Unit 4 Adversity and Courage 重要知识清单-2025-2026学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第三册

该高中英语单元知识清单全面梳理了“Adversity and Courage”单元内容，涵盖40个核心词汇的词性、辨析、搭配及例句，以及15个重难点词汇的用法解析，搭建了从基础词汇积累到核心词汇应用的递进式学习支架。 清单通过分类呈现（词汇按词性、主题归类）、关联对比（派生词、近义词、形近词辨析，如“bitter”的词性变化、“aboard”与“board”辨析）构建知识体系，培养学生语言能力与思维品质。特别设计“搭配模板”（如“be qualified to do sth”）和“语境运用例句”（如“abandon oneself to the Internet”），助力不同基础学生高效掌握，教师可据此精准设计教学，提升课堂实效。

Unit 4 Adversity and Courage Step 1 词汇梳理 1. adversity n.困境；逆境 →adverse adj.不利的 【辨析】adversity逆境 , dilemma进退两难的困境 2. wage n. 工资 【近义词】income, earnings, gains, salary, pay, bonus 3. adj.严寒的;激烈而不愉快的;苦的bitter → adv. bitterly → n.苦味;苦难;怨恨bitterness bitter cold 严寒 a long and bitter dispute 漫长的激烈争论 It's really bitter (cold) out today. 今天户外的确很冷。 4.expedition n.探险；远征；探险队 远征;探险make /go on an expedition 5.endurance n.忍耐力 → endure (1) vt.=bear 忍耐 (2) vi.=last持续 →adj.能忍耐的,可承受的 endurable → adj. 无法忍受的unendurable (1)Somehow the language endures and continues to survive.保留 (2) He showed remarkable endurance (endure) throughout his illness. 6.n.精力;力量;活力vigour →adj.充满活力的,强健有力的 vigorous = energetic 7.turn down拒绝= refuse = decline (1) He didn’t turn up until half an hour later.出现 (2) She often turns to the book for guidance.求助于；转向 (3) It turned out that he was never here. 结果是...+that/(to be)n./adj (4) If you turn over a turtle on its back, it will become helpless.翻转 (5) You must turn in your pass when you leave the building.上交 8.adj.热情的enthusiastic →adv.enthusiastically →n.热情enthusiasm 对...感兴趣/热情be enthusiastic about... 热情地with enthusiasm He didn’t seem enthusiastic about going along with me.他似乎对和我一起走不感兴趣。 9. aboard adv.&prep上（船、飞机、公共汽车等） (1)The sailors spent two months aboard. adv (词性) (2)He was already aboard the plane. prep (词性) 【辨析】board (1) n.板 (2)vi/vt.登上(船，飞机) broad adj. 宽的；广泛的；普遍的 abroad adv. 在/到国外 10 n.碗柜;橱柜cupboard 11.n. (轮船、飞机或者火车上的)乘务员;服务员steward 12.crush n.拥挤的人群v.毁坏；压坏；压碎 【辨析】crash n/v.撞 13.stove n.炉具 oven n.烤箱 refrigerator n.冰箱 microwave oven微波炉 14.blanket n. 毯子 blank adj/n 空白的;空白_ 15.belongings n.财物 → belong to 属于 (无被动,无进行时态) (1)Mr. Yang valued his belongings_(belong) very much, the bronze vase in particular. (2)The old house belonging (belong) to my grandfather is still in good condition. 16.n.班卓琴 banjo_ 17.adj.感到痛苦的;令人痛苦的;脾气差的;少的可怜的miserable →adv. miserably a miserable cold day令人难受的寒冷天气_ 18.n./vi.航海;航行voyage 去航海go on/make/take a voyage an around-the-world voyage 环球航行_ 【辨析】voyage，journey，trip，tour 海上航行用voyage, 长途陆路用journey, 短途短期用trip，观光旅游用tour 19.n.海军navy→[pl.] navies air force空军 ground/land force陆军 20.adj.正派的;得体的;相当好的decent 相当不错的饭菜/工作/住所a decent meal/job/place to live 21.adj.暖和舒适的;感觉舒服的cosy 暖和又舒适warm and cosy 22.自私的adj. selfish → n.自私 selfishness→ adj.无私的selfless→n.无私selflessness 23.真正的;真诚的adj. genuine → adv. genuinely 24.adj.脾气好的/坏的good/bad-tempered 25.crew n. 全体工作人员_ a camera crew 电影摄制组 crew members 全体机组人员 26.n.吠叫;树皮vi.吠叫,咆哮；vt.厉声发令 bark 对...吠叫/咆哮bark at 厉声发令 bark (out) sth 翻译句子： (1) A tree needs bark. 树需要树皮。 (2) The dog suddenly started barking at us. 那只狗突然冲着我们吠叫。 (3) She barked out an order. 她厉声发令。 (4) He barked questions at her. 他厉声质问她。 27.n.球拍;蝙蝠 v.(用球棒）击球; bat →过去式/过去分词 batted →现在分词 batting 28. adj.&vt.弄湿;潮湿的damp → n.潮湿damp/dampness →vt.抑制,减弱 dampen She wasn't going to let anything dampen her spirits today.  她不想让任何事情来影响她今天的兴致。 29.recreation n. 娱乐，消遣→adj.娱乐的,消遣的recreational →v.再现;再创造recreate 【同义词】entertainment, amusement 30.n.指导;引导;导航 guidance → guide v. 指导；引导 n.指南；手册 在某人指导下under the guidance of sb=under one’s guidance (1)When you arrive there, a girl will guide you to the right place. (2) Guided(guide) by the local farmer, we found the old house easily. (3)Under the guidance of our teacher,we finished the experiment. 在老师的指导下，我们完成了实验。 31.n.侄子,外甥__nephew →n.侄女,外甥女niece →n.表兄弟姐妹cousin → sibling n. 兄弟姊妹 32.v.做广告advertise →n.广告advertisement→n.广告活动;广告业 advertising →n.登广告的人advertiser 打广告put/place an advertisement 给某物做广告advertise sth 做广告征聘...advertise for sb/sth 33.corporate adj. 公司的；法人的；社团的 →n.大公司;法人corporation 【形近词】cooperate v.合作；配合 →n. cooperation___ corporate identity /image 公司形象 corporate finance/planning/strategy 公司的财务/计划/战略 34.. n.领航员;航行者navigator→v.导航;领航navigate →n.导航,航行navigation 35..loyal adj.忠诚的，忠实的 →n.忠诚_loyalty 【同义词】adj.faithful/devoted 他对伴侣很忠诚。He is loyal/faithful/devoted to his partner. 36.n.发动机adj.有发动机的;机动车的motor motor vehicle 机动车 non-motor vehicle 非机动车 a motor accident 机动车事故_ 37.n.候选人;应试者candidate ....的候选人/应试者a candidate for a presidential candidate总统候选人 38.生火make fire 放火set fire to sth/ set sth on fire 着火(动作) catch fire 救火fight a fire 灭火 put out a fire play with fire 玩火 39.n.一集;（人生的）一段经历;片段/插曲episode 40.Confucianism n. 孔子学说;儒家（学说） Step2 重难点 1.qualified adj.符合资格;具备…的知识(技能/学历)→vt.(使)具备资格;(使)合格qualify →n.资格;资历qualification 【搭配】(1)有资格获得某物be qualified for sth (2)有资格做某事be qualified to do sth (3)使某人有资格做某事/成为…… qualify sb. to do sth/to be.... 【运用】 (1) You shouldn't have turned down that man who was qualified for the job. 你本不该拒绝那个有资格做这个工作的人。 (2) In my opinion, the clever man is qualified to accept the job. 依我看，这个聪明的人有资格接受这个工作。 (3) Jack has neither competence nor experience, and he is not qualified to dominate(dominate) the company. (4) She has met the minimum educational requirements for qualification (qualify). 2.assign vt.分派;布置;分配 →n.分配;任务assignment 【搭配】(1)分配某人某事assign sth. to sb./assign sb. sth. (2)派某人做某事assign sb. to do sth (3)指定;指派assign sb.(to sth. /as sth.) (4)家庭/数学作业 homework/maths assignment 【运用】(1)The teacher assigned a different task to each of the children. 老师给每个儿童布置的任务都不相同。 (2)Chinese forces have been assigned to help (help) with peacekeeping. (3)He saw the assignment(s) (assign) as a way to forward his career. 3.envy n.&vt.羡慕;妒忌 【搭配】(1)羡慕/嫉妒某人做某事envy sb. doing sth. (2)出于妒忌 out of envy (3)妒忌地with envy (4)A 成为/是 B 妒忌或美慕的对象 A become/be the envy of B 【运用】(1) I envy you having (have) such a close family. (2)Mark sent Anna a bunch of red roses, and she was envied (envy) by her colleagues. (3)She was envious (envy) of the girl who was giving a speech there. (4)Tom is now the envy of the whole class.汤姆现在是整个班级羡慕的对象。 (5)They envied her breaking the record(羡慕她打破了纪录) of the 100-metre race. 4.sink (sank,sunk) vt./vi.(使)下沉/下降n.水槽→ adj.下沉的；颓丧的sinking 【搭配】陷于...中be sunk in sth 【运用】 (1) The mother, along with her two children, was rescued from the sinking (sink) boat by a passing ship. (2)Sunk in thought (陷入沉思中), he didn’t hear the news being broadcast. 5.abandon vt.舍弃;拋弃;放弃n.放任;放纵 → adj.被遗弃的;被离弃的abandoned_ 【搭配】(1)放弃希望/计划/主意abandon one's hope/ plan/idea__ (2)沉溺于…… / 纵情于…… abandon oneself to (3)放弃做某事_abandon doing sth. (4)放任地with abandon__ (5)废弃的房子/农场 an abandoned house/farm_ 【运用】(1)They abandoned__carrying_(carry) out the plan for lack of money. (2) He owned a farm, which looked almost__abandoned_(abandon). (3) My doctor advised me to abandon__smoking__(smoke). (4) The father is trying his best to prevent his son from abandoning himself to the Internet.这位父亲正尽最大努力阻止他的儿子沉迷于网络。 (5) People were so excited that they jumped and shouted _with abandon. 人们非常兴奋，以至于尽情地又跳又叫。 6.persevere vi.坚持;孜孜以求;锲而不舍→n.毅力;韧性;不屈不挠的精神perseverance 【搭配】坚持不懈地/孜孜不倦地做某事 persevere in sth/in doing sth = _persevere with sth 【运用】(1)Despite a number of setbacks, they persevered in their attempts to fly around the world in a balloon. 虽屡遭挫折，他们仍不断尝试乘气球环游世界。 (2) She_persevered with her violin lessons.她孜孜不倦地学习小提琴。 (3) You have to persevere with difficult students. 对难教的学生你必须坚持诲人不倦的精神。 (4) 毅力能使人在逆境中不屈不挠。Perseverance enables one to persevere in adversity. 7.resolve vi. & vt.决定;决心;解决（问题或困难) n.决心;坚定的信念 → n决议;解决;坚定resolution 【搭配】解决问题/争端/冲突/危机resolve an issue/a dispute/a conflict/a crisis 决定做某事_resolve on doing sth_/ resolve that_/resolve to do sth 下定决心做某事_make a resolution to do sth 【同义表达】 solve,settle,address,work out,figure out 【运用】(1)She resolved to do(do) it at the first opportunity. (2)The government is pressing for an early resolution(resolve) of the dispute(争端). (3)He resolved not to tell her the truth. 他决定不告诉她真相。 (4)Both sides met in order to try to resolve their differences. 双方会晤以努力解决分歧。 (5)无论如何这个问题都不能说已经解决了。In no sense can the issue have been resolved_. 8.cruel adj.残酷的;残忍的;冷酷的→n.残酷,残忍,残暴cruelty → adv.cruelly 【搭配】对……残忍 be cruel to 某人做某事太残忍It is cruel of sb to do sth 【运用】（1）It was cruel of Jim to ignore her. （2）Sometimes you have to be cruel to be (be) kind. （3）You shouldn't have treated the pet dog so cruelly (cruel). （4）It was his cruelty(cruel) that forced his wife to leave their home. 9.thorough [ˈθʌrə] adj.彻底的;深入的;细致的;仔细周到的(此意只形容人,做表语和定语) →adv.彻底地;仔细地;完全地thoroughly 【搭配】彻底的改革thorough reform 深入的了解 thorough understanding 细致的描写thorough description 【运用】(1)Martin would be a good judge, I thought. He was calm and thorough. 我想马丁会是个好法官。他冷静而细致。 (2)Why not give the room a thorough cleaning? 为什么不把房间彻底打扫一下呢? 【形近词】(1) through prep.&adv.穿过;贯穿;自始至终 (2) though conj.&adv.虽然,然而_ (3)thought n.想法；vt. think 的过去式过去分词 (4)throughout prep.遍及,自始至终 10.furniture n.家具(不可数)→ adj.备有家具的furnished →vt.装修;布置;提供;furnish 【搭配】(1)一件家具a piece of furniture (2)用……布置…… furnish sth.with sth. (3) furnish sb./sth.with sth.＝furnish sth.to sb./sth. 为某人/某物提供某物 (4)be furnished with... 备有;安装有 【运用】（1）Eleanor moved into a small furnished (furnish) apartment. （2）Many proprietors (业主) try to furnish their houses with antiques. （3）The house is crammed with priceless furniture(furnish) and works of art. （4）Each piece of furniture in their home suited the style of the house. 他们家的每件家具都与房子的风格相称。 11.fortunately adv.幸运地;幸亏→adj.幸运的fortunate→n.运气;财富fortune → adv.不幸地 unfortunately→misfortune n.不幸,厄运 【搭配】发财make a fortune seek/try one's fortune碰运气 be fortunate to do sth.做某事很幸运 be fortunate in (doing) sth.在（做）某事方面很幸运 be fortunate +that 从句 【运用】 (1) Unfortunately(fortunate), his father died, leaving the whole family even worse off. (2) It was fortunate_(fortune) that they had set out early. Or they would be late. (3) He is fortunate in having a good job.他真幸运，有份好工作。 (4) Recently, I was fortunate enough to travel to South Africa. 12.rough adj.粗糙的;汹涌的;粗略的→adv.粗略地;大约roughly 【搭配】(1)rough ground 高低不平的地面 (2)a rough estimate of the cost 对成本粗略的估计 【运用】一词多义： (1) Because the areas used for playing fields are often rough and rocky, millions of real balls go flat within 24 hours. 高低不平的 (2)The Atlantic Ocean has personalities: sometimes peaceful and pleasant, on rare occasions rough and wild; always it is strong and striking. 风浪大的 (3) The first year was rough, but things have gotten better. 艰难的 (4) We were only able to make a rough estimate of how much fuel would be required. 大致的 / 粗略的 13.give相关短语 【搭配】give in(to...) 屈服，投降；上交 give up 放弃 give away _赠送；泄露 give back 归还 give out 分发；用尽 give way to 给...让路 give off 发出（光、气味） 【运用】 (1)The children were required to give in their examination papers immediately. (2)After two days our food gave out, and we had to return to the camp. (3)Jane tried to keep up a calm appearance, but her trembling voice gave her away． (4)The rotting bananas are _giving off a bad smell, so you'd better throw them away. 14.commitment n.承诺;保证;奉献→v.犯罪;承诺;致力于commit →adj.尽心尽力的;坚信的;坚定的committed 【搭配】(1)对某事做出承诺_make a commitment to sth. (2)承诺／保证做某事make a commitment to do sth. (3)将时间／金钱投入到（做）某事中commit. . .to (doing) sth._ (4)致力于；承诺（做）某事be committed to (doing) sth. 【运用】 （1）And he paid us back by his commitment to save us from a slow but painful death. 他也兑现了他的承诺，把我们从缓慢而痛苦的死亡中拯救了出来。 （2）Our company has made a commitment (commit) to quality and customer service. 我们公司已经对质量和顾客服务作出了承诺。 （3）We made a commitment to work_(work) together. 我们承诺继续合作。 （4）A career as an actor requires one hundred percent commitment(commit). 干演员这一行需要百分之百的投入。 （5）He commits_(commit) an hour to reading(read) the newspapers every morning. 他每天早上抽出一小时读报。 15.motive n.动机;原因;目的→vt.成为...的动机;激励,激发motivate→n.动力motivation 【搭配】a/the motive for sth ...的动机/原因/目的_ 【运用】一词多义： (1)There seemed to be no motive for the murder. 动机 (2) They are motivated by a need to achieve. 激励 (3)He is motivated entirely by self-interest.激发 (4) Their motive is money, and they will stop at nothing to get it.目的 ( 2 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $