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《普通高中英语课程标准(2025年修订版)》新增教材外单词讲解(二)
6. cautious/ˈkɔːʃəs/ adj. 小心的,谨慎的
【经典例句】
They’ve taken a very cautious approach.
他们采取了十分谨慎的态度。
They expressed cautious optimism about a solution to the crisis.
他们对解决危机持谨慎的乐观态度。
The government has been cautious in its response to the report.
政府对此报道反应谨慎。
【温馨提示】cautious作“谨慎的,小心的”解用作表语时常跟in, of 或about短语,表示“谨慎,小心”的范围和内容。另外, cautious也可以作定语,可以修饰人,也可以修饰其行为。如:
He is a cautious driver who always obeys the traffic rules.
他是一个谨慎的司机,总是遵守交通规则。
He was very cautious about committing himself to anything.
他谨小慎微,从不轻易作出承诺。
Lindley urged a more cautious approach. 林德利敦促采取更谨慎的方法。
【派生词汇】
cautiousness n. 谨慎,小心
cautiously adv. 小心翼翼地,谨慎地
【经典例句】
I’m cautiously optimistic. 我持谨慎的乐观态度。
Her cautiousness prevented her from making a mistake.
她的谨慎使她避免了犯错。
She looked cautiously around and then walked away from the house.
她先小心地环顾了一下四周,然后才离开了房子。
【词语辨析】cautiousness与caution
这两个单词均有“小心,谨慎”的含义。但cautiousness强调在性格、本性上 “谨小慎微的特质”,侧重人的天性、一贯的处事风格。caution有两个主要意思:(1)强调谨慎(行为或态度,可指具体举动,也意为 “告诫”)(2)表示“警告、警示”(cautiousness无此用法)。此外,caution还可用作动词,意为“警告;告诫;提醒”。如:
His cautiousness stopped him from taking risks. 他生性谨慎,不愿冒险。
Statistics should be treated with caution. 对待统计数字要小心。
Sam cautioned him against making a hasty decision.
萨姆告诫他不要草率作出决定。
The government cautioned that pay increases could lead to job losses.
政府警告说增加工资会导致失业。
Employees were cautioned to be careful about what they said to people outside the company. 员工受到告诫,对公司外的人说话要小心谨慎。
7. childhood /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/ n. 童年,幼年,孩童时期
【经典例句】
He had a happy childhood. 他有一个幸福的童年。
Her childhood was spent travelling from place to place.
她的童年是在不断迁移中度过的。
【常见搭配】
childhood memories童年的记忆
childhood home / friend / experience etc. 儿时的家(朋友、经历等)
in / during / since (sb’s) childhood 在(某人的)童年时期(自从童年以来)
【经典例句】
Last summer, Jill took me to see her childhood home.
去年夏天吉尔带我去看她小时候的家。
Most infections occur in childhood.
大多数疾病感染都发生在儿童时期。
He was remembering a story heard in (his) childhood.
他一直记着童年时听过的一个故事。
She had been writing poems since (her) childhood.
她自从童年时代就开始写诗了。
【思维拓展】
childhood是一个派生词,即由词根child加后缀“-hood”构成的。后缀“-hood”置于名词后面,表示:①“成长所处时期”:如:childhood 童年,幼年,孩童时期;girlhood 少女时期;adulthood 成年。② 表示“身份或地位”。如:fatherhood 父亲的身份;knighthood骑士身份;brotherhood 兄弟、手足情谊;manhood 男子汉气概等。③ 表示群体或总称。如:neighbourhood 街区,城区;brotherhood 兄弟会;priesthood (总称教会或国家的)全体教士,全体神职人员等。
8. chore /tʃɔː(r)/ n. [C] ① 家庭杂务;日常琐事;例行工作 ② 令人感到厌烦、无聊的琐事;乏味无聊的工作
【经典例句】
We share the domestic chores. 我们分担家务。
She sees exercise as an unavoidable chore.
她把锻炼看作是不得不做的例行公事。
Shopping’s a real chore for me. 对我来说,购物真是件苦差事。
Cleaning the whole house turned out to be a tiring chore.
打扫整栋房子原来是一件很累人的活儿。
【常见搭配】
daily chores日常杂务
household chores 家务劳动
a tedious chore 一件枯燥费力的苦差事
share chores 分担家务
handle chores 处理杂务
do / perform / carry out the (one’s) chores干杂活;做家务
【经典例句】
She helps do chores after school. 放学后她帮忙做家务。
She let her husband manage the money while she handled other household chores.
她让丈夫管钱,而她自己负责其它杂务事儿。
【词语辨析】chore, task与job
chore强调“日常琐碎、耗时费力的小事(家务类)”;task强调“分配的任务,有目标、有难度(如学习 / 工作等)”;job泛指“一份工作;一件具体活儿”。如:
I find driving a real chore. 我觉得开车是一件很讨厌的事情。
Our first task is to set up a communications system.
我们的首项任务是架设通信系统。
I’m thinking of applying for a new job. 我在考虑申请一份新工作。
I’ve got various jobs around the house to do. 我在家里有各种各样的活儿要干。
9. compass /ˈkʌmpəs/ n. ① 罗盘,罗盘仪,指南针 ②(常用复数)圆规,两脚规 ③(某人负责或书中论述的)范围,范畴,界限 ④ 向导,指南。
【经典例句】
He always carries a compass when he walks in the woods.
在森林中行走时,他总是带着指南针。
We had to rely on a compass and a lot of luck to get here.
我们的不得不靠指南针和不错的运气才来到这里。
I bought a pair of compasses in the shop. 我在这家商店买了一副圆规。
That topic falls beyond the compass of my research. 那个题目超出了我的研究范围。
Within the brief compass of a single page, the author covers most of the major points.
在短短一页的篇幅中,作者涵盖了大部分要点。
Interest rates serve as a compass for determining whether to buy or sell stocks.
利率是决定股票买卖的指向标。
【常见搭配】
be beyond the compass of 超出……的范围(界限)
within the compass of ... 在……的范围内;在……的界限内
【温馨提示】compass的复数形式compasses意为“圆规,两脚规”,常与a pair of连用,但在口语里也往往说a compass。说“三个两脚规”可以说“three compasses”或“three pairs of compasses”。如:A pair of compasses is an instrument for drawing circles or measuring distances.
圆规是画圆或测量距离的工具。
【熟词生义】 compass v. ① 围绕,包围(= encircle) ② 理解,领会(= comprehend)③ 达到,获得(= accomplish)
【经典例句】
Another cloud of witnesses compasses me about.
有一群目击者把我围了起来。
The camp was compassed with thick trees.
营地被茂密的树木环绕。
It is hard to compass the full meaning of the poem.
很难完全领会这首诗的全部深意。
Human minds cannot compass such a great idea at once.
人类无法一下子理解如此宏大的理念。
He compassed his goal after years of hard work.
历经多年奋斗,他终于实现了目标。
10. conscious /ˈkɒnʃəs/ adj. ① 意识到的,注意到的 ② 神志清醒的,有知觉的,有意识的 ③ 慎重的,有意的,刻意的 ④ 特别感兴趣的,关注的,注重的
【经典例句】
She’s very conscious of the problems involved.
她完全意识到了所涉及的问题。
He became acutely conscious of having failed his parents.
他深深感到自己辜负了父母的期望。
I was vaguely conscious that I was being watched.
我隐隐约约地觉察到有人在监视我。
After he became conscious, he remembered having been attacked and hit on the head with a rod.(NMET2006江西卷)他恢复意识后,记得自己曾被袭击并遭棍棒击打头部。
A patient who is not fully conscious should never be left alone.
神志并非完全清醒的病人必须时刻有人照料。
Happiness is a conscious decision and that I can make it right now.
幸福就是我此刻就能做出的慎重的决定。
She was very conscious of security. 她非常注重安全。
【常见搭配】
conscious effort / decision / attempt etc. 有意识的努力(决定、尝试等)
be conscious of sb. / (doing) sth. 知道,察觉到,注意到
be conscious that... 知道,察觉到,注意到
【经典例句】
I was very conscious of the fact that I had to make a good impression.
我很注意一定要给人留下一个好印象。
I became conscious of someone watching me.
我意识到有人在看我。
She was conscious that Marie was listening to every word.
她注意到玛丽在认真听每一句话。
【温馨提示】conscious作“(通过感觉或思考而)知道的,意识到的”解,常作表语,指人时,后面常接介词of或从句。作“自觉的,有意识的;有觉悟的”解时,可以作定语,也可以作表语。
【派生词汇】
unconscious adj. 无知觉的;昏迷的;不省人事的;无意识的;自然流露的;未察觉的;未意识到的;未注意的”
consciousness n. ① 清醒状态;知觉 ② 觉察;感觉;意识 ③ 观念;看法
consciously adv. ① 意识到地,注意到地 ② 神志清醒地,有知觉地,有意识地 慎重地,有意地,刻意地 ④ 特别感兴趣地,关注地,注重地
health-conscious adj. 有健康意识的,关注健康的
fashion-conscious adj. 赶时髦的,讲究时髦的
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