高中英语阅读理解-长难句专项突破-高考真题+百强名校模拟题 导学案-2027届高考英语一轮复习

该高中英语高考复习学案聚焦阅读理解长难句专项突破，以“骨架+挂件”为核心架构，系统梳理五大基本句型及修饰成分包裹、插入语打断等四大长难句来源，通过“标点切块-找谓语定主-提主干去叶-顺逻辑调序”四步法构建知识网络，引导学生从简单句到长难句自主推导拆解规律。 亮点在于自主诊断与分层训练设计，如真题精讲中设置圈谓语、提取主干支干等任务，综合练习分基础与挑战层级，培养学生语言理解能力和逻辑思维品质。难点对策速查表帮助学生精准定位薄弱环节，教师可通过学生练习反馈实施个性化指导，提升备考实效。

高中英语阅读理解-长难句专项突破-学生版 一、长难句的本质：骨架 + 挂件 1.1 一句话的“主干”到底是什么 很多学生一看到长句就慌，是因为没抓住“主干”。其实，英语句子无论多长，它的核心一定是“五大基本句型”之一。只要先认出主干，外面的修饰再长也只是“挂件”。 基本句型 结构公式 示例 主谓 S + V Birds fly. 主谓宾 S + V + O He read the book. 主系表 S + V(系) + P She is a teacher. 主谓双宾 S + V + IO + DO He gave me a book. 主谓宾补 S + V + O + C We made him captain. 1.2 长难句是怎么“膨胀”的（四大来源） 长难句是把简单句不断加“挂件”。下面用“短句 → 长句”的对比，让学生直观看到句子是怎么变长的，以及对应的拆法。 （1）修饰成分层层包裹（定语 / 状语 / 介词短语 / 非谓语堆叠） 短句：We visited a museum. 长句：Last weekend, we visited a small museum that was built in the 19th century and is famous for its collection of impressionist paintings. 【对策】先抓核心名词 museum，再一层层处理它前后的“左邻右舍”（定语 that...、状语 Last weekend、介词短语 for its collection...）。 （2）插入语 / 同位语打断主线 短句：The professor answered the question. 长句：The professor — a leading expert in quantum physics — answered the question that had puzzled us for weeks. 【对策】破折号、括号里的成分先“屏蔽”，主线（The professor answered the question）立刻清晰；that 从句再单独处理。 （3）多个从句嵌套（宾语/定语/状语/同位语从句） 短句：I know the reason. 长句：I know the reason why he left the company where he had worked for ten years. 【对策】一个谓语动词 = 一个分句。先数谓语，再按从句引导词（why / where）逐层拆分。 （4）特殊句式（倒装 / 强调 / 省略 / 虚拟 / there be 等） 短句：We can solve the problem only in this way. 长句（倒装）：Only in this way can we solve the problem. 【对策】先还原成常规语序（We can solve the problem only in this way），再理解句意。 二、长难句拆解四步法（核心方法论） 标点切块 → 找谓语定主 → 提主干去叶 → 顺逻辑调序 第1步 看标点，切分意群 先读标点，把句子“切块”。破折号（—）、括号（ ）里多为插入语 / 同位语，可暂时“屏蔽”；逗号（,）常分隔状语或并列；分号（;）表并列分句；that / which / who / when / where / because / if / why 等是“从句入口”。 【示范句】The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 【拆解】先屏蔽两处破折号里的举例插入语——like identifying the main idea in a reading passage / such as drawing inferences from a text——句子主线简化为：The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from ... to ones that require mental abstraction。可见破折号是天然的“分块线”，先把插入语括起来跳过，主干立刻清晰。 第2步 找谓语，定主语（数谓语） 谓语动词是句子的“心脏”。一个完整分句 = 一个谓语动词 + 它的主语。先把所有谓语动词列出来，谓语个数 ≈ 分句个数。注意区分：非谓语动词（to do / doing / done）不是谓语，是“挂件”；遇到 and / but / or 要看清并列的是词、短语，还是整个分句。 【示范句】The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 【拆解】谓语动词：shine through（主句谓语，整体作谓语）/ move（when 时间状语从句谓语）/ require（that 定语从句谓语），共 3 个谓语 = 主句 + 2 个分句。主干：The benefits [of print reading] [particularly] shine through（主谓结构，shine through 整体为谓语）。注意 of print reading、particularly 是修饰，不是谓语。 第3步 提主干，去枝叶（从句 / 非谓语 / 介词短语） 在主句里提取 SVO / SVC（主谓宾 / 主系表）等骨架，把从句、非谓语、介词短语当作“枝叶”暂时剥离。先读懂主干意思，再逐层把枝叶挂回去。 【示范句】The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 【拆解】主干：The benefits [of print reading] [particularly] shine through（主谓，shine through 整体作谓语）。枝叶：① when experimenters move from posing simple tasks to ones 是时间状语从句（when 引导），修饰 shine through；② of print reading 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 benefits；③ that require mental abstraction 为定语从句，修饰 ones（指代前文的 tasks）。 第4步 顺逻辑，调语序（中英转换） 英文修饰多放在名词“后面 / 左边”，中文多放在“前面”。定语从句多数前置；状语从句按时间 / 因果 / 条件调序到主句前；插入语位置灵活。最后通读，确保“信、达”。 【示范句】The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 【拆解】英文把修饰放在名词后（of print reading / that require mental abstraction），中文须前置；when 时间状语从句调至主句前，译作“当……时”；破折号内 like / such as 是举例，处理为括号或“如”。 三、难点 — 对策 — 信号词 速查表 难点类型 拆句对策（对应步骤） 典型信号词 / 标点 修饰成分包裹 第3步提主干；先抓核心名词，再处理其前后修饰 of / with / 介词短语 / to do / doing / done 插入语 / 同位语 第1步标点“屏蔽” —— （ ） ， 即、也就是说 多个从句嵌套 第2步数谓语，按引导词分层 that / which / who / when / where / because / if / why 特殊句式 第4步先还原常规语序，再理解 only / not only…but (also) / it is…that / if…would / there be 四、真题精讲 （一）2026年新高考I卷·C篇 【原句】The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. （1）请圈出句子中的所有谓语动词。 （2）请找出句子中的主干及支干部分。 主干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ 支干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ （3）翻译整句。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ （二）2026年新高考II卷·D篇 【原句】Sixteen stations of Barcelona’s subway system are part of its new MetroCharge project, whereby the energy from the underground trains’ brakes (刹车) is used to power the trains and the stations themselves, while the remainder is sent snaking through cables (电缆) to the surface to power plug-in stations for privately owned vehicles. （1）请圈出句子中的所有谓语动词。 （2）请找出句子中的主干及支干部分。 主干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ 支干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ （3）翻译整句。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ （三）2025年新高考I卷·B篇 【原句】In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life. （1）请圈出句子中的所有谓语动词。 （2）请找出句子中的主干及支干部分。 主干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ 支干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ （3）翻译整句。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ （四）2025年新高考II卷·D篇 【原句】A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. （1）请圈出句子中的所有谓语动词。 （2）请找出句子中的主干及支干部分。 主干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ 支干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ （3）翻译整句。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ （五）2024年新高考I卷·C篇 【原句】The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. （1）请圈出句子中的所有谓语动词。 （2）请找出句子中的主干及支干部分。 主干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ 支干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ （3）翻译整句。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ （六）2024年新高考I卷·C篇 【原句】However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. （1）请圈出句子中的所有谓语动词。 （2）请找出句子中的主干及支干部分。 主干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ 支干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ （3）翻译整句。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ （七）2024年新高考II卷·D篇 【原句】In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. （1）请圈出句子中的所有谓语动词。 （2）请找出句子中的主干及支干部分。 主干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ 支干： ___________________________________________________________________________________ （3）翻译整句。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 五、综合练习 基础 1 2024年全国甲卷 B篇 【原句】That’s why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don’t usually like. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 基础 2 2024年全国甲卷 D篇 【原句】He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 基础 3 2024年全国甲卷 D篇 【原句】Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 基础 4 2024年北京卷 C篇 【原句】If empirical experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 基础 5 2024年浙江卷 1月 D篇 【原句】But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 挑战 1 2026届山东日照高三一模 【原句】Mohammad Shamsuddoha, professor of water crisis and risk reduction at UCL, said, "By tracking changes in total water storage from space, Grace, the NASA project, shows which cities are drying and which are getting wetter, offering an early warning of emerging water insecurity." ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 挑战 2 2026届河南郑州高三质量预测 【原句】Many of those he helps not only express deep gratefulness but also form strong bonds with him, seeing him as someone who cares for their pets and acknowledges their humanity. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 挑战 3 2026届浙江宁波九校高三模拟 【原句】The study also provides useful insights for businesses and policymakers. “Businesses should know failing to accept the cashless revolution might unintentionally be jeopardising profit potential,” Schomburgk says. “And policymakers should communicate to individuals unfamiliar with cashless payments, such as people who don't have bank accounts, about the possibility of cashless methods to lead to overspending.” ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 挑战 4 2024年上海模拟 A篇 【原句】ChatGPT was launched on Nov. 30 and is part of a new generation of AI systems that can chat, generate readable text on demand and even produce novel images and video based on what they’ve learned from a vast database of digital books, online writings and other media. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 挑战 5 2024年上海高三四模 C篇 【原句】The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which supervises air traffic across the United States, makes it clear that its role is not to assign blame or liability but to find out what went wrong and to issue recommendations to avoid a repeat. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 高中英语阅读理解-长难句专项突破-教师版 一、长难句的本质：骨架 + 挂件 1.1 一句话的“主干”到底是什么 很多学生一看到长句就慌，是因为没抓住“主干”。其实，英语句子无论多长，它的核心一定是“五大基本句型”之一。只要先认出主干，外面的修饰再长也只是“挂件”。 基本句型 结构公式 示例 主谓 S + V Birds fly. 主谓宾 S + V + O He read the book. 主系表 S + V(系) + P She is a teacher. 主谓双宾 S + V + IO + DO He gave me a book. 主谓宾补 S + V + O + C We made him captain. 1.2 长难句是怎么“膨胀”的（四大来源） 长难句是把简单句不断加“挂件”。下面用“短句 → 长句”的对比，让学生直观看到句子是怎么变长的，以及对应的拆法。 （1）修饰成分层层包裹（定语 / 状语 / 介词短语 / 非谓语堆叠） 短句：We visited a museum. 长句：Last weekend, we visited a small museum that was built in the 19th century and is famous for its collection of impressionist paintings. 【对策】先抓核心名词 museum，再一层层处理它前后的“左邻右舍”（定语 that...、状语 Last weekend、介词短语 for its collection...）。 （2）插入语 / 同位语打断主线 短句：The professor answered the question. 长句：The professor — a leading expert in quantum physics — answered the question that had puzzled us for weeks. 【对策】破折号、括号里的成分先“屏蔽”，主线（The professor answered the question）立刻清晰；that 从句再单独处理。 （3）多个从句嵌套（宾语/定语/状语/同位语从句） 短句：I know the reason. 长句：I know the reason why he left the company where he had worked for ten years. 【对策】一个谓语动词 = 一个分句。先数谓语，再按从句引导词（why / where）逐层拆分。 （4）特殊句式（倒装 / 强调 / 省略 / 虚拟 / there be 等） 短句：We can solve the problem only in this way. 长句（倒装）：Only in this way can we solve the problem. 【对策】先还原成常规语序（We can solve the problem only in this way），再理解句意。 二、长难句拆解四步法（核心方法论） 标点切块 → 找谓语定主 → 提主干去叶 → 顺逻辑调序 第1步 看标点，切分意群 先读标点，把句子“切块”。破折号（—）、括号（ ）里多为插入语 / 同位语，可暂时“屏蔽”；逗号（,）常分隔状语或并列；分号（;）表并列分句；that / which / who / when / where / because / if / why 等是“从句入口”。 【示范句】The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 【拆解】先屏蔽两处破折号里的举例插入语——like identifying the main idea in a reading passage / such as drawing inferences from a text——句子主线简化为：The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from ... to ones that require mental abstraction。可见破折号是天然的“分块线”，先把插入语括起来跳过，主干立刻清晰。 【教学提示】破折号、括号、逗号间的成分，是天然的“分块线”。学生一看到长句先别慌，先把插入 / 同位“括起来”跳过，主干往往就露出来了。 第2步 找谓语，定主语（数谓语） 谓语动词是句子的“心脏”。一个完整分句 = 一个谓语动词 + 它的主语。先把所有谓语动词列出来，谓语个数 ≈ 分句个数。注意区分：非谓语动词（to do / doing / done）不是谓语，是“挂件”；遇到 and / but / or 要看清并列的是词、短语，还是整个分句。 【示范句】The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 【拆解】谓语动词：shine through（主句谓语，整体作谓语）/ move（when 时间状语从句谓语）/ require（that 定语从句谓语），共 3 个谓语 = 主句 + 2 个分句。主干：The benefits [of print reading] [particularly] shine through（主谓结构，shine through 整体为谓语）。注意 of print reading、particularly 是修饰，不是谓语。 【教学提示】本句谓语共 3 个（shine through / move / require）。学生易把 of print reading、particularly 误当谓语，要提醒它们只是修饰；非谓语（posing / identifying / drawing）不是谓语，是“挂件”。 第3步 提主干，去枝叶（从句 / 非谓语 / 介词短语） 在主句里提取 SVO / SVC（主谓宾 / 主系表）等骨架，把从句、非谓语、介词短语当作“枝叶”暂时剥离。先读懂主干意思，再逐层把枝叶挂回去。 【示范句】The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 【拆解】主干：The benefits [of print reading] [particularly] shine through（主谓，shine through 整体作谓语）。枝叶：① when experimenters move from posing simple tasks to ones 是时间状语从句（when 引导），修饰 shine through；② of print reading 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 benefits；③ that require mental abstraction 为定语从句，修饰 ones（指代前文的 tasks）。 【教学提示】本句难点在 that require mental abstraction 这个定语从句——ones 指代前文的 tasks，学生常找不到先行词；of print reading 是介词短语作后置定语。要让学生养成“先主干（The benefits shine through），再挂枝叶”的顺序。 第4步 顺逻辑，调语序（中英转换） 英文修饰多放在名词“后面 / 左边”，中文多放在“前面”。定语从句多数前置；状语从句按时间 / 因果 / 条件调序到主句前；插入语位置灵活。最后通读，确保“信、达”。 【示范句】The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 【拆解】英文把修饰放在名词后（of print reading / that require mental abstraction），中文须前置；when 时间状语从句调至主句前，译作“当……时”；破折号内 like / such as 是举例，处理为括号或“如”。 三、难点 — 对策 — 信号词 速查表 难点类型 拆句对策（对应步骤） 典型信号词 / 标点 修饰成分包裹 第3步提主干；先抓核心名词，再处理其前后修饰 of / with / 介词短语 / to do / doing / done 插入语 / 同位语 第1步标点“屏蔽” —— （ ） ， 即、也就是说 多个从句嵌套 第2步数谓语，按引导词分层 that / which / who / when / where / because / if / why 特殊句式 第4步先还原常规语序，再理解 only / not only…but (also) / it is…that / if…would / there be 四、真题精讲 （一）2026年新高考I卷·C篇 【原句】The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. 【第1步 看标点】句首无特殊标点；句中两处逗号分隔出 carried out by ... 这一插入的过去分词短语；that 引导宾语从句，if 引导条件状语从句；and 连接 will go up 与 (resulting ... is) 两个并列谓语。先按 that / if / and 切分意群。 【第2步 找谓语】carried out 为过去分词作定语（非谓语，不计）；found（主句谓语）/ maintains（if 状从谓语）/ will go up（that 宾从谓语）/ is（and 并列谓语，resulting summer ozone levels 共用"上升"语义），共 4 个谓语动词。 【第3步 提主干】主句 The research found (that)...；carried out by scientists ... 过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 research；that 宾语从句内含 if 条件状语 + 主句 isoprene production will go up ...，and 并列 (resulting summer ozone levels) is as much as 30%。 【第4步 调序】carried out by ... 前置译为"由……开展的"；if 条件状语"如果……"前置；that 宾语从句顺译；and 并列"且……"处理。 【参考译文】由哥伦比亚气候学院及其他机构科学家开展的研究发现，如果纽约市在新增种植中维持以往的树种结构，未来几十年曼哈顿的异戊二烯排放量将上升约 140%，夏季臭氧水平也将上升多达 30%。 【教学提示】carried out 是过去分词短语作定语（非谓语），学生易误当作谓语；found 后的 that 宾语从句较长，建议先抓主句 The research found ... 再处理 if 条件与 and 并列；resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30% 是与 will go up 共享的并列省略，需点明"上升"谓语共用。 （二）2026年新高考II卷·D篇 【原句】Sixteen stations of Barcelona’s subway system are part of its new MetroCharge project, whereby the energy from the underground trains’ brakes (刹车) is used to power the trains and the stations themselves, while the remainder is sent snaking through cables (电缆) to the surface to power plug-in stations for privately owned vehicles. 【第1步 看标点】句首无特殊标点；逗号分隔主句与后续修饰；whereby 为关系副词（= by which）引导定语从句；while 表并列/对比，连接两个被动态分句。先按逗号与 while 切分。 【第2步 找谓语】are（主句系动词）/ is used（whereby 定从谓语，被动）/ is sent（while 分句谓语，被动），共 3 个谓语动词。to power 为不定式（非谓语，表目的），snaking 为现在分词（非谓语，表伴随/方式）。 【第3步 提主干】主句 Sixteen stations ... are part of its new MetroCharge project；whereby 定语从句 the energy ... is used to power ...；while 分句 the remainder is sent ...。 【第4步 调序】whereby 定从"通过该项目的……"顺译或前置；被动语态"被用作/被用于"按中文习惯可转主动；while 分句"而……"并列处理；to power 不定式"为……供电"顺译。 【参考译文】巴塞罗那地铁系统的 16 个车站是其新 MetroCharge 项目的一部分，该项目利用地铁列车刹车产生的电能为列车及车站本身供电，而剩余电能则顺着电缆被输送至地面，为私家车用的充电桩供电。 【教学提示】whereby 是关系副词（= by which），学生可能陌生，需点明它引导定语从句修饰 project；is used / is sent 均为被动谓语，snaking 是现在分词作方式状语（非谓语）；建议先抓主句"16 个车站是……一部分"，再处理 whereby 定从与 while 并列。 （三）2025年新高考I卷·B篇 【原句】In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life. 【第1步 看标点】句首为介词短语 In my ninth-grade writing class last year 作时间状语；句中三个 who 引导定语从句；and 连接 a cowboy / a strict father / a modern-day Juliet 三个并列宾语；after 引导时间状语从句。先按 and 与 who 切分。 【第2步 找谓语】met（主句谓语）/ saved（who 定从，修饰 cowboy）/ demanded（who 定从，修饰 father；其后的 earn 为不带 to 的不定式作宾补，非谓语）/ died（who 定从，修饰 Juliet）/ rejected（after 状从谓语），共 5 个谓语动词。 【第3步 提主干】主句 I met a cowboy, a strict father, and a modern-day Juliet（三个并列宾语）；各宾语后跟 who 定语从句；after her parents rejected ... 时间状语从句修饰 died。 【第4步 调序】介词短语 In my ninth-grade writing class last year 时间状语"去年在我九年级的写作课上"前置；三个 who 定语从句"……的"前置；after 状语从句"在……之后"处理。 【参考译文】去年在我九年级的写作课上，我遇见了一个拯救了自己小镇的牛仔、一位要求儿子门门功课都拿 A 的严厉父亲，以及一个现代版的朱丽叶——她在父母拒绝其年少挚爱后心碎而亡。 【教学提示】本句难点在三个并列宾语各带一个 who 定语从句，且 demanded his son earn 中 earn 是不带 to 的不定式作宾补（非谓语）；建议先画出"met + 三宾语"的主干，再逐个挂定从；after 状从修饰 died，需厘清修饰关系。 （四）2025年新高考II卷·D篇 【原句】A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. 【第1步 看标点】句首为 A study ... 主语；that 引导宾语从句；逗号分隔主句与 and 并列分句；of that waste only 15.7% 是 "only 15.7% of that waste" 的前置变体。先按 that 与 and 切分。 【第2步 找谓语】determined（主句谓语）/ generates（that 宾从谓语）/ is donated or recycled（and 并列分句谓语，被动），共 3 个谓语动词。 【第3步 提主干】主句 A study ... determined (that)...；that 宾语从句 the average restaurant generates ...；and 并列 of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled。 【第4步 调序】that 宾语从句顺译"……确定，普通餐厅每……就会产生……"；and 并列"而……"处理；of that waste only 15.7% 调整为"在这些垃圾中，仅有 15.7%……"符合中文表达。 【参考译文】食品浪费联盟的一项研究确定，普通餐厅每赚取 1000 美元收入就会产生 33 磅食物垃圾，而在这些垃圾中，仅有 15.7% 被捐赠或回收再利用。 【教学提示】and 后的 of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled 是 "only 15.7% of that waste is donated or recycled" 的宾语前置，学生易误读结构；is donated or recycled 为被动谓语；建议先抓主句 determined that ...，再处理 and 并列的被动分句。 （五）2024年新高考I卷·C篇 【原句】The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 【第1步 看标点】两个破折号内为举例插入语（like... / such as...），先屏蔽，句子简化为 "The benefits ... shine through when experimenters move from ... to ones that require ..."。 【第2步 找谓语】shine through（主句谓语）/ move（when 状从谓语）/ require（that 定从谓语），共 3 个谓语 = 主句 + 2 个分句。 【第3步 提主干】主句：The benefits [of print reading] [particularly] shine through.（主谓，"shine through" 整体作谓语）；从句：when 引导时间状语从句；that 引导定语从句修饰 ones。 【第4步 调序】when 状从"当……时"前置；that 定从前置为"需要抽象思维的"；破折号举例处理为"如"。 【参考译文】当实验者从简单的任务（如找出阅读段落的主旨）转向需要抽象思维的任务（如从文章中得出推论）时，纸质阅读的益处尤为明显。 【教学提示】shine through 是"短语谓语"，学生易把 particularly 误并入谓语或拆错；ones 指代前文的 tasks，需点明，否则定从"that require mental abstraction"会找不到先行词。 （六）2024年新高考I卷·C篇 【原句】However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 【第1步 看标点】句首 for 介词短语与 where 从句构成一个长状语，先整体视为"背景块"；even when 引导让步状语。 【第2步 找谓语】are called for（where 定从）/ shouldn't assume（主句）/ are（all media are the same 宾从）/ contain（even when 状从），共 4 个谓语。 【第3步 提主干】主句：educators shouldn't assume (that) all media are the same；从句：where 定语从句修饰 learning；that 宾语从句（assume 的宾语）；even when 让步状语从句。 【第4步 调序】for 目的状语"为了……"前置；where 定从"在需要……的情况下"前置；even when 让步"即使……也"处理。 【参考译文】然而，为了在需要集中精力和思考的情况下最大限度地提高学习效果，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是一样的，即使它们包含相同的文字。 【教学提示】for maximizing learning 是目的状语提前，不是主句；where 在此不表地点，而表"在……的情况下"，学生极易误译为地点。assume 后省略了 that，宾从 all media are the same 要补全。 （七）2024年新高考II卷·D篇 【原句】In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. 【第1步 看标点】句首 In the wrong hands 为条件状语；thankfully 为插入语，先跳过；but 连接两个并列分句。 【第2步 找谓语】could prove（前分句系动词）/ powers（that 定从）/ has（后分句）共 3 个谓语。 【第3步 提主干】主干：such a book could prove complicated but Campbell has experience；从句：that 定从修饰 code；非谓语：translating... 作后置定语修饰 experience；插入语：thankfully。 【第4步 调序】In the wrong hands 条件"如果落入……手中"前置；that 定从前置"驱动人工智能的"；translating 短语"将……转化为……"顺译。 【参考译文】如果落入不懂的人手中，这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂；但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有二十多年的专业经验，能将晦涩难懂的内容转化为通俗易懂的内容。 【教学提示】prove 此处是系动词（prove + adj.），"prove complicated" 易被误以为 prove 作"证明"实义动词带宾语；as...as 比较结构要译清"像……一样"；translating 是非谓语作定语，不是谓语。 五、综合练习 基础 1 2024年全国甲卷 B篇 【原句】That’s why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don’t usually like. 【第1步 看标点】全句以 That's why 开头引出表语从句；which 引导非限定定语从句。 【第2步 找谓语】is（That's）/ are able to tell（why 表从）/ were（if 宾从）/ don't like（which 定从），共 4 个谓语。 【第3步 提主干】主干：That's why + 表语从句；表语从句中：most pet cats are able to tell [if...] immediately；if 宾语从句（是否……）；which 非限定定从修饰 other cats。 【第4步 调序】why 表从顺译"这就是为什么……"；if 译"是否"；which 定从"（它们通常不喜欢的）其他猫"前置或独立成句。 【参考译文】这就是为什么大多数宠物猫都能立刻分辨出主人是否接触过其他猫——而它们通常是不喜欢其他猫的。 【教学提示】why 引导表语从句；if 在此 = whether（是否），不是"如果"；which 非限定定语从句指代 other cats，宜处理为补充说明。tell 此处意为"分辨 / 判断"。 基础 2 2024年全国甲卷 D篇 【原句】He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. 【第1步 看标点】句中有三层 endings 的并列与修饰，先按 and 切分前后两组 endings。 【第2步 找谓语】suggested（主句）/ think（suggest 后宾从，should 省略，动词原形）/ wanted（定从1）/ were（定从2）/ satisfied（定从3）/ didn't have（even if 状从），共 6 个谓语。 【第3步 提主干】主干：He suggested (that) I (should) think about the difference between A and B；A = endings that I wanted...；B = endings that were right...；末尾 endings that satisfied... 为同位/定从，进一步说明 endings，内含 even if 让步状从。 【第4步 调序】suggest 后宾从"（should）think"顺译"建议我考虑"；三个 endings 的定语均前置；even if "即使……也"处理。 【参考译文】他建议我想一想：我想要的那些人物结局，与适合人物的那些结局之间有何不同——有些结局即使没有传统意义上的积极结果，也能满足故事本身的需要。 【教学提示】suggest 后宾语从句用 "(should) + 动词原形" 虚拟，think 是谓语而非不定式；三个 endings 的并列与嵌套修饰是难点，建议让学生先画出 A / B 结构再填修饰。 基础 3 2024年全国甲卷 D篇 【原句】Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work. 【第1步 看标点】主句 + to see 目的状语（带两个并列宾语）构成。 【第2步 找谓语】analyzes（主句）/ include（what 宾从）/ can adapt（how 宾从），共 3 个谓语。 【第3步 提主干】主干：Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters [of five great novels]；to see... 目的状语（不定式）；what 宾从与 how 宾从并列，作 see 的宾语。 【第4步 调序】of 短语前置"五部伟大小说的"；to see 目的"以看……"；what / how 两宾从顺译。 【参考译文】伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后章节，以了解它们包含哪些关键点，以及如何将其运用到你自己的作品中。 【教学提示】to see 引导的目的状语带 what / how 两个并列宾语从句，是高频考点；需提醒学生回指前文 key points，避免译错宾语。 基础 4 2024年北京卷 C篇 【原句】If empirical experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. 【第1步 看标点】If 条件状从开头；since 原因状从收尾；that 定从修饰 concepts and words。 【第2步 找谓语】fails（If 状从）/ won't reveal（主句）/ relies（since 状从）/ are（that 定从），共 4 个谓语。 【第3步 提主干】主干：reasoning won't reveal reality [either]；If 条件状从；since 原因状从；that 定从修饰 concepts and words。 【第4步 调序】If"如果……"前置；since"因为……"前置或后置；that 定从前置"取决于……的"。 【参考译文】如果经验性的体验无法揭示现实，那么推理也无法揭示现实，因为推理所依赖的概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史。 【教学提示】if 引导条件、since 引导原因，是典型"主句 + 双状语"结构；either 与 won't 呼应，译作"也（不）"；contingent on 意为"取决于 / 依附于"。 基础 5 2024年浙江卷 1月 D篇 【原句】But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. 【第1步 看标点】as 时间状从 + 分词伴随状语构成长前置块；we had... 定从；and 连接两个主句；why 名词性从句；that 嵌套定从。 【第2步 找谓语】have reshaped（as 状从）/ have（主句1）/ had（定从，brains 后）/ is（主句2）/ struggle（why 从句）/ know（that 定从内插入）/ shouldn't eat（that 定从），共 7 个谓语（reducing 是非谓语，不算）。 【第3步 提主干】主句1：we still have the same brains；主句2：this mismatch is at the heart of why...；as 时间状从；reducing... 现在分词作伴随状语；we had... 定从修饰 brains；why 从句作介词 of 的宾语；foods 后 that 定从中嵌 "we know（插入） we shouldn't eat（宾从）"。 【第4步 调序】as 状从"当我们……时"前置；reducing 伴随"大大降低了……"顺译；why 从句"为什么……的核心原因"前置；that 定从"（我们明知不该吃的）食物"前置。 【参考译文】但是，当我们重塑了周围的世界、大大降低了获取卡路里所需的成本与精力时，我们的大脑仍和几千年前一样；而这种不匹配，正是我们许多人难以抵御那些明知不该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。 【教学提示】本句嵌套最深：定从套定从，且 foods 的定从中嵌了 we know 这一插入主谓。at the heart of 引申为"……的核心 / 关键所在"；effort 据语境译"精力"而非"努力"。建议让学生先拆出两个主句，再逐层挂枝叶。 （二）挑战题 挑战 1 2026届山东日照高三一模 【原句】Mohammad Shamsuddoha, professor of water crisis and risk reduction at UCL, said, "By tracking changes in total water storage from space, Grace, the NASA project, shows which cities are drying and which are getting wetter, offering an early warning of emerging water insecurity." 【第1步 看标点】句首 Mohammad Shamsuddoha 作主语；逗号引出同位语 professor of ... 修饰主语；said 后接直接引语（双引号）；引语内 By tracking ... 为介词短语作状语，逗号后 Grace ... shows ... 主句，which ... and which ... 两个并列宾语从句由 and 连接，句末 offering ... 现在分词作结果状语。先按逗号与 and 切分。 【第2步 找谓语】said（主句谓语）/ shows（引语主句谓语）/ are drying（which 宾从1谓语）/ are getting（which 宾从2谓语），共 4 个谓语动词；tracking 为动名词（非谓语，作介词宾语），offering 为现在分词（非谓语，作结果状语）。 【第3步 提主干】主句 Mohammad Shamsuddoha ... said (that) ...；同位语 professor ... at UCL 修饰主语；引语主句 Grace shows which ... and which ...；两个 which 宾语从句并列；offering ... 现在分词短语作结果状语修饰 shows。 【第4步 调序】同位语 professor of ... 可译为"伦敦大学学院研究水危机与风险降低的教授"前置或破折号处理；said 后直接引语"说：……"保留引号；By tracking ... 介词短语"通过追踪……"前置；两个 which 宾语从句"哪些城市在变干、哪些在变湿"顺译；offering ..."从而提供……"表结果。 【参考译文】伦敦大学学院研究水危机与风险降低的教授穆罕默德·沙姆苏丁说："通过从太空追踪总储水量的变化，美国宇航局的 Grace 项目能显示哪些城市在变干、哪些城市在变湿，从而对正在显现的水资源不安全发出早期预警。" 【教学提示】本句难点在直接引语嵌套 which 并列宾语从句与 offering 结果状语；said 后引语较长，建议先抓主句 Mohammad ... said，再处理引语内 Grace shows which ... and which ...，最后处理 offering 结果状语；tracking 为动名词作介词宾语（非谓语）。 挑战 2 2026届河南郑州高三质量预测 【原句】Many of those he helps not only express deep gratefulness but also form strong bonds with him, seeing him as someone who cares for their pets and acknowledges their humanity. 【第1步 看标点】句首 Many of those 为主语；逗号后 not only ... but also 并列连接两个谓语；seeing 为现在分词作结果状语/伴随状语；who 引导定语从句修饰 someone。先按主句 + 定从 + 分词切分。 【第2步 找谓语】helps（he 省略 that/whom 的定从谓语）/ express（not only 并列谓语1）/ form（but also 并列谓语2）/ cares（who 定从谓语）/ acknowledges（who 定从谓语，与 cares 并列），共 5 个谓语动词。seeing 为非谓语（分词），不计。 【第3步 提主干】主句 Many of those (whom) he helps not only express deep gratefulness but also form strong bonds with him；定从：he helps (those)；分词状语：seeing him as someone who...；someone 后跟 who 定从：cares for... and acknowledges... 【第4步 调序】定从 he helps (those) "他所帮助的那些人"前置或译为"他帮助的许多人"；not only...but also "不仅……而且"；seeing 分词"视他为……"可独立成句或处理为并列谓语；who 定从顺译。 【参考译文】他所帮助的许多人不仅对他深表感激，还与他建立了牢固的情谊，视他为一个关心他们的宠物、认可他们人性的人。 【教学提示】not only ... but also 连接并列谓语 express 与 form；seeing him as someone 现在分词伴随状语（非谓语）；who 定从中 cares for 与 acknowledges 由 and 并列；建议先抓主句 Many of those ... not only express ... but also form ...。 挑战 3 2026届浙江宁波九校高三模拟 【原句】The study also provides useful insights for businesses and policymakers. “Businesses should know failing to accept the cashless revolution might unintentionally be jeopardising profit potential,” Schomburgk says. “And policymakers should communicate to individuals unfamiliar with cashless payments, such as people who don't have bank accounts, about the possibility of cashless methods to lead to overspending.” 【第1步 看标点】句首 The study 为主句主语；句中两处双引号内为直接引语（Schomburgk says 的宾语）；引号内 failing to accept 为动名词短语作主语；such as 引出举例插入语；who 引导定语从句修饰 people。按 主句+引语(含嵌套从句) 切分。 【第2步 找谓语】provides（主句谓语）/ should know（第一引语主句谓语）/ might be jeopardising（failing to... 宾从谓语，进行体）/ says（引语引导词谓语）/ should communicate（第二引语主句谓语）/ don't have（who 定从谓语），共 6 个谓语动词。failing / jeopardising / lead 为非谓语。 【第3步 提主干】主句 The study also provides useful insights for businesses and policymakers；Schomburgk says (that)...（两处直接引语）；引语1：Businesses should know (that) failing...might be...；引语2：policymakers should communicate...about...；people 后跟 who 定从。 【第4步 调序】主句顺译"该研究也为企业和决策者提供了有益见解"；says 引语保留"说："和引号；failing to accept "未能接受"作动名词主语；jeopardising "危及/损害"；such as "例如"举例插入语独立处理。 【参考译文】该研究也为企业和决策者提供了有益见解。Schomburgk 说："企业应该知道，未能接受无现金革命可能会无意中损害利润潜力。"他还说："决策者应该向不熟悉无现金支付方式的人（如没有银行账户的人）传达无现金支付可能导致过度消费的可能性。" 【教学提示】本句难点在两处直接引语各嵌套动名词主语与宾语从句；failing to accept 动名词作 should know 宾语从句主语，might be jeopardising 进行体（be+doing）；第二引语 communicate to individuals ... about the possibility 双宾语结构，unfamiliar with ... 形容词短语作后置定语，such as people who ... 同位语+定从；建议分句处理，先总起再引语。 挑战 4 2024年上海模拟 A篇 【原句】ChatGPT was launched on Nov. 30 and is part of a new generation of AI systems that can chat, generate readable text on demand and even produce novel images and video based on what they’ve learned from a vast database of digital books, online writings and other media. 【第1步 看标点】ChatGPT 为主语；was launched 被动语态（and 并列 is part of...）；that 引导定语从句修饰 AI systems；从句内 can chat / generate / produce 三个并列谓语；based on what... 为过去分词短语作状语（what 又引导宾语从句）。按 主句+定从+based 状语 切分。 【第2步 找谓语】was launched（被动，主句谓语1）/ is（系动词，主句谓语2）/ can chat（that 定从谓语1）/ generate（定从谓语2）/ produce（定从谓语3）/ have learned（what 宾从谓语），共 6 个谓语动词。based 为非谓语（过去分词）。 【第3步 提主干】主句 ChatGPT was launched on Nov. 30 and is part of a new generation of AI systems；that 定从：systems can chat / generate / produce...；based on what they've learned... 作全句状语（说明依据）。 【第4步 调序】on Nov. 30 时间状语前置；that 定从"能够……的新一代人工智能系统"前置；based on what"根据……（学到的知识）"顺译。 【参考译文】ChatGPT 于 11 月 30 日发布，是新一代人工智能系统的一部分；该系统能够聊天、按需生成可读文本，甚至能根据从一个庞大的数字图书、在线文章及其他媒体数据库中学到的知识，制作新颖的图像与视频。 【教学提示】that 定语从句内三个谓语共用情态动词 can（generate / produce 前省略 can），学生易漏看；based on what 又嵌套 what 宾从，是"定从 + 介从"双重嵌套，建议分步拆解。 挑战 5 2024年上海高三四模 C篇 【原句】The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which supervises air traffic across the United States, makes it clear that its role is not to assign blame or liability but to find out what went wrong and to issue recommendations to avoid a repeat. 【第1步 看标点】which 非限定定从插在主语后；that 真宾从；what 嵌套宾从；not...but... 并列不定式。 【第2步 找谓语】supervises（which 定从）/ makes（主句）/ is（that 宾从）/ went（what 宾从）/ (to) issue（与 find out 并列的不定式，非谓语），共 4 个谓语。 【第3步 提主干】主干：NTSB makes it clear that...（it 为形式宾语，that 从句为真宾语）；which 非限定定从修饰 NTSB；that 宾从：its role is not A but B；B 内含 what 宾从（what went wrong）与 and to issue... 并列。 【第4步 调序】which 定从"负责监督全美空中交通的"前置；that 宾从顺译；not...but..."不是……而是……"对应译出。 【参考译文】美国国家运输安全委员会（NTSB）负责监督全美的空中交通，该委员会明确表示：其职责不是指责或追究责任，而是查明问题出在哪里，并提出建议以避免重蹈覆辙。 【教学提示】make it clear that 中 it 是形式宾语，that 从句才是真正的宾语，学生易把 it 当成"它"；not...but... 连接两个不定式（to assign... / to find out...），and to issue 与 find out 并列；what went wrong 是名词性从句作 find out 的宾语。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $