构为 "be talented\gifted in"。主语 Jackie 为第三人称单数，且原句为一般现在时，故 be 动词用 is。 3. Mike took charge of the whole project. The project ________ __________ ____________ _____________ _______Mike. 【答案】was in the charge of 【解析】原句 "took charge of" 意为“负责、掌管”，时态为一般过去时。转换句主语为 "The project"，需改为被动语态。结构为 "be in the charge of sb."。因原句是过去时，be 动词用 was。 4. A fierce quarrel occurred among the team members about the strategies of the match. A fierce quarrel _________ ______ among the team members about the strategies of the match. 【答案】broke out 【解析】原句 "occurred" 意为“发生”。用于描述战争、火灾、争吵、疾病等突然发生时，常用短语 "break out"。原句时态为一般过去时，故填 break 的过去式 broke。 5. They were about to leave when it was raining heavily outside. They were about to leave when it ________ _____________outside. 【答案】was pouring 【解析】原句 "raining heavily" 意为“雨下得很大”。在英语中，形容雨下得极大常使用动词 "pour"。原句时态为过去进行时（was raining），故转换为 "was pouring"。 6. On account of the teacher’s participation, they quickly completed the task. _______________ __________ the teacher’s participation, they quickly completed the task. 【答案】Thanks to 【解析】原句 "On account of" 意为“由于、因为”，通常引出原因。在同义转换中，若结果是好的一面（quickly completed the task），常用 "Thanks to"（多亏、由于）来替换，语气更积极且符合语境。注意首字母大写。 7. The birth rate has reduced to less than 1.1% around the whole country. The birth rate _________ _____________ ________ less than 1.1% around the whole country. 【答案】has decreased to 【解析】原句 "has reduced to" 意为“减少到”。描述比率、价格、温度等的下降，常用动词 "decrease" 。原句为现在完成时，故填 has decreased to. 8. The highway was built to connect Chongqing with Chengdu. The highway was built to ___________ Chongqing _________ Chengdu. 【答案】link, to\with 【解析】原句 connect A with B 意为“把 A 和 B 连接起来”。同义短语有  link A to/with B。根据空格数量（两空）, link 则需搭配 to 或 with，填 ‌link‌; ‌to‌ 亦可 。 9. After careful thinking, I agree with the second proposal. After careful thinking, I ______________ ___________ the second proposal. 【答案】subscribe to 【解析】原句 agree with 表示“赞同（观点/提案）”。同义表达中，subscribe to 是标准的动词短语替换，意为“赞成、认可”. 10. Because of the failure, he felt blue all the week. Because of the failure, he felt _____________ all the week. 【答案】frustrated 【解析】feel blue 是固定习语，意为“感到忧郁、沮丧”。其直接同义形容词为 ‌frustrated‌，填入后句意不变 。 11. Her family tree can date back to the 11th century. Her family tree can __________ ____________ to the 11th century. 【答案】be traced 【解析】 trace意为“追溯、追踪”,与 her family tree 构成被动关系，故填be traced。 12. Lang Ping was an excellent volleyball player. Lang Ping was an ______________ volleyball player. 【答案】outstanding 【解析】excellent 意为“优秀的、杰出的”。同义形容词如 ‌outstanding‌、‌superb‌、‌brilliant‌ 均可，需符合冠词 an 后接元音音素开头的词，故 ‌outstanding‌ 或 ‌excellent‌ 本身（若题目允许重复则无意义，通常考近义词）选 ‌outstanding‌ 最佳 。 13. In addition to the 6 basic courses, we also have many minor subjects to study. _______________ the 6 basic courses, we also have many minor subjects to study. 【答案】Besides 【解析】In addition to 意为“除……之外（还有）”，包含后者。同义介词为 ‌Besides‌ 或，首字母需大写 。 14. What’s more, it is also a great way to broaden our horizons. ________________, it is also a great way to broaden our horizons. 【答案】Furthermore 【解析】What's more 作插入语表示“此外，而且”。本单元单词furthermore为其同义副词，单独置于句首作状语 。 15. How wonderful your suggestion is ! How _____________ your suggestion is ! 【答案】brilliant 【解析】原句是 How + adj. + 主语 + 谓语 的感叹句。需填入 wonderful 的近义词，如 ‌brilliant等，保持感叹句结构不变 。 ‌‌ 六、语法填空：（每题1.5分，共计15分） Cholera was once the most feared disease worldwide, ______1______(cause) serious diarrhoea, dehydration and even death. In the early 19th century, millions of people died ______2______ it across Europe, as no one knew how to prevent or treat it. British doctor John Snow made up his mind to defeat this deadly disease once and for all. At that time, most doctors held two _____3________(conflict) theories about cholera’s spread. One believed bad air led to the illness, _______4______ the other argued it was caused by germs from food or water. John Snow stood by the second theory, yet he needed solid proof to support _____5______. When a severe cholera outbreak hit London in 1854, over 500 people lost their lives in just ten days. John Snow _____6_______(map) the addresses of all the dead, and found deaths clustered around a water pump on Broad Street. People ______7____ did not drink the pump water, like local pub workers, stayed safe. Further cases also proved the pump water was the _______8______(carry) of cholera germs. After he removed the pump’s handle, the outbreak was stopped _________9______(immediate). Later, John Snow proved that polluted water from the River Thames was to blame for most cholera _______10_______(case). Thanks to his efforts, clean water was provided across the city, and the global cholera threat dropped greatly. His creative use of maps and statistics also made him the father of modern epidemiology. 【答案】1. causing; 2. of; 3. conflicting; 4. while; 5. it; 6. mapped; 7. who\that; 8. carrier; 9. immediately; 10. cases. . 【解析】 1. ‌causing‌ 考查非谓语动词。句中主语是 Cholera，谓语是 was，此处 cause 与逻辑主语 Cholera 之间是主动关系，且表示伴随状态或结果，故使用现在分词形式 causing 作状语。 2. ‌of‌ 考查介词固定搭配。die from 意为“死于……（通常指疾病、饥饿、事故等外部原因）”。虽然 die of 也常见，但在现代英语及许多教材中，die from 常用于强调直接死因或外部因素，此处填 from 符合语境习惯（注：部分语境下 of 也可接受，但 from 更为普遍用于此类语法填空）。 3. ‌conflicting‌ 考查形容词。此处修饰名词 theories，需要填入 conflict 的形容词形式。conflicting 意为“相互矛盾的”、“冲突的”，符合文中提到的两种对立理论（坏空气 vs 细菌）的语境。 4. ‌while ‌ 考查连词。前一句说一种观点认为坏空气导致疾病，后一句说另一种观点认为是细菌导致，两者形成对比关系。while 常用于表示对比（然而），but 表示转折（但是），两者均可。 5. ‌it‌ 考查代词。此处指代前文提到的 "the second theory"，作为 support 的宾语，单数概念用 it 指代。 6. ‌mapped‌ 考查时态。根据上下文时间状语 "in 1854" 以及并列谓语 found（过去式），可知此处描述的是过去发生的动作，故 map 需用一般过去时 mapped。注意 map 以重读闭音节结尾，双写 p 加 ed。 7. ‌who / that‌ 考查定语从句关系代词。先行词是 People，指人，且在从句中作主语（did not drink...），故使用关系代词 who 或 that 引导定语从句。 . 8. ‌carrier‌ . 空前有定冠词 the，空后为 of cholera germs，此处需填名词作表语，表示“携带者”；carry 的名词形式为 carrier（单数，因指代“泵水”这一整体源头）。 . 9. ‌immediately‌ . 修饰动词短语 was stopped，需用副词形式；immediate 的副词为 immediately，意为“立即”。 . 10. ‌cases‌ . most 修饰可数名词复数；case（病例）为可数名词，故填复数形式 cases。‌ 综合攻坚·知能拔高 一、阅读理解：（每题2.5分，共计27.5分） A Our travels are not limited to physical time. We also experience mental time travel. We visit the past through our memories and then journey into the future by imagining what tomorrow or next year might bring. When we do so, we think of ourselves as we are now, remember who we once were and envision how we will be. A recent study explores how one particular brain region helps to knit together memories of the present and future selves. When people sustain an injury to this area, it leads to a damaged sense of identity. The region, called vmPFC, may produce a fundamental model of the person and place it in mental time. When the region does so, it may be the source of our sense of self. It’s also found that memories that reference the self are easier to recall. They benefit from what researchers have called a self-reference effect. In the study, the researchers used the self-reference effect to assess memories of present and future selves among people who had brain lesions （损伤） to the vmPFC. The scientists worked with people with vmPFC lesions, then compared them with a control group made up of people with injuries to other parts of the brain and healthy individuals. They were asked to list adjectives to describe themselves and a celebrity, both in the present and future. Later, they had to recall these same traits. It was discovered that people in the control group could recall more adjectives linked to themselves than adjectives linked to the celebrity. However, the participants with vmPFC lesions had little or no ability to recall references to the self, regardless of the context of time. Their identification of adjectives for celebrities was also comparatively weak. These findings are intriguing, for the study helps us understand how self-related memories depend on the function of the vmPFC. But what about our past selves? Previous studies asked people to consider their past selves, but there was no evidence of the self-reference effect. Our past selves seem foreign to us, as if they were individuals apart from us. One idea that scientists have put forward to understand this distinction is that perhaps we are not very kind in our judgments of our past selves. Instead we may be rather critical of our previous behavior, emotions and personal traits. We may use our past primarily to construct a more positive self-image in the present. Put another way, because we may recognize flaws （瑕疵） in our past self’s behavior, we tend to distance ourselves from the person we once were. Therefore, bringing the present and future into the spotlight is central to understanding the way our brain and thoughts shape our current selves. And with the research, we have a better idea about the way a small region within our brain is able to build and hold the core ability to maintain our identity. 1.From the passage, we can learn that ________. A. people with vmPFC lesions have a broken sense of identity B. vmPFC-injured people recall celebrities better than others do C. The self-reference effect plays a vital role in considering the past self D. People tend to accept the past self after realizing their previous faults 2.As for the findings of the recent study on vmPFC, the author is ________. A. critical B. doubtful C. approving D. unconcerned 3.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Testing Our Memories B．Creating Our Sense of Self C．The Power of Self-Reference Effect D．The Importance of Mental Time Travel 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了大脑中的一个特定区域（vmPFC）如何帮助我们将现在的记忆与未来的自我记忆结合起来，从而维持我们的身份感。这项研究发现加深了我们对大脑如何塑造和维持我们当前身份的理解。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“ It was discovered that people in the control group could recall more adjectives linked to themselves than adjectives linked to the celebrity. However, the participants with vmPFC lesions had little or no ability to recall references to the self, regardless of the context of time. Their identification of adjectives for celebrities was also comparatively weak. (研究发现，对照组的人能回忆起更多与自身相关的形容词，而不是与名人相关的形容词。然而，vmPFC损伤的参与者几乎无法回忆起与自身相关的引用，无论时间背景如何。他们对名人的形容词识别能力也相对较弱。)”可知，当人们在这个区域（vmPFC）受伤时，他们几乎无法回忆起与自身相关的引用，无论时间背景如何会导致身份感的受损。这与选项A的描述“people with vmPFC lesions have a broken sense of identity (vmPFC损伤的人失去了身份感)”相符。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“These findings are intriguing, for the study helps us understand how self-related memories depend on the function of the vmPFC. (这些发现很有趣，因为这项研究帮助我们理解自我相关的记忆是如何依赖于vmPFC的功能的。)”可知，作者认为这些发现很有趣，因为这项研究帮助我们理解自我相关记忆如何依赖于vmPFC的功能，这说明作者对于vmPFC研究的发现持肯定态度。因此，作者对于vmPFC研究的发现持赞成态度。C选项“approving(支持的)”与作者态度相一致。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要讨论了vmPFC区域如何帮助我们将现在的记忆与未来的自我记忆结合起来，以维持我们的身份感。B选项“Creating Our Sense of Self(创造我们的自我意识)”最能概括文章的主旨，符合文章标题。故选B。 B In the future, your clothes might be grown from living bacteria （细菌）. Researchers report that bacteria can produce colorful cloth in a single process. This offers a sustainable alternative to today’s fashion industry, which relies heavily on oil-based fibers and chemical dyes （染料） containing heavy metals. These traditional processes release greenhouse gases, damage water quality, and pollute the soil. Biochemical engineer Sang Yup Lee and his team grew two types of bacteria together: one that produces a material to replace polyester and nylon （聚酯纤维和锦纶）， and another that creates natural colors. Originally, the two bacteria disturbed each other’s growth, so either little material was produced or it remained uncolored. After testing, the team found a way to make them work together, finally producing colorful sheets in purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. The team then tested how well the colors lasted. They washed, heated, and put the materials in different liquids. Most colors stayed strong, and some even did better than traditional dyes in washing tests. However, Lee says the bacteria-based cloth is at least five years away from being sold in stores. Challenges include increasing production and competing with low-cost petroleum products. Real progress, he adds, will require people to care more about the environment than price. 4. Why does the author mention "heavy metals" in paragraph 1? A. To explain why bacteria can produce colors. B. To show a problem with traditional dyeing methods. C. To compare different types of chemical dyes. D. To prove that traditionally made cloth is strong. 5.What was the main difficulty the team faced at the beginning? A. The two bacteria could not produce natural colors. B. The two bacteria stopped each other from growing well. C. The material could not be made into colorful sheets. D. The bacteria could only produce very little colored materials. 6.What can we learn from the color test? A. The bacteria-based cloth fades easily when washed. B. Traditional dyes perform better in all the tests. C. The colors of the new materials are mostly lasting. D. Heating can change the colors of the new materials. 7.What matters for the technology according to Lee? A. Cutting down the cost of mass production. B. Finding more types of color-producing bacteria. C. Changing people’s values toward sustainability. D. Increasing the production of the new cloth. 【答案】4．B 5．B 6．C 7．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了研究人员利用两种细菌合作生产彩色布料的技术，为传统纺织业提供了一种可持续的替代方案。 【详解】4．推理判断题。根据第一段“This offers a sustainable alternative to today’s fashion industry, which relies heavily on oil-based fibers and chemical dyes (染料) containing heavy metals. These traditional processes release greenhouse gases, damage water quality, and pollute the soil.(这为当今严重依赖石油基纤维和含有重金属的化学染料的时尚产业提供了一种可持续的替代方案。这些传统工艺会释放温室气体，破坏水质，并污染土壤。)”可知，作者提到“重金属”是为了说明传统染色方法会释放温室气体，破坏水质，并污染土壤，即传统染色方法存在的问题。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“Originally, the two bacteria disturbed each other’s growth, so either little material was produced or it remained uncolored. (最初，这两种细菌会干扰彼此的生长，所以要么只产出很少的材料，要么材料仍然没有颜色)”可知，团队起初面临的主要困难是两种细菌相互干扰生长。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“Most colors stayed strong, and some even did better than traditional dyes in washing tests. (大多数颜色保持牢固，有些甚至在洗涤测试中比传统染料表现更好)”可知，新材料的颜色大多是持久的。 7．细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, Lee says the bacteria-based cloth is at least five years away from being sold in stores. Challenges include increasing production and competing with low-cost petroleum products. Real progress, he adds, will require people to care more about the environment than price.(然而，Lee表示，这种基于细菌的布料至少还需要五年才能上市销售。面临的挑战包括提高产量以及与低成本的石油产品竞争。他补充说，真正的进步需要人们更多地关心环境而非价格)”可知，Lee认为这项技术的进展取决于人们是否更多地关心环境而非价格，是否更重视可持续性。 C Many people with high blood pressure are asked by doctors to eat less salt. This is good for their health, but it is not always easy. Salt makes food taste better, and low-salt food often tastes boring. As a result, some people find it hard to keep a healthy diet for a long time. Now researchers in Japan have developed a pair of high-tech chopsticks that may help solve this problem. The chopsticks were made by a team from Meiji University and a food company called Kirin. They are part of a small electronic device （装置）， so they look a little different from common chopsticks. The device does not add real salt to the food. Instead, it makes people feel that the food tastes saltier. In the first test, people using the chopsticks felt that the food was about 1.5 times saltier than before. How can chopsticks do this? The idea is not too difficult to understand. A very weak electric current（电流） goes from one chopstick to the mouth. It is so weak that people do not feel pain. The current changes the way salt in the food is felt by the tongue. As a result, low-salt food may taste more like normal food. To check whether the chopsticks really worked, the researchers invited 36 people aged 40 to 65 to take part in a test. All of them were trying to eat less salt. They tasted food with normal chopsticks and with the high-tech chopsticks.      The result showed that most of them tasted more salt when they used the new chopsticks. Some even thought low-salt food with the new chopsticks tasted saltier than common food with normal chopsticks. The chopsticks are not being sold in shops yet. However, the early results are encouraging. For people who have to eat less salt but still want tasty food, this small invention may bring good news in the future. 8.Why did the researchers make the high-tech chopsticks? A. To make chopsticks cheaper. B. To help people eat less salt but still enjoy food. C. To teach people how to cook. D. To make food colder. 9.How do the chopsticks make food taste saltier? A. By adding real salt to the food. B. By changing the color of the food. C. By using weak electricity. D. By making the food hotter. 10.What does the underlined word “check" in paragraph 4 mean? A. Make sure. B. Give up. C. Take away. D. Write down. 11. What does the writer think of the chopsticks? A．They are useless. B．They are too dangerous. C．They are already common. D. They may be helpful in the future. 【答案】8．B 9．C 10．A 11．D 【导语】文章主要介绍了日本研发的一款能通过微弱电流增强咸味的高科技筷子。 【详解】8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Many people with high blood pressure are asked by doctors to eat less salt. This is good for their health, but it is not always easy. Salt makes food taste better, and low-salt food often tastes boring. As a result, some people find it hard to keep a healthy diet for a long time. Now researchers in Japan have developed a pair of high-tech chopsticks that may help solve this problem.(许多高血压患者被医生要求少吃盐，这对健康有益但并不容易做到。盐能让食物更美味，低盐食物通常味道乏味，因此一些人很难长期坚持健康饮食。现在日本研究人员研发了一双高科技筷子，或许可以帮助解决这个问题)”可知，研发筷子的目的是帮助人们在少吃盐的同时享受美味。 9．细节理解题。根据第三段中“A very weak electric current(电流) goes from one chopstick to the mouth. It is so weak that people do not feel pain. The current changes the way salt in the food is felt by the tongue. As a result, low-salt food may taste more like normal food.(非常微弱的电流从一根筷子流到嘴里。它太弱了，人们感觉不到疼痛。电流改变了舌头感觉食物中盐的方式。)”可知，筷子通过微弱电流让食物尝起来更咸。 10．词义猜测题。根据第四段中“To check whether the chopsticks really worked, the researchers invited 36 people aged 40 to 65 to take part in a test.(为了check筷子是否真的有效，研究人员邀请了36名年龄在40至65岁之间的人参加测试)”可知，研究者开展测试是为了验证、确认这款筷子是否真的有效。check此处意为“核实、确认”，与make sure同义。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The chopsticks are not being sold in shops yet. However, the early results are encouraging. For people who have to eat less salt but still want tasty food, this small invention may bring good news in the future.(这些筷子还没有在商店里出售。然而，初步结果令人鼓舞。对于那些不得不少吃盐但仍然想要美味食物的人来说，这项小小的发明可能会在未来带来好消息)”可知，作者认为这种筷子在未来可能会很有帮助。 二、七选五：（每题2.5分，共计12.5分） As is known, Albert Einstein was one of the greatest scientists of all time. He was also a really great person. Einstein learned from making mistakes 1 , someone asked him what he needed. He said he needed a desk, some paper and pencils. He also needed a basket to hold his mistakes. This shows that he knew even the cleverest man in the world can only learn by making mistakes. 2 Many children wrote letters to ask him for help with their homework. One day, he wrote a letter to a young girl to tell her not to worry about her Maths homework because he thought Maths was difficult too. Einstein considered time to be important He never wore socks because he thought putting on socks was a waste of time as people already wore shoes. He also thought remembering things found in books was not worth it. 3 . He knew what was worth remembering. It is true that if we are going to do great things in our lives, we cannot waste time. Einstein liked to joke too In one exam, a student asked him why all the questions were the same as last year’s. Einstein replied the questions were the same, but the answers were different. 4 ! When Einstein was a child, his teachers used to say he was not clever. However, Einstein kept working hard and surprised the world with his achievements. 5 , we should think of him. So, never be discouraged A. Give students a chance to correct their mistakes by themselves B. That’s why he never remembered his own phone number C. If we ever feel like giving up when we have problems D. Einstein was also very strict with his students E. When Einstein started to work in America F. Einstein was also very modest （谦虚的） G. What a humorous person he is 【答案】1．E 2．F 3．B 4．G 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了爱因斯坦作为伟大科学家的同时，也是一个非常优秀的人，通过几个故事展现了他从错误中学习、谦虚、珍惜时间、幽默等品质。 【详解】1．由小标题“Einstein learned from making mistakes(爱因斯坦从错误中学习)”和下文“someone asked him what he needed. He said he needed a desk, some paper and pencils. He also needed a basket to hold his mistakes.(有人问他需要什么。他说他需要一张桌子、一些纸和铅笔。他还需要一个篮子来装他的错误。)”可知，本空应开始讲述爱因斯坦的一些事迹，且该事迹应与“开始工作”相关。E选项“When Einstein started to work in America(当爱因斯坦开始在美国工作时)”符合语境，能承接上文，并引出下文关于爱因斯坦在美国工作时的相关事迹。故选E。 2．由下文“Many children wrote letters to ask him for help with their homework. One day, he wrote a letter to a young girl to tell her not to worry about her Maths homework because he thought Maths was difficult too.(许多孩子写信向他求助家庭作业。有一天，他给一个小女孩写了一封信，告诉她不要担心她的数学作业，因为他认为数学也很难。)”可知，爱因斯坦并不因为自己是伟大的科学家而自大，对于孩子的求助，他表示自己也觉得数学很难，这体现了他的谦虚。本空应说明爱因斯坦的谦虚品质。F选项“Einstein was also very modest (谦虚的)(爱因斯坦也非常谦虚)”符合语境，能概括本段大意。故选F。 3．由上文“He also thought remembering things found in books was not worth it.(他还认为记住书中找到的东西是不值得的。)”以及下文“He knew what was worth remembering.(他知道什么值得记住。)”可知，本空应举例说明爱因斯坦不记不值得的事。B选项“That’s why he never remembered his own phone number(这就是他从不记住自己电话号码的原因)”符合语境，承接上文，且与下文“他知道什么值得记住”相呼应。故选B。 4．由上文“In one exam, a student asked him why all the questions were the same as last year’s. Einstein replied the questions were the same, but the answers were different.(在一次考试中，一个学生问他为什么所有的问题都和去年的一样。爱因斯坦回答说问题是一样的，但答案不同。)”以及本段标题“Einstein liked to joke too(爱因斯坦也喜欢开玩笑)”可知，本空应总结爱因斯坦的幽默特质。G选项“What a humorous person he is(他真是个幽默的人)”符合语境，能承接上文，且与标题相呼应。故选G。 5．由上文“When Einstein was a child, his teachers used to say he was not clever. However, Einstein kept working hard and surprised the world with his achievements.(爱因斯坦小时候，他的老师常说他不聪明。然而，爱因斯坦一直努力工作，用他的成就震惊了世界。)”以及下文“we should think of him. So, never be discouraged(我们应该想到他。所以，永远不要气馁)”可知，本空应衔接“遇到困难”与“想到爱因斯坦、不气馁”的逻辑，应提出一个假设，即在遇到困难想放弃时，应想到爱因斯坦。C选项“If we ever feel like giving up when we have problems(如果我们在遇到问题时想放弃)”能承上启下，符合语境。故选C。 三、完形填空：（每题1分，共计15分） When Sam Glassenberg’s 5-year-old daughter was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, the experienced video game developer found himself facing a cold reality. He had to become his child’s stand-in “pancreas （胰腺）”， making life-or-death insulin （胰岛素） 1 . After his daughter spent two days in the hospital in 2019, Glassenberg was given a sheet of paper by the 2 team with crossed out carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios （碳水化合物与胰岛素比值）， rounding rules, and correction factors. Even as a computer science engineer, Glassenberg found it 3 and frustrating, especially with the high stakes （风险） involved. “For the first few months, I was learning through play, but that play was trial-and-error on my own kid，” he said. So, he did what game 4 do best. He built a video game — called “Level One: A Diabetes Game” — a free mobile app. It turns the 5 science of diabetes management into an easy interactive game that teaches people how insulin, food, and blood sugar 6 with the body. Its goal is to help children and their 7 feel less overwhelmed after diagnosis. The game has sixty 8 to help people better understand diabetes concepts and introduces new ones as the player 9 through the levels. More than 200 reviewers in the app store have weighed in, giving it 4.9 stars out of 5. The game was launched in 10 with two leading diabetes organizations. What was it like to 11 a way to help the entire diabetes community? “It’s extremely 12 and meaningful,” he said, “but also a little frustrating.” Glassenberg said he wished he had developed the app 13 so that more people could have already 14 , especially those in underserved communities where 15 to care and diabetes education is lacking. 1. A. plans B. maps C. games D. decisions 2. A. critical B. technical C. medical D. moral 3. A. beneficial B. confusing C. entertaining D. negative 4. A. players B. designers C. enthusiasts D. competitors 5. A. modern B. survival C. complex D. experimental 6. A. interact B. evolve C. combine D. help 7. A. companions B. doctors C. assistants D. caregivers 8. A. parts B. levels C. questions D. roles 9.A. goes B. looks C. advances D. searches 10.A. line B. harmony C. contact D. partnership 11.A. turn out B. figure out C. break out D. bring out 12.A. rewarding B. challenging C. stimulating D. relaxing 13.A. better B. bigger C. sooner D. funnier 14.A. known B. appreciated C. booked D. benefited 15.A. access B. right C. link D. reference 【答案】 1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 5．C 6．A 7．D 8．B 9．C 10．D 11．B 12．A 13．C 14．D 15．A 【导语】主要讲述游戏开发者因女儿患上一型糖尿病，开发科普游戏帮助病患家庭理解糖尿病管理知识的故事。 【详解】1．考查名词。句意：他不得不充当女儿临时的胰腺，做出关乎生死的胰岛素用药决策。A. plans方案；B. maps图谱；C. games游戏；D. decisions决定。根据后文“crossed out carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios (碳水化合物与胰岛素比值), rounding rules, and correction factors”可知，胰岛素配比、校正数值都需要人为判断取舍，做出用药决定。 2．考查形容词。句意：2019年女儿住院两天后，医疗团队给了他一张写满碳水胰岛素配比、取整规则和校正系数的纸。A. critical关键的；B. technical技术的；C. medical医疗的；D. moral道德的。根据前文“his daughter spent two days in the hospital”可知对接他的是医院医护人员，属于医疗团队。 3．考查形容词。句意：即便身为计算机工程师，他也觉得这套内容令人费解又让人沮丧，尤其相关操作风险极高。A. beneficial有益的；B. confusing令人困惑的；C. entertaining有趣的；D. negative消极的。根据前文一堆繁杂的碳水胰岛素配比、校正规则，以及后文“frustrating”可知整套计算规则晦涩难懂，使人困惑。 4．考查名词。句意：于是他做了游戏设计师最擅长的事。A. players玩家；B. designers设计师；C. enthusiasts爱好者；D. competitors竞争者。根据前文“the experienced video game developer”可知，主人公本身是游戏开发者、设计师。 5．考查形容词。句意：它将糖尿病管理这套复杂的科学知识转化为一款简单的互动游戏，向人们讲解胰岛素、食物与血糖如何和人体相互作用。A. modern现代的；B. survival生存的；C. complex复杂的；D. experimental实验性的。根据前文“crossed out carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios (碳水化合物与胰岛素比值), rounding rules, and correction factors. Even as a computer science engineer, Glassenberg found it _______ and frustrating, especially with the high stakes (风险) involved.”可知，糖尿病相关计算规则繁琐难懂，对应知识体系十分复杂。 6．考查动词。句意：它将糖尿病管理这套复杂的科学知识转化为一款简单的互动游戏，向人们讲解胰岛素、食物与血糖如何和人体相互作用。A. interact相互作用；B. evolve进化；C. combine结合；D. help帮助。根据前文“carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios (碳水化合物与胰岛素比值), rounding rules, and correction factors.”可知，前文提到食物碳水、胰岛素存在换算关联，体现三者在人体中互相影响作用。 7．考查名词。句意：它的目标是帮助确诊后的孩子及其看护者减轻手足无措的感受。A. companions同伴；B. doctors医生；C. assistants助手；D. caregivers看护者。根据前文“He had to become his child’s stand-in “pancreas (胰腺)”, making life-or-death insulin (胰岛素) ________ .”可知，患儿家长需要全程负责糖尿病护理，属于看护人群体。 8．考查名词。句意：游戏设置六十个关卡，帮助人们更好掌握糖尿病相关概念，玩家通关时会解锁新知识。A. parts部分；B. levels关卡；C. questions问题；D. roles角色。根据后文“and introduces new ones as the player ________ through the levels.”可知，原文直接出现levels，对应游戏关卡。 9．考查动词。句意：游戏设置六十个关卡，帮助人们更好掌握糖尿病相关概念，玩家闯关升级时会解锁新知识。A. goes走；B. looks看；C. advances进阶；D. searches搜寻。根据后文“through the levels”可知，玩家在关卡中不断推进、升级解锁内容，advance through表示“闯关进阶”。 10．考查名词。句意：该游戏由两大权威糖尿病机构合作推出。A. line路线；B. harmony和谐；C. contact联系；D. partnership合作。根据后文“two leading diabetes organizations”可知，游戏是和专业机构联合推出，in partnership with表示与……合作。 11．考查动词短语。句意：想出一种能帮助全部糖尿病群体的办法是什么感受？A. turn out结果是；B. figure out想出、弄明白；C. break out爆发；D. bring out使显现。根据前文“He built a video game — called “Level One: A Diabetes Game” — a free mobile app.”可知，前文介绍他自主制作科普游戏，摸索出帮助糖尿病人群的方式，figure out a way 表示“想出解决办法”。 12．考查形容词。句意：“这件事非常有成就感、意义重大，” 他说，“但也有点让人灰心。”A. rewarding有意义、值得的；B. challenging有挑战的；C. stimulating刺激的；D. relaxing放松的。根据后文“meaningful”以及前文“More than 200 reviewers in the app store have weighed in, giving it 4.9 stars out of5”可知，游戏收获极高好评、帮助糖尿病患者家庭，这件事带来强烈成就感 13．考查副词比较级。句意：格拉森伯格说他真希望自己能更早开发这款应用，这样更多人就能从中受益，尤其是医疗资源匮乏、难以获取医疗服务与糖尿病教育的社区人群。A. better更好；B. bigger更大；C. sooner更早；D. funnier更有趣。根据后文“so that more people could have already ______”可知，他遗憾开发太晚，没能更早惠及大众。 14．考查动词过去分词。句意：格拉森伯格说他真希望自己能更早开发这款应用，这样更多人就能从中受益，尤其是医疗资源匮乏、难以获取医疗服务与糖尿病教育的社区人群。A. known知晓；B. appreciated感激；C. booked预约；D. benefited受益。根据后文“especially those in underserved communities where access to care and diabetes education is lacking”可知，后文说明欠服务社区缺少相关医疗教育，推出软件能让这些人群从中获益。 15．考查名词。句意：格拉森伯格说他真希望自己能更早开发这款应用，这样更多人就能从中受益，尤其是医疗资源匮乏、难以获取医疗服务与糖尿病教育的社区人群。A. access获取途径、可及性；B. right权利；C. link链接；D. reference参考。根据后文“to care and diabetes education is lacking”可知，这类社区缺少医疗科普与诊疗资源，access to care表示“获得医疗服务的渠道”。 1 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $