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《普通高中英语课程标准(2025年修订版)》新增教材外单词讲解(八)
36. neutral /ˈnjuːtrəl/ Ⅰadj. ① 中立的,持平的,无倾向性的,不偏不倚的 ②(国家在战时)中立的,中立国的 ③ 不受影响的,没有倾向的,不带感情色彩的 ④ 暗淡的,不鲜艳的,素净的(如灰色、浅棕色或淡黄色)⑤(电线)不带电的 ⑥(化学品)中性的(非酸性又非碱性的)
【经典例句】
Clive decided to adopt a neutral position.
克莱夫决定采取中立立场。
I didn’t take my father’s or my mother’s side; I tried to remain neutral.
我既不支持父亲也不袒护母亲,尽力做到不偏不倚。
Switzerland was neutral during the war. 瑞士在战争期间保持了中立。
Scientists use a neutral observation language in their reports.
科学家们在报告中使用中性观察语言。
Bragg said in a neutral voice, “The investigation has been closed down.”
布拉格平静地说“调查结束了。”
Neutral tones give the room a feeling of space.
素净的色调让房间感觉很宽敞。
The plant prefers a neutral or slightly acidic soil.
这种植物更喜欢中性或略带酸性的土壤。
Ⅱ n. ① [U](汽车或机器的)空挡位置 ② [C] 中立国,中立者 ③ [C](常用复数)素净色; 中和色
Put the car into neutral. 将汽车排挡置于空挡位。
When you start the engine, make sure the car’s in neutral.
发动引擎时,一定要让汽车处于空挡。
The room was decorated in neutrals. 房间用了中性色来装饰。
【派生词汇】
neutrally adv. 中立地,不偏不倚地;不带感情地,中性地
neutrality n. [U] 中立,中立地位
【经典例句】
The facts must be presented neutrally and objectively.
事实必须中立、客观地陈述。
He thinks journalists should report neutrally on conflicts.
他认为记者应当对冲突进行中立报道。
The country maintained its neutrality during the war.
这个国家在战争期间保持中立。
The organization declares strict neutrality in political disputes.
该组织声明在政治争端中严守中立立场。
Cultural neutrality is hard to achieve in real-world communication.
在现实交流中,做到文化中立并不容易。
37. obstacle /ˈɒbstək(ə)l/ n. ① 障碍,阻碍,绊脚石 ② 障碍物,绊脚石 ③(障碍赛马)障碍栅栏,障碍
【经典例句】
A lack of qualifications can be a major obstacle to finding a job.
学历不足可能成为谋职的主要障碍。
So far, we have managed to overcome all the obstacles that have been placed in our path.
到目前为止,我们已设法排除了前进道路上的一切人为障碍。
The area was full of streams and bogs and other natural obstacles.
此地遍布小溪、泥潭和其他天然障碍。
【温馨提示】obstacle作“障碍,阻碍,绊脚石”解时,后与介词to或to doing连用。如:
Fear of change is an obstacle to progress. 害怕变革是进步的一个障碍。
Time, I realize, is the biggest obstacle to cooking for most people.
我意识到,对大多数人来说,时间是做饭的最大障碍。
【常见搭配】
obstacle race 障碍赛跑
formidable obstacle 难以逾越的障碍
insuperable obstacle 无法克服的障碍
legal obstacle法律障碍
main obstacle主要的障碍
major / serious obstacle严重的障碍
political obstacle政治障碍
the biggest ( greatest ) obstacle 最大的障碍
clear an obstacle清除障碍
remove an obstacle排除障碍
overcome an obstacle克服障碍
put / place obstacles in the way (of sth)(给某事)设置障碍
remove an obstacle排除障碍
【经典例句】
John finished the obstacle race carrying heavy equipment.
约翰完成了携带重型装备的障碍赛跑。
The tax puts obstacles in the way of companies trying to develop trade overseas.
这项税收对欲在海外发展贸易的公司设置了障碍。
Women still have to overcome many obstacles to gain equality.
妇女为了获得平等仍需克服重重障碍。
The team worked together to clear the obstacle from the path.
团队合作清除了路上的障碍。
We want to remove all obstacles to travel between the two countries.
我们想要排除在这两个国家之间旅行的所有障碍。
【真题链接】
When Jane began to take swimming lessons, her main ________was the fear of the water.
A. evidence B. crisis C. obstacle D. danger (NMET2006上海卷)
【答案解析】考查名词辨析。句意:当简开始上游泳课时,她的主要障碍是害怕水。根据句意可知,设空处宜选择C项。obstacle意为“障碍”,符合语境。evidence意为“证据”,crisis意为“危机”,danger意为“危险”,均与题意不符。
38. offend /əˈfend/ v. ① vi.&vt. 得罪,冒犯 ② vt. 令人不适 ③ vi. 犯罪,犯法 ④ vi. 违背(人情),违反(常理或道德准则),有悖于
【经典例句】
Neil did not mean to offend anybody with his joke.
尼尔开那个玩笑并非想冒犯谁。
A TV interviewer must be careful not to offend.
电视采访者必须小心别得罪人。
The smell from the farm offended some people.
农场散发的气味让一些人闻了不舒服。
He started offending at the age of 16. 他 16 岁就开始犯法。
Broadcasters have a responsibility not to offend against good taste and decency.
节目主持人有责任保持趣味高雅,行为得体。
【温馨提示】offend用作及物动词,作“得罪,冒犯”解时,通常用于被动语态;用作不及物动词,作“违背(人情),违反(常理),有悖于”解时,后面常与介词against连用。
【派生词汇】
offended adj. 生气的,感到被冒犯的,不快的
offender n. [C] ①(正式用法)犯罪者,违法者,罪犯 ② 引发坏事的人(事物)
offensive adj. ① 冒犯的,得罪人的,无礼的(反义词:inoffensive)② 极其讨厌的;令人不适的
offensively adv. 冒犯地,讨厌地,进攻地
offensiveness n. 冒犯,令人讨厌,进攻
【经典例句】
“What do you mean?” I asked, offended on Liddie’s behalf.
“你什么意思?”我问道,很为莉迪生气。
Community punishment is used for less serious offenders.
社区服务刑被用来处罚犯有轻罪的人。
Among causes of air pollution, car exhaust fumes may be the worst offender.
在造成空气污染的多种原素中,汽车排放的废气可能是罪魁祸首。
The programme contains language which some viewers may find offensive.
节目里使用了某些观众可能认为是犯忌的语言。
The room has an offensive smell. Why not open the window and air it?
房间的味道难闻死了,干嘛不开窗透透气?
Offensively and defensively, we had a good balance in our team.
进攻和防守方面,我们的球队都很平衡。
In a misguided attempt to be funny, he manages only offensiveness.
他试图使自己很风趣,可弄巧成拙地冒犯了别人。
【温馨提示】offensive 还可用作名词,意为:① 进攻,攻击,侵犯 ②(引人注意的)系列行动;运动(相当于campaign);攻势
【经典例句】
They launched the offensive on January 10. 他们于1月10日发动了进攻。
The government has launched a new offensive against crime. 政府发动了新的打击犯罪攻势。
【常见搭配】
offend against违犯
commit an offence犯罪,犯法
be offended by/at sth. 因某事而感到生气/不满
be offensive to sb. 冒犯某人,触怒某人
take offence 对某人的言行或行为感到不悦或受到伤害;生气,发怒
【经典例句】
We mustn’t offend against their customs. 我们不能违反他们的风俗。
Jack will never commit an offence against the law. 杰克永远不会犯法。
Oddly enough, she wasn’t offended by / at his remarks.
说也奇怪,她竟然没有因他的话而生气。
The comedian’s joke was offensive to all established values.
那位喜剧演员的笑话是对所有既定价值观具有冒犯性的。
Please don’t take offence; I was only joking. 请不要生气;我只是在开玩笑。
39. orchestra /ˈɔːkɪstrə/ n.(大型的)管弦乐队,交响乐团;乐池
【经典例句】
She plays the flute in the school orchestra. 她在校管弦乐队里吹长笛。
The orchestra is very important for the cultural life of the city.
管弦乐队对这座城市的文化生活而言非常重要。
The orchestra was tuning up as we entered the hall.
当我们进入音乐厅时,管弦乐队正在调音。
【温馨提示】
the orchestra意为“(剧场的)正厅前排座位”(相当于the orchestra section / seats)
【派生词汇】
orchestral adj. 管弦乐队的,为管弦乐队创作的
orchestrate vt. 编排;策划;编配(或创作管弦乐曲);精心安排;密谋
【经典例句】
Our teacher explained the main types of orchestral music.
我们的老师讲解了管弦乐的主要类型。
I had written quite a lot of orchestral music in my student days
我在学生时代创作过很多管弦乐作品。
He was orchestrating the second act of his opera.
他在为自己那部歌剧的第二幕谱写管弦乐曲。
For this reason, it will take some time and needs to be carefully orchestrated.
鉴于此,这将需要时间,而且需要精心策划。
The whole scheme was so well orchestrated from start to finish that no one suspected a thing.
整个计划从一开始到最后都做了精心的安排,所以没有人有任何怀疑之处。
40. pagoda /pəˈɡəʊdə/ n.(南亚或东亚的)(佛)塔
【经典例句】
The lofty pagoda stands like a giant at the top of the mountain.
巍巍宝塔屹立在山巅。
Many a grain of sand piled up will make a pagoda.(谚语)聚沙成塔。
Like all great buildings, a Japanese pagoda is as much a machine as a structure.
像所有杰出的建筑物一样,日式宝塔像机器又像建筑物。
The pagoda on the top of the hill, said to have been constructed in the Song Dynasty, is a very popular tourist attraction. 山顶上的宝塔据说建于宋代,是一个非常受欢迎的旅游景点。
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