Unit 3 The world Online Grammar and usage 语法 Verb-ing 现在分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语 导学案-2025-2026学年高一下学期英语译林版必修第三册

该高中英语导学案聚焦必修三Unit 3现在分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语语法点，通过引导学生观察课本原句分析成分，归纳总结用法及注意事项，结合例句解析与即学即练，构建从感知到应用的学习支架。 资料以“观察-归纳-应用”递进设计为特色，依托课本语境增强语言感知，即学即练与分层课后练习结合，助力学生提升语言理解与表达能力，培养分析归纳的思维品质，有效发展自主学习能力。

必修三语法合集 Unit 3 语法 Verb-ing 现在分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语 观察下列课本原句并说出动词­ing充当什么句子成分。 1. JustDance is a website belonging to all dance lovers. 2. Fiona Lin, the lady running the website, had the idea after she watched her daughter dancing two years ago. 3. The website welcomes inspiring stories from dance lovers… 4. Taking advantage of the site’s great start, Fiona decided to add more content. 5. Having achieved such success, Fiona hopes to attract more users through other forms of new media. 6. …after she watched her daughter dancing two years ago. 归纳总结： 现在分词（V-ing）的用法：主要作定语、状语、宾语补足语，表主动/进行，作状语时逻辑主语需与主句主语一致；其被动形式为 being done（表被动且同时/正在进行），完成形式为 having done（表主动且动作先于主句动作完成），完成被动形式为 having been done（表被动且动作先于主句动作完成）。 一．作定语 单个的现在分词作定语,放在被修饰词的前面,现在分词短语则放在被修饰词的后面。现在分词作定语，表示主动和进行的意思。表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态。相当于一个定语从句。 The boy playing football on the playground is my younger brother. ＝The boy that/who is playing football on the playground is my younger brother. 在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我弟弟。 [即学即练1]　单句语法填空 ①When we got a call ___________(say) she was short­listed，we thought it was a joke. ②The girl___________(sit) next to me was my cousin. ③Look！There are some leaves___________(float) on the water. ④The library___________(build) now will be the biggest one in our city. 二．作状语 1．作时间状语，常放在句首，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Hearing the noise，I turned round. ＝When I heard the noise，I turned round. 2．作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句，也可以放在句首。 Being poor，he couldn't afford a TV set. ＝Because he was poor，he couldn't afford a TV set. 3．作条件状语，相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句。 Working hard，you'll certainly succeed. ＝If you work hard，you'll certainly succeed. 4．作结果状语，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种顺其自然、意料之中的结果。 The fire lasted a whole night，causing great damage. 大火持续了一整夜，造成了巨大损失。 [名师点津]　动词­ing形式作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况，前面有时候可以加thus。而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，常用only to do结构，其被动形式为only to be done。 He was caught in the rain，thus making himself catch a cold. I hurried to school，only to find it was Sunday. 5．作让步状语，相当于although/though引导的让步状语从句。 Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake. ＝Although/Though he had been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake. 虽然被告诉过多次了，但是他仍旧重犯同样的错误。 6．作方式和伴随状语，动词­ing表示的动作和主句的动作同时发生，此时它可转换成由连词连接的并列谓语。 Mary sat by the window of the classroom，reading a book. ＝Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book. 玛丽坐在教室的窗边读书。 三．注意事项 1．时态 以do为例，其­ing形式有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)。 (1)当表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用动词­ing的一般式。 Walking in the street，I met an old friend of mine. 我走在街上的时候，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生) (2)当表示的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用动词­ing的完成式。 Having finished the letter，he went to post it. 他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先发生的，went是后发生的) 2．语态 使用动词­ing的主动式还是被动式，主要取决于它和句子主语之间的关系。表示主动关系就用主动式，表示被动关系就用被动式。 Having been shown around the factory，they were very happy. Having finished his homework，he went to bed. 3．动词­ing形式的否定式：not＋v.­ing；not having＋v.­ed Not knowing this，he didn't come. Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting. 4．独立主格结构 动词­ing形式作状语，有时它也可以有自己独立的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件。 The trees are extremely tall，some measuring over 90 metres. 那些树非常高，其中一些高达90多米。 The weather being fine，we went out for a walk. 由于天气好，我们去散步了。 [名师点津]　有些动词­ing形式在句中没有逻辑主语，它们往往作为句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如：generally speaking “一般来说”，judging by/from...“从……判断”，taking everything into consideration “从全盘考虑”。 Judging from his behaviour，he must be mad. 从他的行为来判断，他一定是疯了。 Generally speaking，girls are more interested in literature than boys. 一般来说，女孩比男孩对文学更感兴趣。 [即学即练2]　用动词­ing短语改写句子 ①The storm left and had caused a lot of damage to this area. →The storm left，_____________________________________________． ②Do be more careful when you cross the street. →Do be more careful ______________________________． ③As it was a wet day，we couldn't go for a walk. →______________________________，we couldn't go for a walk. ④Because he did not know how to do it，he went to her for help. →______________________________，he went to her for help. ⑤As soon as she had made the beds，she started making breakfast. →______________________________，she started making breakfast. 四．动词­ing形式作宾语补足语 1．动词­ing形式及其短语可以用在表示感觉的动词(如see，observe，notice，watch，hear，smell，listen to，look at，feel等)以及其他动词(如catch，have，make，get，start，leave，keep，find等)的宾语后面，作宾语补足语。 I saw a small girl standing in front of a goldfish pond. 我看到一个小女孩站在金鱼缸前。 [名师点津]　在一些感官、使役动词后既可以接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语，也可以接动词­ing形式作宾语补足语，其区别是：动词­ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，不是指全过程；不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的完成，指全过程。 I saw the thief getting on the train. 我看见那个贼正在上火车。 I saw the thief get on the train and disappear. 我看见那个贼上了火车，消失了。 2．用于with复合结构中，作宾语补足语 I couldn't do my homework with the noise going on. 由于噪音不断，我没法做家庭作业。 With so many people looking at her，she felt nervous. 这么多人看着她，她感到紧张。 [即学即练3]　单句语法填空 ①Suddenly we heard someone _______(knock)gently on the window. ②I suddenly felt myself ______________(hit)by a heavy fist. ③They use computers to keep the traffic______________(run)smoothly. ④When I got there，I saw the famous star being______________(surround)by some girls. ⑤With the crowds ______________(cheer), they drove to the palace. 课后练习 一.单句语法填空。 1． The boys ___________(gather) at the school gate are my classmates. 2． Not ___________(know) how to do it, he turned to the engineer for help. 3． The student ___________(talk) with the foreigners over there is my brother. 4． When I saw the dog being ___________(beat) by several boys, I came up to stop them. 5． I’m sorry to have kept you ___________(wait) for so long. 6． The young man ____________ (offer) help to strangers is highly respected in our community. 7． ___________ (spend) too much time on online games, many teenagers fall behind in their studies. 8． The plan ___________ (carry) out at present is expected to improve our school environment greatly. 9． He lay on the sofa, ___________ (listen) to soft music and enjoying the quiet moment. 10． The storm lasted all night, ___________ (leave) countless houses damaged in the countryside. 11． ____________ (finish) all his homework ahead of time, he went out to play basketball. 12． ___________ (admit) his fault, he refused to make any apology to his classmates. 13． With the wind ___________ (blow) fiercely, we had to cancel our outdoor sports meeting. 14． The old temple ___________ (stand) at the foot of the mountain has a history of 300 years. 15． Time ___________ (permit), we will pay a visit to the local museum this afternoon. 16． ___________ (take) regular exercise every day, you can keep physically and mentally healthy. 17． We found the little girl ___________ (cry) sadly beside the broken bike. 18． ___________ (live) abroad for ten years, he knows different cultures very well. 二．完成句子。 1． The girl ________________(在舞台上唱歌的) is my best friend. 2． Animals ________________ the wild are more likely to survive. 生活在野生环境中的动物更容易生存。 3． The competition attracted over 500 contestants ________________. 这次比赛吸引了代表8个不同国家的500多名参赛者。 4． (一句多译)她一上午都在写报告，感到非常累。 ① She has been writing a report all morning ________________________.(并列谓语) ② She has been writing a report all morning, _______________________.(现在分词作状语) 5． He also studied people, ________________ (注意) what they did and why they did it. 6． The girl who is singing an English song on the stage is Tom’s sister.(动词-ing形式作定语) ———————————————————————————————— 7． Football is played in over 100 countries, which makes it one of the most popular games in the world. (动词-ing 形式作结果状语) ——————————————————————————————— 8． The new machines will work faster. Thus it will reduce our cost. (用动词-ing形式改写) ———————————————————————————————— 三．使用本单元所学语法(现在分词作定语，状语和宾语补足语) 知识补全下面语段 　　On the way home from work, Li Ming suddenly 1.________________(发现一个老人躺在路边). 2.________________(了解到老人不小心受伤后), Li Ming immediately contacted his family and called 120.Soon an ambulance arrived and carried the old man and Li Ming to the nearest hospital. About ten minutes later, the old man’s son 3.________________(住在附近社区) got to the hospital and expressed great thanks to Li Ming. 4.________________(虽然到家晚了), Li Ming felt it was worth it.  4． 语法填空。 As the old saying goes, “Friends are like liquor (酒): the older, the better.” Many people consider old friends to be more important than new ones. For example, if two pieces of advice 36.___________ (give) to solve a problem, one from a new friend and the other from 37.___________ old friend, people will prefer the latter one 38. 36.___________ the former one, even though the new friend’s advice may be better. I, however, disagree with the old saying, 39.___________ (believe) that new friends are not 40.___________(necessary) worse than old friends. It is not always right 41.___________ (determine) your friendship by the length of time. Once you call someone a friend, he or she must be a person 42.___________ is reliable and whose interests are in common with 43.___________(you). It is mainly his or her character and interests that make him or her your friend. It actually has little to do with time. People’s appearance may change, 44.___________their character usually stays the same. Therefore, on this point, there are no 45.___________ (difference) between old friends and new friends. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $必修三语法合集 Unit3语法Verb-ing现在分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语 观察下列课本原句并说出动词-ig充当什么句子成分。 1.JustDance is a website belonging to all dance lovers. belonging to all dance lovers现在分词短语，后置定语，修饰名词a website=定语 从句：a website which belongs to all dance lovers 2.Fiona Lin,the lady running the website,had the idea after she watched her daughter dancing two years ago. nning the website现在分词短语，后置定语，修饰the lady-the lady who runs the website,逻辑主语the lady和n是主动关系，故用现在分词。 3.The website welcomes inspiring stories from dance lovers... inspiring单个现在分词作前置定语，放在名词stories前面。 4.Taking advantage of the site's great start,Fiona decided to add more content. Taking advantage of the site's great start现在分词短语作原因/伴随状语，Fiona和 take advantage of是主动关系，用doing。 5.Having achieved such success,Fiona hopes to attract more users through other forms of new media Having achieved:现在分词的完成式作时间状语，分词动作achieve发生在主句 谓语hopes之前（先取得成功，再希望吸引用户)，主动，用Having done。 6....after she watched her daughter dancing two years ago. watch+宾语her daughter)+宾语补足语(dancing),dancing现在分词作宾补，强调 看到动作正在进行。 归纳总结： 现在分词（V-g)的用法：主要作定语、状语、宾语补足语，表主动/进行，作 状语时逻辑主语需与主句主语一致；其被动形式为being done（表被动且同时/ 正在进行)，完成形式为having done(表主动且动作先于主句动作完成)，完成 被动形式为having been done（表被动且动作先于主句动作完成)。 一·作定语 单个的现在分词作定语，放在被修饰词的前面，现在分词短语则放在被修饰词 的后面。现在分词作定语，表示主动和进行的意思。表示正在发生的动作或存在 的状态。相当于一个定语从句。 The boy playing football on the playground is my younger brother. The boy that/who is playing football on the playground is my younger brother 在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我弟弟。 [即学即练1]单句语法填空 1When we got a call saying(say)she was short-listed,we thought it was ajoke 2The girl sitting (sit)next to me was my cousin. 3Look!There are some leaves floating(float)on the water. 4The library being built(build)now will be the biggest one in our city 二.作状语 1.作时间状语，常放在句首，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Hearing the noise,I turned round. =When I heard the noise,I turned round 2.作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句，也可以放在句首。 Being poor,he couldn't afford a TV set =Because he was poor,he couldn't afford a TV set. 3.作条件状语，相当于一个f引导的条件状语从句。 Working hard,you'll certainly succeed. =If you work hard,you'll certainly succeed 4.作结果状语，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种顺其自然、意 料之中的结果。 The fire lasted a whole night,causing great damage 大火持续了一整夜，造成了巨大损失。 [名师点津]动词-ig形式作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自 然结果，其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况，前面有时候可以加thus。 而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，常用only to do结构，其被动形 式为only to be done。 He was caught in the rain,thus making himself catch a cold. I hurried to school,only to find it was Sunday. 2 5.作让步状语，相当于although/though引导的让步状语从句。 Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake =Although/Though he had been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake 虽然被告诉过多次了，但是他仍旧重犯同样的错误。 6.作方式和伴随状语，动词-g表示的动作和主句的动作同时发生，此时 它可转换成由连词连接的并列谓语。 Mary sat by the window of the classroom,reading a book. =Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book. 玛丽坐在教室的窗边读书。 三.注意事项 1.时态 以do为例，其-ing形式有一般式(doing)和完成式having done)。 (1)当表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用动词-ig的一般式。 Walking in the street,I met an old friend of mine 我走在街上的时候，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生) (2)当表示的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用动词-ig的完成式。 Having finished the letter,he went to post it 他写完信后就把它寄了出去。having finished是先发生的，went是后发生的) 2.语态 使用动词-ig的主动式还是被动式，主要取决于它和句子主语之间的关系。 表示主动关系就用主动式，表示被动关系就用被动式。 Having been shown around the factory,they were very happy Having finished his homework,he went to bed. 3.动词-ing形式的否定式：not+v.-ing;not having+v.-ed Not knowing this,he didn't come. Not having made full preparations,we put off the sports meeting. 4.独立主格结构 动词ig形式作状语，有时它也可以有自己独立的主语，这种结构称为独立 3 主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件。 The trees are extremely tall,some measuring over 90 metres. 那些树非常高，其中一些高达90多米。 The weather being fine,we went out for a walk. 由于天气好，我们去散步了。 [名师点津]有些动词-ig形式在句中没有逻辑主语，它们往往作为句子的 评注性状语来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如：generally speaking“一般来说”，judging by/from.“从判断"，taking everything into consideration“从全盘考虑”。 Judging from his behaviour,he must be mad. 从他的行为来判断，他一定是疯了。 Generally speaking,girls are more interested in literature than boys. 一般来说，女孩比男孩对文学更感兴趣。 [即学即练2]用动词-ing短语改写句子 1The storm left and had caused a lot of damage to this area. >The storm left,having caused a lot of damage to this area. 2Do be more careful when you cross the street >Do be more careful when crossing the street. 3As it was a wet day,we couldn't go for a walk >It being a wet day,we couldn't go for a walk. 4Because he did not know how to do it,he went to her for help >Not knowing how to do it,he went to her for help 5As soon as she had made the beds,she started making breakfast. ->Having made the beds,she started making breakfast. 四.动词-ing形式作宾语补足语 1.动词-ing形式及其短语可以用在表示感觉的动词（如see,observe,notice, watch,hear,smell,.listen to,look at,feel等)以及其他动词（如catch,have, make,get,stat,leave,keep,find等)的宾语后面，作宾语补足语。 I saw a small girl standing in front of a goldfish pond 我看到一个小女孩站在金鱼缸前。 4 [名师点津]在一些感官、使役动词后既可以接省略o的不定式作宾语补 足语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，其区别是：动词-ing形式作宾语补 足语表示动作正在进行，不是指全过程；不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的完成， 指全过程。 I saw the thief getting on the train 我看见那个贼正在上火车。 I saw the thief get on the train and disappear. 我看见那个贼上了火车，消失了。 2.用于wth复合结构中，作宾语补足语 I couldn't do my homework with the noise going on. 由于噪音不断，我没法做家庭作业。 With so many people looking at her,she felt nervous. 这么多人看着她，她感到紧张。 [即学即练3]单句语法填空 1Suddenly we heard someone knocking (knock)gently on the window. 2I suddenly felt myself being hit hit)by a heavy fist 3They use computers to keep the traffic running(run)smoothly. 4When I got there,I saw the famous star being surrounded(surround)by some girls 5With the crowds cheering(cheer),they drove to the palace 课后练习 一单句语法填空 1.The boys gathering(gather)at the school gate are my classmates. 2.Not knowing(know)how to do it,he tumned to the engineer for help. 3.The student talking(talk)with the foreigners over there is my brother. 4.When I saw the dog being beaten(beat)by several boys,I came up to stop them 5.I'm sorry to have kept you waiting (wait)for so long. 6.The young man offering (offer)help to strangers is highly respected in our community. Spending (spend)too much time on online games,many teenagers fall behind in their studies. 8.The plan being carried (carry)out at present is expected to improve our school environment greatly. 9.He lay on the sofa, listening (listen)to soft music and enjoying the quiet moment 10.The storm lasted all night. leaving (leave)countless houses damaged in the countryside 11.Having finished (finish)all his homework ahead of time,he went out to play basketball. 12.Admitting (admit)his fault,he refused to make any apology to his classmates. 13.With the wind blowing (blow)fiercely,we had to cancel our outdoor sports meeting. 14.The old temple standing(stand)at the foot of the mountain has a history of 300 years. 15.Time permitting (permit),we will pay a visit to the local museum this afternoon. 16.Taking (take)regular exercise every day,you can keep physically and mentally healthy. 17.We found the little girl crying (cry)sadly beside the broken bike 18. Having living (live)abroad for ten years,he knows different cultures very well. 二.完成句子 1.The girl (在舞台上唱歌的)is my best fiiend 【答案】singing on the stage 2.Animals the wild are more likely to survive 生活在野生环境中的动物更容易生存。 【答案】living in 3.The competition attracted over 500 contestants 这次比赛吸引了代表8个不同国家的500多名参赛者。 【答案】representing8 different countries 4.(一句多译)她一上午都在写报告，感到非常累。 6 1 She has been writing a report all morning (并列谓语) 2She has been writing a report all morning, (现在分词作状语) 【答案】and feels very tired,feeling very tired 5.He also studied people, (注意)what they did and why they did it. 【答案】paying attention to 6.The girl who is singing an English song on the stage is Tom's sister. → (动词-ing形式作定语) 【答案】The girl singing an English song on the stage is Tom's sister. 7. Football is played in over 100 countries,which makes it one of the most popular games in the world. (动词-ing形式作结果状语) 【答案】Football is played in over 100 countries,making it one of the most popular games in the world P The new machines will work faster.Thus it will1 educe our cost..(用动词-ing 形式改写) 【答案】The new machines will work faster,thus reducing our cost. 三.使用本单元所学语法（现在分词作定语，状语和宾语补足语）知识补全下面 语段 On the way home from work,Li Ming suddenly 1. (发现一个 老人躺在路边).2. (了解到老人不小心受伤后)，Li Ming immediately contacted his family and called 120.Soon an ambulance arrived and carried the old man and Li Ming to the nearest hospital.About ten minutes later,the old man's son 3 (住在附近社区)got to the hospital and expressed great thanks to Li Ming.4. (虽然到家晚了)，Li Ming felt it was worth it. 【答案】 1.found an old man lying by the roadside 2.Learning that the old man got injured by accident 3.living in the nearby community > 4.Though getting home late 四.语法填空 As the old saying goes,“Friends are like liquor(酒)：the older.,the better..”Many people consider old friends to be more important than new ones.For example,if two pieces of advice 36. (give)to solve a problem,one from a new friend and the other from 37. old fiiend,people will prefer the latter one 38. 36 the former one,even though the new fiiend's advice may be better I,however,disagree with the old saying,39. (believe)that new friends are not 40. (necessary)worse than old friends.It is not always right 41 (determine)your friendship by the length of time Once you call someone a friend,he or she must be a person 42. reliable and whose interests are in common with 43 (you).It is mainly his or her character and interests that make him or her your friend.It actually has little to do with time.People's appearance may change,44. their character usually stays the same.Therefore,on this point,there are no 45. (difference)between old friends and new friends 【答案】36.are given 37.an 38.to 39.believing 40.necessarily 41 to determine 42.that##who 43.yours 44.but##yet 45.differences 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者的观点，作者认为用时间的长 短来决定友谊并不总是正确的。 【36题详解】 考查时态和语态。句意：例如，如果要解决一个问题有两个建议，一个来自新朋 友，另一个来自老朋友，人们会更喜欢后者，而不是前者，即使新朋友的建议可 能更好。根据上下文可判断，本句时态为一般现在时；主语为two pieces of advice, 复数，和动词give之间存在被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。故填are given。 【37题详解】 考查冠词。句意：例如，如果要解决一个问题有两个建议，一个来自新朋友，另 一个来自老朋友，人们会更喜欢后者，而不是前者，即使新朋友的建议可能更好。 修饰可数名词单数，泛指，用不定冠词：空后单词od发音以为元音音素开头， 用不定冠词an。故填an。 【38题详解】 考查固定搭配。句意：例如，如果要解决一个问题有两个建议，一个来自新朋友， 另一个来自老朋友，人们会更喜欢后者，而不是前者，即使新朋友的建议可能更 好。固定搭配：prefer.to.,意为“和…相比，更喜欢…”。故填to。 【39题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，我不同意这句老话，认为新朋友不一定比老朋友 差。这里为非谓语动词担当状语，和主语I之间存在主动关系，用现在分词形式。 故填believing。 【40题详解】 考查副词。句意：然而，我不同意这句老话，认为新朋友不一定比老朋友差。修 饰worse用副词，且构成固定搭配：not necessarily,.意为“未必”，故填necessarily。 【41题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：用时间的长短来决定友谊并不总是正确的。这里为Its +adj.+todo结构，由it担当形式主语，真正的主语为动词不定式形式。故填to determine。 【42题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：一旦你称某人为朋友，他或她一定是一个值得信赖的人， 他或她的兴趣与你的兴趣有共同之处。这里为定语从句的关系词，先行词为a person,在从句中担当主语，所以用关系代词who或that引导。故填who/that。 9 【43题详解】 考查代词。句意：一旦你称某人为朋友，他或她一定是一个值得信赖的人，他或 她的兴趣与你的兴趣有共同之处。空处指的是your interests,用名词性物主代词。 故填yours。 【44题详解】 考查连词。句意：人们的外表可能改变，但他们的性格通常保持不变。上句 “People's appearance may change”和下句“their character usually stays the same” 之间存在转折关系，所以用转折连词。故填but/yet。 【45题详解】 考查名词的数。句意：因此，在这一点上，老朋友和新朋友是没有区别的。本句 为there be句型，谓语动词遵循就近原则，根据本句谓语are可判断，主语为名 词的复数形式。故填differences。 10