摘要:
**基本信息**
聚焦宾语从句核心考点,以“定义-分类-规则-应用”为逻辑主线,通过分层讲解与针对性训练,系统构建that/if/whether引导宾语从句的方法体系,提升语言理解与表达能力。
**专项设计**
|模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑|
|----|-----------|----------|----------|
|知识精讲|6个知识模块|定义→引导词分类→时态呼应(主过从过/真理永一现)→语序规则,三要素对比表归纳|从概念定义到分类用法,再到时态/语序核心规则,形成完整认知链条|
|典型例题|4道精讲|高频考点口诀(如“真理永一现”),易错点警示(if/whether辨析)|典例覆盖中考核心考法(真理时态、陈述语序、引导词选择)|
|综合演练|3类题型(39题)|分层训练(选择/填空/句型转换),落实“以题练法”|从基础识别到综合应用,强化知识迁移与思维品质提升|
内容正文:
外研版八下 Unit 5 Looking into nature.语法精讲精练
—— 宾语从句(一)that 与 if / whether 引导 ——
使用说明
宾语从句是初中复合句的核心,也是中考单项选择、句型转换和写作的必考点。本讲为宾语从句第一课时(同步新授版),先讲宾语从句的定义,再重点学习由 that 引导的陈述类宾语从句和由 if/whether 引导的一般疑问类宾语从句,并落实时态呼应与陈述语序两大规则;由 what、who、when、where、how 等特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句将在第二课时学习。配套三类分层练习,答案与解析统一附于文末。
第一讲 知识精讲
一、宾语从句的定义
宾语从句是指用在动词(或介词、形容词)后作宾语的句子。它由「主句 + 连接词 + 从句」构成,主句和从句之间由连接词连接,整个句子末尾的标点符号由主句决定(主句是疑问语气用问号,是陈述语气用句号)。
I don't think that they allow people to swim in the lake. 我认为他们不允许人们在湖里游泳。(主句陈述,用句号)
Do you suppose that rock music is too noisy? 你认为摇滚乐太吵吗?(主句疑问,用问号)
二、that 引导的宾语从句
(一)用法与可接 that 从句的动词
当主句谓语动词表示「希望、相信、知道、说」等意义时,后面的句子一般用 that 引导。that 在从句中只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,本身没有词义,在口语和非正式文体中常可省略。
常接 that 从句的动词可记为:believe(相信)、think(认为)、know(知道)、wish/hope(希望)、hear(听说)、promise(承诺)、expect(预料)、report(报告)、imagine(想象)、warn(警告)、suppose(认为)、say(说)等。
I hope (that) it will rain this afternoon. 我希望今天下午下雨。
I can hardly believe (that) we are in the city centre. 我几乎不敢相信我们就在市中心。
He reported that they were reading novels. 他报告说他们当时正在读小说。
It warns, on the board, that the river is deep. 牌子上警告说这条河很深。
(二)否定转移
当主句动词是 think、believe、suppose、expect、imagine 等且主语为第一人称、时态为一般现在时,从句的否定通常转移到主句,即「I don't think (that)...」,译为「我认为……不……」。
I don't think (that) he is right. 我认为他不对。(不说 I think he isn't right.)
三、宾语从句的时态呼应
主句时态
从句时态
说明 / 例句
主句为现在时 / 将来时
根据句意用所需的任何时态
I know (that) he lives / lived / will live here.
主句为一般过去时
用相应的某种过去时态(主过从过)
He said (that) he was busy then. 他说他那时很忙。
主句为过去时,但从句是客观真理
从句永远用一般现在时
The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.
(一)主过从过
主句为一般过去时,从句一般要倒退为相应的过去时态:一般现在→一般过去,一般将来→过去将来,现在进行→过去进行,现在完成→过去完成,can→could,will→would。
I wished (that) we could buy some books on our way back. 我真希望我们回去的路上能买些书。(can→could)
(二)客观真理永一现
当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理、自然现象、科学定理等永恒事实时,不管主句是什么时态,从句都用一般现在时。
Yesterday the teacher told us that the sun rises in the east. 昨天老师告诉我们太阳从东方升起。(rises 不变)
【易错警示】「主过从过」是通则,但真理、客观规律、数学公式、名言警句「永一现」,这是中考时态题最高频的考点。
四、if / whether 引导的宾语从句
(一)基本用法
当一个一般疑问句作宾语时,要用 if 或 whether 引导,意为「是否」。if/whether 在从句中不充当句子成分,但不能省略;从句必须用陈述语序(引导词 + 主语 + 谓语),句末标点由主句决定。
Nobody knows if / whether she will come to the party tomorrow. 没人知道她明天是否会来参加聚会。
Lucy asked me if / whether I knew the way to the hospital. 露西问我是否认识去医院的路。
Do you know if / whether they have finished the work? 你知道他们是否已经完成这项工作了吗?
(二)只能用 whether 的两种情况
情形
说明
例句
介词之后
引导介词后的宾语从句,只用 whether
The teacher talked about whether the test was difficult. 老师谈论了这次考试是否难。
与 or not 直接连用
whether 后紧跟 or not,只用 whether
I wanted to know whether or not it was good news. 我想知道这是不是好消息。
【注】若 or not 放在句末、不紧跟引导词,if 与 whether 都可用:I don't know if / whether he will come or not.
(三)if 一词两义要分清
if 引导宾语从句时意为「是否」,从句时态根据需要而定;if 引导条件状语从句时意为「如果」,遵循「主将从现」。判断方法:if 跟在动词后是宾语从句,位于句首多是条件状语从句。
I don't know if he will come.(宾从:是否,该用将来时用将来时) 我不知道他是否会来。
If he comes, I will call you.(条件状从:如果,主将从现) 如果他来,我就给你打电话。
五、本课时三要素小结
要素
that 从句
if / whether 从句
从句来源
陈述句
一般疑问句
引导词含义
that 无词义,不充当成分
if/whether 意为「是否」,不充当成分
能否省略
口语中常可省略
不能省略
语序
陈述语序
陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后)
时态
遵循时态呼应(主过从过、真理永一现)
同左
六、典型例题精讲
【例1】The teacher told us that the sun ______ in the east.
A. rise B. rises C. rose D. will rise
【答案】B
【解析】太阳东升是客观真理,虽然主句 told 为过去时,从句仍用一般现在时;主语 the sun 第三人称单数用 rises,选 B。
【例2】Nobody knows ______ or not she will come.
A. if B. that C. whether D. what
【答案】C
【解析】空格后紧跟 or not,只能用 whether;if 不能与 or not 直接连用,选 C。
【例3】I don't know ______.
A. if will he come B. if he will come C. will he come D. does he come
【答案】B
【解析】if 引导宾语从句须用陈述语序「if + 主语 he + 谓语 will come」,A、D 为疑问语序,选 B。
【例4】"I am reading." He said.(合并为宾语从句)
【答案】He said (that) he was reading.
【解析】陈述句用 that 引导(可省);主句 said 为过去时,主过从过,现在进行 am reading 变过去进行 was reading,人称 I 变 he。
第二讲 综合演练
题型一 单项选择(每小题1分,共15分)
1. I think ______ he is a good student.
A. that B. what C. if D. whether
2. Nobody knows ______ she will come to the party tomorrow.
A. that B. if C. what D. which
3. The teacher told us that the sun ______ in the east.
A. rise B. rises C. rose D. will rise
4. He said that he ______ reading a novel at that time.
A. is B. was C. were D. will be
5. Nobody knows ______ or not she will come.
A. if B. that C. whether D. what
6. We are talking about ______ the test was difficult.
A. if B. whether C. that D. what
7. I hope ______ it will be fine this afternoon.
A. that B. if C. whether D. what
8. I don't know ______.
A. if will he come B. if he will come C. will he come D. does he come
9. Lucy asked me if I ______ the way to the hospital.
A. know B. knew C. knows D. will know
10. I can hardly believe ______ we are in the city centre.
A. that B. if C. whether D. what
11. —Do you know ______ they have finished the work? —Sorry, I don't know.
A. that B. if C. what D. which
12. He reported that they ______ novels then.
A. read B. are reading C. were reading D. will read
13. I wanted to know whether or not it ______ good news.
A. is B. was C. are D. will be
14. My father told me that light ______ faster than sound.
A. travel B. travels C. traveled D. traveling
15. I wished that I ______ buy some books on my way back.
A. can B. could C. am able to D. will
题型二 用 that / if / whether 或所给词的适当形式填空(每小题1分,共14分)
1. I think ______ he is right.
2. Nobody knows ______ she will come tomorrow.
3. The teacher told us that the sun ______ (rise) in the east.
4. He said that he ______ (be) busy then.
5. I hope ______ it will be fine tomorrow.
6. We are talking about ______ the test is difficult.
7. I don't know ______ or not he will agree with us.
8. Lucy asked if I ______ (know) the way to the hospital.
9. I believe ______ we can win the match.
10. Do you know ______ they have finished the work?
11. He reported that they ______ (read) novels at that time.
12. I wished that I ______ (can) fly like a bird.
13. My mother told me that the earth ______ (go) around the sun.
14. I wanted to know ______ it was good news.
题型三 完成句子 / 句型转换(每小题2分,共10题)
A. 根据汉语意思完成句子(1—5题,每空一词)
1. 我认为他们不允许人们在湖里游泳。
I don't think ______ they ______ people to swim in the lake.
2. 我希望今天下午会下雨。
I hope ______ it ______ rain this afternoon.
3. 昨天老师告诉我们太阳从东方升起。
Yesterday the teacher told us ______ the sun ______ in the east.
4. 没人知道她明天是否会来参加聚会。
Nobody knows ______ she will come to the party tomorrow.
5. 我想知道这是不是好消息。
I wanted to know ______ ______ ______ it was good news.
B. 合并句子 / 句型转换(6—10题,每空一词)
6. "I am reading a novel," Tom said.(合并为宾语从句)
Tom said ______ he ______ reading a novel.
7. Is she a doctor? I want to know.(用 if/whether 合并)
I want to know ______ she ______ a doctor.
8. "The earth goes around the sun," the teacher said.(合并为宾语从句)
The teacher said that the earth ______ around the sun.
9. Does he like English? Do you know?(合并,注意陈述语序)
Do you know ______ he ______ English?
10. Will they finish the work? Nobody knows.(合并为宾语从句)
Nobody knows ______ they ______ finish the work.
答案与解析
题型一 单项选择
1. 【答案】A 【解析】陈述句作宾语,用 that 引导
2. 【答案】B 【解析】「是否」用 if/whether,选项有 if
3. 【答案】B 【解析】客观真理永一现,sun 第三人称单数 rises
4. 【答案】B 【解析】主过从过,过去进行 was reading
5. 【答案】C 【解析】or not 直接连用只能 whether
6. 【答案】B 【解析】介词 about 之后只能 whether
7. 【答案】A 【解析】hope 后陈述类用 that(可省)
8. 【答案】B 【解析】if 宾语从句用陈述语序 he will come
9. 【答案】B 【解析】主过从过,know→knew
10. 【答案】A 【解析】believe 后陈述类用 that
11. 【答案】B 【解析】「是否已经完成」用 if
12. 【答案】C 【解析】主过从过,过去进行 were reading
13. 【答案】B 【解析】主过从过,is→was
14. 【答案】B 【解析】客观真理永一现,light travels
15. 【答案】B 【解析】主过从过,can→could
题型二 填空
1. 【答案】that(可省) 【解析】think 后陈述类,that 引导
2. 【答案】if / whether 【解析】一般疑问作宾语,是否
3. 【答案】rises 【解析】真理永一现,第三人称单数
4. 【答案】was 【解析】主过从过,is→was
5. 【答案】that(可省) 【解析】hope 后陈述类
6. 【答案】whether 【解析】介词 about 后只用 whether
7. 【答案】whether 【解析】or not 直接连用只用 whether
8. 【答案】knew 【解析】主过从过,know→knew
9. 【答案】that(可省) 【解析】believe 后陈述类
10. 【答案】if / whether 【解析】「是否已经完成」
11. 【答案】were reading 【解析】主过从过,过去进行
12. 【答案】could 【解析】主过从过,can→could
13. 【答案】goes 【解析】真理永一现,earth goes
14. 【答案】if / whether 【解析】一般疑问作宾语,是否
题型三 完成句子 / 句型转换
1. 【答案】that; allow 【解析】that 引导陈述从句;allow 允许,一般现在
2. 【答案】that; will 【解析】that 引导;this afternoon 将来 will rain
3. 【答案】that; rises 【解析】that 引导;真理永一现 rises
4. 【答案】if / whether 【解析】一般疑问作宾语,是否
5. 【答案】whether or not 【解析】or not 紧跟,只用 whether or not
6. 【答案】that; was 【解析】陈述句 that 引导;主过从过 am→was,I→he
7. 【答案】if/whether; is 【解析】一般疑问用 if/whether;陈述语序 she is
8. 【答案】goes 【解析】客观真理,主句过去从句仍用一般现在 goes
9. 【答案】if/whether; likes 【解析】一般疑问用 if/whether;陈述语序,he 第三人称 likes
10. 【答案】if/whether; will 【解析】一般疑问用 if/whether;将来时保留 will,陈述语序
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